Nationalism Nationalism is the belief that peoples greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history One of the most powerful ideas of the 1800s. Influence spread throughout Europe and the Americas Upset balance of power established at Congress of Vienna (1815) Nationalism Fed the desire of most groups to be free of the rule of empires and govern themselves in their traditional lands Fueled by efforts to build nation-states Authoritarian rulers began to use nationalist feelings to build nation-states in areas where they remained firmly in control. Conservative usually wealthy property owners and nobility. They argued for protecting the traditional monarchies of Europe Liberal mostly middle-class business leaders and merchants. They wanted to give more power to elected parliaments, but only the educated and landowners would vote. Radical favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people. They believed that government should practice the ideals of the Enlightenment liberty, equality and brotherhood. Types of Nationalist Movements TypeCharacteristicsExamples Unification Mergers of politically divided, but culturally similar lands 19 th century Germany 19 th century Italy Separation Culturally distinct group resists being added to a state or tries to break away Greeks in the Ottoman Empire French-speaking Canadians State-building Culturally distinct groups form into a new state by accepting a single culture The United States Turkey Italian and German Unification modern Italy did not exist Italian Peninsula divided into a number of independent states with cultural and economic differences Growing Nationalism Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia Supported economic progress and built the kingdom into a major economic and political power Count Camillo Cavour Sought help from France to get Austria to relinquish their Italian provinces Austrians outmatched and gave up Lombardy in 1859 By 1860, much of the northern half of the Italian peninsula united Giuseppe Garibaldi Popular revolutionary trained in guerrilla warfare Led a volunteer army (The Thousand Red Shirts) through southern Italy, routing the royal government of Naples and joining Sicily and southern Italy to the Italian kingdom in 1861 Profound cultural and economic divisions separate the south and the north National culture tilted heavily in favor of the north Problems with Italian Unification As the new Italy was an extension of the kingdom of Sardinia, so the new Germany was an extension of the kingdom of Prussia The Congress of Vienna had created the German Confederation in 1815 German Unification Prussia looked to Bismark for help in uniting Germany Wilhelm I becomes king in 1861 Appoints Otto von Bismarck is prime minister Prussia needed strong government and army to achieve German unity Chief reason for failure of German unification Austria Eventually strategically used wars to inflame nationalist fervor and unify Germany under Prussia Rise of Bismarck January 18, Wilhelm I assumes the title of Kaiser of a united Germany Wave of nationalist sentiment swept almost all German speakers Bismarck becomes first chancellor Kaiser headed national government, had authority to make appointments, command the military in war, and determine foreign policy Unified Germany Essential Question: What was the impact of western imperialism on Japan? Warm Up Question: Western imperialism in Asia dramatically changed Japan Lets quickly review Japanese history Title Text Ancient Japan was a territory divided by clans that borrowed ideas from China, like Buddhism, emperors, writing, & architecture By the mid 11 th century, Japanese feudalism began Japan was ruled by regional landowners called daimyo Daimyo were served by loyal warriors called samurai Emperor had little power From 1192 to 1867, Japan was ruled by military dictators called shogun From 1560 to 1600, 3 powerful shogun, unified Japan Oda Nobunaga Toyotomi Hideyoshi Tokugawa Ieyasu Tokugawa Ieyasu unified Japan in 1600 & created a strong line of succession called the Tokugawa Shogunate that ruled Japan until 1867 European merchants & missionaries first arrived in Japan in the mid-1500s Japanese shogun enjoyed trade with Europeans & were fascinated by their military & technologies But the rapid conversion of Japanese to Christianity worried Tokugawa who banned Christianity in 1619 To protect Japan from European influences, Tokugawa Shogunate banned all foreign merchants & missionaries By 1639, Japan adopted a closed country policy & Japan entered an era of isolation that lasted for 200 years Nagasaki Bay Deshima Dutch Ships During this era of isolation, the Japanese allowed one port at Deshima in Nagasaki Bay to remain open but only to Dutch & Chinese merchants The Japanese did more than trade with the Dutch, they also learned from them about new Western ideas These Dutch studies helped Japan learn about some of the new scientific & industrial technologies in Europe Microscope, 1787Anatomy book, 1774Electric battery, 1840Railroad, 1845Steamboat, 1845Steam engine, 1845 Title From 1640 to 1853, Japan was isolated while the rest of Asia became imperialized by Western powers In the early 1800s, Britain, France, Russia, & USA tried to negotiate trade rights in Japan The Japanese repeatedly refused Western trade Critical Thinking Decision #1: The Arrival of Americans in 1853 In 1853, U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Tokyo Harbor with 4 well-armed, steamships & demanded that the Japanese trade with the USA Japans Response: C Japanese officials realized they were overmatched by U.S. naval ships When Matthew Perry returned in 1854, Japanese officials signed the Treaty of Kanagawa which opened two ports to American merchants After the United States opened the door to Japanese trade in 1854, other Western powers entered Japan By 1860, England, France, the Dutch, Russia, & USA all had unequal trade treaties & extraterritorial rights in Japan Text Japanese were angry that the shogun had given in to foreigners demands & feared Japan would become as powerless as China In 1867, the Tokugawa shogun stepped down which brought an end to 600 years of military dictatorship Emperor Mutsuhito took control of the government & took the title Meiji (enlightened rule) Critical Thinking Decision #2: The Meiji Restoration Japans Response: B The Meiji emperor realized the best way to end Western influence was to modernize Japan sent diplomats to Europe & America to study Western ways & adapt them to their own country Japan admired Germanys government & used it as a model to create a new constitution and parliament Japanese leaders eagerly supported industrialization & began building modern factories Title railroads, steamships, & steel bridges Japan built a modern military by modeling their army after the Germans & their navy after the British Title Text Japanese officials reformed education using models from German, America, & French public schools Western fashions became popular in Japan End of the feudal system Land Redistribution Human Rights & Religious Freedom Build a Modern Navy (Britain) Public schools (Germany, USA, & France) Modernize the Army (Germany) Emperor Worship Intensified Written Constitution (Germany) Modern banking system Meiji Reforms Modernization in the Meiji era transformed Japan into the most industrial & militarized nation in Asia By 1900, Japan had 7,000 miles of railroad track; thousands of factories; profitable tea, silk, shipbuilding industries; & an modern army & navy Critical Thinking Decision #3: Japanese reforms & industrialization Japans Response: D The Meiji reforms gave Japan power & respect; Japanese nationalism led to the end to Western extraterritorial rights & unequal trade treaties By the 1890s, Japan saw itself as a modern nation that needed raw materials Like other industrialized nations, Japan began to imperialize in Asia Japan looked to take Korea, but China always had a claim to the land The dispute with China over Korea resulted in the Sino-Japanese War from 1894 to 1895 In a short time, Japan defeated the Chinese army & destroyed their navy For their victory, Japan gained Taiwan & spheres of influence in China Title Text This woodblock print is an almost perfect example of how the Japanese (left) saw themselves as totally different from the Chinese and fundamentally similar to the Westerners, seen here in the figures of Western advisors (right) standing behind the Chinese After Japans victory over China, a rivalry developed between Japan & Russia From 1904 to 1905 Russo-Japanese War began over control of Port Arthur & Manchuria During the war, Japan shocked the world by defeating a western power In 1905, U.S President Teddy Roosevelt helped draft the treaty that Korea to Japan & removed Russia from Manchuria In the worlds eye Title Japans victories over China & Russia transformed Japan into the dominant force in Asia Western nations relied on Japan to keep order in Asia Unfortunately, Japanese imperialism surged again in the 1930s & 1940s which became a focal point of World War II Closure Activity Compare and contrast Chinese & Japanese reactions to imperialism: How were each impacted by the arrival of Europeans? How did each respond to imperialism? Why was Japans reaction to imperialism more successful than Chinas?