Nationalism in Europe

Chapter 10

Intro

• What do you know about Germany? – Culture, history, key people and events

Country Details- History

• Germany is today one of the most populous democracy & powerful countries on the planet.

• Germany participated in, and suffered through, the devastating results of WWI,WWII, and Communist influence.

Nationalism Triumphs in Europe

• What is nationalism?– Sense or feeling of pride and devotion to one’s

country or native way of life.• How is nationalism both a unifying and a

dividing force?

• Is it positive or negative?

Unity

• Napoleon– Mixed views by the Germans • Didn’t bring social changes

• Congress of Vienna– German Confederation• Weak unification

• Economic Changes– Zollverein: no tariffs between German states

Bismarck

• Otto von Bismarck– Noble class upbringing – Diplomat for the

Prussian empire

• 1861– King William I made him

Foreign Affairs Minister

• Bismarck rose to become chancellor– United German states

Politics

• Realpolitik-realistic politics based on the needs of the state– Reason for success

• Stronger Army– Gov’t refused to give funds • Moved $ for other things over to the military

– “Iron and Blood”• What does this mean for foreign policy?

Quotes

• Laws are like sausages, it is better not to see them being made.

• What do you think he means by this?

Wars

• 1864-Attacked Denmark – “Liberated” two provinces

and took the land

• 1866-Prussia annexed Austrian land– Took over the German

Confederation

• 1870-France declares war– War lasted a few weeks

with a Prussian victory

Birth of the German Empire

• William I becomes Kaiser-emperor – Birth of the 2nd Reich

• New constitution – Bundesrat: upper house,

appointed by the rulers– Reichstag: lower house,

elected by male suffrage

• Who held the power?– Emperor and chancellor– Upper house had veto

power over lower

Strengthening Germany• January 1871- Meet at Palace of Versailles =

announce German victory over France and a new nation.- French domination over, new power in Europe is Germany.- William I = King & his Chancellor = Bismarck

B. Germany Industrial Gianta. New leaders in Europe of steel production, etc.

i. Many disciplined & educated workersii. Many natural resources (iron, coal)

b. Produced steel & weapons for the world. i. Result = increased status, united world power

C. Economic development or change after unity.a. Single currency for Germanyb. Banking systemc. Coordinated railroads in German states.

The Iron Chancellor

A. Goals of Bismarck “the Iron Chancellor.a. Kept France weak = no threatb. Built alliance with Russia & Austriac. Kept building strong military for opposition.

B. Campaign against the Churcha. Bismarck thought socialists & Catholic Church were a threat to Germany.b. After unification Catholics made up 1/3 of the German population.c. Bismarck was a Lutheran = distrusted Catholics.

d. Catholic threat = KULTURKAMPF or battle for civilization (Bismarck’s idea)i. Put the government/state in charge of the church (ie appoint priests, etc)ii. Kept tabs on Catholic Churches

C. Campaign against the Socialistsa. Bismarck saw Socialism as a threat to Germany

i. Thought their ideas of better working conditions would spark revolution.

ii. As a result he banned the Socialist party from meeting result,

Socialism grew.

b. Social reform model for others.i. To pull people from Socialism to him, he passed laws to help them, provided for citizens.

1. Health, accident, old age insurance.c. Other countries copied reform in Germanyd. Socialism became more popular despite Bismarck’s

efforts to become #1 ideology (way of thinking)

D.1888 William II new Kaiser or Emperor of Germanya. People want a democracy (government ruled by the people), not granted.b. Asked Bismarck to resign

i. Wanted to rule alone, all powerfulc. “German Military Machine” he gave lots of $ to this = expand German empire.d. Tension building up to 1914 World War I

Key Points Section 3-Italy• Lacked political unity

– Frequent warfare

• Mazzini– Youth revolt to unify Italy,

French troops stopped him

• Nationalism– Common lang. and history

• Struggle– Count Cavour: Prime

Minister• Improve Sardinia’s economy

• Sardinia attack Austria• Sicilians attack and unit with

Sardinians – Victor Emmanuel is name king

• Challenges– Tension between north and

south1 reason $$$– Tension with the Pope– 2 house legislature

• Upper house appointed lower house voted in by males

• Anarchists

– Economic changes were successful

Section 4

• Hapsburg Empire declines– Austrian empire has

issues– Congress of Vienna

restricts peoples rights – Lack of industries

• Multinational– 50 million people

• ¼ spoke German• ½ were spoke Slavic

Dual Monarch

• Hungarians wanted change

• Deak created a new political power

• Austrian-Hungary – Separate rulers – Shared ministers of

finance, defense, and foreign affairs

Ottoman Empire Collapses

• What happen in the Balkans before this?

• Euro. Nations take lands and expand their empire– Saw $ gain in the region– Serbs try to expand

• Tension rises in the region

• Sets the stage for WWI

Section 5-Russia 1801-1914

A. Dream of freedom from autocratic rule and social injustice.

B. However repression outweighed reform

Russian Giant Characteristics…

a. 1800 largest & most populous in Europe

b. multinational countryc. many natural resourcesd. Europe feared its government and desire to take

land

Obstacles to Progressa. Way behind b/c czars didn’t

want to modernize b/c it might threaten old traditions and absolute rule.

b. Nobles did not want to give up serfs

Economy Backwards-a. Dependant on serfs

Russian AbsolutismEnlightenment and French Revolution had no

impact on absolute rule by czars in Russia, controlled their subjects

Romanov Dynasty

Alexander I- 1801 czar– at 1st eased censorship– promoted education– talked about freeing serfs– later rejected b/c fear of

loosing noble support– 1825 dies

Nicholas I- 1825 becomes czarA. Decembrist Revolt- uprising demanding more liberal government and constitution, he suppressed revolt.

• B. “Orthodoxy, autocracy, and nationalism”• -He believed in church, his rule and Russian way only.• -Banned liberal books with ideas from Western

Europe• -Only approved text in schools• -Liberals sent to mental hospitals• -Secret police exiled 150,000

liberals to Siberia

“In Russia, whenever they catch a man, woman, or child that has got any brains or education or

character, they ship that person straight to Siberia. It is admirable….It keeps the general level of Russian intellect and education down

to that of the czar.”

Mark Twain

Nicholas to son before death:…

“I fear I am handing you command of the country in a poor state.”

Alexander II- 1855 becomes czarA. Crimean War- loss for Russia and revealed countries backwardness and lack of technology.B. Forced to make reforms…

- 1861 Emancipated the serfs- Set up system of local governments - legal reforms ( ex. Trial by jury)- growth of industry- reformed military- eased censorship-15-25 military service

“People’s Will”- terrorist group of radicals who demanded more change and equality. March 1881 killed czar with bomb.

Alexander III- • Revived Nicholas I ways of

wiping out liberals and revolutionaries.-Increased Power of secret police-strict censorship-exiled critics to Siberia-“Russification” suppress non Russian cultures in empire

(1 language & 1 acceptable church)

Anti-Semitism– Pogroms- mob attacks

aimed to kill Jews-restricted living areas-beaten/killed by gangs-police did nothing-homes/stores burned-Jews flee to US

Growth of Socialism

• Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) and other revolutionaries tried to stir up change.

• Ideas catching on with workers

Nicholas II- A. Entered Industrial Age finally.B. Revolts, riots, forced reform.– 1. Revolution of– January 22, 1905-• ”Bloody Sunday”-Russian workers march on St. Petersburg

with a petition to address czar. Fired on crowd and lost trust of the people.

2. October Manifesto 1905

-Document giving freedom of person, conscience, speech,assembly & union.

-Duma, elected law making body

C. Peter Stolypin – made Prime Minister and continued arrests, pogroms, executions to restore order.

D. 1918 Romanov dynasty ended as royal family executed by Bolsheviks

E. Upon his death Russia still autocratic, also peasants and workers still unhappy.

WHAT’S NEXT?