Upload
yasuo
View
47
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Nationalism and its Opponents. Kidner Ch 22, pp. 644-651. Changing definition of nationalism – late 1800s More exclusionary & more aggressive Perceived struggle between nations Feared domination of one nation-state over another Focus on who didn’t belong in the nation - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
Nationalism and its OpponentsKidner Ch 22, pp. 644-651
Integral Nationalism
Changing definition of nationalism – late 1800s◦More exclusionary & more aggressive◦Perceived struggle between nations◦Feared domination of one nation-state over
another◦Focus on who didn’t belong in the nation
National / racial birth right
Racism
Scientific Racism◦Race believed to be a
“biological reality”, an “object of study” Social Darwinism –
“survival of the fittest”
◦Three Races of 19th century: European, “Negroid”, Asian
Discuss Chamberlain doc
Nott and Gliddon's Indigenous races of the earth (1857) used misleading imagery to suggest that "Negroes" ranked between "whites" and chimpanzees. Note the different angles at which the "white" and "Negro" skulls are positioned. Nott and Gliddon's work is considered one of the classics of scientific racism.
Antisemitism
Judaism is a RACE – one is Jewish by birth not by practicing the Jewish religion
Jewish Stereotypes◦Domineering in banking &
commerce◦Dishonest◦Corrupting influence on journalism,
lawyers, doctorsDiscuss causes of growing
Anti-Semitism with your partner
Wilhelm Marr
Anti-Semitic portrayal of a Jewish man
Alfred Dreyfus, Jewish capt. in army - accused of spying for Germany
From Alsace – family left when Prussia took the territory Convicted of treason and sent to Devil’s Island Prison
The French public questioned his conviction Why? Evidence gathered shows innocent - points to Major
Esterhazy --- but army won’t reopen the case Family asks help of Emile Zola’s - open letter - J’accuse
Dreyfus in prison until 1898 Country split!!! Church / Army vs. Jews / Radicals called back to France for retrial – 1899 pardoned 1906 exonerated
Results Republicans / Socialists – block anti-republicans Promote Anti-clericalism (because were vs. Dreyfus) Republic survives --- up to 1914
5
Dreyfus Affair
Zionism
Theodor Herzl◦Reaction to mounting
anti-Semitism as made clear in the Dreyfus affair
◦Creation of a Jewish Nation State in Palestine (today Israel)
Discuss Herzl docs
Universalism in the Roman Catholic Church
Pope Pius IX Pope Leo XIII
Syllabus of Errors, 1864
De Rerum Novarum, 1891
Internationalism in Politics
First and Second Socialist Internationals (1864, 1889)◦Marxist socialists (for the most part)◦International solidarity; NO WAR; BUT each
country would have to create its own socialist organizations (i.e. Russian Socialist Revolutionaries or Social Democratic Party of Germany)
Discuss docs
Internationalism in Politics
Anarchism◦Destruction of existing
social, political and economic institutions in order to pave the way for a society built around voluntary participation
Mihkail Bakunin – advocated the use of terrorism and assassination to achieve goals (see list of world political figures killed during this time pg. 651)
Internationalism in Politics
Pacifism◦Mounting fear of technology and
weapons◦Redirect the enormous military
budgets toward public works, housing and education
◦Baroness Bertha von Suttner◦Alfred Nobel
Nobel Peace PrizeGeneva Conventions, 1899
◦rules of warHague conferences & tribunals,
1899-1907◦international diplomatic arbitration
Discuss doc
Strains in Multinational Empires
Ottoman Empire Points of Tension Government Response
-Ottoman Empire weak-breaking downNot a nation-state-Wide range of ethnicities (from Slavic to Arabic) Armenians often targeted-Greeks, Bulgarians, Serbs, Romanians gained autonomy-OE goes bankrupt
-Tried to remain authoritarian BUT local leaders begin breaking away
-violent attacks vs. them
-must get credit banking from European states
Strains in Multinational Empires
Russian Empire Points of Tension Government Response
Not a nation-state-160 different ethnic groups
-Crimean War, 1854-1865
-Catholicism and Judaism under suspicion
-various nationalities, traditions, languages ≠ unified Russia-growing Polish nationalism
-non-Russians do not have the same legal status as Russians-great loss, lead to Great Reforms under Tsar Alexander II (emancipation of serfs; universal military service)-Pale of Settlement (southern-western Russian Jewish settlement)-russification
-countered with growing Russian nationalism
Strains in Multinational Empires
Austro-Hungarian Empire Points of Tension Government Response
Not a nation-state-Austrians vs Magyars-Hungarians try to “magyarify” the Slovaks and Romanians-Czechs, Poles and Ukrainians want autonomy
-Nationalist Sentiment Grows
- Compromise of 1867 - Rise of Slovakian and Romanian nationalism-Poles = autonomy in East Galicia; Ukrainians = language rights; Czechs = use of lang. in schools and state gov’t.
-Habsburg (Austrian) gov’t. loosing influence over territory – will Habsburg dominance survive past Francis Joseph??