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National Water Grid,
Peninsular Water GridDr. S. Kalyanaraman
Former Sr. Exec., Asian Development Bank
Sarasvati Nadi Research Centre
May 2014
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IMPACT Create 9 crore acres of addl wetland in 3 years time per SC
directive Distribute the 9 cr. Acres to 9 cr. Landless family @1 acre per
family
With assured water to every farm, every village home, 24X7,
365 day of the year, ensure clean water supply and
Triple agri. Prodn with 3 or 4 crops per year on the arable land
of Bharatam
Mitigate annual flood damages in NE, integrate groundwater,desalinated water, lakes and tanks in Grid, employment for 365
days under MNREGA under Grid project
Use only flood waters of Brahmaputra to reach upto
Kanyakumari by gravity flows
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Inter-linking? Not an end in itselfNeeded: National Water Grid (Peninsular Grid) Potential for drinking water supplies to coastal towns/cities/industrial towns such as
Tiruppur by desalination of sea-water Imperative of re-charging and sustaining ground-water tables, tank-networks
Restoring kudi-maraamattu (Peoples self-help)
Forestation of uplands (Sahyadri ranges)
Sharing of scarcity? Needed National Water Grid, to bring Brahmaputra to
Kanyakumari
7 Peninsular rivers: 45 mhm (rains) 8.75 lakh sq. km. (delta area)
Brahmaputra: 53.7 mhm (glaciers) 1.94 lakh sq. km. (delta area)
Potential for adding 11 m. ha. Under command area of irrigation (4.5 m. ha. directlythrough canal network; 6.5 m. ha. through tank network)
Hydro-power generation: 2754 MW
National Waterway, Peninsular component: 1,000 kms.
Need for bringing waters from Hoganekal to the uplands of TN, Karnataka, Kerala
Need for a contour canal on Sahyadri ranges (paralleling the Konkan Railway)
Water management by peoples participation, designed as Peoples Project
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Kerala watershed: water, watereverywhere, not a drop to drink
Desiccation of kulam-s surrounding each settlement Sand-mining on river run-offs
Conversion of kulam-s into real estate plots and residencial
areas; resultant depletion of the ground water table without
provision for recharging groundwater
Suggestions for watershed management
Regulation of groundwater use, regulation of sand-mining
on river beds Contour canals on Sahyadri ranges
Traditional knowledge systems for eco-friendly water
harvesting
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Grain problem of Bharat2134 kg/ha yield: India; 4664 kg/ha yield: China
1951 2001 Vision 2020
Population 33 crores 100 crores 150 crores
Agri. Prod. 65 m.t. 200 m.t. 400 m.t.
Irrig. area 22.6 m. ha. 90 m. ha. 175 m.ha.
Productivity Irrigated
Unirrigated
2.1 ton/ha
0.75 ton/ha
3 ton/ha
1 ton/ha
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Water Resources of BharatGlaciers 1.725%
Groundwater .775%Rivers, tanks, swamps .025%
Sea water (7500 km. coastline) 97.475%
Fresh water:
Glaciers 68%Groundwater 31%
Rivers, tanks, etc. 1%
70% water is used for agriculture
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Interlinked tanks: satellite view
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Cooler temperatures at higher elevationsthoughout the globe
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Glacial InventoryGlacial ice currently covers 10 percent (16 million km2) of theearth's surface.To grow a glacier, annual snow accumulation must be greaterthan the annual summer melt.Most glaciers outside polar regions occur in mountains resultingfrom collisions between tectonic plates.
W t f ti hi t
http://www.homepage.montana.edu/~geol445/hyperglac/glossary.htmhttp://www.homepage.montana.edu/~geol445/hyperglac/glossary.htm8/12/2019 National Water Grid
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Water fetishism: water as acommodity Water shortages (rather than land shortage) are affecting
growth in food production
Ground-water tables in Tamilnadu have dropped 30 metresin 30 years, dangers of ingress of sea water , dangers of
arsenic poisoning
Need to maintain minimum flow levels in rivers
Water has become a commodity, is more expensive thanmilk
http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldsummit2002/earth/story/0,12342,777661,00.html
Concepts of virtual water (Import water? Import food!)
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Rights Vs. Responsibilities
Right to life = Right to WaterWater Resource should be conserved and
perpetual access to water ensured
for people,
for food production and
for the environmentWater as a resource to be conserved for future
generations
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Water Grid vs. Power Grid Power Grid is a network --
When a consumer puts on an electric switch, powerflows
Source can be from any part of India, from hydro-,thermal-, nuclear-power
Water Grid is a network --
When a consumer opens a water-tap or switches ona bore-pump, water flows
Source can be from any part of India, fromdesalinated sea-water, from glaciers, from river run-
offs, from swamps, from groundwater
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SEASONALRAINFALL: JULY2002Drought Relief:Rs. 15000 crores p.a.Flood relief:Rs.30000 crores p.a.
Avo id ing theserecu rr ing expenses
alone w i l l jus t i fy the
Grid investment
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HIMALAYAN COMPONENT
It will have 14 Links
Construction of Dams on
Tributaries of Ganga andBrahmaputra Rivers in
India, Nepal & Bhutan
Linking of Brahmaputra
and its Tributaries with
Ganga and Ganga with
Mahanadi Benefiting
Assam, West Bengal, Bihar,
Jharkhand & Orissa
Interlinking Canal Systemsto Transfer Surplus Flows
of Eastern Tributaries of
Ganga to the West
Benefiting U.P.,
Uttaranchal, Haryana,
Rajasthan & Gujarat
HIMALAYAN COMPONENT(PROPOSED LINKS UNDER STUDY)
NEPAL
BHUTAN
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PENINSULAR COMPONENT
It will have 16 Links
Transferring Mahanadi &
Godavari Surpluses to Deficit
Basins of Krishna, Pennar,
Cauvery & Vaigai BenefitingOrissa, A.P., Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu &
Pondicherry (with 9 Link
Canals)
Lift Essential for Transfer
of Water From Godavari to
KrishnaProposed in one of
the above 9Links (to lift 1,200
cumec over 116 m)
PENINSULAR COMPONENT(PROPOSED LINKS UNDER STUDY)
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PENINSULAR COMPONENT
Transferring Water From WestFlowing Rivers of Western
Ghats to the East to benefit
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu &
Kerala
Transferring Water From Ken
River to Betwa River to Benefit
M.P. & U.P.
Inter linking Parbati,
Kalisindh & Chambal rivers to
benefit M.P. & Rajasthan
Interlinking of West Flowing
Rivers, North of Bombay &
South of Tapi, to benefitMaharashtra & Gujarat
PENINSULAR COMPONENT(PROPOSED LINKS UNDER STUDY)
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LINKS IDENTIFIED FORPREPARATION OFFEASIBILITY REPORTS
1. Mahanadi (Manibhadra)
Godavari (Dowlaiswaram)
2. Godavari (Inchampalli) -
Krishna (Nagarjunasagar)
3. Godavari (InchampalliLow Dam) Krishna
(Nagarjunasagar Tail Pond)
4. Godavari (Polavaram) Krishna (Vijayawada)
5. Krishna (Almatti)
Pennar
6. Krishna (Srisailam)
Pennar (Prodattur)
PENINSULAR COMPONENT(PROPOSED LINKS UNDER STUDY)
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7. Krishna (Nagarjunasagar) -
Pennar (Somasila)
8. Pennar (Somasila)
Cauvery (Grand Anicut)
9. Cauvery (Kattalai)
VaigaiGundar
10. KenBetwa Link
11. Parbati
Kalisindh
Chambal
12. ParTapiNarmada
13. Damanganga Pinjal
14. Bedti
Varda
15. Netravati Hemavati
16. PambaAchankovil
Vaippar
PENINSULAR COMPONENT(PROPOSED LINKS UNDER STUDY)
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BENEFITS FROM
PENINSULR COMPONENT
13 Million Ha of
Additional Irrigation
4,000 Mega Watt of
Power
Drought Mitigation toSome Extent in the
States of A.P.,
Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu & M.P.
Flood Control to Some
Extentin Mahanadi &
Godavari basins
PENINSULAR COMPONENT(PROPOSED LINKS UNDER STUDY)
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At the Nuclear Desalination Demonstration Project in
Kalpakkam. S.R. Jayaraman, Project Engineer (Civil), is
seen.
Use of semi-permeable membrane and pressurised sea-water
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Desalination using nuclear power
Water is abundant on planet earth and in coastal cities of Bharat, witha long coastline of 7517 kms.; about 97.3 percent occurs as sea-water.
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) has successfully
developed technologies of Multi-stage Flash and Reverse Osmosis(MSF-RO) for desalination of water. The MSF and RO pilot plants set
up by BARC have been operated to study operational parameters. A
6300 cubic metre/day combined MSF-RO Nuclear Desalination
Demonstration Plant is to be set up at Kalpakam. The cost of
desalination will be 4.5 paise per litre of pure, distilled water. By
using advanced techniques for use of permeable membranes, which
can be developed indigenously, further efficiencies can be achieved.
http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/powerrevolution1.htm
http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/powerrevolution1.htmhttp://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/powerrevolution1.htm8/12/2019 National Water Grid
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National Water Grid Authority; Peninsular Grid, Regionaland sub-regional Grids
Autonomous, statutory bodies (like Konkan RailwayCorpn.)
Self-financing, with peoples participation
Replace the River Board Act 1956 with Water SecurityAct enacted under Entry 56 of List I (Central List)
because
Control and development of a River Valley (Entry 56List I) is integrally linked to the four major sources:
glaciers, groundwater, run-offs and sea-water
E l i l S i l I
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Ecological, Social Issues,Peoples Participation
Fragmentation of Water management
Vacuum at peak; confusion at bottom
Climate changes impact rivers
People-centred water management, transparency
issues
40% evaporation loss from reservoirs, canals
With and without Grid: desalination, recycling of
water
Watering the land? Supplying water for growth of
cro s!
Fl d t l
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Flood control Positive impacts of Flood control
Wildlife habitat management Greenways and trails
Water Storage, Groundwater recharge
Erosion and sediment control
Sand and gravel deposits
Problems to be addressed
Pollution propagation
Subsidence Glacial outbursts, floods
Sea-level rise
Episodic and chronic erosion
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Areas of eco-importance & Challenges Draining of Wetlands
Avoidance of water-logging
Land degradation; conversion of land for agriculture
Ecological development institutional arrangements
Introduction of exotic species of plants and animals Dredging for river navigation has exacerbated problems of
river-bank erosion
ChallengesUse of natural resources to alleviate poverty, the greatest polluter
Involving civil society on right levels; resettlement of people
Incentives for cooperation
Aquatic ecosystems, pushing out ingress of sea-water
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Co-operation imperatives
Co-operation with Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim,Bangladesh, China, Pakistan
Co-operation among States within Bharat
Co-operation among Centre, States and Panchayats Co-operation between National Waterways and
National Highways to minimise land-acquisition and
bridge construction costs Conflict resolution and environmental impact
analyses through arbitration procedures in-built with
National Water Grid
3 D S lli
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3-D Satellite
radar
topography
*SuperimposeGIS data, toexpeditechoice of
optimalwaterways
*To monitor
waterflows
Available fromNASA for theglobe, 90m.
resolution
Blues and greens are lower
elevations, rising through
yellows and browns to
white at the highest
elevations.
Get on a bike
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Get on a bike,Bhagiratha,Gangaikonda Chola!
5000 engineering studentson motorbikes to designalternative networks of theNational Water Grid
superimposing GIS data on3-D Radar Topographs- from Brahmaputra toKanyakumari
- from Sharada River toSabarmati River
Fi i l t ti
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Financial arrangements: options
Konkan Railway model: Floating Mahanadi-Kaveri Bonds
Distribution of 11 m. ha. (2.75 crore acres of land to 2.75 crore poorfamilies);
distribution of loans, pricing each acre at Rs. 25,000
this will fetch Rs. 69,000 crores from the financial system, to cover the cost ofPeninsular Water Grid and the initial capital cost of Peninsular Grid Authority
repayable over 20 years with 5 year grace period Rehabilitation of about 5 lakh people (or, 1 lakh families)
Restoration of submerged forests (43000 ha) by afforestation in uplands
Levy of cess for new irrigated lands
Surcharge on fuel to fund the cost of canal- and tank-networks
No need for foreign loans, no need for foreign technology, no need forGovt. budget support
Finance Commission can be asked to study the financingarrangements to Panchayati Raj Institutions for maintaintenance and
day-to-day operations of the Grid
Social Cost Benefit Analysis: National
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Social Cost-Benefit Analysis: NationalWater Grid
Increase in foodgrain production (Addl. 200 m.t.)
Increase in forest cover from 19% to 33%
Enhanced livelihood for 60% agricultural population
15000 kms. of National Water Way (Multiplier
Economic effects)
Savings in imported fossil fuels due to Water Way(Rs. 3,000 crores per annum)
Social Cost avoidance Flood damages (Rs. 30,000 crores per annum)
Drought relief (Rs. 15,000 crores per annum)
Water-sharing disputes (denting national unity)
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Potential waterways
GANGA: BETWEEN ALLAHABAD AND HALDIA
(1620 KM.)
BRAHMAPUTRA: BETWEEN SADIYA AND DHUBRI(891 KM.)
WEST COAST CANAL, KERALA: BETWEENKOLLAM AND KOTTAPPURAM (168KM.);CHAMPAKARA CANAL (14 KM.); UDYOGMANDALCANAL (22 KM.)
BUCKINGHAM CANAL SUNDERBANS
BRAHMANI EAST COAST CANAL
DVC CANAL
National waterways of
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National waterways ofNational water grid
14,500 KM. OF INLAND NAVIGABLEWATERWAYS (2002)
CANALS, BACKWATERS (KERALA),CREEKS, RIVERS (GANGA-BHAGIRATHI-HOOGHLY, BRAHMAPUTRA, BARAK,GODAVARI, KRISHNA RIVERS AND
RIVERS IN GOA 3,700 KM. USE MECHANISED CRAFTS
18 M. TONNES CARGO
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1760-1840 - The Canal Agein Britain
2000 Canal age dawns anew in UKThe Waterways Trust was set up by the operator of theUK's 2,000-mile national canal network, British
Waterways, but is now an independent charity.
A Pickfords canal barge around 1800.
.
There are multitudes of old native works in various parts of India
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There are multitudes of old native works in various parts of India . . .
these are noble works, and show both boldness and engineering talent.
They have said, we are a kind of civilised savages, wonderfully expert
at fighting, but so inferior to their great men, that we would not even
keep in repair the works they had constructed, much less even imitate
them in extending the system . . . it was from the native Indians we
learnt how to secure a foundation in loose sand of unmeasured depth.
With this lesson about foundations, we built bridges, weirs, aqueducts
and every kind of hydraulic work . . . we are thus deeply indebted to
the native engineers.
Sir Arthur Cotton
Founder Modern Irrigation Programme,1784.
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Greening of the desert: Sarasvati Mahanadi Rupa Nahar,Mohangarh, 55 km. west of Jaisalmer, 40 ft. wide, 12 ft. deep
(Feb. 2002)
Sarasvati River valley at Adi Badri (May
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Sarasvati River valley at Adi Badri (May
2004)
Sarasvati Sarovar at Adi Badri (October 2004)
Vedic herbal garden; water harvesting with 11
check-dams; afforestation
Great Water Tower for 250 crore people
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Great Water Tower for 250 crore peopleHimalaya is the source of major rivers for 2.5 billion people; Manasarovar in Tibet yields Sindhu,Sutlej, Sarasvati, Mahakali-Karnali-Sharada and Tsangpo-Lohitya-Brahmaputra rivers; other riversflowing from eastern Himalaya are: Irawaddy, Salween, Mekong, Yangtse and Huanghe.Precipitation levels increase along the Himalaya from Karakorm (250 cm. per annum) to
Cherrapunjee, Assam (1410 cm p.a.) registering the highest rainfall regions of the world. Since1959, Chinese government estimates that they have removed over $54 billion worth of timber.
G ik d
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GangaikondaChola, 11thcent.
Tribute of Gangawater into Chola
ganga water tank
Kallanai rand Anicut: 2000 years
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Kallanai, rand Anicut: 2000 yearsold engineering marvel of
Karikala Chola An engineering model which is also found in
Southern Africa
L-shaped Gabar bands on River Sindhu as
Anicuts
Dholavira: Rock cut reservoir
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Dholavira: Rock-cut reservoirThe largest measures 263 feet by 39 feet and 24 feet in depth;
reservoirs together held more than 325,000 cubic yards of
water.
A fil f G b b d i H b
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A profile of a Gabarband, on river Hab.At Mehergarh Period II (Burj Basket
Market period): "The charred seeds of
wheat and barley belonging to thespecies triticum sphaerococcum and
hordeum phaerococcumthat,
according to L. Costantini, grow only
on irrigated fields, also were collected
from the ashy layers" of P:eriod II(Jarrige, Jarrige, Meadow and
Quivron, 1995,Mehrgarh: Field
Reports 1974-1985, from Neolithic
times to the Indus Civilization,
Karachi, Department of Culture and
Tourism of Sindh, Pakistan,
Department of Archaeology and
Museums, French Ministry of Foreign
Affairs, pp. 318-19)"
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MOHENJODARO:PUSHKARINI, WITH STEPS & DRAIN
Floor of the tank is water tight due to finely fitted bricks laidon edge with gypsum plaster and the side walls were
constructed in a similar manner. To make the tank even more
water tight, a thick layer of bitumen (natural tar) was laid
along the sides of the tank.
Bhandara
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Bhandara
Khadin
Johad
Kere
Kul
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Kul
Kuis
Kund
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Naula
Pat
Singaverapura,
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Singaverapura,
Allahabad
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The earliestreservoir anddam for irrigation
was built inSaurashtra,Gujarat(Western India).According to
Saka KingRudradaman I of150 BCE abeautiful lakecalled
'Sudarshana'was constructedon the hills ofRaivataka duringChandragupta
Maurya's time.
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Adilaj Baoli, Ahmedabad
Surangam: Kerala
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WATER TEMPLES
Panna Mia stepped-pond; Vasant Garh stepped-pond, Rajasthan; Rani-ki-vav, Patan,
Gujarat
Hadi Rani Well, Toda Raisingh, Rajasthan; Nimrana stepwell, Rajasthan
Stepped well in Sivavadi temple, Bikaner; Cistern, Nahgarh fort, Jaipur [After Morna
Livingstone, Milo Beach, 2002, Steps to Water; The Ancient Stepwells of India.]
Major dams resulting in increase in irrigated area rom 22.6 mha (1951) to 90 mha (2001)
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[Sources: Bandyopadhyay J. and D. Gyawali, 1994, Himalayan Water Resources in: Mountain Research and Development
14 (1); Central Statistical Office, Royal Govt. of Bhutan, 1987, Statistical yearbook of Bhutan, Thimpu; UNDP, 1991,
Bhutan. Development Cooperation Report, 1990, New York].
Constraints with dams: tectonic impact; generation of electricity remote from beneficiaries; silting reduces life-span of dams;
resettlement of people; shifts in transportation routes.
Dam site River System Country Ht. of dam
(m.)
Power
(MW)
Bhakra Sutlej Bharat 226 1050
Nangal Sutlej Bharat
Pong Beas Bharat 133 1200
Parvati Parvati Bharat 167 1900Tehri (planned) Bhagirathi Bharat 260 2200
Koteswar Bhagirathi Bharat 104
Kotlibel Bhagirathi Bharat 210 2000
Utayasu Alaknanda Bharat 246 1000
Tanakpur Sa_rada
(Mahakali)
Bharat/Nepal 6,800
Pancheswar Mahakali Nepal 232 2000
Chisapani Karnali Nepal 270 10,800Barahashetra Kosi Nepal 230 3,600
Arun III
(planned)
Arun Nepal 68 201
Chukha
(planned)
Wangchu Bhutan 2026
Sunkosh Bhutan
Tipaimukh Barak Bharat 161 1500
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Water Security is integrally linked to Gender equality
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Water Security is integrally linked to Gender equality
(35% of Indias population is less than 15 years of age: 2001
census)
Women in the workforce: girls should go to school, that should beour Sarasvati Vandana
This will happen when water is available at the turn of a tap or turnof a bore-pump-switch(water + energy = Bharat Vision 2020)