National Underground Science Laboratoryat Homestake

CENPACENPACenter for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics

J. F. Wilkerson, University of WashingtonDark Matter 2002, February 22, 2002

> The General Process

> The Envisioned Homestake Laboratory

> The Prospects

J. F. Wilkerson

Making the case for a US Underground Laboratory

Fall 2000 Abundance of exciting underground science. Realization that most existing labs are not deep enough for

many of the proposed next generation experiments. Recognition that many underground labs fully subscribed Existence of special opportunities within the US

Carlsbad/WIPP site (excellent infrastructure)

Homestake Gold Mine availability

San Jacinto (proposed in early 80’s revisited) Initiation of the US Nuclear Physics Community Long

Range Planning Process

J. F. Wilkerson

The US Nuclear Physics LRP Process

Every 5-6 years the Nuclear Science Advisory Committee (NSAC) and the APS Division of Nuclear Physics develop a new Long Range Plan for the field. Fall 2000 - “preTown” meetings (Community) Fall 2000 - Winter 2001 - Town Meetings

(Community, NSAC, DNP) March 2001 - Santa Fe meeting (NSAC, DNP)

J. F. Wilkerson

Results of the Nuclear Physics LRP Process

preTown Meeting, Sept. 21-23, 2000, Seattle Discussions of Potential Underground Laboratories

Carlsbad/WIPP site (Haines/Nelson) Homestake Gold Mine (Lande) San Jacinto (Kropp/Sobel)

Discussions of next generation science opportunities in -decay, solar/SN neutrinos, neutrino oscillation experiments.

Top recommendation: “...To satisfy the background requirements of new solar/supernova and - decay experiments, the nuclear physics community should spearhead an effort to create a deep underground multipurpose laboratory. …”

Recommended formation of a committee with broad representation to evaluate science and potential deep sites.

J. F. Wilkerson

John Bahcall Solar Theory(Chair)

Barry Barish Gravitation, Macro Expt

Janet Conrad Accelerator Expt

Tom Gaisser Atmospheric Theory

Wick Haxton Nuclear Astrophysics

Theory

Technical Subcommittee

Frank Calaprice* Solar Peter J. Doe* Solar , Supernova

DetectionMarvin Marshak* (Chair) Accelerator

ExptKem Robinson* Accelerator Design,

Facilities, Management

Committee on a US Underground Laboratory

Kevin Lesko* Solar & Reactor Expt

(Co-Chair) Bernard Sadoulet Dark Matter ExptHank Sobel Atmospheric , p decayMichael Wiescher Nuclear AstrophysicsStan Wojcicki Accelerator n ExptJohn Wilkerson decay, Solar Expt

Consultants

Lee Peterson* CNA Consulting Eng.Joe Wang* LBNL Earth Science

J. F. Wilkerson

Science Underground

I. Solar Neutrinos

II. Double Decay

III. Dark Matter

IV. Nucleon Decay

V. Atmospheric s

VI. Long Baseline Oscillation Expts.

John Bahcall, Barry Barish, Frank Calaprice, Janet Conrad,Peter J. Doe, Thomas Gaisser, Wick Haxton, Kevin T. Lesko, Marvin Marshak, Kem Robinson, Bernard Sadoulet, Henry Sobel, Michael Wiescher, Stan Wojcicki, & John Wilkerson

VII. Supernova s

VIII. Nuclear Astrophysics

IX. Geoscience

X. Materials Dev. And

Technology

XI. Monitoring Nuclear

Tests

XII. MicrobiologySee: Underground Lab at http://www.sns.ias.edu/~jnb

J. F. Wilkerson

Committee on an Underground Scientific Laboratory

RecommendationsThe Committee unanimously recommends the establishment of a deep premier national underground scientific laboratory to enable US leadership and synergism in a broad array of scientific fields in the coming decades.

The Committee endorses a single primary site as the most effective method of realizing the anticipated scientific program.

The Committee believes that there are two excellent sites for a premier deep underground science laboratory: Homestake and San Jacinto. … we judged that Homestake and San Jacinto are very similar in their technical suitability for underground experiments. Although the committee is not charged with making a formal site selection, time is of the essence, and the agencies need to be aware of the time-sensitive nature of the site selection.  We strongly encourage interagency cooperation to help realize this exciting opportunity for science.

J. F. Wilkerson

Results of the Nuclear Physics LRP Process

preTown Meeting, Sept. 21-23, 2000, Seattle Top recommendation: “...To satisfy the background

requirements of new solar/supernova and - decay experiments, the nuclear physics community should spearhead an effort to create a deep underground multipurpose laboratory. …”

Recommended formation of a committee with broad representation to evaluate science and potential deep sites.

DNP Town Meeting,“s, Symmetries, & Astrophysics”, Nov. 2000, Oakland UG Lab was the top recommendation of this larger group

NSAC LRP “Resolution” meeting, March 2001, Santa Fe. Critical evaluation by cross-section of community NUSL competed with 8 other “mid-size” projects.

J. F. Wilkerson

Nuclear Science Advisory CommitteeLong Range Plan, March 2001

Recommendation #3We strongly recommend immediate construction of the world's deepest underground science laboratory. This laboratory will provide a compelling opportunity for nuclear scientists to explore fundamental questions in neutrino physics and astrophysics.Recent evidence for neutrino mass has led to new insights into the fundamental nature of matter and energy. Future discoveries about the properties of neutrinos will have significant implications for our understanding of the structure of the universe. An outstanding new opportunity to create the world's deepest underground laboratory has emerged. This facility will position the U.S. nuclear science community to lead the next generation of solar neutrino and double beta-decay experiments.

J. F. Wilkerson

Why go deep?

101

102

103

104

105

106

Mu

on

In

ten

sity

, m

-2 y

-1

5 6 7 8 9

1032 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

104

Depth, meters water equivalent

Soudan

Kamioka

Gran Sasso

Homestake (Chlorine)

BaksanMont Blanc

Sudbury

WIPP

Muon flux vs overburden

NUSL - Homestake

Proposed NUSL Homestake Current Laboratories

Many next generation experimentsmust be deep to achieve theirultimate sensitivity

• SNO wouldn’t have worked at Gran Sasso or Kamioka because of cosmogenic bkgs.

SNO concern relevant to DM --worry about potential neutron backgrounds with noaccompanying muon signal

• n’s from induced photonuclear production in rock

• n’s from DIS in rock

• n’s from Atm.NC reaction

J. F. Wilkerson

NUSL Laboratory Objectives

Provide a laboratory and environment that fosters and supports forefront research in underground science and engineering.

Realization: The world’s deepest underground laboratory. A dedicated facility for science and outreach.

Easy access (both real and virtual ) to researchers 24/7/365 access and operational reliability Expertise in all aspects of underground activities

Excavation Ultra low background environments Operations

J. F. Wilkerson

J. F. Wilkerson

NUSL at Homestake

April -May 2001 - Consortium of interested scientists and South Dakota advocates (SD University System Regents) formed.Proposal submitted to NSF June 5, 2001

W. Haxton, Univ. of Washington (PI),J. Conrad, Columbia Univ., S. Farwell, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, M. Marshak, Univ. of Minnesota, J. Wilkerson, Univ.. of Washington

Request five years of funding, starting FY2003 Capital construction: $189. M Operations/Maintenance: $62.9 M

Interim proposal ( funding from Oct. 2001 - Sept. 2002) submitted to NSF June 26, 2001.

J. F. Wilkerson

NUSL Overview (cross-section)

Oro HondoExhaust Ellison Exhaust No.5 Shaft

Air Intake

No. 4 Shaft

No. 3 Shaft

No. 7 Shaft

Service Shaft

8000’

7400’

6800’

6200’

4850’4850’

No. 6Shaft

Ross Shaft and ComplexMining and Operations

Yates Shaft and ComplexScience Operations

ProposedYatesShaft Ext. 7400’ Laboratory Area

J. F. Wilkerson

NUSL Homestake Features

The existing mine, its extensive infrastructure, and the unparalleled expertise provided by the workforce of Homestake will allow NUSL to immediately initiate an underground science program.

The existence of multiple access shafts allows one to simultaneously pursue an operational science program and a laboratory construction program.

This same redundancy provides critical capabilities which will allow 24/7 operation and reliable access during routine or scheduled maintenance procedures.

Existing drifts at multiple depths - shallow to deep.

Capability to provide custom excavations and cavities, even once laboratory is operational.

J. F. Wilkerson

HOMESTAKE MINE

Mine InfrastructureElectrical System Two Surface Shafts

Two Winzes on the 4850 Fiber Optic Communication to Underground Pumping System Compressed Air System

Ventilation System

Bell Phone System

Water SystemSand Backfill SystemHoisting SystemsMonitoring / Control System

J. F. Wilkerson

Yates Cage HoistNordberg Mfg. CoTwo 1,250 hp DC MotorsNormal Cage Load = 12,000 lb.Max Cage Load = 13,400 lb

J. F. Wilkerson

HOMESTAKE MINE VENTILATION SYSTEM

J. F. Wilkerson

HOMESTAKE MINE PUMPING SYSTEM

J. F. Wilkerson

Developing NUSL Homestake

The initial proposal was only conceptual in nature, the detailed design and engineering studies are starting now.

Interim period (~2002-2003) Develop complete baseline plan (Technical design, management, budget) Offer immediate space to support of small experiments or R&D efforts at both

4850’ or 7400’ levels Initiate coring program to characterize rock at 7400’ level Start sealing off unused drifts Outreach starts

Initial construction phase (~2003-2004 ) Fully establish NUSL laboratory Continue science operations Excavate and construct ultra low background laboratory Construct laboratories for major experiments

J. F. Wilkerson

Ultra Low Background Counting Facility

A lab operated by NUSL for the benefit of underground science and open to researchers from around the world.

Requirements (from the proposal) Able to count small to modest size samples (~100-300 pg/g) A large “whole-body” counting facility capable of handling large, meter-sized materials

(~5 pg/g in 1-2 days of counting)

Envisioned Facility (from the proposal) Depth: 7400’ Size: 4 m by 4 m by 16 m Radon filtering Clean room conditions Encased in a special low-activity water shield (4 m) to minimize external sources of

radioactive backgrounds. If deemed necessary after a more detailed study, the water shield will be outfitted as an

active PMT-based cosmic ray veto capability. Six conventional low-background Germanium counting systems A scintillator based “whole-body” detector

J. F. Wilkerson

Pursuing NUSL at Homestake

October 2001 - Positive NSF Panel reviews Exciting physics warrants creation of NUSL Potential to be the premier international center Education and outreach should play major role No obvious physical obstacles

Fall 2001 - Collaborative efforts with Homestake to facilitate potential transfer of mine.

Initiate formation of Interim NUSL Collaboration http://int.phys.washington.edu/NUSL/ International participation desired Multiple agency support desired

J. F. Wilkerson

NUSL at Homestake Prospects

A complex process involving Scientists - NSF - Barrick - State of SD - Congress

November 2001- Interim funding bill passes $10 Million to state of SD to keep mine in a condition to

be transferred (pumping and support of personnel)

December 2001- Homestake Mining Corporation merges with Barrick.December 2001 - Indemnity bill passes Barrick has serious problems with final House version

Present - Negotiations with Barrick on transfer of mine to the state continue.April APS Meeting - NUSL Town Meeting

J. F. Wilkerson

HOMESTAKE MINE 1876 - 2001National Underground Science Laboratory: 2002-

J. F. Wilkerson

Supplemental Slides (not shown)

J. F. Wilkerson

Committee on an Underground Scientific Laboratory

Recommendations (continued) At the time of this meeting the Committee favors the Homestake site for

the following reasons: faster time scale to produce important scientific results, less initial capital outlay to produce world-class science,

Intrinsic value of shafts, HVAC, sensors, safety systems

greater positive impact on the local population, EPSCoR state, as are surrounding states

lower inherent uncertainties. Good, well characterized rock stability Fully permitted

Caveat: Homestake – needs to solve indemnification

J. F. Wilkerson

NUSL Homestake Budget Summary

National Underground Science Laboratory Budget SummaryBased on NUSL proposal submitted to NSF June 2001

Please refer to the proposal for details.

All values in Millions of Dollars

Proposal Table FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY02-06 Total

Underground facility Const. & Devel. B1 17.07 45.02 35.08 34.61 36.17 167.96

Upper campus Const. & Devel. B1 1.00 4.09 7.39 8.67 21.15

Total Construction & Development B1 18.07 49.12 42.47 43.29 36.17 189.11

Site Maintenance B8 2.37 2.59 2.81 3.03 3.25 14.04

Site Ops/Administration B7 4.73 5.10 5.51 5.82 6.16 27.32

Science Operations B5 1.33 2.79 3.54 4.85 5.64 18.16

Detector Operations B9 0.00 0.20 0.70 1.06 1.42 3.38

62.90

Total 252.02

Notes:1. Contingency of 25% is included in the above numbers.2. EDIA of 12% is included in the above numbers.3. Construction and Development contains some salaries and equipment, see Table B34. Site Maintenance includes some equipment money, see Table B85. Proposed Outreach Construction and Operations Budget items, that were included in the proposal are not included in this summary.

J. F. Wilkerson

Indemnification

The transfer of property from a mining company to another entity is rare: Homestake prefers to retain and monitor its property indefinitely. The reason is connected with Superfund law. Under this law a company which vacates property, even with the best guarantees of science that the property is fully restored, remains liable if some hazard is uncovered in the future.Homestake is responsible for reclamation of the mine and has already carried out substantial remediation efforts.

The legislation places stringent conditions on reclamation and transfer. All of the 140 acres proposed for transfer will be inspected by independent

experts appointed by the EPA. If any unsatisfactory condition is found, EPA can either specify what

additional reclamation is needed, or it can decide that transfer is inappropriate.

If there is no NUSL, Homestake would be free to flood the mine, with essentially no inspection.

J. F. Wilkerson

Open Cut

Oro Hondo Fan

Yates Complex

WWTP

Shops

Ross Sub

Highway 85

Mill Complex

Kirk Fans

Oro Hondo Sub

Ross Complex

East Sub

Homestake Aerial View

J. F. Wilkerson

HOMESTAKE MINE GENERALIZED X-SECTION

Yates Shaft

#6 Winze

Yf ???

Pf

Ef

Ross Shaft

4850

7400

8000Looking North

J. F. Wilkerson

HOMESTAKE MINE 4850Yates Shaft

#6 Winze

#4 Winze

Yf

Pf

Ef

Ross Shaft

Shop Area

Neutrino Lab

J. F. Wilkerson

HOMESTAKE MINE 4850 SHOPS

#6 Winze

Ross Shaft

70’ x 50’ x 9’ 50’ x 30’ x 9’

60’ x 20’ x 9’ 50’ x 25’ x 9’

J. F. Wilkerson

HOMESTAKE MINE 7400 SHOP

29 ft

140 ft

17 ft high

J. F. Wilkerson

163 ft

40 ft

~23 ft high

Machine Room

Control & Elect. Room

Spray Chambers

15’ x 15’

200 ft

HOMESTAKE MINE 6950 VENT

J. F. Wilkerson

HOMESTAKE MINE 7400Yates Shaft Projected

#6 Winze

#4 Winze

3,000 ft

6,300 ft

Yf

Pf

Ef

7400 Shop

J. F. Wilkerson

HOMESTAKE MINE

Proterozoic Stratigraphy

Grizzly Fm - Metagraywacke, sericite-biotite schist

Flag Rock Fm - Biotite-sericite schist, graphitic phyllite

Northwestern Fm - Biotite-qtz-sericite-garnet schist

Ellison Fm - Quarzites, Sericite-biotite schist and phyllite

Homestake Fm - Grunerite/Siderite schist, chert

Poorman Fm - Well-banded sericite-biotite carbonate phyllite

Yates Unit - Hornblende-plagioclase schist

J. F. Wilkerson

HOMESTAKE MINE

Rock Properties

In Situ Stress Estimation (NIOSH)

v = 1.25 h (vertical psi)

h1 = 2078 + 0.53 h (dip direction psi)

h2 = 121 + 0.55 h (strike direction psi)

J. F. Wilkerson

HOMESTAKE MINE

Rock Properties

Laboratory Rock Properties (psi)

Property Homestake Poorman Ellison Yates

C1 20,150 13,630 11,340 N/A

C2 11,550 10,000 11,410 N/A

C3 13,270 12,270 8,150 N/A

T1 1,380 2,990 2,350 N/A

T2 1,140 820 590 N/A

T3 1,920 1,910 1,650 N/A

1 & 3 directions are parallel to the schistosity

2 direction is perpendicular to the schistosity