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National Transportation Statistics 2002 presentsstatistics on the U.S. transportation system, including itsphysical components, safety record, economic performance,the human and natural environment, and national security.
Natio
nal Tran
spo
rtation
Statistics 2002
National Transportation Statistics
2002
Bureau ofTransportation
Statistics
U.S. Department of Transportation
National Transportation Statistics
2002
Bureau ofTransportation
Statistics
BTS02-08 U.S. Department of Transportation
Our mission: To lead in developing transportation data and informa-tion of high quality and to advance their effective use in both public and private transportation decisionmaking.
Our vision for the future: Data and information of high quality sup-porting every significant transportation policy decision, thus advancing the quality of life and the economic well-being of all Americans.
All material contained in this report is in the public domain and may be used and reprinted without special permission; source citation is required.
Recommended citationU.S. Department of TransportationBureau of Transportation StatisticsNational Transportation Statistics 2002BTS02-08Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, December 2002
Copies of this report and other BTS products may obtained via the following contacts:
Product OrdersBureau of Transportation StatisticsU.S. Department of Transportation400 7th St., SW, K-15Washington, DC 20590
Internet: www.bts.govPhone: 202-366-DATAFax: 202-366-3197
Information [email protected]
U.S. Department ofTransportation
Norman Y. MinetaSecretary
Michael P. JacksonDeputy Secretary
Bureau of TransportationStatistics
Rick KowalewskiActing Director
John V. WellsChief Economist
William ChangAssociate Director forInformation Systems
Wendell FletcherAssistant Director for Transportation Analysis
AcknowledgmentsProject ManagerLong X. Nguyen
EditorChip Moore
Desktop Publishing SpecialistDorinda Edmondson
Data CollectionBattelle:Brian CarpenterMatthew GiffordDeepak GopalakrishnaArthur GreenbergLeonard HughesDavid KallChristina LuersmanWilliam MallettKenneth MathewsLaurie Scovell
ContributorsFelix Ammah-TagoeDuanjie ChenDavid ChesserKay DruckerBingsong FangXiaoli HanElijah HenleyMarcus MathiasGetachew MekonnenLisa RandallDeepak Virmani
v
Introduction
Compiled and published by the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS), U.S. Department of Transportation, National Transportation Statistics 2002 presents
information on the U.S. transportation system1, including its physical components, safety record, economic performance, energy use, and environmental impact. National Transportation Statistics 2002 is a companion document to the Transpor-tation Statistics Annual Report, which analyzes the data presented here.
The report has four chapters:• Chapter 1 provides data on the extent, condition, use, and performance of the
physical transportation network.• Chapter 2 details transportation’s safety record, giving data on accidents,
crashes, fatalities, and injuries for each mode and hazardous materials.• Chapter 3 focuses on the relationship between transportation and the economy,
presenting data on transportation’s contribution to the gross domestic product, employment by industry and occupation, and transportation-related consumer and government expenditures.
• Chapter 4 presents data on transportation energy use and transportation-related environmental impacts.
Appendix A profiles each mode,1 and appendix B contains metric conversions of select tables.
In addition, as part of BTS's ongoing effort to identify and assess the extent of data errors, appendix C includes brief discussions of the quality of the data pre-sented in many of the tables. BTS obtained the data in this report from many sources, including federal government agencies, private industry, and associations. Some of the data are based on samples and are subject to sampling variability. Data from all sources may be subject to omissions and errors in reporting, recording, and processing. Documents cited as sources for the tables often provide detailed infor-mation about definitions, methodologies, and statistical reliability.
Generally, data are presented in five-year increments through 1995 and annu-ally thereafter. The web version of the report provides a more comprehensive inven-tory of the available data than presented here.
1 The U.S. transportation system comprises six modes: air, highway, transit, rail, water, and pipelines.
Table of Contents � vii
Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION vTable A Social and Economic Characteristics of the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Chapter 1. The Transportation SystemTable SECTION A. PHYSICAL EXTENT Page1-1 System Mileage Within the United States (Statute miles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31-2 Number of Air Carriers, Railroads, Interstate Motor Carriers, Marine Vessel Operators,
and Pipeline Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41-3 Number of U.S. Airports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61-4 Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface
(Thousands of miles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71-5 U.S. Public Road and Street Mileage by Functional System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81-6 Estimated U.S. Roadway Lane-Miles by Functional System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91-7 Number of Stations Served by Amtrak and Rail Transit, Fiscal Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101-8 ADA Lift- or Ramp-Equipped Transit Buses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111-9 ADA Accessible Rail Transit Stations by Agency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121-10 U.S. Oil and Gas Pipeline Mileage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
SECTION B. VEHICLE, AIRCRAFT, AND VESSEL INVENTORY1-11 Number of U.S. Aircraft, Vehicles, Vessels, and Other Conveyances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171-12 Sales or Deliveries of New Aircraft, Vehicles, Vessels, and Other Conveyances . . . . . . . . 201-13 Active Air Carrier and General Aviation Fleet by Type of Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221-14 U.S. Automobile and Truck Fleets by Use (Thousands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251-15 Annual U.S. Motor Vehicle Production and Factory (Wholesale) Sales (Thousands) . . . . . 261-16 Retail New Passenger Car Sales (Thousands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271-17 New and Used Passenger Car Sales and Leases (Thousands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281-18 Retail Sales of New Cars by Sector (Thousands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291-19 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic
and Imported Automobiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301-20 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic
and Imported Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311-21 Number of Trucks by Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321-22 World Motor Vehicle Production, Selected Countries (Thousands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331-23 Number and Size of the U.S. Flag Merchant Fleet and Its Share of the World Fleet
(Oceangoing ships of 1,000 gross tons and over) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
SECTION C. CONDITION1-24 U.S. Airport Runway Pavement Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391-25 Median Age of Automobiles and Trucks in Operation in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . 401-26 Condition of U.S. Roadways by Functional System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411-27 Condition of U.S. Highway Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451-28 Average Age of Urban Transit Vehicles (Years) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461-29 Class I Railroad Locomotive Fleet by Year Built (Locomotive units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471-30 Age and Availability of Amtrak Locomotive and Car Fleets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481-31 U.S. Flag Vessels by Type and Age (Number of vessels) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
viii � Table of Contents
SECTION D. TRAVEL AND GOODS MOVEMENT1-32 U.S. Vehicle-Miles (Millions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531-33 Roadway Vehicle-Miles Traveled (VMT) and VMT per Lane-Mile by Functional Class . . . 561-34 U.S. Passenger-Miles (Millions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571-35 Principal Means of Transportation to Work (Thousands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601-36 Long-Distance Travel in the United States by Selected Trip Characteristics: 1995
(Roundtrips of 100 miles or more, one way, U.S. destinations only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611-37 Long-Distance Travel in the United States by Selected Traveler Characteristics: 1995
(Roundtrips of 100 miles or more, one way, U.S. destinations only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641-38 U.S. Air Carrier Aircraft Departures, Enplaned Revenue Passengers, and
Enplaned Revenue Tons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671-39 Passengers Boarded at the Top 50 U.S. Airports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691-40 Air Passenger Travel Arrivals in the United States from Selected
Foreign Countries (Thousands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711-41 Air Passenger Travel Departures from the United States to Selected
Foreign Countries (Thousands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731-42 U.S.-Canadian Border Land-Passenger Gateways: Entering the United States, 2000-2001 . . . . 751-43 U.S.-Mexican Border Land-Passenger Gateways: Entering the United States, 2000-2001 . . . . . 761-44 U.S. Ton-Miles of Freight (Millions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771-45 Average Length of Haul, Domestic Freight and Passenger Modes (Miles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781-46 Top U.S. Foreign Trade Freight Gateways by Value of Shipments (Current $ billions) . . . 791-47 U.S.-Canadian Border Land-Freight Gateways: Number of Truck or
Railcar Crossings, 2000-2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811-48 U.S.-Mexican Border Land-Freight Gateways: Number of Truck or
Railcar Crossings, 2000-2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821-49 U.S. Waterborne Freight (Million short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831-50 Tonnage of Top 50 U.S. Water Ports, Ranked by Total Tons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841-51 Growth of Freight Activity in the United States: Comparison of the
1993 and 1997 Commodity Flow Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861-52 Value, Tons, and Ton-Miles of Freight Shipments within the United States by
Domestic Establishments, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871-53 Value of U.S. Land Exports to and Imports from Canada and
Mexico by Mode ($ millions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891-54 Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Transported in the United States by Mode . . . . . . . . . 911-55 U.S. Hazardous Materials Shipments by Transportation Mode, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921-56 U.S. Hazardous Materials Shipments by Hazard Class, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931-57 Worldwide Commercial Space Launches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
SECTION E. PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE1-58 Passengers Denied Boarding by the Largest U.S. Air Carriers (Thousands) . . . . . . . . . . . . 991-59 Mishandled-Baggage Reports Filed by Passengers with the Largest U.S. Air Carriers . . . 1001-60 Flight Operations Arriving On Time by the Largest U.S. Air Carriers (Percent) . . . . . . . 1011-61 FAA-Cited Causes of Departure and En Route Delays (After pushing back from the gate) . . 1021-62 Major U.S. Air Carrier Delays, Cancellations, and Diversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031-63 Annual Person-Hours of Highway Traffic Delay Per Person . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1041-64 Roadway Congestion Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1071-65 Annual Highway Congestion Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1101-66 Amtrak On-Time Performance Trends and Hours of Delay by Cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Table of Contents � ix
Chapter 2. Transportation SafetySECTION A. MULTIMODAL
2-1 Transportation Fatalities by Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1172-2 Injured Persons by Transportation Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1202-3 Transportation Accidents by Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1232-4 Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1262-5 Highway-Rail Grade-Crossing Safety and Property Damage Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1282-6 Hazardous Materials Fatalities, Injuries, Accidents, and Property Damage Data . . . . . . 1292-7 Transportation-Related Occupational Fatalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1312-8 Reporting Thresholds for Property Damage by U.S. Department of
Transportation Modal Administrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
SECTION B. AIR2-9 U.S. Air Carrier Safety Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1352-10 U.S. Commuter Air Carrier Safety Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1372-11 U.S. Air Carrier Fatal Accidents by First Phase of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1382-12 U.S. Commuter Air Carrier Fatal Accidents by First Phase of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . 1392-13 U.S. On-Demand Air Taxi Safety Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1402-14 U.S. General Aviation Safety Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1412-15 Number of Pilot-Reported Near Midair Collisions (NMAC) by Degree of Hazard . . . . . 1422-16 Airline Passenger Screening Results by Type of Weapons Detected, Persons Arrested,
and Bomb Threats Received . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
SECTION C. HIGHWAY2-17 Motor Vehicle Safety Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1472-18 Motor Vehicle Fatalities, Vehicle-Miles, and Associated Rates by
Highway Functional System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1482-19 Occupant Fatalities by Vehicle Type and Nonoccupant Fatalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1492-20 Occupant and Nonmotorist Fatalities in Crashes by Number of Vehicles and
Alcohol Involvement (AI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1502-21 Passenger Car Occupant Safety Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1512-22 Motorcycle Rider Safety Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1522-23 Truck Occupant Safety Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1532-24 Bus Occupant Safety Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1552-25 Fatalities by Highest Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) in Highway Crashes . . . . . . . 1562-26 Number of States with Different Types of Anti-DUI / DWI Legislation in Effect
as of January 1 of the Listed Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1572-27 Motor Vehicle Fatal Crashes by Day of Week, Time of Day, and Weather
and Light Conditions (Percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1582-28 Motor Vehicle Fatal Crashes by Posted Speed Limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1592-29 Safety Belt and Motorcycle Helmet Use (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1602-30 Estimated Number of Lives Saved by Use of Restraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
SECTION D. TRANSIT2-31 Transit Safety and Property Damage Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1652-32 Transit Safety Data by Mode for All Reported Accidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1662-33 Transit Safety Data by Mode for All Reported Incidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1682-34 Reports of Violent Crime, Property Crime, and Arrests by Transit Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
x � Table of Contents
SECTION E. RAILROAD2-35 Railroad and Grade-Crossing Fatalities by Victim Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1772-36 Railroad and Grade-Crossing Injured Persons by Victim Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1782-37 Train Fatalities, Injuries, and Accidents by Type of Accident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1792-38 Railroad Passenger Safety Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1802-39 Railroad System Safety and Property Damage Data (Excludes highway-rail
grade-crossing accidents) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1812-40 Fatalities and Injuries of On-Duty Railroad Employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
SECTION F. WATER2-41 Waterborne Transportation Safety and Property Damage Data Related to
Vessel Casualties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1872-42 Waterborne Transportation Safety Data Not Related to Vessel Casualties . . . . . . . . . . . 1882-43 Recreational Boating Safety, Alcohol Involvement, and Property Damage Data . . . . . . . 1892-44 Personal Watercraft Safety Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1902-45 U.S. Coast Guard Search and Rescue Statistics, Fiscal Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
SECTION G. PIPELINE2-46 Hazardous Liquid and Natural Gas Pipeline Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Chapter 3. Transportation and the EconomySECTION A. TRANSPORTATION AND THE TOTAL ECONOMY
3-1a U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Attributed to For-Hire Transportation Services (Current $ billions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
3-1b U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Attributed to For-Hire Transportation Services (Chained 1996 $ billions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
3-2a U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Attributed to Transportation-Related Final Demand (Current $ billions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
3-2b U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Attributed to Transportation-Related Final Demand (Chained 1996 $ billions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
3-3a U.S. Gross Domestic Demand (GDD) Attributed to Transportation-Related Final Demand (Current $ billions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
3-3b U.S. Gross Domestic Demand (GDD) Attributed to Transportation-Related Final Demand (Chained 1996 $ billions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
3-4a Contributions to Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Selected Industries (Current $ billions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
3-4b Contributions to Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Selected Industries (Chained 1996 $ billions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
3-5 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by Major Social Function (Current $ billions) . . . . . . . . 2093-6 National Transportation and Economic Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
SECTION B. TRANSPORTATION AND CONSUMER EXPENDITURES3-7 Passenger and Freight Transportation Expenditures (Current $ millions) . . . . . . . . . . . . 2133-8 Sales Price of Transportation Fuel to End-Users (Current ¢/gallon) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2143-9 Price Trends of Gasoline v. Other Consumer Goods and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2153-10 Producer Price Indices for Transportation Services (Base date = 100) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Table of Contents � xi
3-11 Producer Price Indices for Transportation Equipment (Base date = 100) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2173-12 Personal Expenditures by Category (Current $ millions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2183-13 Personal Consumption Expenditures on Transportation by Subcategory
(Current $ millions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2193-14 Average Cost of Owning and Operating an Automobile (Assuming 15,000
Vehicle-Miles per Year) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2203-15a Average Passenger Fares (Current $) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2213-15b Average Passenger Fares (Chained 1996 $) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
SECTION C. TRANSPORTATION REVENUES, EMPOLYMENT, AND PRODUCTIVITY3-16 Average Passenger Revenue per Passenger-Mile (Current ¢) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2253-17 Average Freight Revenue Per Ton-mile (Current ¢) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2263-18 Total Operating Revenues (Current $ millions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2273-19 Employment in For-Hire Transportation and Selected Transportation-Related
Industries (Thousands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2293-20 Employment in Transportation Occupations (Thousands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2323-21 Average Wage and Salary Accruals per Full-Time Equivalent Employee by
Transportation Industry (Current $) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2343-22 Median Weekly Earnings of Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers in Transportation
by Detailed Occupation (Current $) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2353-23 Total Wage and Salary Accruals by Transportation Industry (Current $ millions) . . . . . 2363-24 Labor Productivity Indices for Selected Transportation Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
SECTION D. GOVERNMENT FINANCE3-25a Federal, State, and Local Government Transportation-Related Revenues and
Expenditures, Fiscal Year (Current $ millions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2413-25b Federal, State, and Local Government Transportation-Related Revenues and
Expenditures, Fiscal Year (Chained 1996 $ millions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2423-26 Summary of Transportation Revenues and Expenditures from Own Funds and
User Coverage, Fiscal Year (Current and chained 1996 $ millions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2433-27a Transportation Revenues by Mode and Level of Government, Fiscal Year
(Current $ millions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2443-27b Transportation Revenues by Mode and Level of Government, Fiscal Year
(Chained 1996 $ millions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2453-28 Cash Balances of the Transportation-Related Federal Trust Funds, Fiscal Year
($ millions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2463-29a Transportation Expenditures by Mode and Level of Government from Own Funds,
Fiscal Year (Current $ millions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2473-29b Transportation Expenditures by Mode and Level of Government from Own Funds,
Fiscal Year (Chained 1996 $ millions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2483-30a Federal Transportation Grants to State and Local Governments by Mode,
Fiscal Year (Current $ millions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2493-30b Federal Transportation Grants to State and Local Governments by Mode,
Fiscal Year (Chained 1996 $ millions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
xii � Table of Contents
Chapter 4. Transportation, Energy, and the EnvironmentSECTION A. U.S. AND TRANSPORTATION SECTION ENERGY CONSUMPTION
4-1 Overview of U.S. Petroleum Production, Imports, Exports, and Consumption (Million barrels per day) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
4-2 U.S. Consumption of Energy from Primary Sources by Sector (Quadrillion Btu) . . . . . . 2544-3 Domestic Demand for Refined Petroleum Products by Sector (Quadrillion Btu) . . . . . . . 255
SECTION B. TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY MODE4-4 U.S. Energy Consumption by the Transportation Sector (Quadrillion Btu) . . . . . . . . . . . 2594-5 Fuel Consumption by Mode of Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2614-6 Energy Consumption by Mode of Transportation (Trillion Btu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2634-7 Domestic Demand for Gasoline (Million gallons) by Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2654-8 Certificated Air Carrier Fuel Consumption and Travel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2664-9 Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Travel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2674-10 Estimated Consumption of Alternative and Replacement Fuels for Highway Vehicles
(Thousand gasoline-equivalent gallons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2684-11 Passenger Car and Motorcycle Fuel Consumption and Travel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2694-12 Other 2-Axle 4-Tire Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Travel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2704-13 Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-Tire or More Truck Fuel Consumption and Travel . . . . . . . . . . . . 2714-14 Combination Truck Fuel Consumption and Travel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2724-15 Bus Fuel Consumption and Travel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2734-16 Transit Industry Electric Power and Primary Energy Consumption and Travel . . . . . . . 2744-17 Class I Rail Freight Fuel Consumption and Travel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2754-18 Amtrak Fuel Consumption and Travel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2764-19 U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source (Trillion Btu) . . . . . . . . . 277
SECTION C. TRANSPORTATION ENERGY INTENSITY AND FUEL EFFICIENCY4-20 Energy Intensity of Passenger Modes (Btu per passenger-mile) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2814-21 Energy Intensity of Certificated Air Carriers, All Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2824-22 Energy Intensity of Passenger Cars, Other 2-Axle 4-Tire Vehicles, and Motorcycles . . . 2844-23 Average Fuel Efficiency of U.S. Passenger Cars and Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2864-24 Energy Intensity of Transit Motor Buses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2874-25 Energy Intensity of Class I Railroad Freight Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2884-26 Energy Intensity of Amtrak Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2894-27 Annual Wasted Fuel Due to Congestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2904-28 Wasted Fuel Per Person . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
SECTION D. AIR POLLUTION4-29 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline-
and Diesel-Powered Light-Duty Vehicles, (Grams per mile) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2994-30a Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline-
and Diesel-Powered Light-Duty Trucks (Category LDT1), (Grams per mile) . . . . . . . . . 3014-30b Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline-
and Diesel-Powered Light-Duty Trucks (Category LDT1), (Grams per mile) . . . . . . . . . 3034-30c Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline-
and Diesel-Powered Light-Duty Trucks (Category LDT1), (Grams per mile) . . . . . . . . . 305
Table of Contents � xiii
4-30d Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light-Duty Trucks (Category LDT1), (Grams per mile) . . . . . . . . . 307
4-31 Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicles (MDPV), (Grams per mile) . . . . . 309
4-32a Federal Exhaust Emissions Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Heavy-Duty Trucks (Grams per brake horsepower-hour) . . . 311
4-32b Federal Exhaust Emissions Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Heavy-Duty Trucks (Grams per brake horsepower-hour) . . . . . . . . 314
4-33 Federal Exhaust Emissions Standards for Newly Manufactured Motorcycles (g/km) . . . 3164-34 Federal Exhaust Emissions Standards for Newly Manufactured and In-Use
Aircraft Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3174-35 Federal Exhaust Emissions Standards for Locomotives (g/bhph except where noted) . . . 3194-36 Federal Exhaust Emissions Standards for Newly Manufactured Marine Spark-Ignition
Outboard, Personal Watercraft, and Jet-Boat Engines (g/kWh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3204-37 Tier 2 Federal Exhaust Emissions Standards for Newly Manufactured Commercial
Marine Compression-Ignition Engines, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3214-38 Estimated National Average Vehicle Emissions Rates by Vehicle Type and Fuel
(Grams per mile) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3224-39 Estimated National Average Vehicle Emissions Rates by Vehicle Type Using
Reformulated Gasoline (Grams per mile) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3244-40 Estimated National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide (Million short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . 3264-41 Estimated National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides (Million short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3274-42 Estimated National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds (Million short tons) . . . 3284-43 Estimated National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-10) (Million short tons) . . . . . 3294-44 Estimated National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) (Million short tons) . . . . 3304-45 Estimated National Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide (Million short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3314-46 Estimated National Emissions of Lead (Thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3324-47 Air Pollution Trends in Selected Metropolitan Statistical Areas (Number of days with
AQI values greater than 100 at trend sites and all monitoring sites) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3334-48 Areas in Nonattainment of National Ambient Air Quality Standards for
Criteria Pollutants (Condensed nonattainment area list as of September 2001) . . . . . . . 3374-49 U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Use by Sector (Million metric tons of carbon) . 341
SECTION E. WATER POLLUTION, NOISE, AND SOLID WASTE4-50 Petroleum Oil Spills Impacting Navigable U.S. Waterways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3454-51 Leaking Underground Storage Tank Releases and Cleanups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3464-52 Highway Noise Barrier Construction (Miles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3474-53 Number of People Residing in High Noise Areas Around U.S. Airports,
(Within 65 dB DNL noise-level contours) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3484-54 Motor Vehicles Scrapped (Thousands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Appendix A. Modal Profiles Air Carrier Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353General Aviation Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359Highway Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362Automobile Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
xiv � Table of Contents
Truck Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369Bus Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373Transit Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376Rail Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382Water Transport Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385Oil Pipeline Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389Natural Gas Pipeline Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Appendix B. Metric Conversion Tables1-1M System Kilometers Within the United States (Statute kilometers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3951-6M Estimated U.S. Roadway Lane-Kilometers by Functional System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3961-32M U.S. Vehicle-Kilometers (Millions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3971-33M Roadway Vehicle-Kilometers Traveled (VKT) and VKT per Lane-Kilometer by
Functional Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4001-34M U.S. Passenger-Kilometers (Millions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4011-44M U.S. Tonne-Kilometers of Freight (Millions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4031-45M Average Length of Haul, Domestic Freight and Passenger Modes (Kilometers) . . . . . . . 4041-49M U.S. Waterborne Freight (Million metric tonnes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4051-54M Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Transported in the United States by Mode . . . . . . . . 4064-3M Domestic Demand for Refined Petroleum Products by Sector (Petajoules) . . . . . . . . . . . 4074-5M Fuel Consumption by Mode of Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4084-6M Energy Consumption by Mode of Transportation (Petajoules) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4104-7M Domestic Demand for Gasoline (Million liters) by Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4124-8M Certificated Air Carrier Fuel Consumption and Travel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4134-9M Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Travel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4144-11M Passenger Car and Motorcycle Fuel Consumption and Travel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4154-13M Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-Tire or More Truck Fuel Consumption and Travel . . . . . . . . . . . . 4164-14M Combination Truck Fuel Consumption and Travel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4174-15M Bus Fuel Consumption and Travel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4184-16M Transit Industry Electric Power and Primary Energy Consumption and Travel . . . . . . . 4194-17M Class I Rail Freight Fuel Consumption and Travel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4204-19M U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source (Petajoules) . . . . . . . . . . 4214-20M Energy Intensity of Passenger Modes (Kilojoule per passenger-kilometer) . . . . . . . . . . . 4234-21M Energy Intensity of Certificated Air Carriers, All Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4244-22M Energy Intensity of Passenger Cars, Other 2-Axle 4-Tire Vehicles, and Motorcycles . . . 4264-23M Average Fuel Efficiency of U.S. Passenger Cars and Light Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4284-24M Energy Intensity of Transit Motor Buses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4294-25M Energy Intensity of Class I Railroad Freight Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
Appendix C. Data Source and Accuracy Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Appendix D. Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Appendix E. List of Acronyms and Initialisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Table of Contents � xv
TABL
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1990
1995
1996
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xvi � Table of Contents
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5.5
1,25
0.6
1,39
3.0
1,43
6.8
1,52
0.8
1,62
2.1
1,71
3.5
1,80
9.5
Ser
vice
s92
8.1
1,10
3.3
1,36
1.9
1,51
0.4
1,56
4.2
1,63
2.2
1,69
9.0
1,77
4.8
1,86
5.2
Tota
l civ
ilian
lab
or
forc
e (t
ho
usa
nd
s)10
6,94
011
5,46
112
5,84
013
2,30
413
3,94
313
6,29
713
7,67
313
9,36
814
0,86
3P
artic
ipat
ion
rate
of m
en (
perc
ent)
77.4
76.3
76.4
75.0
74.9
75.0
74.9
74.7
74.7
Par
ticip
atio
n ra
te o
f wom
en (
perc
ent)
51.5
54.5
57.5
58.9
59.3
59.8
59.8
60.0
60.2
Nu
mb
er o
f h
ou
seh
old
s (t
ho
usa
nd
s)80
,776
86,7
8993
,347
98,9
9099
,627
101,
018
102,
528
103,
874
105,
480
Ave
rag
e si
ze o
f h
ou
seh
old
s2.
762.
692.
632.
652.
652.
642.
622.
612.
59
Med
ian
ho
use
ho
ld in
com
e10
(ch
ain
ed $
199
6)
33,7
2234
,439
35,9
4535
,082
35,4
9236
,175
37,4
3012
38,5
9212
38,5
56
Ave
rag
e h
ou
seh
old
exp
end
itu
res1
1 (c
hai
ned
$
1996
) U
34,2
5334
,070
33,2
1733
,797
34,0
3834
,205
34,8
41U
KE
Y:
R =
rev
ised
; U =
dat
a ar
e no
t ava
ilabl
e.
1E
stim
ates
as
of J
uly
exce
pt 1
980
and
1990
, whi
ch a
re a
s of
Apr
il 1.
2To
tal p
opul
atio
n co
unt
has
been
rev
ised
sin
ce t
he 1
980
cens
us. N
umbe
rs b
y ag
e ha
ve n
ot b
een
corr
ecte
d an
d m
ay n
ot s
um t
o to
tal.
319
95 t
hrou
gh 1
999
data
are
est
imat
es.
4D
efin
ed a
s M
etro
polit
an S
tati
stic
al A
reas
and
Con
solid
ated
Met
ropo
litan
Sta
tist
ical
Are
as, a
s of
Jul
y 1,
199
4.5
As
of A
pril
1 of
yea
r in
dica
ted.
The
Cen
sus
Bur
eau
only
tab
ulat
es u
rban
/ ru
ral n
umbe
rs f
or t
he d
ecen
nial
cen
sus
year
s.6
As
of J
uly
1 fo
r al
l yea
rs e
xcep
t 19
80 a
nd 1
990.
7Fi
scal
yea
r en
ding
Sep
tem
ber
30.
8T
he C
ensu
s B
urea
u ta
bula
tes
area
(sq
uare
mile
s) d
ata
for
the
dece
nnia
l cen
sus
year
s on
ly.
Dat
a fo
r 19
90 r
efle
ct t
he in
clus
ion
of t
he G
reat
Lak
es, i
nlan
d w
ater
, an
d co
asta
l wat
er.
Dat
a fo
r pr
ior
year
s in
clud
ed in
land
wat
er o
nly.
9
Est
imat
es f
or 1
980
and
1985
are
sho
wn
on t
he b
asis
of
the
1972
Sta
ndar
d In
dust
rial
Cod
e (S
IC);
199
0-96
are
bas
ed o
n th
e 19
87 S
IC.
Val
ues
expr
esse
d as
ch
aine
d 19
96 d
olla
rs u
sing
indu
stry
-spe
cifi
c, c
hain
-typ
e qu
anti
ty in
dice
s fr
om t
he B
urea
u of
Eco
nom
ic A
naly
sis.
10H
ouse
hold
s as
of
Mar
ch o
f fo
llow
ing
year
. 11
Val
ues
conv
erte
d to
cha
ined
199
6 do
llars
usi
ng t
he c
hain
-typ
e pr
ice
inde
x fo
r pe
rson
al c
onsu
mpt
ion
expe
ndit
ures
fro
m t
he B
urea
u of
Eco
nom
ic A
naly
sis.
12M
edia
n in
com
e fo
r 19
99-2
000
is c
onve
rted
to
chai
ned
1996
dol
lars
usi
ng th
e C
PI-U
-RS
pric
e in
dex
whi
le p
revi
ous
year
s us
e th
e C
PI-U
pri
ce in
dice
s. C
ompa
r-is
ons
wit
h ea
rlie
r ye
ars
shou
ld b
e m
ade
wit
h ca
utio
n.
TABL
E A:
Soc
ial a
nd E
cono
mic
Cha
ract
eris
tics
of th
e Un
ited
Stat
es (C
ontin
ued)
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Table of Contents � xvii
TABL
E A:
Soc
ial a
nd E
cono
mic
Cha
ract
eris
tics
of th
e Un
ited
Stat
es (C
ontin
ued)
SOU
RC
ES
U.S
. res
iden
t po
pula
tion
:19
80-9
9: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Com
mer
ce, B
urea
u of
the
Cen
sus,
Sta
tist
ical
Abs
trac
t of
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es 2
000
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 200
1), t
able
15.
2000
: Ibi
d.,
2000
Cen
sus
of P
opul
atio
n an
d H
ousi
ng, P
rofi
les
of G
ener
al D
emog
raph
ic C
hara
cter
isti
cs 2
000
(Was
hing
ton
DC
: May
200
1), t
able
DP-
1.
Age
:19
80-9
9: I
bid.
, Sta
tist
ical
Abs
trac
t of
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es 2
000
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 200
1), t
able
12.
2000
: Ibi
d., 2
000
Cen
sus
of P
opul
atio
n an
d H
ousi
ng, P
rofi
les
of G
ener
al D
emog
raph
ic C
hara
cter
isti
cs 2
000
(Was
hing
ton
DC
: May
200
1), t
able
DP-
1.
Sex:
1980
-99:
Ibi
d., S
tati
stic
al A
bstr
act
of t
he U
nite
d St
ates
200
0 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 2
001)
, tab
le 1
0.20
00: I
bid.
, 200
0 C
ensu
s of
Pop
ulat
ion
and
Hou
sing
, Pro
file
s of
Gen
eral
Dem
ogra
phic
Cha
ract
eris
tics
200
0 (W
ashi
ngto
n D
C: M
ay 2
001)
, tab
le D
P-1.
M
etro
polit
an a
reas
:19
80-9
0, 1
998:
Ibi
d., S
tati
stic
al A
bstr
act
of t
he U
nite
d St
ates
200
0 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 2
001)
, tab
le 3
2.20
00: I
bid.
, 200
0 C
ensu
s of
Pop
ulat
ion
and
Hou
sing
, Pro
file
s of
Gen
eral
Dem
ogra
phic
Cha
ract
eris
tics
200
0 (W
ashi
ngto
n D
C: M
ay 2
001)
, tab
le 2
. R
ural
/ u
rban
:Ib
id.,
Stat
isti
cal A
bstr
act
of t
he U
nite
d St
ates
200
0 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 2
001)
, tab
le 3
7.R
egio
ns:
1990
-99:
Ibi
d., I
nter
net
site
htt
p://w
ww
.cen
sus.
gov/
popu
lati
on/e
stim
ates
/sta
te/s
t-99
-3.t
xt a
s of
Dec
. 29,
199
9.20
00: I
bid.
, 200
0 C
ensu
s of
Pop
ulat
ion
and
Hou
sing
, Pro
file
s of
Gen
eral
Dem
ogra
phic
Cha
ract
eris
tics
200
0 (W
ashi
ngto
n D
C: M
ay 2
001)
, tab
le D
P-1.
Imm
igra
nts:
1980
-85:
Ibi
d., S
tati
stic
al A
bstr
act
of t
he U
nite
d St
ates
199
0 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 1
990)
, tab
le 6
.19
90-9
6: I
bid.
, Sta
tist
ical
Abs
trac
t of
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es 1
998
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 199
8), t
able
6.
1997
-200
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Jus
tice
, Im
mig
rati
on a
nd N
atur
aliz
atio
n Se
rvic
e, O
ffic
e of
Pol
icy
and
Plan
ning
, Sta
tist
ics
Bra
nch,
Ann
ual R
epor
t, L
egal
Im
mi-
grat
ion,
Fis
cal Y
ear
2001
, No.
2, S
epte
mbe
r 20
00, I
nter
net
site
htt
p://w
ww
.ins.
usdo
j.gov
/gra
phic
s/ab
outi
ns/s
tati
stic
s/in
dex.
htm
as
of S
epte
mbe
r 30
, 200
2.
Tot
al a
rea:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of C
omm
erce
, Bur
eau
of t
he C
ensu
s, S
tati
stic
al A
bstr
act
of t
he U
nite
d St
ates
200
0 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C:2
001)
, tab
le 1
.
Gro
ss d
omes
tic
prod
uct:
1980
-90:
Ibi
d., S
urve
y of
Cur
rent
Bus
ines
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: N
ovem
ber
1997
).19
95-9
6: I
bid.
, Nov
embe
r 19
98.
1997
-200
0: I
bid.
, Nov
embe
r 20
01.
Civ
ilian
labo
r fo
rce:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of L
abor
, Bur
eau
of L
abor
Sta
tist
ics,
Cur
rent
Pop
ulat
ion
Surv
ey, I
nter
net
site
htt
p://w
ww
.bls
.gov
, spe
cifi
c se
ries
dat
a qu
ery
as o
f D
ec. 2
0, 2
001.
Part
icip
atio
n ra
tes:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of L
abor
, Bur
eau
of L
abor
Sta
tist
ics,
Cur
rent
Pop
ulat
ion
Surv
ey, I
nter
net
site
htt
p://w
ww
.bls
.gov
, spe
cifi
c se
ries
dat
a qu
erie
s as
of
Dec
. 20,
200
1.N
umbe
r an
d av
erag
e si
ze o
f ho
useh
olds
:19
80-9
7: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Com
mer
ce, B
urea
u of
the
Cen
sus,
Sta
tist
ical
Abs
trac
t of
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es 1
998
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 199
8), t
able
69.
1998
-99:
Ibi
d., S
tati
stic
al A
bstr
act
of t
he U
nite
d St
ates
200
0 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 2
001)
, tab
le 6
0.20
00: I
bid.
, 200
0 C
ensu
s of
Pop
ulat
ion
and
Hou
sing
, Pro
file
s of
Gen
eral
Dem
ogra
phic
Cha
ract
eris
tics
200
0 (W
ashi
ngto
n D
C: M
ay 2
001)
, tab
le D
P-1.
Med
ian
hous
ehol
d in
com
e:19
80-9
8: I
bid.
, Sta
tist
ical
Abs
trac
t of
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es 2
000
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
:200
1), t
able
737
. 19
99-2
000:
Ibi
d., M
oney
Inc
ome
in t
he U
nite
d St
ates
200
0, (
Was
hing
ton
DC
: 200
1), t
able
A.
Ave
rage
hou
seho
ld e
xpen
ditu
res:
Ibid
., U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Lab
or, B
urea
u of
Lab
or S
tati
stic
s, C
onsu
mer
Exp
endi
ture
Sur
vey,
Int
erne
t si
te h
ttp:
//ww
w.b
ls.g
ov/c
sxho
me.
htm
.
Chapter 1The Transportation
System
Section APhysical Extent
Physical Extent � 3
TABL
E 1-
1: S
yste
m M
ileag
e W
ithin
the
Unite
d St
ates
(Sta
tute
mile
s)
196
0 1
965
197
0 1
975
198
0 1
985
199
0 1
995
199
6 1
997
199
8 1
999
2000
Hig
hw
aya
3,54
5,69
33,
689,
666
3,73
0,08
23,
838,
146
3,85
9,83
73,
863,
912
3,86
6,92
63,
912,
226
3,91
9,65
23,
945,
872
3,90
6,29
03,
917,
243
3,93
6,22
9
Cla
ss I
railb
,c20
7,33
419
9,79
819
6,47
919
1,52
016
4,82
214
5,76
411
9,75
810
8,26
410
5,77
910
2,12
810
0,57
099
,430
99,2
50
Am
trak
cN
NN
N24
,000
24,0
0024
,000
24,0
0025
,000
25,0
0022
,000
23,0
0023
,000
Tran
sitd
Com
mut
er r
ailc
NN
NN
N3,
574
4,13
24,
160
3,68
24,
417
5,17
25,
191
5,20
9
Hea
vy r
ail
NN
NN
N1,
293
1,35
11,
458
1,47
81,
527
1,52
71,
540
1,55
8Li
ght r
ail
NN
NN
N38
448
356
863
865
967
680
283
4
Nav
igab
le c
han
nel
se25
,000
25,0
0026
,000
26,0
0026
,000
26,0
0026
,000
26,0
0026
,000
26,0
0026
,000
26,0
0026
,000
Oil
pip
elin
ef19
0,94
421
0,86
721
8,67
122
5,88
921
8,39
321
3,60
520
8,75
218
1,91
217
7,53
517
9,87
317
8,64
817
7,46
3U
Gas
pip
elin
eg63
0,95
076
7,52
091
3,26
797
9,26
31,
051,
774
1,11
8,87
51,
206,
894
1,26
2,15
21,
276,
315
1,25
1,19
91,
294,
262
R1,
388,
942
1,40
0,38
6
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; R =
rev
ised
; U =
dat
a ar
e no
t ava
ilabl
e.
aA
ll pu
blic
roa
d an
d st
reet
mile
age
in t
he 5
0 st
ates
and
the
Dis
tric
t of
Col
umbi
a. F
or y
ears
pri
or t
o 19
80, s
ome
mile
s of
non
publ
ic r
oadw
ays
are
incl
uded
. No
cons
iste
nt d
ata
on p
riva
te r
oad
mile
age
are
avai
labl
e. B
egin
ning
in 1
998,
app
roxi
mat
ely
43,0
00 m
iles
of B
urea
u of
Lan
d M
anag
emen
t R
oads
are
exc
lude
d.b
Dat
a re
pres
ent
mile
s of
roa
d ow
ned
(agg
rega
te le
ngth
of
road
, exc
ludi
ng y
ard
trac
ks, s
idin
gs, a
nd p
aral
lel l
ines
).c
Port
ions
of
Cla
ss I
fre
ight
rai
lroa
ds, A
mtr
ak, a
nd c
omm
uter
rai
l net
wor
ks s
hare
com
mon
tra
ckag
e. A
mtr
ak d
ata
repr
esen
t m
iles
of t
rack
ope
rate
d.d
Tra
nsit
sys
tem
mile
age
is m
easu
red
in d
irec
tion
al r
oute
-mile
s. A
dir
ecti
onal
rou
te-m
ile is
the
mile
age
in e
ach
dire
ctio
n ov
er w
hich
pub
lic t
rans
port
atio
n ve
hi-
cles
tra
vel w
hile
in r
even
ue s
ervi
ce. D
irec
tion
al r
oute
-mile
s ar
e co
mpu
ted
wit
h re
gard
to
dire
ctio
n of
ser
vice
, but
wit
hout
reg
ard
to t
he n
umbe
r of
tra
ffic
lane
s or
rai
l tra
cks
exis
ting
in t
he r
ight
-of-
way
.e
The
St.
Law
renc
e Se
away
is n
ot in
clud
ed in
thi
s nu
mbe
r be
caus
e 3
of t
he 5
sub
sect
ions
are
sol
ely
in C
anad
ian
wat
ers,
and
the
oth
ers
are
in in
tern
atio
nal b
ound
-ar
y w
ater
s. O
f th
e 26
,000
mile
s of
nav
igab
le w
ater
way
s, 1
0,86
7 m
iles
are
com
mer
cial
ly s
igni
fica
nt s
hallo
w-d
raft
inla
nd w
ater
way
s su
bjec
t to
fue
l tax
es.
fIn
clud
es t
runk
and
gat
heri
ng li
nes
for
crud
e-oi
l pip
elin
e.g
Exc
lude
s se
rvic
e pi
pelin
es. D
ata
not
adju
sted
to
com
mon
dia
met
er e
quiv
alen
t. M
ileag
e as
of
the
end
of e
ach
year
. Inc
lude
s fi
eld
and
gath
erin
g, t
rans
mis
sion
, an
d di
stri
buti
on m
ains
. See
tab
le 1
-8 f
or a
mor
e de
taile
d br
eako
ut o
f oi
l and
gas
pip
elin
e m
ileag
e.SO
UR
CE
SH
ighw
ay:
1960
-95:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n, H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s Su
mm
ary
to 1
995,
FH
WA
-PL
-97-
009
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le H
M-2
12.
1996
-98,
200
0: I
bid.
, Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
HM
-20.
1999
: Ibi
d., p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n, M
ay 2
002.
Cla
ss I
rai
l:19
60-2
000:
Ass
ocia
tion
of
Am
eric
an R
ailr
oads
, Rai
lroa
d Fa
cts
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 200
1), p
. 45.
Am
trak
:19
80: A
mtr
ak, C
orpo
rate
Pla
nnin
g an
d D
evel
opm
ent,
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
).19
85-2
000:
Am
trak
, Cor
pora
te P
lann
ing
and
Dev
elop
men
t, A
mtr
ak A
nnua
l Rep
ort,
Sta
tist
ical
App
endi
x (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
.T
rans
it:
1985
-99:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al T
rans
it A
dmin
istr
atio
n, N
atio
nal T
rans
it D
atab
ase
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
20
and
sim
ilar
tabl
es in
ear
lier
edit
ions
.N
avig
able
cha
nnel
s:19
60-9
6: U
.S. A
rmy
Cor
ps o
f E
ngin
eers
, Ohi
o R
iver
Div
isio
n, H
unti
ngto
n D
istr
ict,
Ohi
o R
iver
Nav
igat
ion
Syst
em R
epor
t, 1
996,
Com
mer
ce o
n th
e O
hio
Riv
er
and
its
Tri
buta
ries
(Fo
rt B
elvo
ir, V
A: 1
996)
, p. 2
.19
97-9
9: W
ater
born
e C
omm
erce
Sta
tist
ics
Cen
ter
Dat
abas
es, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n, A
ug. 3
, 200
1.O
il pi
pelin
e:19
60-9
9: E
no T
rans
port
atio
n Fo
unda
tion
, Inc
., T
rans
port
atio
n in
Am
eric
a, 2
000
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 200
1), p
. 44.
G
as p
ipel
ine:
1960
-200
0: A
mer
ican
Gas
Ass
ocia
tion
, Gas
Fac
ts (
Arl
ingt
on, V
A: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le 5
-2 a
nd s
imila
r ta
bles
in e
arlie
r ed
itio
ns.
4 � Chapter 1: The Transportation SystemTA
BLE
1-2:
Num
ber o
f Air
Carr
iers
, Rai
lroad
s, In
ters
tate
Mot
or C
arrie
rs, M
arin
e Ve
ssel
Ope
rato
rs, a
nd P
ipel
ine
Oper
ator
s
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Air
car
rier
saN
N39
3663
102
7096
9696
9694
9187
Maj
or a
ir ca
rrie
rsN
NN
NN
1314
1112
1313
1315
15O
ther
air
carr
iers
NN
NN
N89
5685
8483
8381
7672
Rai
lro
ads
607
568
517
477
480
500
530
541
553
550
559
555
560
U
Cla
ss I
railr
oads
106
7671
7339
2514
1110
99
98
UO
ther
rai
lroad
s50
149
244
640
444
1g 4
7551
653
054
354
155
054
655
2U
Inte
rsta
te m
otor
car
rier
sbe
ee
eU
U21
6,00
034
6,00
037
9,00
041
7,00
047
7,48
651
7,29
756
0,39
359
2,90
9
Mar
ine
vess
el o
pera
tors
cU
UU
UU
UU
2,51
92,
505
2,49
42,
534
2,39
12,
341
U
Pip
elin
e o
per
ato
rsd
NN
1,12
31,
682
2,24
32,
204
2,21
22,
378
2,33
82,
282
2,22
52,
216
2,16
31,
957
Haz
ardo
us li
quid
NN
NN
Ng 2
2218
720
921
521
722
521
624
323
9
Nat
ural
gas
tran
smis
sion
NN
420
432
474
724
866
974
970
954
880
862
828
637
Nat
ural
gas
dis
trib
utio
nN
N93
8f 1
,500
f 1,9
321,
485
1,38
21,
444
1,39
71,
363
1,36
61,
382
1,35
11,
305
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; U =
dat
a ar
e no
t ava
ilabl
e.
aC
arri
er g
roup
s ar
e ca
tego
rize
d ba
sed
on t
heir
ann
ual o
pera
ting
rev
enue
s as
maj
or, n
atio
nal,
larg
e re
gion
al, a
nd m
ediu
m r
egio
nal.
The
thr
esho
lds
wer
e la
st
adju
sted
Jul
y 1,
199
9, a
nd t
he t
hres
hold
for
maj
or a
ir c
arri
ers
is c
urre
ntly
$1
billi
on. T
he o
ther
air
car
rier
cat
egor
y co
ntai
ns a
ll na
tion
al, l
arge
reg
iona
l, an
d m
ediu
m r
egio
nal a
ir c
arri
ers.
b
Figu
res
are
for
the
fisc
al y
ear,
Oct
ober
thr
ough
Sep
tem
ber.
The
Fed
eral
Mot
or C
arri
er S
afet
y A
dmin
istr
atio
n de
lete
s m
otor
car
rier
s fr
om t
he M
otor
Car
rier
M
anag
emen
t In
form
atio
n Sy
stem
(M
CM
IS)
whe
n th
ey r
ecei
ve a
n of
fici
al n
otic
e of
a c
hang
e in
sta
tus.
Thi
s m
ost
ofte
n oc
curs
whe
n a
safe
ty a
udit
or
com
pli-
ance
rev
iew
is a
ttem
pted
. As
a re
sult
, ina
ctiv
e ca
rrie
rs m
ay b
e in
clud
ed in
the
MC
MIS
. c
The
pri
nted
sou
rce
mat
eria
ls d
o no
t con
tain
tota
ls fo
r th
e nu
mbe
r of
ope
rato
rs a
nd d
ata
files
from
whi
ch th
e fig
ures
can
be
dete
rmin
ed a
re n
ot a
vaila
ble
prio
r to
199
3.d
The
re is
som
e ov
erla
p am
ong
the
oper
ator
s fo
r th
e pi
pelin
e m
odes
so
the
tota
l num
ber
of p
ipel
ine
oper
ator
s is
low
er t
han
the
sum
for
the
thr
ee p
ipel
ine
mod
es.
ePr
ior
to 1
980,
the
sou
rce
of m
otor
car
rier
dat
a w
as t
he I
nter
stat
e C
omm
erce
Com
mis
sion
(IC
C),
whi
ch w
as a
bolis
hed
on J
an. 1
, 199
6. (
Cer
tain
fun
ctio
ns
wer
e tr
ansf
erre
d to
the
Sur
face
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Boa
rd a
nd t
he D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion.
) T
he s
yste
m u
sed
by I
CC
to
colle
ct m
otor
car
rier
dat
a di
ffer
s si
gnif
ican
tly
from
tha
t us
ed b
y th
e Fe
dera
l Mot
or C
arri
er S
afet
y A
dmin
istr
atio
n in
its
Mot
or C
arri
er M
anag
emen
t In
form
atio
n Sy
stem
(M
CM
IS),
whi
ch
bega
n op
erat
ions
in 1
980.
The
MC
MIS
is u
pdat
ed w
eekl
y, b
ut a
rchi
ve v
ersi
ons
are
not
reta
ined
. Bec
ause
of
diff
eren
ces
betw
een
the
two
syst
ems,
dat
a ar
e no
t co
mpa
rabl
e an
d th
us a
re n
ot in
clud
ed h
ere.
fIn
clud
es m
aste
r m
eter
and
mob
ile h
ome
park
nat
ural
gas
dis
trib
utio
n op
erat
ors.
A m
aste
r m
eter
sys
tem
is a
pip
elin
e sy
stem
for
dis
trib
utin
g ga
s w
ithi
n, b
ut
not
limit
ed t
o, a
def
inab
le a
rea,
suc
h as
a m
obile
hom
e pa
rk, h
ousi
ng p
roje
ct, o
r ap
artm
ent
com
plex
, whe
re t
he o
pera
tor
purc
hase
s m
eter
ed g
as f
rom
an
out-
side
sou
rce
for
resa
le t
hrou
gh a
gas
dis
trib
utio
n pi
pelin
e sy
stem
. The
gas
dis
trib
utio
n pi
pelin
e sy
stem
sup
plie
s th
e ul
tim
ate
cons
umer
who
eit
her
purc
hase
s th
e ga
s di
rect
ly t
hrou
gh a
met
er o
r by
oth
er m
eans
, suc
h as
by
rent
s.
gT
his
valu
e is
for
198
6. T
he n
umbe
r of
haz
ardo
us li
quid
pip
elin
e op
erat
ors
is n
ot a
vaila
ble
for
prio
r ye
ars.
Physical Extent � 5
TABL
E 1-
2: N
umbe
r of A
ir Ca
rrie
rs, R
ailro
ads,
Inte
rsta
te M
otor
Car
riers
, Mar
ine
Vess
el O
pera
tors
, and
Pip
elin
e Op
erat
ors
(Con
tinue
d)
SOU
RC
ES
Air
car
rier
s:U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Bur
eau
of T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
, Off
ice
of A
irlin
e In
form
atio
n, A
ir C
arri
er F
inan
cial
Sta
tist
ics
Qua
rter
ly (
Was
hing
ton,
D
C: F
ourt
h qu
arte
r is
sues
), “
Alp
habe
tica
l Lis
t of
Air
Car
rier
s by
Car
rier
Gro
up ..
.”.
Rai
lroa
ds:
1960
-85:
Ass
ocia
tion
of
Am
eric
an R
ailr
oads
, Rai
lroa
d T
en-Y
ear
Tre
nds,
Vol
. 2 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
), t
able
I-2
.19
89-9
8: I
bid.
, Vol
. 16
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 199
9), p
. 10.
1999
-200
0: I
bid.
, Rai
lroa
d Fa
cts
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), p
. 3.
Inte
rsta
te m
otor
car
rier
s:U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Mot
or C
arri
er S
afet
y A
dmin
istr
atio
n, M
otor
Car
rier
Man
agem
ent
Info
rmat
ion
Syst
em (
MC
MIS
) da
ta, p
erso
nal
com
mun
icat
ion,
Nov
. 6, 2
001.
Mar
ine
vess
el o
pera
tors
:19
95-2
000:
U.S
. Arm
y C
orps
of
Eng
inee
rs, W
ater
born
e T
rans
port
atio
n L
ines
of
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es, V
olum
e 2,
Ves
sel C
ompa
ny S
umm
ary
(New
Orl
eans
, LA
: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, sou
rce
data
file
s.Pi
pelin
e O
pera
tors
:U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Off
ice
of P
ipel
ine
Safe
ty, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n, N
ov. 1
5, 2
001.
6 � Chapter 1: The Transportation System
TABLE 1-3: Number of U.S. Airportsa
1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001TOTAL airports 15,161 16,319 17,490 18,224 18,292 18,345 18,770 19,098 19,281 19,306
Public use, total 4,814 5,858 5,589 5,415 5,389 5,357 5,352 R5,324 5,317 5,315
Lighted runways, percent 66.2 68.1 71.4 74.3 74.5 74.6 74.8 R76.1 75.9 75.9
Paved runways, percent 72.3 66.7 70.7 73.3 73.7 74.0 74.2 74.2 74.3 74.3
Private use, total 10,347 10,461 11,901 12,809 12,903 12,988 13,418 13,774 13,964 13,990Lighted runways, percent 15.2 9.1 7.0 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.3 6.7 7.2 7.3
Paved runways, percent 13.3 17.4 31.5 33.0 32.9 33.0 33.2 31.8 32.0 32.0
Certificatedb, total 730 700 680 667 671 660 660 655 651 635
Civil N N N 572 577 566 566 565 563 562
Civil-military N N N 95 94 94 94 90 88 73
General aviation, total 14,431 15,619 16,810 17,557 17,621 17,685 18,110 18,443 18,630 18,760
KEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised.
a Includes civil and joint-use civil-military airports, heliports, STOL (short takeoff and landing) ports, and sea-plane bases in the United States and its territories.
b Certificated airports serve air-carrier operations with aircraft seating more than 30 passengers.
SOURCES 1980-2000: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Administrator’s Fact Book
(Washington, DC: Annual issues), Internet site http://www.atctraining.faa.gov/ as of Aug. 1, 2001. 2001: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, personal communication, May 27,
2002.
Physical Extent � 7
TABL
E 1-
4: P
ublic
Roa
d an
d St
reet
Mile
age
in th
e Un
ited
Stat
es b
y Ty
pe o
f Sur
face
a (T
hous
ands
of m
iles)
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
TOTA
L p
aved
an
d u
np
aved
3,54
63,
690
3,73
03,
838
3,86
03,
864
3,86
73,
912
3,93
43,
958
3,94
93,
930
3,95
0
Pav
edb
Low
and
inte
rmed
iate
type
672
758
897
967
1,04
11,
015
1,02
51,
062
1,06
6d N
d Nd N
d NH
igh-
type
558
696
762
888
1,03
21,
099
1,23
01,
316
1,31
4d N
d Nd N
d N
Pav
ed t
ota
l1,
230
1,45
51,
658
1,85
52,
073
2,11
42,
255
2,37
8R
2,38
12,
410
2,42
02,
451
2,50
4
Un
pav
edc
tota
l2,
315
2,23
52,
072
1,98
31,
787
1,75
01,
612
1,53
41,
554
1,54
81,
529
1,47
91,
446
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
.
a19
60-9
5 da
ta in
clud
e th
e 50
sta
tes
and
the
Dis
tric
t of
Col
umbi
a; 1
996-
2000
dat
a in
clud
e th
e 50
sta
tes,
Dis
tric
t of
Col
umbi
a, a
nd P
uert
o R
ico.
bPa
ved
mile
age
incl
udes
the
fol
low
ing
cate
gori
es: l
ow t
ype
(an
eart
h, g
rave
l, or
sto
ne r
oadw
ay t
hat
has
a bi
tum
inou
s su
rfac
e co
urse
less
tha
n 1�
thi
ck);
inte
r-m
edia
te t
ype
(a m
ixed
bit
umin
ous
or b
itum
inou
s pe
netr
atio
n ro
adw
ay o
n a
flex
ible
bas
e ha
ving
a c
ombi
ned
surf
ace
and
base
thi
ckne
ss o
f le
ss t
han
7�);
hig
h-ty
pe f
lexi
ble
(a m
ixed
bit
umin
ous
or b
itum
inou
s pe
netr
atio
n ro
adw
ay o
n a
flex
ible
bas
e ha
ving
a c
ombi
ned
surf
ace
and
base
thi
ckne
ss o
f 7�
or
mor
e; h
igh-
type
com
posi
te (
a m
ixed
bit
umin
ous
or b
itum
inou
s pe
netr
atio
n ro
adw
ay o
f m
ore
than
1�
com
pact
ed m
ater
ial o
n a
rigi
d ba
se w
ith
a co
mbi
ned
surf
ace
and
base
thi
ckne
ss o
f 7�
or
mor
e; h
igh-
type
rig
id (
Port
land
cem
ent
conc
rete
roa
dway
wit
h or
wit
hout
a b
itum
inou
s w
eari
ng s
urfa
ce o
f le
ss t
han
1�).
c
Unp
aved
mile
age
incl
udes
the
follo
win
g ca
tego
ries
: uni
mpr
oved
roa
dway
s us
ing
the
natu
ral s
urfa
ce a
nd m
aint
aine
d to
per
mit
pas
sabi
lity;
gra
ded
and
drai
ned
road
way
s of
nat
ural
ear
th a
ligne
d an
d gr
aded
to
perm
it r
easo
nabl
y co
nven
ient
use
by
mot
or v
ehic
les,
and
tha
t ha
ve a
dequ
ate
drai
nage
to
prev
ent
seri
ous
impa
irm
ent
of t
he r
oad
by n
orm
al s
urfa
ce w
ater
–sur
face
may
be
stab
ilize
d; a
nd s
oil,
grav
el, o
r st
one
road
way
s dr
aine
d an
d gr
aded
wit
h a
surf
ace
of m
ixed
so
il, g
rave
l, cr
ushe
d st
one,
sla
g, s
hell,
etc
.–su
rfac
e m
ay b
e st
abili
zed.
The
per
cent
age
of u
npav
ed r
oads
tha
t ar
e no
nsur
face
d dr
oppe
d fr
om a
ppro
xim
atel
y 42
% in
the
196
0s t
o ab
out
37%
in t
he f
irst
hal
f of
the
197
0s, t
o ab
out
32%
in 1
980
and
has
held
at
abou
t 22
% s
ince
198
5.
dSo
urce
no
long
er s
orts
dat
a in
to t
hese
par
ticu
lar
cate
gori
es f
or p
aved
min
or c
olle
ctor
s an
d lo
cal p
ublic
roa
ds.
NO
TE
SA
pub
lic r
oad
is a
ny r
oad
unde
r th
e ju
risd
icti
on o
f an
d m
aint
aine
d by
a p
ublic
aut
hori
ty (
fede
ral,
stat
e, c
ount
y, t
own
or t
owns
hip,
loca
l gov
ernm
ent
or in
stru
-m
enta
lity
ther
eof)
and
ope
n to
pub
lic t
rave
l. N
o co
nsis
tent
dat
a on
pri
vate
roa
d m
ileag
e ar
e av
aila
ble
(alt
houg
h pr
ior
to 1
980
som
e no
npub
lic r
oadw
ay m
ile-
age
are
incl
uded
). M
ost
data
are
pro
vide
d by
the
sta
tes
to t
he U
S D
OT
Fed
eral
Hig
hway
Adm
inis
trat
ion
(FH
WA
). S
ome
year
s co
ntai
n FH
WA
est
imat
es f
or
som
e st
ates
. N
umbe
rs m
ay n
ot a
dd d
ue t
o ro
undi
ng.
SOU
RC
ES
1960
-95:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n, H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s Su
mm
ary
to 1
995,
FH
WA
-PL
-97-
009
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Jul
y 19
97),
tab
le H
M-2
12.
1996
-200
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Hig
hway
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
HM
-12.
8 � Chapter 1: The Transportation SystemTA
BLE
1-5:
U.S
. Pub
lic R
oad
and
Stre
et M
ileag
e by
Fun
ctio
nal S
yste
ma
1990
19
9119
9219
9319
9419
9519
9619
9719
98b
1999
2000
TOTA
L u
rban
an
d r
ura
l mile
age
3,86
6,92
63,
883,
920
3,90
1,08
13,
905,
211
3,90
6,59
53,
912,
226
3,91
9,65
23,
945,
872
3,90
6,29
03,
917,
243
3,93
6,22
9
Urb
an m
ileag
eP
rinci
pal a
rter
ials
, Int
erst
ates
11,5
2711
,602
12,5
1612
,877
13,1
2613
,164
13,2
1713
,247
13,3
1213
,343
13,3
79
Prin
cipa
l art
eria
ls, o
ther
free
way
s,
and
expr
essw
ays
7,66
87,
709
8,49
18,
841
8,99
48,
970
9,02
79,
063
9,12
79,
132
9,14
0
Prin
cipa
l art
eria
ls, o
ther
51,9
6852
,515
51,9
0052
,708
53,1
1052
,796
52,9
8353
,223
53,1
3253
,199
53,3
12
Min
or a
rter
ials
74,6
5974
,795
80,8
1586
,821
87,8
5788
,510
89,0
2089
,185
89,4
9689
,432
89,7
89C
olle
ctor
s78
,254
77,1
0282
,784
84,8
5486
,089
87,3
3187
,790
88,0
4988
,071
88,0
0588
,200
Loca
l52
0,56
852
6,13
954
8,56
055
9,77
656
4,60
956
8,93
557
4,72
858
3,97
358
8,50
459
2,97
459
8,42
1
Tota
l74
4,64
474
9,86
278
5,06
680
5,87
781
3,78
581
9,70
682
6,76
583
6,74
084
1,64
284
6,08
585
2,24
1
Ru
ral m
ileag
eP
rinci
pal a
rter
ials
, Int
erst
ates
33,5
4733
,677
32,9
5132
,631
32,4
5732
,580
32,8
2032
,817
32,8
1332
,974
33,0
48P
rinci
pal a
rter
ials
, oth
er83
,802
86,7
4794
,947
96,7
7097
,175
97,9
4898
,131
98,2
5798
,852
98,8
3898
,911
Min
or a
rter
ials
144,
774
141,
795
137,
685
137,
577
138,
120
137,
151
137,
359
137,
497
137,
308
137,
462
137,
574
Maj
or c
olle
ctor
s43
6,35
243
6,74
643
4,07
243
2,22
243
1,11
543
1,71
243
2,11
743
2,71
443
2,40
843
2,93
443
3,12
1M
inor
col
lect
ors
293,
922
293,
511
284,
504
282,
182
282,
011
274,
081
273,
198
272,
362
272,
140
271,
676
271,
815
Loca
l2,
129,
885
2,14
1,58
22,
131,
856
2,11
7,95
22,
111,
932
2,11
9,04
82,
119,
262
2,13
5,48
52,
091,
127
2,09
7,27
42,
109,
519
Tota
l3,
122,
282
3,13
4,05
83,
116,
015
3,09
9,33
43,
092,
810
3,09
2,52
03,
092,
887
3,10
9,13
23,
064,
648
3,07
1,15
83,
083,
988
aIn
clud
es t
he 5
0 st
ates
and
the
Dis
tric
t of
Col
umbi
a. W
hen
stat
es d
id n
ot s
ubm
it r
epor
ts, d
ata
wer
e es
tim
ated
by
the
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
ed-
eral
Hig
hway
Adm
inis
trat
ion.
bB
egin
ning
in 1
998,
app
roxi
mat
ely
43,0
00 m
iles
of B
urea
u of
Lan
d M
anag
emen
t ro
ads
are
excl
uded
.
NO
TE
A p
ublic
roa
d is
any
roa
d un
der
the
owne
rshi
p of
and
mai
ntai
ned
by a
pub
lic a
utho
rity
(fe
dera
l, st
ate,
cou
nty,
tow
n or
tow
nshi
p, lo
cal g
over
nmen
t or
inst
rum
en-
talit
y th
ereo
f) a
nd o
pen
to p
ublic
tra
vel.
No
cons
iste
nt d
ata
on p
riva
te r
oad
mile
age
are
avai
labl
e. F
or m
ore
deta
iled
info
rmat
ion,
incl
udin
g br
eako
uts
of
mile
age
by o
wne
rshi
p an
d ty
pe o
f su
rfac
e, s
ee t
he s
ourc
e do
cum
ent.
SOU
RC
ES
1990
-95:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n, H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s Su
mm
ary
to 1
995,
FH
WA
-PL
-97-
009
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Jul
y 19
97),
tab
le H
M-2
20.
1996
-98,
200
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Hig
hway
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
HM
-20.
Ava
il-ab
le a
t w
ww
.fhw
a.do
t.go
v/oh
im/o
him
stat
.htm
as
of O
ctob
er 2
001.
1999
: Ibi
d., p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n, M
ay 2
002.
Physical Extent � 9
TABL
E 1-
6: E
stim
ated
U.S
. Roa
dway
Lan
e-M
iles
by F
unct
iona
l Sys
tem
a
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
R,d
199
9R 2
000
TOTA
L la
ne-
mile
s7,
922,
174
8,01
7,99
48,
051,
081
8,15
8,25
38,
178,
654
R8,
242,
437
8,16
0,85
88,
177,
983
8,22
3,39
3
Urb
anIn
ters
tate
s48
,458
57,2
9562
,214
71,3
7771
,790
R72
,257
73,0
0673
,293
73,9
15
Oth
er a
rter
ials
b33
3,67
337
1,64
939
9,37
644
5,82
844
9,48
0R45
3,62
345
4,06
045
0,41
145
5,85
7
Col
lect
ors
145,
128
162,
377
167,
770
185,
032
186,
923
R18
8,85
018
7,53
318
6,33
418
8,56
8
Loca
l86
7,98
695
1,01
81,
041,
136
1,13
7,87
01,
149,
456
R1,
167,
946
1,17
7,00
91,
185,
948
1,19
6,84
0
Tota
l urb
an1,
395,
245
1,54
2,33
91,
670,
496
1,84
0,10
71,
857,
649
R1,
882,
676
1,89
1,60
81,
895,
986
1,91
5,18
0
Ru
ral
Inte
rsta
tes
130,
980
131,
907
135,
871
131,
916
132,
963
133,
165
133,
231
134,
198
134,
587
Oth
er a
rter
ials
b50
7,09
851
0,00
551
7,34
253
0,70
653
2,85
6R53
6,98
953
7,99
353
9,29
353
9,91
8
Col
lect
orsc
1,43
1,26
71,
466,
789
1,46
7,60
21,
417,
428
1,41
6,66
2R1,
418,
637
1,41
5,77
41,
413,
953
1,41
4,66
5
Loca
l4,
457,
584
4,36
6,95
44,
259,
770
4,23
8,09
64,
238,
524
R4,
270,
970
4,18
2,25
24,
194,
553
4,21
9,04
3
Tota
l ru
ral
6,52
6,92
96,
475,
655
6,38
0,58
56,
318,
146
6,32
1,00
5R
6,35
9,76
16,
269,
250
6,28
1,99
76,
308,
213
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed.
aIn
clud
es t
he 5
0 St
ates
and
the
Dis
tric
t of
Col
umbi
a.b
For
urba
n: t
he s
um o
f ot
her
free
way
s an
d ex
pres
sway
s, o
ther
pri
ncip
al a
rter
ials
, and
min
or a
rter
ials
. For
rur
al: t
he s
um o
f ot
her
prin
cipa
l art
eria
ls a
nd m
inor
ar
teri
als.
cIn
clud
es m
inor
and
maj
or c
olle
ctor
s.
dB
egin
ning
in 1
998,
app
roxi
mat
ely
86,0
00 la
ne-m
iles
of B
urea
u of
Lan
d M
anag
emen
t ro
ads
are
excl
uded
.
NO
TE
In e
stim
atin
g ru
ral a
nd u
rban
lane
mile
age,
the
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n as
sum
ed t
hat
rura
l min
or c
olle
ctor
s an
d ur
ban/
rura
l loc
al r
oads
are
tw
o la
nes
wid
e.
SOU
RC
ES
1980
-95:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n, O
ffic
e of
Hig
hway
Inf
orm
atio
n M
anag
emen
t, t
able
HM
-260
(un
publ
ishe
d).
1996
-98,
200
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
HM
-60.
Int
erne
t ad
dres
s w
ww
.fhw
a.do
t.go
v/oh
im.o
him
stat
.htm
as
of D
ec. 2
7, 2
001.
1999
: Ibi
d., p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n, J
une
5, 2
002.
10 � Chapter 1: The Transportation System
TABLE 1-7: Number of Stations Served by Amtrak and Rail Transit, Fiscal Year
1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000Amtrak 503 516 530 542 516 508 510 515
Rail transit 1,895 2,169 2,382 2,325 2,391 2,524 2,567 2,595
NOTERail transit is the sum of commuter rail, heavy rail, and light rail. In several large urban areas, Amtrak and
commuter rail stations are shared.
SOURCESAmtrak:Amtrak, Amtrak Annual Report, Statistical Appendix (Washington, DC: Annual issues).
Rail transit:U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database (Washington,
DC: Annual issues), table 20 (for 2000 issue) and similar tables in earlier editions.
Physical Extent � 11
TABLE 1-8: ADA Lift- or Ramp-Equipped Transit Buses
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Large buses, total 46,413 46,979 46,355 45,587 45,502 46,188 46,891 47,017ADA-lift or ramp-equipped 23,338 24,398 27,420 29,073 29,684 33,512 36,029 37,581Percent 50.3 51.9 59.2 63.8 65.2 72.6 76.8 79.9
Medium buses, total 3,542 3,693 3,879 4,233 5,136 5,929 6,613 7,455ADA-lift or ramp-equipped 1,911 2,153 2,561 3,081 4,143 5,150 5,959 6,926
Percent 54.0 58.3 66.0 72.8 80.7 86.9 90.1 92.9
Small buses, total 3,964 4,738 5,372 5,998 6,853 7,147 8,265 8,850ADA-lift or ramp-equipped 3,146 3,795 4,539 5,269 6,194 6,545 7,722 8,366Percent 79.4 80.1 84.5 87.8 90.4 91.6 93.4 94.5
Articulated buses, total 1,807 1,613 1,716 1,551 1,484 1,566 1,849 2,002ADA-lift or ramp-equipped 693 719 861 893 911 1,071 1,503 1,712Percent 38.4 44.6 50.2 57.6 61.4 68.4 81.3 85.5
TOTAL buses 55,726 57,023 57,322 57,369 58,975 60,830 63,618 65,324Total ADA-lift or ramp-equipped buses 29,088 31,065 35,381 38,316 40,932 46,278 51,213 54,585
Percent 52.2 54.5 61.7 66.8 69.4 76.1 80.5 83.6
KEY: ADA = Americans with Disabilities Act of 1992.
NOTESIncludes buses of transit agencies receiving federal funding for bus purchases, and buses of agencies not receiv-
ing federal funds that voluntarily report data to the Federal Transit Administration.Large buses have more than 35 seats; medium buses have 25-35 seats; small buses have less than 25 seats;
articulated buses are extra-long buses that measure between 54 and 60 feet.
SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, 2000 National Summaries and Trends
(Washington, DC: 2001).
12 � Chapter 1: The Transportation SystemTA
BLE
1-9:
ADA
Acc
essi
ble
Rail
Tran
sit S
tatio
ns b
y Ag
ency
Nu
mb
er o
f st
atio
ns
Nu
mb
er o
f A
DA
acc
essi
ble
sta
tio
ns
Typ
e o
f ra
il tr
ansi
t/ag
ency
Pri
mar
y ci
ty
serv
ed19
9619
9719
9819
9920
0019
9619
9719
9819
9920
00H
eavy
rai
lB
ay A
rea
Rap
id T
rans
itS
an F
ranc
isco
, CA
3639
3939
3936
3939
3939
Los
Ang
eles
Cou
nty
Met
ropo
litan
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Aut
horit
y Lo
s A
ngel
es, C
A5
88
1316
58
813
16W
ashi
ngto
n M
etro
polit
an A
rea
Tran
sit A
utho
rity
Was
hing
ton,
DC
7475
7576
7874
7575
7678
Mia
mi-D
ade
Tran
sit A
genc
yM
iam
i, F
L21
2121
2121
00
00
0
Met
ropo
litan
Atla
nta
Rap
id T
rans
it A
utho
rity
Atla
nta,
GA
3636
3636
3636
3636
3636
Chi
cago
Tra
nsit
Aut
horit
yC
hica
go, I
L14
014
114
114
214
20
00
1454
Mas
sach
uset
ts B
ay T
rans
port
atio
n A
utho
rity
Bos
ton,
MA
5353
5353
5333
3333
3737
Mas
s Tr
ansi
t Adm
inis
trat
ion
- M
aryl
and
DO
TB
altim
ore,
MD
1414
1414
1414
1414
1414
Met
ropo
litan
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Aut
horit
y N
ew Y
ork
City
Tra
nsit
New
Yor
k, N
Y46
846
846
846
846
828
3030
3141
Por
t Aut
horit
y of
New
Yor
k an
d N
ew J
erse
y Tr
ansi
tN
ew Y
ork,
NY
1313
1313
136
66
66
Met
ropo
litan
Tra
nsit
Aut
horit
y S
tate
n Is
land
Rai
lway
New
Yor
k, N
Y22
2222
2222
22
22
2G
reat
er C
leve
land
Reg
iona
l Tra
nsit
Aut
horit
yC
leve
land
, OH
1818
1818
184
66
78
Sou
thea
ster
n P
enns
ylva
nia
Tran
spor
tatio
n A
utho
rity
Phi
lade
lphi
a, P
A76
7676
7676
44
44
4
Por
t Aut
horit
y Tr
ansi
t of A
llegh
eny
Cou
nty
Pitt
sbur
gh, P
A13
1313
1313
33
55
5
Co
mm
ute
r ra
ilS
outh
ern
Cal
iforn
ia R
egio
nal R
ailro
ad A
utho
rity
Los
Ang
eles
, CA
U45
4646
47U
4546
4647
Nor
thea
st Il
linoi
s R
egio
nal C
omm
uter
Rai
lroad
Cor
pora
tion
Chi
cago
, IL
226
226
226
227
227
9110
410
411
111
5N
orth
ern
Indi
ana
Com
mut
er T
rans
port
atio
n D
istr
ict
Chi
cago
, IL
1818
1818
187
77
77
Mas
sach
uset
ts B
ay T
rans
port
atio
n A
utho
rity
Bos
ton,
MA
UU
117
119
120
UU
6769
74N
ew J
erse
y Tr
ansi
t Cor
pora
tion
New
Yor
k, N
Y15
815
815
816
216
222
2241
4646
Met
ropo
litan
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Aut
horit
y Lo
ng Is
land
Rai
lroad
New
Yor
k, N
Y13
413
412
412
412
415
1588
9797
Met
ropo
litan
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Aut
horit
y M
etro
-Nor
th R
ailro
ad C
ompa
nyN
ew Y
ork,
NY
106
106
106
106
108
1719
2020
20S
outh
east
ern
Pen
nsyl
vani
a Tr
ansp
orta
tion
Aut
horit
y P
hila
delp
hia,
PA
181
177
177
177
177
2530
3030
30
Lig
ht
rail
Los
Ang
eles
Cou
nty
Met
ropo
litan
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Aut
horit
y Lo
s A
ngel
es, C
A36
3636
3636
3636
3636
36S
an F
ranc
isco
Mun
icip
al R
ailw
ay
San
Fra
ncis
co, C
A11
1111
1111
00
00
0
Sac
ram
ento
Reg
iona
l Tra
nsit
Dis
tric
tS
acra
men
to, C
A28
2828
2929
00
029
29S
an D
iego
Tro
lley,
Inc.
San
Die
go, C
A38
4149
4949
3841
4949
49S
anta
Cla
ra V
alle
y Tr
ansi
t Aut
horit
yS
an J
ose,
CA
3334
3434
475
55
521
Reg
iona
l Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Dis
tric
tD
enve
r, C
O15
1515
1520
1515
1515
20
Physical Extent � 13
Reg
iona
l Tra
nsit
Aut
horit
y of
Orle
ans
and
Jeffe
rson
New
Orle
ans,
LA
29
99
92
99
99
Mas
sach
uset
ts B
ay T
rans
port
atio
n A
utho
rity
Bos
ton,
MA
9595
9595
959
99
1212
Mas
s Tr
ansi
t Adm
inis
trat
ion
- M
aryl
and
DO
TB
altim
ore,
MD
2424
3232
3224
2432
3232
Bi-S
tate
Dev
elop
men
t Age
ncy
St.
Loui
s, M
O18
1818
1818
1818
1818
18N
ew J
erse
y Tr
ansi
t Cor
pora
tion
New
ark,
NJ
1111
1111
110
00
00
Nia
gara
Fro
ntie
r Tr
ansi
t Met
ro S
yste
m, I
nc.
Buf
falo
, NY
1414
1414
147
77
77
Gre
ater
Cle
vela
nd R
egio
nal T
rans
it A
utho
rity
Cle
vela
nd, O
H33
3333
3434
25
57
7Tr
i-Cou
nty
Met
ropo
litan
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Dis
tric
t of O
rego
nP
ortla
nd, O
R27
2729
4747
2626
2846
46
Por
t Aut
horit
y of
Alle
ghen
y C
ount
yP
ittsb
urgh
, PA
1313
1313
130
1313
1313
Sou
thea
ster
n P
enns
ylva
nia
Tran
spor
tatio
n A
utho
rity
Phi
lade
lphi
a, P
A64
6464
6464
00
00
0M
emph
is A
rea
Tran
sit A
utho
rity
Mem
phis
, TN
2020
2728
2820
2027
2828
Dal
las
Are
a R
ail T
rans
it A
utho
rity
Dal
las,
TX
1420
2020
2014
2020
2020
Gal
vest
on-I
slan
d Tr
ansi
tG
alve
ston
, TX
33
3U
U3
33
UU
Uta
h Tr
ansi
t Aut
horit
yS
alt L
ake
City
, UT
NA
NA
NA
1616
NA
NA
NA
1616
Kin
g C
ount
y D
epar
tmen
t of T
rans
port
atio
n S
eattl
e, W
A14
1414
99
1414
149
9K
enos
ha T
rans
itK
enos
ha, W
IN
AN
AN
AN
A1
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
KE
Y: A
DA
= A
mer
ican
s w
ith D
isab
ilitie
s A
ct o
f 199
2; N
A =
not
app
licab
le; U
= d
ata
are
not a
vaila
ble.
NO
TE
Dir
ectl
y op
erat
ed s
ervi
ce o
nly.
Dir
ectl
y op
erat
ed t
rans
it is
ser
vice
pro
vide
d by
a p
ublic
tra
nsit
age
ncy
usin
g it
s ow
n em
ploy
ees
to o
pera
te t
rans
it v
ehic
les.
Tra
n-si
t se
rvic
e pu
rcha
sed
unde
r co
ntra
ct b
y a
publ
ic t
rans
it a
genc
y is
not
con
side
red
dire
ctly
ope
rate
d tr
ansi
t.
SOU
RC
EU
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Tra
nsit
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Nat
iona
l Tra
nsit
Dat
abas
e (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l Iss
ues)
, Int
erne
t si
te h
ttp:
//ww
w.n
td-
prog
ram
.com
/NT
D/n
tdho
me.
nsf?
Ope
nDat
abas
e as
of
Oct
ober
200
2.
TABL
E 1-
9: A
DA A
cces
sibl
e Ra
il Tr
ansi
t Sta
tions
by
Agen
cy (C
ontin
ued)
Nu
mb
er o
f st
atio
ns
Nu
mb
er o
f A
DA
acc
essi
ble
sta
tio
ns
Typ
e o
f ra
il tr
ansi
t/ag
ency
Pri
mar
y ci
ty
serv
ed19
9619
9719
9819
9920
0019
9619
9719
9819
9920
00
14 � Chapter 1: The Transportation SystemTA
BLE
1-10
: U.S
. Oil
and
Gas
Pipe
line
Mile
age
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Oil
pip
elin
e
Cru
de li
nesa
141,
085
149,
424
146,
275
145,
679
129,
831
117,
812
118,
805
97,0
2992
,610
91,5
2387
,663
86,3
69U
Pro
duct
line
s49
,859
61,4
4372
,396
80,2
1088
,562
95,7
9389
,947
84,8
8384
,925
88,3
5090
,985
91,0
94U
Tota
l 19
0,94
421
0,86
721
8,67
122
5,88
921
8,39
321
3,60
520
8,75
218
1,91
217
7,53
517
9,87
317
8,64
817
7,46
3U
Gas
pip
elin
eb
Dis
trib
utio
n m
ains
391,
400
494,
500
594,
800
648,
200
701,
800
753,
400
837,
300
936,
800
959,
500
957,
100
999,
000
R1,
094,
500
1,11
0,00
0
Tran
smis
sion
pip
elin
esc
183,
700
211,
300
252,
200
262,
600
266,
500
271,
200
280,
100
263,
900
259,
300
251,
100
255,
800
R25
4,00
025
0,60
0
Fie
ld a
nd g
athe
ring
lines
55,8
0061
,700
66,3
0068
,500
83,5
0094
,300
89,5
0060
,400
57,5
0043
,000
40,2
00R
40,4
0039
,800
Tota
l63
0,95
076
7,52
091
3,26
797
9,26
31,
051,
774
1,11
8,87
51,
206,
894
1,26
1,10
01,
276,
315
1,25
1,19
91,
295,
000
R1,
388,
942
1,40
0,38
6
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed; U
= d
ata
are
not a
vaila
ble.
aIn
clud
es t
runk
and
gat
heri
ng li
nes.
bE
xclu
des
serv
ice
pipe
. Dat
a ar
e no
t ad
just
ed t
o co
mm
on d
iam
eter
equ
ival
ent.
Mile
age
as o
f th
e en
d of
eac
h ye
ar.
cA
fter
197
5, in
clud
es 5
,000
-6,2
00 m
iles
of u
nder
grou
nd s
tora
ge p
ipe.
NO
TE
For
gas
pipe
line
data
fro
m 1
960-
1997
, num
bers
may
not
add
to
tota
ls d
ue t
o ro
undi
ng b
ecau
se t
he s
ourc
e pr
ovid
es e
xact
num
bers
for
tot
als,
but
rou
nded
mile
-ag
e fo
r su
btot
als.
Exa
ct s
ubto
tals
wer
e no
t av
aila
ble
for
1998
.
SOU
RC
ES
Oil
pipe
line:
1960
-99:
Eno
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Foun
dati
on, I
nc.,
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
in A
mer
ica,
200
0 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 2
001)
, p. 4
4.
Gas
pip
elin
e:19
60-2
000:
Am
eric
an G
as A
ssoc
iati
on, G
as F
acts
(A
rlin
gton
, VA
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
s 5-
1 an
d 5-
2, a
nd s
imila
r ta
bles
in e
arlie
r ed
itio
ns.
chapter one
Section BVehicle, Aircraft, and
Vessel Inventory
Vehicle, Aircraft, and Vessel Inventory � 17
TABL
E 1-
11: N
umbe
r of U
.S. A
ircra
ft, V
ehic
les,
Ves
sels
, and
Oth
er C
onve
yanc
es
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Air
Air
carr
iera
2,13
52,
125
2,67
92,
495
3,80
84,
678
6,08
37,
411
7,47
87,
616
8,11
18,
228
R8,
055
Gen
eral
avi
atio
nb
(act
ive
fleet
)76
,549
95,4
4213
1,74
316
8,47
521
1,04
521
0,65
419
8,00
018
8,08
919
1,12
919
2,41
420
4,71
021
9,46
421
7,53
3
Hig
hw
ay (
reg
iste
red
veh
icle
s)
Pas
seng
er c
ar
61,6
71,3
9075
,257
,588
89,2
43,5
5710
6,70
5,93
412
1,60
0,84
312
7,88
5,19
313
3,70
0,49
612
8,38
6,77
512
9,72
8,34
112
9,74
8,70
413
1,83
8,53
813
2,43
2,04
413
3,62
1,42
0
Mot
orcy
cle
574,
032
1,38
1,95
62,
824,
098
4,96
4,07
05,
693,
940
5,44
4,40
44,
259,
462
3,89
7,19
13,
871,
599
3,82
6,37
33,
879,
450
4,15
2,43
34,
346,
068
Oth
er 2
-axl
e 4-
tire
vehi
cle
Ni
14,2
10,5
9120
,418
,250
27,8
75,9
3437
,213
,863
48,2
74,5
5565
,738
,322
69,1
33,9
1370
,224
,082
71,3
30,2
0575
,356
,376
79,0
84,9
79
Truc
k
Sin
gle-
unit
2-ax
le6-
tire
or m
ore
truc
k
N13
,999
,285
3,68
1,40
54,
231,
622
4,37
3,78
44,
593,
071
4,48
6,98
15,
023,
670
5,26
6,02
95,
293,
358
5,73
4,92
55,
762,
864
5,92
6,03
0
Com
bina
tion
truc
kh 1
1,91
4,24
978
6,51
090
5,08
21,
130,
747
1,41
6,86
91,
403,
266
1,70
8,89
51,
695,
751
1,74
6,58
61,
789,
968
1,99
7,34
52,
028,
562
2,09
6,61
9
Bus
272,
129
314,
284
377,
562
462,
156
528,
789
593,
485
626,
987
685,
503
694,
781
697,
548
715,
540
728,
777
746,
125
Tota
l hig
hw
ay
74,4
31,8
0091
,739
,623
111,
242,
295
137,
912,
779
161,
490,
159
177,
133,
282
193,
057,
376
205,
427,
212
210,
441,
249
211,
580,
033
215,
496,
003
220,
461,
056
225,
821,
841
Tran
sitc
Mot
or b
us49
,600
49,6
0049
,700
50,8
1159
,411
64,2
5858
,714
67,1
0771
,678
72,7
7072
,142
74,2
28P75
,013
Ligh
t rai
l car
s2,
856
1,54
91,
262
1,06
11,
013
717
913
999
1,14
01,
229
1,22
01,
297
P1,
577
Hea
vy r
ail c
ars
9,01
09,
115
9,28
69,
608
9,64
19,
326
10,4
1910
,157
10,2
0110
,242
10,3
0110
,306
P10
,591
Trol
ley
bus
3,82
61,
453
1,05
070
382
367
683
288
587
185
988
085
9P95
1
Com
mut
er ra
il ca
rs a
nd
loco
mot
ives
NN
NN
4,50
04,
035
4,41
54,
565
4,66
54,
943
4,96
34,
883
P5,
073
Dem
and
resp
onse
NN
NN
N14
,490
16,4
7129
,352
30,8
0432
,509
29,6
4631
,884
P33
,080
Oth
erd
NN
NN
N86
71,
197
2,80
93,
003
3,80
84,
703
5,05
9P5,
208
Rai
l
Cla
ss I
Frei
ght c
ars
1,65
8,29
21,
478,
005
1,42
3,92
11,
359,
459
1,16
8,11
486
7,07
065
8,90
258
3,48
657
0,86
556
8,49
357
5,60
457
9,14
056
0,15
4
Loco
mot
ive
29,0
3127
,780
27,0
7727
,846
28,0
9422
,548
18,8
3518
,812
19,2
6919
,684
20,2
6120
,256
20,0
28
Non
clas
s I f
reig
ht c
ars
32,1
0437
,164
29,7
8729
,407
102,
161
111,
086
103,
527
84,7
2487
,364
116,
108
121,
659
126,
762
132,
448
Car
com
pani
es a
nd
ship
pers
frei
ght c
ars
275,
090
R28
5,49
333
0,47
333
4,73
944
0,55
244
3,53
044
9,83
255
0,71
758
2,34
458
5,81
861
8,40
466
2,93
468
8,19
4
Am
trak
Pas
seng
er tr
ain
car
NN
N1,
913
2,12
81,
854
1,86
31,
722
1,73
01,
728
1,96
21,
992
1,89
4
Loco
mot
ive
NN
N35
541
929
131
831
329
933
234
532
937
8
Wat
er
Non
self-
prop
elle
d ve
ssel
se16
,777
17,0
3319
,377
25,5
1531
,662
33,5
9731
,209
31,3
6032
,811
33,0
1133
,509
33,3
8733
,152
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
18 � Chapter 1: The Transportation System
Sel
f-pr
opel
led
vess
elsf
6,54
36,
083
6,45
56,
144
7,12
67,
522
8,23
68,
281
8,29
38,
408
8,52
38,
379
8,20
2
Oce
ango
ing
stea
m a
nd
mot
or s
hips
(1,
000
gros
s to
ns a
nd o
ver)
2,92
62,
376
1,57
985
786
473
763
650
949
547
747
046
345
4
Rec
reat
iona
l boa
tsg
2,45
0,48
44,
138,
140
5,12
8,34
57,
303,
286
8,57
7,85
79,
589,
483
10,9
96,2
5311
,734
,710
11,8
77,9
3812
,312
,982
12,5
65,9
3012
,738
,271
12,7
82,1
43
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; P =
pre
limin
ary;
R =
rev
ised
.
aA
ir c
arri
er a
ircr
aft
are
thos
e ca
rryi
ng p
asse
nger
s or
car
go f
or h
ire
unde
r 14
CFR
121
and
14
CFR
135
. Beg
inni
ng in
199
0, t
he n
umbe
r of
air
craf
t is
the
m
onth
ly a
vera
ge o
f th
e nu
mbe
r of
air
craf
t re
port
ed in
use
for
the
last
thr
ee m
onth
s of
the
yea
r. Pr
ior
to 1
990,
it w
as t
he n
umbe
r of
air
craf
t re
port
ed in
use
du
ring
Dec
embe
r of
a g
iven
yea
r.b
1995
-97
data
may
not
be
com
para
ble
to e
arlie
r ye
ars
due
to c
hang
es in
met
hodo
logy
. Inc
lude
s ai
r ta
xi a
ircr
aft.
cPr
ior
to 1
984,
exc
lude
s m
ost
rura
l and
sm
alle
r sy
stem
s fu
nded
via
Sec
tion
s 18
and
16(
b)(2
), U
rban
Mas
s T
rans
port
atio
n A
ct o
f 196
4, a
s am
ende
d. A
lso
prio
r to
198
4, in
clud
es t
otal
veh
icle
s ow
ned
and
leas
ed.
dO
ther
incl
udes
aer
ial t
ram
way
, aut
omat
ed g
uide
way
tra
nsit
, cab
leca
r, fe
rry
boat
, inc
lined
pla
ne, m
onor
ail,
and
vanp
ool.
eN
onse
lf-p
rope
lled
vess
els
incl
ude
dry-
carg
o ba
rges
, tan
k ba
rges
, and
rai
lroa
d-ca
r fl
oats
.f
Self
-pro
pelle
d ve
ssel
s in
clud
e dr
y-ca
rgo
and/
or p
asse
nger
, off
shor
e su
pply
ves
sels
, rai
lroa
d-ca
r fe
rrie
s, t
anke
rs, a
nd t
owbo
ats.
gR
ecre
atio
nal v
esse
ls t
hat
are
requ
ired
to
be n
umbe
red
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith
Cha
pter
123
of
Tit
le 4
6 U
.S.C
.h
Incl
uded
in s
ingl
e-un
it t
ruck
.i
All
truc
ks.
NO
TE
ST
rans
it m
otor
bus
fig
ure
is a
lso
incl
uded
as
part
of
bus
in t
he h
ighw
ay c
ateg
ory.
For
mor
e de
tail
on o
cean
goin
g ve
ssel
s, s
ee t
able
1-2
0.
SOU
RC
ES
Air
:A
ir c
arri
er:
1960
-65:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al A
viat
ion
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
FA
A S
tati
stic
al H
andb
ook
of A
viat
ion,
197
0 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 1
970)
, tab
le 5
.3.
1970
-75:
Ibi
d., 1
979
edit
ion
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 197
9), t
able
5.1
.19
80-8
5: I
bid.
, Cal
enda
r Y
ear
1986
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 1
986)
, tab
le 5
.1.
1990
: Ibi
d., C
alen
dar
Yea
r 19
97 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: unp
ublis
hed)
, tab
le 5
.1, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n, M
ar. 1
9, 1
999.
1995
-200
0: A
eros
pace
Ind
ustr
ies
Ass
ocia
tion
, Aer
ospa
ce F
acts
and
Fig
ures
(W
ashi
ngto
n D
C: 2
001/
2002
), “
Act
ive
U.S
. Air
Car
rier
Fle
et”.
Gen
eral
avi
atio
n:19
60-6
5: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Avi
atio
n A
dmin
istr
atio
n, F
AA
Sta
tist
ical
Han
dboo
k of
Avi
atio
n, 1
969
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 196
9), t
able
9.1
0.19
70-7
5: I
bid.
, Cal
enda
r Y
ear
1976
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 1
976)
, tab
le 8
-6.
1980
: Ibi
d., G
ener
al A
viat
ion
Act
ivit
y Su
rvey
, Cal
enda
r Y
ear
1980
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 1
981)
, tab
le 1
-3.
1985
: Ibi
d., C
alen
dar
Yea
r 19
85 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 198
7), t
able
2-9
.19
90-2
000:
Ibi
d., G
ener
al A
viat
ion
and
Air
Tax
i Act
ivit
y Su
rvey
, Cal
enda
r Y
ear
2000
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 2
002)
, tab
le 1
.2.
TABL
E 1-
11: N
umbe
r of U
.S. A
ircra
ft, V
ehic
les,
Ves
sels
, and
Oth
er C
onve
yanc
es (C
ontin
ued)
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Vehicle, Aircraft, and Vessel Inventory � 19
TABL
E 1-
11: N
umbe
r of U
.S. A
ircra
ft, V
ehic
les,
Ves
sels
, and
Oth
er C
onve
yanc
es (C
ontin
ued)
Hig
hway
:P
asse
nger
car
:19
60-9
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Hig
hway
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
Sum
mar
y to
199
5, F
HW
A-P
L-9
7-00
9 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C:
July
199
7), t
able
MV
-201
.19
95-2
000:
Ibi
d., H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le V
M-1
Mot
orcy
cle:
1960
-90:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n, H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s Su
mm
ary
to 1
995,
FH
WA
-PL
-97-
009
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ju
ly 1
997)
, tab
le M
V-2
01.
1995
-200
0: I
bid.
, Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
VM
-1.
Oth
er 2
-axl
e 4-
tire
veh
icle
s:19
70-9
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Hig
hway
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
Sum
mar
y to
199
5, F
HW
A-P
L-9
7-00
9 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C:
July
199
7), t
able
VM
-201
A.
1995
-200
0: I
bid.
, Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
VM
-1.
Sing
le-u
nit
and
com
bina
tion
tru
cks,
and
bus
es:
1960
-90:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n, H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s Su
mm
ary
to 1
995,
FH
WA
-PL
-97-
009
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ju
ly 1
997)
, tab
le V
M-2
01A
.19
95-2
000:
Ibi
d., H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le V
M-1
.
Tra
nsit
:19
60-9
7: A
mer
ican
Pub
lic T
rans
it A
ssoc
iati
on, T
rans
it F
act
Boo
k (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 1
999)
, tab
le 4
4.19
98-2
000:
Ibi
d., P
ublic
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Fact
Boo
k (W
ashi
ngto
n D
C: 2
002)
, tab
le 4
6.
Rai
l (al
l cat
egor
ies,
exc
ept
Am
trak
):19
60-2
000:
Ass
ocia
tion
of
Am
eric
an R
ailr
oads
, Rai
lroa
d Fa
cts
2001
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: O
ctob
er 2
001)
.
Am
trak
:P
asse
nger
tra
in-c
ars
and
loco
mot
ives
:19
75-8
0: A
mtr
ak, S
tate
and
Loc
al A
ffai
rs D
epar
tmen
t, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n.19
85-2
000:
Ibi
d., A
mtr
ak A
nnua
l Rep
ort,
Sta
tist
ical
App
endi
x (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, p. 4
7.
Wat
er t
rans
port
atio
n:N
onse
lf-p
rope
lled
vess
els
and
self
-pro
pelle
d ve
ssel
s:19
60-2
000:
U.S
. Arm
y, C
orps
of
Eng
inee
rs, W
ater
born
e T
rans
port
atio
n L
ines
of
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es, V
olum
e 1,
Nat
iona
l Sum
mar
ies
(New
Orl
eans
, LA
: A
nnua
l is
sues
).O
cean
goin
g st
eam
mot
or s
hips
:19
60-2
000:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, M
arit
ime
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Mer
chan
t Fl
eets
of
the
Wor
ld (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s).
Rec
reat
iona
l boa
ts:
1960
-200
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
U.S
. Coa
st G
uard
, Boa
ting
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s).
20 � Chapter 1: The Transportation SystemTA
BLE
1-12
: Sal
es o
r Del
iver
ies
of N
ew A
ircra
ft, V
ehic
les,
Ves
sels
, and
Oth
er C
onve
yanc
es
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Civ
ilian
air
craf
t (s
hip
men
ts)
Tran
spor
ta24
523
331
131
538
727
852
125
626
937
455
962
0R
485
U
Hel
icop
ters
N59
848
286
41,
366
384
603
292
278
346
363
361
R49
3U
Gen
eral
avi
atio
n7,
588
11,8
527,
283
14,0
7211
,881
2,02
91,
144
1,07
7R
1,11
5R
1,54
9R
2,19
3R
2,47
5R
2,80
2U
Hig
hw
ay
Pas
seng
er c
ar(n
ew r
etai
l sal
es)
6,64
1,00
09,
332,
000
8,40
0,00
08,
624,
000
8,97
9,00
011
,042
,000
9,30
0,00
08,
635,
000
8,52
7,00
08,
272,
000
8,14
2,00
08,
698,
000
8,84
7,00
0U
Mot
orcy
cle
(new
ret
ail s
ales
)bN
N1,
125,
000
940,
000
1,07
0,00
071
0,00
030
3,00
030
9,00
033
0,00
035
6,00
043
2,00
0R
546,
000
710,
000
U
Truc
k (f
acto
ry s
ales
)c1,
194,
475
1,71
6,56
41,
660,
446
2,23
1,63
01,
667,
283
3,35
6,90
53,
692,
474
5,68
9,55
15,
748,
147
6,12
5,93
56,
407,
702
7,34
5,05
97,
022,
478
U
Bus
; inc
lude
s sc
hool
bu
s (f
acto
ry s
ales
)i
35,2
4131
,994
40,5
3034
,385
33,5
3332
,731
23,9
1827
,583
26,8
8227
,483
ii
i
Rec
reat
iona
l veh
icle
(s
hipm
ents
)N
192,
830
380,
300
339,
600
178,
500
351,
700
347,
300
475,
200
466,
800
438,
800
441,
300
481,
200
418,
300
U
Bic
ycle
d
NN
NN
9,00
0,00
011
,400
,000
10,8
00,0
0012
,000
,000
10,9
00,0
0011
,000
,000
11,1
00,0
0011
,600
,000
11,9
00,0
0011
,300
,000
Tran
sit
(del
iver
ies)
Mot
or b
use
2,41
53,
000
1,42
45,
261
4,57
23,
367
4,77
96,
022
6,01
66,
329
7,13
56,
815
7,69
6U
Ligh
t rai
l0
00
032
6355
3839
7680
123
136
P11
1
Hea
vy r
ail
416
580
308
127
130
441
1072
1034
120
122
204
P75
1
Trol
ley
bus
00
01
980
118
33
054
00
U
Com
mut
er r
ail
214
666
302
2,16
515
217
983
3811
119
812
213
211
6P54
Cla
ss I
rail
(del
iver
ies)
Frei
ght c
arf
57,0
4777
,822
66,1
8572
,392
85,9
2012
,080
32,0
6360
,853
57,8
7750
,396
75,6
8574
,223
55,7
91U
Loco
mot
ive
389
1,38
71,
029
772
1,48
052
253
092
876
174
388
970
964
0U
Am
trak
(d
eliv
erie
s)
Pas
seng
er tr
ain
car
NN
N10
910
9N
5876
9210
00
26U
Loco
mot
ive
NN
N30
1710
010
011
135
04
U
Vehicle, Aircraft, and Vessel Inventory � 21
Wat
er t
ran
spo
rt
Mer
chan
t ves
selg
2013
1315
2314
01
01
42
0U
Rec
reat
iona
l boa
thN
NN
NR
569,
700
R63
6,80
0R
504,
100
663,
760
634,
750
610,
100
575,
800
584,
900
R57
4,00
054
1,30
0
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; P =
pre
limin
ary;
R =
rev
ised
; U =
dat
a ar
e no
t ava
ilabl
e.
aU
.S.-
man
ufac
ture
d fi
xed-
win
g ai
rcra
ft o
ver
33,0
00 p
ound
s em
pty
wei
ght,
incl
udin
g al
l jet
tra
nspo
rts
plus
the
4-e
ngin
e tu
rbop
rop-
pow
ered
Loc
khee
d L
-100
.b
Incl
udes
dom
esti
c an
d im
port
ed v
ehic
les.
Pri
or t
o 19
85, a
ll te
rrai
n ve
hicl
es (
AT
Vs)
wer
e in
clud
ed in
the
mot
orcy
cle
tota
l. In
199
5, t
he M
otor
cycl
e In
dust
ry
Cou
ncil
revi
sed
its
data
for
the
yea
rs 1
985
to p
rese
nt t
o ex
clud
e A
TV
s fr
om it
s to
tals
. c
Incl
udes
larg
e pa
ssen
ger
or u
tilit
y ve
hicl
es t
hat
may
be
cons
ider
ed c
ars
in o
ther
tab
les.
dIn
clud
es d
omes
tic
and
impo
rted
veh
icle
s, w
heel
siz
es 2
0 in
ches
and
ove
r. D
ata
from
199
7 on
war
ds a
re p
roje
ctio
ns.
eB
uses
or
bus-
type
veh
icle
s on
ly. I
nclu
des
dem
and
resp
onse
. Exc
lude
s va
npoo
l van
s an
d m
ost
rura
l and
sm
alle
r sy
stem
s pr
ior
to 1
984.
Tra
nsit
mot
or b
us f
igur
e is
als
o in
clud
ed a
s pa
rt o
f th
e bu
s to
tal i
n th
e hi
ghw
ay c
ateg
ory.
fIn
clud
es a
ll ra
ilroa
ds a
nd p
riva
te c
ar o
wne
rs.
gSe
lf-p
rope
lled,
1,0
00 o
r m
ore
gros
s to
ns.
hR
etai
l uni
t es
tim
ates
. Inc
lude
s ou
tboa
rd, i
nboa
rd, a
nd s
tern
driv
e bo
ats,
jet
boat
s (s
ince
199
5), p
erso
nal w
ater
craf
t (s
ince
199
1), s
ailb
oats
, and
can
oes.
Als
o in
clud
es in
flat
able
boa
ts (
unti
l 199
2) a
nd s
ailb
oard
s (u
ntil
1990
).i
Incl
uded
in t
ruck
fig
ure.
SOU
RC
ES
Civ
ilian
air
craf
t:19
60-2
000:
Aer
ospa
ce I
ndus
trie
s A
ssoc
iati
on, A
eros
pace
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
es (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), “
Civ
il A
ircr
aft
Ship
men
ts”.
Hig
hway
:P
asse
nger
car
s an
d tr
ucks
:19
60-9
7: A
mer
ican
Aut
omob
ile M
anuf
actu
rers
Ass
ocia
tion
, Mot
or V
ehic
le F
acts
& F
igur
es, 1
998
(Sou
thfi
eld,
MI:
199
9), p
. 21
(pas
seng
er c
ar)
and
p. 6
(tr
uck)
.19
98-2
000:
War
d’s
Com
mun
icat
ions
, Mot
or V
ehic
le F
acts
& F
igur
es, 2
001
(Det
roit
, MI:
200
1), p
. 21
(pas
seng
er c
ar)
and
p. 6
(tr
uck)
.M
otor
cycl
es:
1970
-200
0: M
otor
cycl
e In
dust
ry C
ounc
il, I
nc.,
Mot
orcy
cle
Stat
isti
cal A
nnua
l, 20
01 (
Irvi
ne, C
A: 2
002)
, p. 8
and
sim
ilar
tabl
es in
ear
lier
edit
ions
.B
uses
:19
65-9
7: A
mer
ican
Aut
omob
ile M
anuf
actu
rers
Ass
ocia
tion
, Mot
or V
ehic
le F
acts
& F
igur
es, 1
998
(Det
roit
, MI:
199
8), p
. 6 a
nd s
imila
r ta
bles
in e
arlie
r ed
itio
ns.
1998
-200
0: W
ard’
s C
omm
unic
atio
ns, M
otor
Veh
icle
Fac
ts &
Fig
ures
, 199
9 (D
etro
it, M
I: 1
999)
, p. 6
and
sim
ilar
tabl
es in
ear
lier
edit
ions
.R
ecre
atio
nal v
ehic
les:
1965
-97:
Ibi
d., M
otor
Veh
icle
Fac
ts &
Fig
ures
, 199
8 (D
etro
it, M
I: 1
998)
, p. 1
2 an
d si
mila
r ta
bles
in e
arlie
r ed
itio
ns.
1998
-200
0: W
ard’
s C
omm
unic
atio
ns, M
otor
Veh
icle
Fac
ts &
Fig
ures
, 200
1 (D
etro
it, M
I: 2
001)
, p. 1
1.B
icyc
les:
1980
-200
1: N
atio
nal B
icyc
le D
eale
rs A
ssoc
iati
on, I
nter
net
site
htt
p://w
ww
.nbd
a.co
m a
s of
Jul
y 24
, 200
2, a
nd p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n, S
ept.
24,
199
6.T
rans
it:
1960
-200
1: A
mer
ican
Pub
lic T
rans
it A
ssoc
iatio
n, P
ublic
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Fact
Boo
k 20
02 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: F
ebru
ary
2002
), ta
ble
56 a
nd s
imila
r ta
bles
in e
arlie
r ed
ition
s.C
lass
I r
ail:
1960
-200
0: A
ssoc
iati
on o
f A
mer
ican
Rai
lroa
ds, R
ailr
oad
Fact
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 2
001)
, p. 5
5 an
d si
mila
r ta
bles
in e
arlie
r ed
itio
ns.
Am
trak
:19
75-8
0: I
bid.
, Rai
lroa
d Fa
cts
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 199
7), p
. 17
and
sim
ilar
tabl
es in
ear
lier
edit
ions
.19
85-2
000:
Am
trak
, Am
trak
Ann
ual R
epor
t, S
tati
stic
al A
ppen
dix
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s).
Wat
er:
Mer
chan
t ve
ssel
:19
60-2
000:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, M
arit
ime
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Mer
chan
t Fl
eets
of
the
Wor
ld (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s).
Rec
reat
iona
l boa
t:19
80-2
001:
Nat
iona
l Mar
ine
Man
ufac
ture
rs A
ssoc
iati
on, B
oati
ng 2
001
(Chi
cago
, IL
: 200
2), a
nnua
l ret
ail u
nit
esti
mat
es.
TABL
E 1-
12: S
ales
or D
eliv
erie
s of
New
Airc
raft,
Veh
icle
s, V
esse
ls, a
nd O
ther
Con
veya
nces
(Con
tinue
d)
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
22 � Chapter 1: The Transportation SystemTA
BLE
1-13
: Act
ive
Air C
arrie
r and
Gen
eral
Avi
atio
n Fl
eet b
y Ty
pe o
f Airc
raft
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
f19
9019
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
00
AIR
CA
RR
IER
a2,
125
2,67
92,
495
3,80
84,
678
6,08
37,
411
7,47
87,
616
8,11
18,
228
7,93
5
Fix
ed W
ing
2,10
42,
663
2,48
83,
803
4,67
36,
072
7,29
37,
357
7,48
27,
994
8,10
67,
898
Turb
ojet
Four
eng
ine
511
931
602
436
322
432
435
440
450
447
441
441
Thr
ee e
ngin
e17
365
999
41,
347
1,48
81,
438
1,21
01,
212
1,22
41,
238
1,18
11,
103
Two
engi
ne41
546
518
743
1,35
42,
278
3,18
73,
270
3,43
43,
726
4,00
84,
277
Tota
l tu
rbo
jet
725
2,13
62,
114
2,52
63,
164
4,14
84,
832
4,92
25,
108
5,41
15,
630
5,82
1Tu
rbop
rop
Four
eng
ine
215
110
6892
108
8881
5645
3928
31Tw
o en
gine
8925
919
259
096
51,
507
1,63
21,
635
1,59
61,
789
1,75
91,
457
One
eng
ine
85
NN
NN
05
54
10
Tota
l tu
rbo
pro
p31
237
426
068
21,
073
1,59
51,
713
1,69
61,
646
1,83
21,
788
1,48
8P
isto
n
Four
eng
ine
447
3437
7338
3115
1819
1719
17T
hree
eng
ine
590
110
69N
46
17
43
33
Two
engi
ne30
98
522
394
292
333
317
298
391
292
260
One
eng
ine
NN
NN
NN
399
397
407
340
374
309
Tota
l pis
ton
1,06
715
311
459
543
632
974
873
972
875
168
858
9H
elic
op
ter
2116
72
511
118
121
134
117
122
37
GE
NE
RA
L A
VIA
TIO
N(G
EN
ER
AL
FL
EE
T)b
95,4
4216
1,74
316
8,47
521
1,04
319
6,50
019
8,00
018
8,08
919
1,12
919
2,41
420
4,71
021
9,46
421
7,53
3
Fix
ed W
ing
c 93,
130
127,
934
161,
570
200,
097
184,
700
184,
500
162,
342
163,
691
166,
854
175,
203
184,
723
183,
276
Turb
ojet
Two
engi
neN
e 822
e 1,7
422,
551
3,60
03,
700
4,07
14,
077
4,63
85,
513
6,38
76,
215
Oth
erN
128
e 34
441
5040
048
834
753
955
273
378
6
Tota
l tu
rbo
jet
N95
01,
776
2,99
24,
100
4,10
04,
559
4,42
45,
178
6,06
67,
120
7,00
1Tu
rbop
rop
Two
engi
neN
1,28
7e 2
,486
3,96
64,
900
4,90
04,
295
4,91
74,
939
5,07
64,
641
5,04
0
One
eng
ine
N13
833
NN
N66
871
965
01,
033
1,01
867
8O
ther
N33
N12
310
040
032
8029
6521
45
Tota
l tu
rbo
pro
pN
1,45
82,
519
4,09
05,
000
5,30
04,
995
5,71
65,
619
6,17
45,
679
5,76
2
Vehicle, Aircraft, and Vessel Inventory � 23
Pis
ton
Two
engi
ned 1
1,42
215
,835
e 20,
331
24,3
6622
,100
21,1
0015
,706
16,0
8215
,938
18,6
5920
,930
20,9
51
One
eng
ine
81,1
3410
9,49
213
6,94
416
8,43
515
3,40
015
4,00
013
7,04
913
7,40
114
0,03
814
4,23
415
0,88
614
9,42
2O
ther
N19
9N
212
100
100
3368
7970
108
140
Tota
l pis
ton
92,5
5612
5,52
615
7,27
519
3,01
417
5,60
017
5,20
015
2,78
815
3,55
115
6,05
616
2,96
317
1,92
317
0,51
3R
oto
rcra
ft1,
503
2,25
54,
073
6,00
16,
000
6,90
05,
830
6,57
06,
786
7,42
57,
448
7,15
0P
isto
nN
1,66
62,
499
2,79
42,
700
3,20
01,
863
2,50
72,
259
2,54
52,
564
2,68
0
Turb
ine
Mul
tieng
ine
NN
NN
NN
733
643
764
843
839
694
One
eng
ine
N58
9N
NN
N3,
234
3,42
03,
762
4,03
84,
045
3,77
6
Tota
l tu
rbin
eN
589
1,57
43,
207
3,30
03,
700
3,96
74,
063
4,52
74,
881
4,88
44,
470
Oth
er A
ircr
aft
809
1,55
42,
832
4,94
55,
800
6,60
04,
741
4,24
44,
092
5,58
06,
765
6,70
0G
lider
sN
NN
NN
N2,
182
1,93
42,
016
2,10
52,
041
2,04
1
Ligh
ter-
than
-Air
NN
NN
NN
2,55
92,
310
2,07
53,
475
4,72
54,
660
Exp
erim
enta
lN
NN
NN
N15
,176
16,6
2514
,680
16,5
0220
,528
20,4
07A
mat
eur
Bui
ltN
NN
NN
N9,
328
11,5
6610
,261
13,1
8916
,858
16,7
39
Exh
ibiti
onN
NN
NN
N2,
245
2,09
41,
798
1,63
01,
999
1,97
3O
ther
NN
NN
NN
3,60
32,
965
2,62
01,
684
1,67
11,
694
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
are
not a
vaila
ble.
aA
ir c
arri
er a
ircr
aft
are
airc
raft
car
ryin
g pa
ssen
gers
or
carg
o fo
r hi
re u
nder
14
CFR
121
(la
rge
airc
raft
-mor
e th
an 3
0 se
ats)
and
14
CFR
135
(sm
all a
ircr
aft-
30
seat
s or
less
). T
his
defi
niti
on is
mor
e en
com
pass
ing
than
tha
t in
the
Fed
eral
Avi
atio
n A
dmin
istr
atio
n (F
AA
) A
viat
ion
Fore
cast
- je
t ai
rcra
ft, 6
0 se
ats
or m
ore
carr
ying
pas
seng
ers
or c
argo
for
hir
e. B
egin
ning
in 1
990,
the
num
ber
of a
ircr
aft
is t
he m
onth
ly a
vera
ge r
epor
ted
in u
se f
or t
he la
st t
hree
mon
ths
of t
he y
ear.
Prio
r to
199
0, it
was
the
num
ber
of a
ircr
aft
repo
rted
in u
se d
urin
g D
ecem
ber
of a
giv
en y
ear.
bC
olum
ns m
ay n
ot a
dd t
o to
tals
due
to
esti
mat
ion
proc
edur
es. B
egin
ning
in 1
993,
exc
lude
s co
mm
uter
s. P
rior
to
1993
, sin
gle
engi
ne t
urbo
prop
s w
ere
incl
uded
in
“O
ther
tur
bopr
ops”
; sin
gle
and
mul
tien
gine
tur
bine
rot
orcr
aft
wer
e no
t sh
own
sepa
rate
ly; g
lider
s an
d lig
hter
-tha
n-ai
r ai
rcra
ft w
ere
com
bine
d in
to t
he
“Oth
er”
cate
gory
; and
exp
erim
enta
l air
craf
t w
ere
incl
uded
in t
he a
ppro
pria
te a
ircr
aft
type
. For
exa
mpl
e, p
rior
to
1993
, the
sin
gle
engi
ne p
isto
n ai
rcra
ft t
ype
incl
uded
bot
h ex
peri
men
tal a
nd n
onex
peri
men
tal a
ircr
aft
Star
ting
in 1
993,
tha
t ai
rcra
ft t
ype
only
incl
udes
non
expe
rim
enta
l air
craf
t. D
ue t
o ch
ange
s in
met
h-od
olog
y be
ginn
ing
in 1
995,
est
imat
es m
ay n
ot b
e co
mpa
rabl
e to
tho
se f
or 1
994
and
earl
ier
year
s. V
alue
s fo
r 19
91 t
hrou
gh 1
994
wer
e re
vise
d to
ref
lect
ch
ange
s in
adj
ustm
ent
for
nonr
espo
nse
bias
. c
Tota
l inc
lude
s 57
4 tu
rbin
e ai
rcra
ft o
f un
spec
ifie
d su
btyp
e.d
Mul
tien
gine
.e
Sing
le-e
ngin
e.f
Sour
ce r
epor
ted
roun
ded
data
for
gen
eral
avi
atio
n.
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
TABL
E 1-
13: A
ctiv
e Ai
r Car
rier a
nd G
ener
al A
viat
ion
Flee
t by
Type
of A
ircra
ft (C
ontin
ued)
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
f19
9019
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
00
24 � Chapter 1: The Transportation SystemTA
BLE
1-13
: Act
ive
Air C
arrie
r and
Gen
eral
Avi
atio
n Fl
eet b
y Ty
pe o
f Airc
raft
(Con
tinue
d)
NO
TE
SPr
ior
to 1
970,
air
craf
t co
unts
incl
uded
air
craf
t re
tain
ed in
FA
A d
ata
syst
ems
unti
l the
ow
ners
req
uest
ed t
hat
they
be
dere
gist
ered
. As
a re
sult
, tho
usan
ds o
f ai
r-cr
aft
that
had
bee
n de
stro
yed
over
the
yea
rs r
emai
ned
in t
he s
yste
m. S
ince
197
0, a
nnua
l ver
ific
atio
n of
air
craf
t re
gist
rati
ons
is r
equi
red.
Fai
lure
to
com
ply
wit
h th
is r
equi
rem
ent
lead
s to
rev
ocat
ion
of t
he r
egis
trat
ion
cert
ific
ate
and
excl
usio
n of
the
air
craf
t fr
om t
he o
ffic
ial c
ount
of
the
follo
win
g ye
ar. L
iste
d en
gine
con
figu
rati
ons
(e.g
., tw
o-, t
hree
-, m
ulti
-) r
epre
sent
all
appl
icab
le c
ombi
nati
ons
for
each
air
craf
t ty
pe. T
otal
s m
ay n
ot a
gree
wit
h th
ose
in o
ther
tab
les
as r
evis
ions
to
prio
r ye
ar d
ata
are
repo
rted
at
the
aggr
egat
e le
vel o
nly.
SOU
RC
ES
Air
car
rier
s:19
65: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al A
viat
ion
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
FA
A S
tati
stic
al H
andb
ook
of A
viat
ion,
196
6 E
ditio
n. (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 1
966)
, tab
le 7
.5.
1970
: Ibi
d., C
alen
dar
Yea
r 19
71. (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 197
2), t
able
5.5
.19
75: I
bid.
, Cal
enda
r Y
ear
1975
. (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: D
ec. 3
1, 1
975)
, tab
le 5
.3.
1980
: Ibi
d., C
alen
dar
Yea
r 19
80. (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Dec
. 31,
198
0), t
able
5.2
.19
85: I
bid.
, Cal
enda
r Y
ear
1993
. FA
A-A
PO-9
5-5
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 199
5), t
able
5.2
.19
90: I
bid.
, Cal
enda
r Y
ear
1996
, Int
erne
t si
te: h
ttp:
//ww
w.a
pi.f
aa.g
ov/h
andb
ook9
6/to
c96.
htm
, as
of M
ar. 3
1, 2
000,
tab
le 5
.2.
1995
-200
0: A
eros
pace
Ind
ustr
ies
Ass
ocia
tion
, Aer
ospa
ce F
acts
and
Fig
ures
(W
ashi
ngto
n D
C: 2
001/
2002
), “
Act
ive
U.S
. Air
Car
rier
Fle
et.”
Gen
eral
avi
atio
n:19
65: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al A
viat
ion
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
FA
A S
tati
stic
al H
andb
ook
of A
viat
ion,
196
6 E
ditio
n. (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 1
966)
, tab
le 5
.1.
1970
: Ibi
d., C
alen
dar
Yea
r 19
71. (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 197
2), t
able
8.3
.19
75: I
bid.
, Cal
enda
r Y
ear
1975
. (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: D
ec. 3
1, 1
975)
, tab
le 8
.4.5
5
1980
: Ibi
d., G
ener
al A
viat
ion
Act
ivit
y an
d A
vion
ics
Surv
ey, A
nnua
l Rep
ort
Cal
enda
r Y
ear
1980
, FA
A-M
S-81
-5 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Dec
embe
r 19
85),
tab
le 2
-6.
1985
: Ibi
d., A
nnua
l Sum
mar
y R
epor
t 19
94 D
ata,
FA
A-A
PO-9
5-10
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 1
996)
, tab
le 1
.2.
1990
-200
0: I
bid.
, Gen
eral
Avi
atio
n an
d A
ir T
axi A
ctiv
ity
Surv
ey, C
alen
dar
Yea
r 20
00 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 200
2), t
able
1.2
and
sim
ilar
tabl
es in
ear
lier
edit
ions
.
Vehicle, Aircraft, and Vessel Inventory � 25
TABL
E 1-
14: U
.S. A
utom
obile
and
Tru
ck F
leet
s by
Use
(Tho
usan
ds)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
e
TOTA
L a
uto
mo
bile
s an
d t
ruck
s in
fle
ets
UU
UU
U15
,257
15,5
7015
,869
16,8
7915
,530
15,1
9613
,642
Nu
mb
er o
f au
tom
ob
iles
in f
leet
s o
f 25
o
r m
ore
(10
or
mo
re c
ars
fro
m 1
999)
a
Bus
ines
sb2,
889
2,62
82,
492
1,75
11,
722
1,32
61,
295
1,18
81,
159
3,19
52,
950
2,62
0
Gov
ernm
entc
538
504
516
401
428
1,21
41,
209
1,21
81,
030
885
883
734
Util
ities
551
544
548
386
382
376
376
377
359
320
317
Uf
Pol
ice
249
250
264
264
266
269
274
280
289
302
306
312
Taxi
(in
clud
es v
ans)
141
141
140
140
141
139
130
181
190
135
136
142
Ren
tal (
incl
udes
van
s an
d S
UV
s)99
01,
160
1,44
81,
501
1,47
31,
518
1,59
01,
608
1,60
21,
733
1,58
11,
542
Nu
mb
er o
f au
tom
ob
iles
in f
leet
s o
f 4
to 2
4(4
to
9 c
ars
fro
m 1
999)
aU
UU
UU
4,20
04,
250
4,37
34,
921
1,17
21,
173
1,29
0
Tota
l au
tom
ob
iles
in f
leet
sU
UU
UU
9,04
29,
124
9,22
59,
550
7,74
27,
346
6,64
0
Nu
mb
er o
f tr
uck
s in
fle
ets
of
25 o
rm
ore
(10
or
mo
re t
ruck
s fr
om
199
9)a
Bus
ines
sdU
U1,
080
1,37
81,
375
1,20
51,
275
1,33
21,
360
3,01
63,
026
2,82
0
Gov
ernm
entc
UU
297
632
646
2,22
12,
215
2,22
32,
010
2,40
02,
408
2,05
2
Util
ities
UU
593
493
487
480
482
483
459
499
498
Uf
Oth
er (
polic
e, ta
xi, e
tc.)
UU
77
77
77
88
89
Ren
tal t
ruck
s (n
ot v
ans
and
SU
Vs)
UU
304
308
363
202
197
179
181
213
248
246
Nu
mb
er o
f tr
uck
s in
fle
ets
of
4 to
24
(4 t
o 9
tru
cks
fro
m 1
999)
aU
UU
UU
2,10
02,
270
2,42
03,
311
1,65
21,
662
1,87
5
Tota
l tru
cks
in f
leet
sU
UU
UU
6,21
56,
446
6,64
47,
329
7,78
87,
850
7,00
2
KE
Y: S
UV
= s
port
util
ity v
ehic
le; U
= d
ata
are
not a
vaila
ble.
aT
he d
ata
sour
ce, B
obit
Pub
lishi
ng, c
hang
ed d
ata
colle
ctio
n ca
tego
ries
fro
m 1
999.
bIn
clud
es d
rive
r sc
hool
s.c
Incl
udes
mili
tary
veh
icle
s an
d fe
dera
l, st
ate,
cou
nty,
and
loca
l gov
ernm
ent
vehi
cles
.d
Bus
ines
ses
wit
h 25
or
mor
e C
lass
1-5
tru
cks
incl
udin
g le
asin
g, c
onst
ruct
ion,
plu
mbi
ng, h
eati
ng, f
ood
dist
ribu
tion
, pes
t co
ntro
l, ca
ble
TV
, etc
. (A
lso
appl
ies
post
-199
9 da
ta).
e
2001
dat
a do
es n
ot in
clud
e em
ploy
ee-o
wne
d fl
eet
info
rmat
ion
as t
he s
ourc
e ha
s st
oppe
d pu
blis
hing
the
dat
a.f
Bus
ines
s an
d ut
ility
dat
a ha
ve b
een
com
bine
d in
the
Aut
omot
ive
Flee
t Fa
ct B
ook,
200
2.
SOU
RC
EB
obit
Pub
lishi
ng C
o., A
utom
otiv
e Fl
eet
Fact
Boo
k, 2
002.
26 � Chapter 1: The Transportation SystemTA
BLE
1-15
: Ann
ual U
.S. M
otor
Veh
icle
Pro
duct
ion
and
Fact
ory
(Who
lesa
le) S
ales
(Tho
usan
ds)
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Pro
du
ctio
nP
asse
nger
car
s6,
703
9,33
56,
550
6,71
76,
376
8,18
56,
077
6,35
16,
083
5,92
75,
554
5,63
85,
542
Com
mer
cial
veh
icle
sa1,
202
1,78
51,
734
2,27
01,
634
3,46
83,
706
5,63
55,
749
6,19
26,
448
7,38
77,
228
Tota
l7,
905
11,1
208,
284
8,98
78,
010
11,6
539,
783
11,9
8511
,833
12,1
1912
,003
13,0
2512
,771
Fact
ory
(w
ho
lesa
le)
sale
sP
asse
nger
car
s6,
675
9,30
66,
547
6,71
36,
400
8,00
26,
050
6,31
06,
140
6,07
05,
677
5,42
85,
504
Com
mer
cial
veh
icle
sa1,
194
1,75
21,
692
2,27
21,
667
3,46
43,
725
5,71
35,
776
6,15
36,
435
6,69
97,
022
Tota
l7,
869
11,0
578,
239
8,98
58,
067
11,4
679,
775
12,0
2311
,916
12,2
2312
,112
12,1
2712
,527
aIn
clud
es t
ruck
s un
der
10,0
00 p
ound
s gr
oss
vehi
cle
wei
ght
rati
ng (
GV
WR
), s
uch
as c
ompa
ct a
nd c
onve
ntio
nal p
icku
ps, s
port
uti
lity
vehi
cles
, min
ivan
s, a
nd
vans
, and
tru
cks
and
buse
s ov
er 1
0,00
0 po
unds
GV
WR
.
NO
TE
SFa
ctor
y sa
les
can
be g
reat
er t
han
prod
ucti
on t
otal
bec
ause
of
sale
s fr
om p
revi
ous
year
’s in
vent
ory.
Num
bers
may
not
add
to
tota
ls d
ue t
o ro
undi
ng.
SOU
RC
E19
60-2
000:
War
d’s,
Mot
or V
ehic
le F
acts
& F
igur
es 2
001
(Sou
thfi
eld,
MI:
200
1), p
. 3.
Vehicle, Aircraft, and Vessel Inventory � 27
TABL
E 1-
16: R
etai
la N
ew P
asse
nger
Car
Sal
es (T
hous
ands
)
1970
1975
1980
1985
19
9019
9519
9619
9719
98
1999
2000
TOTA
L n
ew p
asse
ng
er c
ar s
ales
8,40
08,
624
8,97
911
,042
9,30
08,
635
8,52
78,
272
8,14
28,
698
8,84
7
Do
mes
ticb
7,11
97,
053
6,58
18,
205
6,89
77,
129
7,25
46,
917
6,76
26,
979
6,83
1
Imp
ort
s1,
280
1,57
12,
398
2,83
82,
403
1,50
61,
273
1,35
51,
380
1,71
92,
016
Japa
n31
380
81,
906
2,21
81,
719
982
727
726
691
758
863
Ger
man
y75
049
330
542
426
520
723
829
736
746
751
7
Oth
er21
727
118
719
641
931
730
833
232
249
463
7
aR
etai
l new
car
sal
es in
clud
e bo
th s
ales
to
indi
vidu
als
and
to c
orpo
rate
fle
ets.
It
also
incl
udes
leas
ed c
ars.
bIn
clud
es c
ars
prod
uced
in C
anad
a an
d M
exic
o.
SOU
RC
ES
1970
: Am
eric
an A
utom
obile
Man
ufac
ture
rs A
ssoc
iati
on, M
otor
Veh
icle
Fac
ts &
Fig
ures
199
2 (D
etro
it, M
I: 1
992)
, p. 1
6.19
80: I
bid.
, Mot
or V
ehic
le F
acts
& F
igur
es 1
997
(Det
roit
, MI:
199
7), p
. 19.
1975
, 198
5-20
00: W
ard’
s, M
otor
Veh
icle
Fac
ts &
Fig
ures
200
1 (S
outh
fiel
d, M
I: 2
001)
, p. 2
1.
28 � Chapter 1: The Transportation SystemTA
BLE
1-17
: New
and
Use
d Pa
ssen
ger C
ar S
ales
and
Lea
ses
(Tho
usan
ds)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
TOTA
L n
ew a
nd
use
d p
asse
ng
er c
ar s
ales
46,8
3045
,465
45,1
6446
,575
49,1
3150
,393
49,3
2749
,512
48,9
8249
,438
50,4
66U
New
pas
sen
ger
car
sal
esa
9,30
08,
175
8,21
48,
518
8,99
08,
635
8,52
68,
272
8,14
28,
698
8,84
6U
Use
d p
asse
ng
er c
ar s
ales
b37
,530
37,2
9036
,950
38,0
5740
,141
41,7
5840
,801
R41
,237
R40
,841
R40
,739
41,6
2042
,624
Val
ue o
f tra
nsac
tions
($
billi
ons)
R22
0R
229
R24
625
7R
291
R31
9R
329
R33
633
5R
350
R35
737
6
Ave
rage
pric
e (c
urre
nt $
)R
5,85
7R
6,14
3R
6,65
6R
6,74
2R
7,24
5R
7,64
4R
8,07
3R
8,13
9R
8,21
1R
8,58
7R
8,57
88,
832
New
pas
sen
ger
car
leas
esc
534
667
882
1,19
71,
715
1,79
51,
806
2,06
22,
174
2,27
12,
272
U
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed; U
= d
ata
are
not a
vaila
ble.
aIn
clud
es le
ased
car
s.
bU
sed
car
sale
s in
clud
e sa
les
from
fra
nchi
sed
deal
ers,
inde
pend
ent
deal
ers,
and
cas
ual s
ales
. c
Con
sum
er le
ases
onl
y.
SOU
RC
ES
New
pas
seng
er c
ar s
ales
:W
ard’
s, M
otor
Veh
icle
Fac
ts &
Fig
ures
, 200
1 (S
outh
fiel
d, M
I: 2
001)
, p.1
5.
Use
d pa
ssen
ger
car
sale
s:
AD
T A
utom
otiv
e, 2
001
Use
d C
ar M
arke
t R
epor
t (N
ashv
ille,
TN
: 200
0), p
. 5.
Lea
sed
pass
enge
r ca
rs:
CN
W M
arke
ting
/ R
esea
rch,
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
May
31,
200
0, A
ug. 1
3, 2
001,
and
Aug
. 26,
200
2.
Vehicle, Aircraft, and Vessel Inventory � 29
TABL
E 1-
18: R
etai
l Sal
es o
f New
Car
s by
Sec
tor (
Thou
sand
s)
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
19
9019
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
0020
01To
tal
6,64
19,
333
8,40
28,
538
8,98
210
,978
9,30
0R
8,68
7R
8,52
7R
8,27
38,
142
8,69
78,
852
8,42
2
Sal
es o
f n
ew c
ars
Con
sum
er5,
645
7,10
36,
252
5,90
76,
100
7,09
25,
677
R4,
351
R4,
079
R3,
909
3,98
8R
4,38
9R
4,69
64,
640
Bus
ines
s93
02,
140
2,05
62,
508
2,75
83,
754
3,47
7R
4,18
6R
4,27
3R
4,21
73,
984
R4,
135
3,98
93,
617
Gov
ernm
ent
6689
9412
312
413
214
7R
151
R17
6R
147
R17
1R
173
R16
716
6
Per
cen
tag
e o
f to
tal s
ales
Con
sum
er85
.076
.174
.469
.267
.964
.661
.0R
50.1
R47
.8R
47.3
49.0
R50
.553
.055
.1
Bus
ines
s14
.022
.924
.529
.430
.734
.237
.4R
48.2
R50
.1R
51.0
48.9
R47
.545
.142
.9
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed.
NO
TE
SIn
clud
es im
port
ed c
ars,
but
not
van
s, t
ruck
s, o
r sp
ort
utili
ty v
ehic
les.
Num
bers
may
not
add
to
tota
ls d
ue t
o ro
undi
ng.
SOU
RC
EU
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Com
mer
ce, B
urea
u of
Eco
nom
ic A
naly
sis,
Nat
iona
l Inc
ome
and
Wea
lth
Div
isio
n, u
npub
lishe
d da
ta.
30 � Chapter 1: The Transportation System
TABLE 1-19: Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Imported Automobiles
1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Salesa (thousands)Total units 9,095 10,969 9,224 8,725 8,652 8,261 8,071 8,646 8,978 8,308
Minicompact 428 52 77 45 34 40 12 13 19 33Subcompact 3,441 2,382 2,030 1,518 1,315 1,510 1,491 1,622 1,789 922Compact 599 3,526 3,156 3,290 3,493 2,937 2,309 2,367 2,398 3,058
Midsize 3,073 3,118 2,512 2,499 2,488 2,531 3,107 3,359 3,352 2,669Large 1,336 1,516 1,279 1,321 1,259 1,162 1,050 1,181 1,297 1,507Two-seater 216 374 170 53 62 81 101 103 122 118
Market share, percentMinicompact 4.7 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.4
Subcompact 37.8 21.7 22.0 17.4 15.2 18.3 18.5 18.8 19.9 11.1Compact 6.6 32.1 34.2 37.7 40.4 35.6 28.6 27.4 26.7 36.8Midsize 33.8 28.4 27.2 28.6 28.8 30.6 38.5 38.9 37.3 32.1
Large 14.7 13.8 13.9 15.1 14.6 14.1 13.0 13.7 14.4 18.1Two-seater 2.4 3.4 1.8 0.6 0.7 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.4
Fuel economy, mpgFleet 23.2 27.0 27.6 28.0 28.3 28.3 28.3 28.0 28.2 28.5Minicompact 29.4 32.7 26.4 27.0 27.2 26.3 23.9 24.8 25.6 24.6
Subcompact 27.3 30.1 31.3 31.7 32.1 32.6 31.3 31.0 31.1 29.6Compact 22.3 29.6 28.9 30.2 30.4 30.0 30.8 30.2 30.4 31.3
Midsize 21.3 24.9 25.9 25.9 26.4 26.3 26.9 27.0 26.8 27.2Large 19.3 22.3 23.5 24.1 24.2 24.5 24.6 24.4 25.3 25.4Two-seater 21.0 27.6 28.0 24.7 25.4 26.3 25.4 25.2 25.8 26.5
KEY: mpg = miles per gallon.
a Sales period is October 1 of the previous year through September 30 of the current year. These figures repre-sent only those sales that could be matched to corresponding U.S. Environmental Protection Agency fuel economy values.
NOTENumbers and percents may not add to totals due to rounding.
SOURCELight-Duty Vehicle MPG and Market Shares System Database, as cited in Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Transportation Energy Data Book, Edition 21, ORNL-6966 (Oak Ridge, TN: 2001), table 7.5, p. 7-6, and personal communication, Sept. 3, 2002.
Vehicle, Aircraft, and Vessel Inventory � 31
TABLE 1-20: Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Imported Light Trucks
1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Salesa (thousands)Total units 2,217 4,235 4,515 5,934 6,237 6,527 7,138 8,002 8,307 8,020
Small pickups 516 864 1,136 1,068 1,010 978 891 1,111 1,072 819Large pickups 1,115 1,691 1,116 1,473 1,607 1,594 1,947 2,022 1,969 1,988Small vans 14 438 1,012 1,331 1,307 1,298 1,273 1,372 1,272 1,051
Large vans 328 536 319 328 293 304 331 364 369 324Small SUV 52 442 402 510 580 350 487 662 756 895Medium SUV 152 187 434 1,077 1,272 1,448 1,586 1,758 2,167 2,158
Large SUV 40 78 94 149 168 555 622 713 702 785
Market share, percentSmall pickups 23.3 20.4 25.2 18.0 16.2 15.0 12.5 13.9 12.9 10.2Large pickups 50.3 39.9 24.7 24.8 25.8 24.4 27.3 25.3 23.7 24.8Small vans 0.6 10.3 22.4 22.4 21.0 19.9 17.8 17.1 15.3 13.1
Large vans 14.8 12.7 7.1 5.5 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.0Small SUV 2.3 10.4 8.9 8.6 9.3 5.4 6.8 8.3 9.1 11.2Medium SUV 6.9 4.4 9.6 18.1 20.4 22.2 22.2 22.0 26.1 26.9
Large SUV 1.8 1.8 2.1 2.5 2.7 8.5 8.7 8.9 8.5 9.8
Fuel economy, mpgFleet 18.1 20.4 20.5 20.2 20.4 20.1 20.3 20.0 20.4 20.5Small pickups 25.5 26.8 24.5 24.4 24.8 24.1 24.1 22.6 22.0 21.3
Large pickups 17.0 19.0 17.5 17.8 17.9 18.5 18.3 18.1 18.7 19.0Small vans 19.6 23.9 22.3 22.4 22.3 22.5 23.0 22.8 23.0 23.1Large vans 16.3 16.4 17.1 17.2 17.3 18.0 18.2 17.7 18.2 18.3
Small SUV 17.7 22.1 22.5 22.0 22.6 23.3 23.7 23.6 23.8 24.3Medium SUV 14.9 17.2 19.7 19.2 19.6 19.1 20.0 20.0 20.4 20.7Large SUV 13.7 17.1 16.5 16.1 17.3 17.5 17.4 17.1 17.5 17.6
KEY: mpg = miles per gallon; SUV = sport utility vehicle.
a Sales period is October 1 of the previous year through September 30 of the current year. These figures repre-sent only those sales that could be matched to corresponding U.S. Environmental Protection Agency fuel economy values.
NOTESNumbers and percents may not add to totals due to rounding.Fleet sales total cannot be compared with truck sales in table 1-10 for the following reasons: 1) this table
includes both domestic and imported trucks, whereas the numbers in table 1-10 are for domestic trucks only; and 2) this table covers only light trucks, whereas the numbers in table 1-10 include heavy trucks.
SOURCELight-Duty Vehicle MPG and Market Shares System Database, as cited in Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Transportation Energy Data Book, Edition 21, ORNL-6966 (Oak Ridge, TN: 2001), table 7.6, p. 7-7, and personal communication, Sept. 3, 2002.
32 � Chapter 1: The Transportation System
TABLE 1-21: Number of Trucks by Weight
Thousands of trucks Percent change 1992 1997 1992-97
All trucks 59,200.8 72,800.3 23.0%
Truck categoryLight
Less than 6,001 lb 50,545.7 62,798.4 24.2%
Medium6,001 to 10,000 lb 4,647.5 5,301.5 14.1%10,001 to 14,000 lb 694.3 818.9 17.9%14,001 to 16,000 lb 282.4 315.9 11.9%
16,001 to 19,500 lb 282.3 300.8 6.6%
Light-heavy19,501 to 26,000 lb 732.0 729.3 -0.4%
Heavy26,001 to 33,000 lb 387.3 427.7 10.4%33,001 to 40,000 lb 232.6 256.7 10.4%40,001 to 50,000 lb 338.6 399.9 18.1%
50,001 to 60,000 lb 226.7 311.4 37.4%60,001 to 80,000 lb 781.1 1,069.8 37.0%80,001 to 100,000 lb 33.3 46.3 39.0%
100,001 to 130,000 lb 12.3 17.9 45.5%130,000 lb or more 4.6 5.9 28.3%
Not reported <50 <50 N
KEY: lb = pound; N = data do not exist.
NOTESAverage vehicle weight is the empty weight of the vehicle plus the aver-
age load of the vehicle.Excludes vehicles owned by Federal, state, or local governments; ambu-
lances; buses; motor homes; farm tractors; unpowered trailer units; and trucks reported to have been sold, junked, or wrecked prior to July 1 of the year preceding the survey.
SOURCEU.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census: Vehicle Inventory and
Use Survey: United States, EC97TV-US (Washington, DC: 1999).
Vehicle, Aircraft, and Vessel Inventory � 33
TABL
E 1-
22: W
orld
Mot
or V
ehic
le P
rodu
ctio
n, S
elec
ted
Coun
tries
(Tho
usan
ds)
Pas
sen
ger
car
sb
1961
1971
1981
1991
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
TOTA
L w
orl
d11
,391
26,4
5327
,407
35,2
8735
,730
36,1
1137
,318
38,4
7437
,286
38,8
1640
,732
U.S
. per
cen
t o
f w
orl
d48
3223
1519
1816
1515
1514
Arg
entin
a78
193
139
114
338
227
269
366
353
225
239
Aus
tral
ia18
239
335
226
932
331
430
332
035
029
432
4A
ustr
ia8
17
1445
5997
9891
124
116
Bel
gium
N27
921
625
340
938
636
835
631
921
891
2B
razi
l98
342
406
705
1,24
81,
297
1,45
91,
680
1,24
41,
102
1,34
8C
anad
a32
81,
083
803
1,06
01,
214
1,33
71,
279
1,37
41,
122
1,62
61,
551
Chi
naN
NN
8125
032
138
248
250
757
062
0
Cze
ch R
epub
lica
5914
918
117
317
420
826
332
136
834
842
8
Fran
ce98
82,
694
2,61
23,
188
3,17
53,
051
3,14
82,
259
2,60
32,
676
2,88
3G
erm
any
1,80
23,
829
3,75
84,
677
4,09
44,
360
4,54
04,
678
5,34
85,
310
4,80
3In
dia
2242
4217
923
733
039
641
038
451
951
4Ita
ly69
41,
701
1,25
71,
633
1,34
11,
422
1,31
81,
563
1,40
21,
410
1,42
2Ja
pan
250
3,71
86,
974
9,75
37,
802
7,61
17,
864
8,49
18,
056
8,10
08,
363
Sou
th K
orea
NN
691,
158
1,80
62,
003
2,26
52,
308
1,62
52,
362
2,60
2M
alay
sia
NN
N10
213
716
417
628
012
620
028
0M
exic
oN
154
355
720
857
699
798
855
953
994
1,13
0N
ethe
rland
s13
7878
8592
100
145
197
243
262
215
Pol
and
1486
248
168
349
347
353
295
460
651
533
Por
tuga
lN
NN
N38
4111
918
618
118
719
1R
oman
iaN
NN
8485
7176
108
104
8858
Rus
sia
149
518
1,32
41,
308
796
838
868
982
U94
696
6S
pain
5545
385
51,
943
1,97
42,
131
2,21
32,
342
2,21
72,
029
2,44
5S
wed
en11
028
725
826
935
338
836
837
636
838
526
0Ta
iwan
NN
N26
629
128
226
526
829
325
526
5Tu
rkey
N13
2519
621
323
320
824
3U
U29
7U
nite
d K
ingd
om1,
004
1,74
295
51,
237
1,46
71,
532
1,68
61,
698
1,74
81,
787
1,62
9U
nite
d S
tate
s5,
522
8,58
46,
253
5,43
96,
614
6,35
16,
083
5,92
75,
554
5,63
85,
542
Yugo
slav
ia, F
eder
al R
epub
lic o
f15
114
240
213
88
911
UU
U
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
34 � Chapter 1: The Transportation System
Co
mm
erci
al v
ehic
lesc
1961
1971
1981
1991
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
TOTA
L w
orl
d3,
809
6,94
89,
729
11,9
9613
,952
13,9
2614
,147
14,9
8814
,811
16,1
3216
,796
U.S
. per
cen
t o
f w
orl
d 3
0 3
0 1
7 2
8 4
0 4
0 4
0 4
1 4
4 4
6 4
3
Arg
entin
a58
6033
2570
5944
8010
580
101
Aus
tral
ia49
7740
1531
1719
2934
1725
Aus
tria
56
86
39
910
1216
25B
elgi
um1
1741
8470
8269
7487
7412
1B
razi
l47
174
374
255
334
332
346
388
329
242
323
Can
ada
6327
752
082
91,
106
1,07
11,
118
1,19
81,
050
1,43
01,
411
Chi
naN
NN
628
1,10
31,
114
1,08
41,
096
1,12
11,
235
1,38
9
Cze
ch R
epub
lica
1728
4929
68
947
4227
27
Fran
ce21
731
640
842
338
342
444
332
235
135
746
9G
erm
any
411
312
358
358
262
307
303
345
379
378
395
Indi
a32
4710
717
623
830
636
633
612
926
128
2Ita
ly65
116
176
245
194
245
227
254
290
291
316
Japa
n78
92,
093
4,20
63,
492
2,75
22,
585
2,48
22,
484
1,99
41,
805
1,78
1S
outh
Kor
eaN
N65
340
506
523
548
510
329
471
513
Mal
aysi
aN
NN
00
00
07
515
Mex
ico
N57
242
269
266
236
422
503
500
540
792
Net
herla
nds
613
1226
2332
1920
2825
52P
olan
d22
6060
2516
3448
2739
4424
Por
tuga
lN
NN
2687
1613
8190
6556
Rom
ania
NN
N10
522
2321
2319
14R
ussi
a40
661
287
474
420
615
613
619
2U
226
237
Spa
in20
7913
213
916
820
319
922
060
964
458
7S
wed
en22
3055
7582
102
9510
411
410
936
Taiw
anN
NN
116
132
124
101
113
112
9510
0Tu
rkey
N12
2246
3149
6910
2U
U13
3U
nite
d K
ingd
om44
345
623
021
722
823
323
823
823
318
618
9U
nite
d S
tate
s1,
131
2,08
81,
690
3,37
25,
649
5,63
55,
716
6,19
26,
452
7,38
77,
228
Yugo
slav
ia, F
eder
al R
epub
lic o
f5
1827
262
21
2U
UU
TABL
E 1-
22: W
orld
Mot
or V
ehic
le P
rodu
ctio
n, S
elec
ted
Coun
tries
(Tho
usan
ds) (
Cont
inue
d)
Vehicle, Aircraft, and Vessel Inventory � 35
Tota
l
1961
1971
1981
1991
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
TOTA
L w
orl
d15
,200
33,4
0137
,136
47,2
8349
,681
50,0
3751
,465
53,4
6352
,098
54,9
4857
,528
U.S
. per
cen
t o
f w
orl
d 4
4 3
2 2
1 1
9 2
5 2
4 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
4 2
2
Arg
entin
a13
625
317
213
940
928
631
344
645
830
534
0A
ustr
alia
231
470
392
284
354
331
322
349
384
311
348
Aus
tria
137
1520
4868
106
108
103
139
141
Bel
gium
129
625
733
747
946
843
743
040
629
11,
033
Bra
zil
145
516
780
960
1,58
21,
629
1,80
52,
067
1,57
31,
344
1,67
1C
anad
a39
11,
360
1,32
31,
889
2,32
02,
408
2,39
72,
571
2,17
33,
057
2,96
2C
hina
NN
N70
91,
353
1,43
51,
466
1,57
81,
628
1,80
52,
009
Cze
ch R
epub
lica
7617
723
020
218
021
627
236
941
137
645
5
Fran
ce1,
205
3,01
03,
020
3,61
13,
558
3,47
53,
591
2,58
12,
954
3,03
33,
352
Ger
man
y2,
213
4,14
14,
116
5,03
54,
356
4,66
74,
843
5,02
35,
727
5,68
85,
198
Indi
a54
8914
935
547
563
676
274
651
378
079
6Ita
ly75
91,
817
1,43
31,
878
1,53
41,
667
1,54
51,
817
1,69
31,
701
1,73
8Ja
pan
1,03
95,
811
11,1
8013
,245
10,5
5410
,196
10,3
4610
,975
10,0
509,
905
10,1
45S
outh
Kor
eaN
N13
41,
498
2,31
22,
526
2,81
32,
818
1,95
42,
832
3,11
5M
alay
sia
NN
N10
213
716
417
628
013
420
529
5M
exic
oN
211
597
989
1,12
393
51,
220
1,35
81,
453
1,53
41,
923
Net
herla
nds
1991
9011
111
513
216
421
827
128
726
7P
olan
d36
146
308
193
365
381
401
322
499
695
556
Por
tuga
lN
NN
2612
557
132
267
271
252
247
Rom
ania
NN
N94
9093
9912
912
710
772
Rus
sia
555
1,13
02,
198
2,05
21,
002
994
1,00
41,
174
U1,
172
1,20
3S
pain
7553
298
72,
082
2,14
22,
334
2,41
22,
562
2,82
62,
672
3,03
3S
wed
en13
231
731
334
443
549
046
348
048
349
429
6Ta
iwan
NN
N38
242
340
636
638
140
535
036
5Tu
rkey
N25
4724
224
428
227
734
4U
U43
1U
nite
d K
ingd
om1,
447
2,19
81,
185
1,45
41,
695
1,76
51,
924
1,93
61,
981
1,97
31,
817
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
6,65
310
,672
7,94
38,
811
12,2
6311
,986
11,7
9912
,119
12,0
0613
,025
12,7
71Yu
gosl
avia
, Fed
eral
Rep
ublic
of
2013
226
723
99
1010
14U
UU
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; U =
dat
a ar
e no
t ava
ilabl
e.
aFo
rmer
ly C
zech
oslo
vaki
a.b
Doe
s no
t in
clud
e m
iniv
ans,
pic
kups
, and
spo
rt u
tilit
y ve
hicl
es.
cIn
clud
es a
ll tr
ucks
and
bus
es. L
ight
tru
cks,
suc
h as
pic
kups
, spo
rt u
tilit
y ve
hicl
es, a
nd m
iniv
ans
are
incl
uded
und
er c
omm
erci
al v
ehic
les.
NO
TE
SPr
ior
to 2
000,
the
cou
ntry
of m
anuf
actu
re w
as r
ecog
nize
d as
the
prod
ucin
g co
untr
y. T
o co
nfor
m w
ith
curr
ent O
ICA
(Int
erna
tion
al O
rgan
izat
ion
of M
otor
V
ehic
le M
anuf
actu
rers
) pr
acti
ces,
sta
rtin
g in
200
0, t
he c
ount
ry o
f fi
nal a
ssem
bly
was
rec
ogni
zed
as t
he p
rodu
cing
cou
ntry
. Thi
s ex
plai
ns t
he s
udde
n ch
ange
in t
rend
s ac
ross
som
e co
untr
ies
from
199
9 to
200
0.N
umbe
rs m
ay n
ot a
dd t
o to
tal d
ue t
o ro
undi
ng.
SOU
RC
EW
ard’
s, M
otor
Veh
icle
Fac
ts &
Fig
ures
200
1 (S
outh
fiel
d, M
I: 2
001)
, p. 1
2 an
d si
mila
r ta
bles
in p
revi
ous
edit
ions
.
TABL
E 1-
22: W
orld
Mot
or V
ehic
le P
rodu
ctio
n, S
elec
ted
Coun
tries
(Tho
usan
ds) (
Cont
inue
d)
36 � Chapter 1: The Transportation SystemTA
BLE
1-23
: Num
ber a
nd S
ize
of th
e U.
S. F
lag
Mer
chan
t Fle
et a
nd It
s Sh
are
of th
e W
orld
Fle
et
(Oce
ango
ing
ship
s of
1,0
00 g
ross
tons
and
ove
r)
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Wo
rld
fle
et17
,317
18,3
2919
,980
22,8
7224
,867
25,5
5523
,596
25,6
0826
,858
27,5
5727
,825
28,2
5928
,318
28,2
96
U.S
. fle
et2,
926
2,37
61,
579
857
864
737
636
509
495
477
470
463
454
443
U.S
. sh
are
of
the
wo
rld
fle
et17
%13
%8%
4%3%
3%3%
2%2%
2%2%
2%2%
2%
Fre
igh
ters
, to
tal
2,13
81,
747
1,07
651
147
141
736
729
529
228
828
928
428
628
3D
eadw
eigh
t ton
s (D
WT)
(t
hous
ands
)21
,877
18,1
2711
,733
7,05
16,
885
7,35
37,
265
6,51
76,
419
6,45
86,
732
6,69
66,
680
6,63
5
Gen
eral
car
goa
NN
N35
625
920
916
614
214
614
214
013
713
613
2D
WT
(th
ousa
nds)
NN
N4,
640
3,32
92,
980
2,60
52,
472
2,46
72,
420
2,40
02,
404
2,36
22,
162
Con
tain
ersh
ipN
NN
109
121
104
9281
8385
9189
9091
DW
T (
thou
sand
s)N
NN
1,77
32,
289
2,65
12,
856
2,60
02,
639
2,74
33,
096
3,05
63,
058
3,20
0
Par
tial c
onta
iner
ship
sN
NN
3768
6359
31
1N
NN
ND
WT
(th
ousa
nds)
NN
N51
094
090
483
657
1717
NN
NN
RO
/RO
NN
N9
2341
5069
6260
5858
6060
DW
T (
thou
sand
s)N
NN
128
327
818
968
1,38
81,
296
1,27
81,
236
1,23
61,
260
1,27
3
Tan
kers
, to
tal
422
341
294
267
308
258
233
181
173
161
154
154
142
130
DW
T (
tho
usa
nd
s)7,
815
7,56
17,
739
9,71
116
,152
15,5
3415
,641
11,0
2810
,378
9,69
69,
289
9,37
38,
447
7,53
2
Pet
role
um/c
hem
ical
shi
psb
NN
NN
N24
421
916
715
914
814
514
614
213
0D
WT
(th
ousa
nds)
NN
NN
N14
,574
14,6
8110
,123
9,47
38,
857
8,73
78,
845
8,44
77,
532
Liqu
efie
d pe
trol
eum
/nat
ural
gas
shi
psN
NN
NN
1414
1414
139
8N
N
DW
T (
thou
sand
s)N
NN
NN
960
960
905
905
839
552
528
NN
Com
bina
tion/
pass
enge
r a
nd c
argo
, tot
al30
922
717
160
6537
1013
1514
1211
1113
DW
T (
tho
usa
nd
s)2,
070
1,48
81,
107
388
446
299
9111
513
913
611
699
9910
5
Bu
lk c
arri
ers,
to
tal
5761
3819
2025
2620
1514
1514
1517
DW
T (
tho
usa
nd
s)80
51,
107
767
544
607
1,15
21,
270
925
575
321
604
579
604
706
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; RO
/RO
= r
oll-o
n/ro
ll-of
f ves
sels
.
aIn
clud
es b
arge
car
rier
s.b
Incl
udes
inte
grat
ed t
ug/b
arge
s.
NO
TE
SE
xclu
des
nonm
erch
ant
type
and
/or
U.S
. Nav
y-ow
ned
vess
els
curr
entl
y in
the
Nat
iona
l Def
ense
Res
erve
Fle
et.
Exc
lude
s sh
ips
oper
atin
g ex
clus
ivel
y on
the
Gre
at L
akes
and
inla
nd w
ater
way
s an
d sp
ecia
l typ
es s
uch
as: c
hann
el s
hips
, ice
brea
kers
, cab
le s
hips
, and
mer
chan
t sh
ips
owne
d by
mili
tary
for
ces.
All
data
are
as
of D
ecem
ber
31 o
f ye
ar s
how
n.
SOU
RC
ES
1960
-200
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of T
rans
port
atio
n, M
ariti
me
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Mer
chan
t Fle
ets
of t
he W
orld
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), a
nd u
npub
lishe
d re
visi
ons.
2001
: U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, M
arit
ime
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
Aug
. 27,
200
2.
chapter one
Section CCondition
Condition � 39
TABLE 1-24: U.S. Airport Runway Pavement Conditions
1986 1990 1993 1997 1999 2000 2001
NPIASa airports, total 3,243 3,285 3,294 3,331 3,344 3,361 3,364
Condition, percentGood 61 61 68 72 72 73 73
Fair 28 29 25 23 23 22 22Poor 11 10 7 5 5 5 5
Commercial service airportsb, total 550 568 554 566 547 546 546
Condition, percentGood 78 78 79 79 78 79 79Fair 15 17 18 19 20 19 19
Poor 7 5 3 2 R2 2 2
KEY: NPIAS = National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems.
a The U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA’s) National Plan of Inte-grated Airport Systems is composed of all commercial service airports, all reliever airports, and selected gen-eral aviation airports. It does not include over 1,000 publicly owned public-use landing areas, privately owned public-use airports, and other civil landing areas not open to the general public. NPIAS airports account for almost all enplanements. In 2001, there were 15,942 non-NPIAS airports. See table 1-3 for more detail on airports.
b Commercial service airports are defined as public airports receiving scheduled passenger service, and having at least 2,500 enplaned passengers per year.
NOTESData are as of January 1 of each year. Runway pavement condition is classified by the FAA as follows:Good: All cracks and joints are sealed.Fair: Mild surface cracking, unsealed joints, and slab edge spalling.Poor: Large open cracks, surface and edge spalling, vegetation growing through cracks and joints.
SOURCESCondition1986-90: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, National Plan of Integrated Air-
port Systems (Washington DC: 1991).1993: Ibid. (Washington DC: 1995). 1997, 1999-2001: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Airport Plan-
ning and Programming, National Planning Division, personal communication, 1997, 2000, Aug. 20, 2001, May 27, 2002.
Total number of airports1986-2001: Ibid., June 23, 2000, Aug. 20, 2001, and May 27, 2002.
40 � Chapter 1: The Transportation System
TABLE 1-25: Median Age of Automobiles and Trucks in Operation in the United States
Year Automobiles Trucks1970 4.9 5.91975 5.4 5.81980 6.0 6.3
1985 6.9 7.61990 6.5 6.51995 7.7 7.6
1996 7.9 7.71997 8.1 7.81998 8.3 7.6
1999 8.3 7.22000 8.3 6.9
NOTEThe National Personal Transportation Survey con-
ducted by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, estimates the mean age of automobiles, trucks, and vans for several years:
1969 1977 1983 1990 1995
Automobiles 5.1 5.5 6.7 7.6 8.2
Trucks N 6.4 7.9 9.0 a8.3
a Includes vans.
KEY: N = data do not exist.
SOURCE The R.L. Polk Co., personal communication, Aug. 9,
2001.
Condition � 41
TABL
E 1-
26: C
ondi
tion
of U
.S. R
oadw
ays
by F
unct
iona
l Sys
tem
1990
19
91
1992
19
93
1994
19
95
1996
19
97
1998
19
99
2000
R
UR
AL
Inte
rsta
tes
Mile
s re
po
rted
33,5
4733
,677
33,0
2729
,089
31,5
0231
,254
31,3
1231
,431
30,4
9832
,820
32,8
88P
oor,
perc
ent
8.7
7.6
5.2
7.0
6.5
6.3
3.9
3.6
4.1
2.4
2.1
Med
iocr
e, p
erce
ntb
b14
.127
.726
.520
.719
.119
.116
.514
.012
.2Fa
ir, p
erce
nt31
.931
.717
.420
.923
.922
.321
.720
.717
.818
.116
.9G
ood,
per
cent
bb
27.6
36.1
33.2
36.9
38.8
41.0
42.6
44.0
44.8
Ver
y go
od, p
erce
nt59
.560
.735
.68.
39.
913
.916
.615
.719
.021
.523
.9U
npav
ed, p
erce
ntN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Mile
s n
ot
rep
ort
edN
NN
3,56
395
51,
326
1,50
81,
382
2,31
315
316
2
Oth
er p
rin
cip
al a
rter
ials
Mile
s re
po
rted
83,8
0285
,729
94,7
9878
,296
89,5
0689
,265
92,1
0392
,170
93,3
3397
,247
97,2
84P
oor,
perc
ent
3.4
3.6
3.3
2.9
2.4
4.4
1.4
1.6
1.4
0.9
0.8
Med
iocr
e, p
erce
ntb
b5.
99.
28.
27.
65.
84.
94.
63.
73.
2Fa
ir, p
erce
nt42
.644
.534
.654
.857
.451
.149
.147
.743
.341
.538
.7
Goo
d, p
erce
ntb
b28
.526
.726
.627
.934
.4R
37.2
38.3
40.5
42.9
Ver
y go
od, p
erce
nt53
.851
.927
.66.
45.
49.
09.
38.
612
.313
.514
.4U
npav
ed, p
erce
ntN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Mile
s n
ot
rep
ort
edN
NN
17,9
057,
489
8,68
36,
028
6,08
35,
524
1,58
71,
625
Min
or
arte
rial
sM
iles
rep
ort
ed14
4,73
514
2,86
613
7,63
713
4,83
712
4,87
712
1,44
312
6,38
112
6,52
513
0,59
113
5,19
213
6,09
2P
oor,
perc
ent
4.6
4.3
3.9
3.9
3.5
3.7
2.3
2.3
1.9
1.7
1.7
Med
iocr
e, p
erce
ntb
b7.
19.
110
.59.
08.
26.
76.
05.
25.
3Fa
ir, p
erce
nt48
.247
.336
.453
.557
.954
.750
.750
.447
.247
.346
.2
Goo
d, p
erce
ntb
b25
.325
.023
.623
.931
.033
.634
.334
.435
.6V
ery
good
, per
cent
47.2
48.4
26.8
8.5
4.5
8.7
7.7
7.0
10.6
11.4
11.2
Unp
aved
, per
cent
——
NN
NN
NN
NN
N
Mile
s n
ot
rep
ort
edN
NN
12,7
4013
,294
15,7
08R
10,9
7810
,978
6,66
41,
968
1,22
7
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
42 � Chapter 1: The Transportation System
Maj
or
colle
cto
rsM
iles
rep
ort
ed43
6,36
543
6,73
743
4,17
543
2,22
343
1,11
143
1,71
243
2,11
738
6,12
2R
171,
134
163,
544
388,
485
Poo
r, pe
rcen
t8.
97.
77.
86.
86.
56.
56.
77.
8R
8.8
9.3
8.5
Med
iocr
e, p
erce
ntb
b11
.012
.411
.311
.410
.312
.3R
13.0
12.1
12.7
Fair,
per
cent
43.8
45.2
32.3
37.7
33.5
30.8
R34
.437
.6R
33.5
33.2
43.7
Goo
d, p
erce
ntb
b17
.716
.316
.117
.420
.023
.0R
21.3
20.9
22
Ver
y go
od, p
erce
nt36
.236
.120
.415
.921
.923
.718
.419
.3R
23.4
24.5
13.2
Unp
aved
, per
cent
11.1
11.0
10.7
10.9
10.7
10.2
10.1
NN
NN
Mile
s n
ot
rep
ort
eda
NN
NN
NN
N2,
402
R21
7,56
6U
U
UR
BA
NIn
ters
tate
sM
iles
rep
ort
ed11
,527
11,6
0312
,466
10,7
3812
,338
12,3
0712
,430
12,4
7712
,231
13,1
0913
,139
Poo
r, pe
rcen
t8.
67.
77.
110
.613
.010
.48.
69.
09.
47.
36.
5M
edio
cre,
per
cent
bb
13.2
30.9
29.9
26.8
28.3
27.0
25.5
23.1
21.7
Fair,
per
cent
32.2
32.3
17.0
23.6
24.2
23.8
24.7
24.4
21.8
22.6
21.4
Goo
d, p
erce
ntb
b28
.028
.326
.727
.530
.732
.932
.034
.937
.1
Ver
y go
od, p
erce
nt59
.160
.034
.76.
56.
211
.47.
66.
711
.412
.013
.3
Unp
aved
, per
cent
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NM
iles
no
t re
po
rted
NN
N2,
140
788
857
787
771
1,04
023
022
6
Oth
er f
reew
ays
and
exp
ress
way
sM
iles
rep
ort
ed7,
670
7,71
48,
465
7,01
17,
618
7,80
48,
410
8,48
08,
772
8,86
08,
794
Poo
r, pe
rcen
t2.
22.
32.
63.
85.
34.
83.
43.
33.
22.
62.
8M
edio
cre,
per
cent
bb
5.9
9.4
12.7
9.8
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.0
8.1
Fair,
per
cent
43.9
44.2
L32
.460
.658
.154
.754
.758
.554
.353
.650
.6G
ood,
per
cent
bb
28.1
22.7
20.9
20.4
26.3
25.2
27.1
30.0
31.6
Ver
y go
od, p
erce
nt53
.953
.531
.03.
52.
910
.36.
84.
26.
66.
86.
8U
npav
ed, p
erce
ntN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
Mile
s n
ot
rep
ort
edN
NN
1,84
61,
377
1,16
6R
617
579
397
281
355
TABL
E 1-
26: C
ondi
tion
of U
.S. R
oadw
ays
by F
unct
iona
l Sys
tem
(Con
tinue
d)
1990
19
91
1992
19
93
1994
19
95
1996
19
97
1998
19
99
2000
Condition � 43
Oth
er p
rin
cip
al a
rter
ials
Mile
s re
po
rted
51,9
8752
,349
52,1
6530
,337
38,5
9841
,444
44,4
9845
,009
44,8
8648
,045
47,7
97P
oor,
perc
ent
5.9
6.6
6.8
9.2
12.5
12.4
11.8
12.1
12.9
12.5
13.2
Med
iocr
e, p
erce
ntb
b11
.513
.316
.314
.714
.114
.618
.518
.116
.8
Fair,
per
cent
49.0
49.1
34.8
55.0
50.8
47.2
48.9
49.5
45.3
45.2
45.1
Goo
d, p
erce
ntb
b21
.419
.316
.615
.917
.517
.817
.618
.819
.4
Ver
y go
od, p
erce
nt45
.144
.325
.33.
33.
89.
77.
76.
05.
85.
45.
4
Unp
aved
, per
cent
NN
NN
NN
NN
NN
NM
iles
no
t re
po
rted
NN
N22
,498
14,4
9211
,352
8,48
58,
209
8,24
65,
154
5,51
8
Min
or
arte
rial
sM
iles
rep
ort
ed74
,656
74,9
7980
,368
86,8
1987
,852
88,5
1089
,020
88,4
84R
45,2
7543
,481
88,3
39
Poo
r, pe
rcen
t8.
97.
47.
97.
96.
76.
76.
97.
2R
5.7
5.8
10.0
Med
iocr
e, p
erce
ntb
b14
.313
.812
.313
.613
.013
.012
.211
.716
.0
Fair,
per
cent
48.5
49.9
34.1
40.2
38.1
36.9
37.9
37.9
R36
.035
.339
.8
Goo
d, p
erce
ntb
b19
.218
.420
.520
.420
.721
.4R
22.1
20.5
16.9
Ver
y go
od, p
erce
nt42
.142
.124
.019
.422
.122
.121
.120
.6R
24.0
26.8
17.3
Unp
aved
, per
cent
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.4
NN
NN
Mile
s n
ot
rep
ort
edb
NN
NN
NN
N37
4R
43,4
35U
U
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
TABL
E 1-
26: C
ondi
tion
of U
.S. R
oadw
ays
by F
unct
iona
l Sys
tem
(Con
tinue
d)
1990
19
91
1992
19
93
1994
19
95
1996
19
97
1998
19
99
2000
44 � Chapter 1: The Transportation System
Co
llect
ors
Mile
s re
po
rted
78,2
4877
,097
82,6
5784
,856
86,0
9887
,331
87,7
9086
,666
R53
,806
52,0
0286
,026
Poo
r, pe
rcen
t16
.511
.210
.510
.69.
89.
79.
710
.6R
8.1
9.0
14.7
Med
iocr
e, p
erce
ntb
b16
.916
.816
.216
.816
.616
.0R
12.8
13.0
17.4
Fair,
per
cent
50.4
53.5
35.2
40.0
40.0
39.0
39.2
39.0
R39
.437
.435
.7
Goo
d, p
erce
ntb
b17
.316
.117
.017
.218
.218
.4R
18.8
17.2
14.2
Ver
y go
od, p
erce
nt31
.734
.219
.115
.516
.016
.615
.415
.9R
20.9
23.4
18
Unp
aved
, per
cent
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.9
NN
NN
Mile
s n
ot
rep
ort
edb
NN
NN
NN
N66
3R
32,9
21U
U
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; R =
rev
ised
; U =
dat
a ar
e no
t ava
ilabl
e; —
= v
alue
too
smal
l to
repo
rt.
aT
he in
crea
se in
mile
s no
t rep
orte
d ca
n be
att
ribu
ted
to t
he f
act
that
man
y st
ates
are
ele
ctin
g to
rep
ort p
avem
ent c
ondi
tion
s by
the
mor
e ob
ject
ive
Inte
rnat
iona
l R
ough
ness
Ind
icat
or (
IRI)
rat
her
than
by
the
Pres
ent
Serv
icea
bilit
y R
atin
g (P
SR),
whi
ch h
as t
radi
tion
ally
bee
n us
ed t
o de
term
ine
pave
men
t co
ndit
ions
for
th
ese
syst
ems.
bIn
clud
ed in
row
bel
ow.
NO
TE
SB
ecau
se o
f th
e tr
ansi
tion
to
a ne
w in
dica
tor
for
pave
men
t co
ndit
ion
begi
nnin
g w
ith
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n (F
HW
A)
data
pub
lishe
d in
199
3, c
ompa
riso
ns b
etw
een
pre-
1993
dat
a an
d 19
93 a
nd la
ter
data
are
dif
ficu
lt. T
hus,
tre
nd c
ompa
riso
ns s
houl
d be
mad
e w
ith
care
. For
add
itio
nal i
nfor
mat
ion,
the
rea
der
is r
efer
red
to t
he a
ccur
acy
prof
ile f
or t
his
tabl
e in
the
app
endi
x. T
otal
mile
age
in t
his
tabl
e w
ill n
ot m
atch
tha
t in
ta
ble
1-5
beca
use
of a
cha
nge
in t
he m
etho
d of
cre
atin
g m
ileag
e-ba
sed
tabl
es d
eriv
ed f
rom
the
Hig
hway
Per
form
ance
Mon
itor
ing
Syst
em, b
egin
ning
wit
h th
e 19
97 is
sue
of F
HW
A's
Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
Dat
a ar
e fo
r th
e 50
sta
tes
and
the
Dis
tric
t of
Col
umbi
a.Pe
rcen
ts m
ay n
ot a
dd t
o to
tals
due
to
roun
ding
.
SOU
RC
ES
1990
-92:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n, H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le H
M-6
3.19
93-9
8, 2
000:
Ibi
d., t
able
HM
-63
for
rura
l maj
or c
olle
ctor
, urb
an m
inor
art
eria
l, an
d ur
ban
colle
ctor
, and
tab
le H
M-6
4 fo
r al
l oth
er c
ateg
orie
s.19
99: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Hig
hway
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
Jun
e 5,
200
2.
TABL
E 1-
26: C
ondi
tion
of U
.S. R
oadw
ays
by F
unct
iona
l Sys
tem
(Con
tinue
d)
1990
19
91
1992
19
93
1994
19
95
1996
19
97
1998
19
99
2000
Condition � 45
TABL
E 1-
27: C
ondi
tion
of U
.S. H
ighw
ay B
ridge
s
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Urb
an b
ridge
s10
8,77
011
2,36
311
5,31
211
7,48
812
1,14
112
2,53
712
4,95
012
7,63
312
8,31
213
0,33
913
3,38
413
3,40
1
Rur
al b
ridge
s46
3,43
546
1,67
345
6,88
545
6,22
845
5,31
945
8,59
845
6,91
345
5,11
845
4,66
445
5,20
345
6,29
045
6,28
4To
tal
572,
205
574,
036
572,
197
573,
716
576,
460
581,
135
581,
863
582,
751
582,
976
585,
542
589,
674
589,
685
Urb
an d
efic
ien
t b
rid
ges
Str
uctu
rally
16
,847
17,0
3216
,323
15,9
3215
,692
15,2
0515
,094
14,8
4614
,073
12,9
6712
,695
12,7
05F
unct
iona
lly
30,2
6630
,842
26,2
4326
,511
27,0
2427
,487
28,0
8726
,865
27,5
8829
,065
29,3
9829
,383
Tota
l47
,113
47,8
7442
,566
42,4
4342
,716
42,6
9243
,181
41,7
1141
,661
42,0
3242
,093
42,0
88
Ru
ral d
efic
ien
t b
rid
ges
Str
uctu
rally
12
1,01
811
7,50
210
2,37
596
,048
91,9
9189
,112
86,4
2483
,629
78,9
9975
,183
70,8
8170
,890
Fun
ctio
nally
70
,089
66,7
5154
,150
53,4
8952
,808
53,4
6353
,121
50,5
4551
,912
52,8
3552
,112
52,0
56To
tal
191,
107
184,
253
156,
525
149,
537
144,
799
142,
575
139,
545
134,
174
130,
911
128,
018
122,
993
122,
946
All
def
icie
nt
bri
dg
esS
truc
tura
lly
137,
865
134,
534
118,
698
111,
980
107,
683
104,
317
101,
518
98,4
7593
,072
88,1
5083
,576
83,5
95
Fun
ctio
nally
10
0,35
597
,593
80,3
9380
,000
79,8
3280
,950
81,2
0877
,410
79,5
0081
,900
81,5
1081
,439
Tota
l23
8,22
023
2,12
719
9,09
119
1,98
018
7,51
518
5,26
718
2,72
617
5,88
517
2,57
217
0,05
016
5,08
616
5,03
4
NO
TE
SSt
ruct
ural
ly d
efic
ient
bri
dges
are
def
ined
as
thos
e ne
edin
g si
gnif
ican
t m
aint
enan
ce a
tten
tion
, reh
abili
tati
on, o
r re
plac
emen
t.Fu
ncti
onal
ly d
efic
ient
bri
dges
are
def
ined
as
thos
e th
at d
o no
t ha
ve t
he la
ne w
idth
s, s
houl
der
wid
ths,
or
vert
ical
cle
aran
ces
adeq
uate
to
serv
e tr
affi
c de
man
d, o
r th
e br
idge
may
not
be
able
to
hand
le o
ccas
iona
l roa
dway
flo
odin
g.
Tabl
e in
clud
es: R
ural
–Int
erst
ate,
pri
ncip
al a
rter
ial,
min
or a
rter
ial,
maj
or c
olle
ctor
, min
or c
olle
ctor
and
loca
l roa
ds; U
rban
–Int
erst
ate,
oth
er f
reew
ays
or e
xpre
ss-
way
s, o
ther
pri
ncip
al a
rter
ial,
min
or a
rter
ial,
colle
ctor
, and
loca
l roa
ds.
Dat
a fo
r 19
90, 1
992,
199
7-99
, and
200
1 ar
e as
of
Dec
embe
r of
tho
se y
ears
; dat
a fo
r 19
91 a
nd 1
994-
96 a
re a
s of
Jun
e of
tho
se y
ears
; dat
a fo
r 19
93 a
re a
s of
Se
ptem
ber
of t
hat
year
; dat
a fo
r 20
00 a
re a
s of
Aug
ust
of t
hat
year
.
SOU
RC
ES
1990
-200
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Hig
hway
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Off
ice
of B
ridg
e Te
chno
logy
, Nat
iona
l Bri
dge
Inve
ntor
y D
atab
ase,
per
sona
l co
mm
unic
atio
n, A
ug. 1
4, 2
001.
20
01: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Hig
hway
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Off
ice
of B
ridg
e T
echn
olog
y, N
atio
nal B
ridg
e In
vent
ory
Dat
abas
e, C
ount
of
Bri
dges
by
Hig
hway
Sys
tem
, Int
erne
t si
te h
ttp:
//ww
w.f
hwa.
dot.
gov/
brid
ge/b
rita
b.ht
m a
s of
Aug
. 28,
200
2.
46 � Chapter 1: The Transportation System
TABLE 1-28: Average Age of Urban Transit Vehicles (Years)
1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000Transit rail
Commuter rail locomotivesa 16.3 15.7 15.9 17.6 17.0 14.7 13.2 13.4
Commuter rail passenger coaches 19.1 17.6 21.4 24.1 21.6 19.4 17.5 16.9
Commuter rail self-propelled passenger cars 12.3 15.9 19.8 21.1 22.3 23.2 24.3 25.4Heavy-rail passenger cars 17.1 16.2 19.3 20.2 21.1 22.0 22.5 22.9Light rail vehicles (streetcars) 20.6 15.2 16.8 16.0 15.9 15.7 15.7 16.1
Transit busb
Articulated 3.4 7.6 10.9 11.5 11.9 11.3 8.6 6.5Full-size 8.1 8.2 8.7 8.8 8.6 8.5 8.4 8.1
Mid-size 5.6 6.6 6.9 6.3 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.6Small 4.8 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.2Trolley U 10.9 13.1 14.0 14.7 14.6 15.6 16.4
OtherVans 3.8 2.8 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.1 3.1
Ferry boats U 21.7 23.4 25.3 25.4 25.8 25.1 25.6
KEY: U = data are not available.
a Locomotives used in Amtrak intercity passenger services are not included.b Full-size buses have more than 35 seats; mid-size buses have 25-35 seats; small buses have fewer than 25
seats.
SOURCE1985-2000: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database
(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table 29 and similar tables in earlier editions.
Condition � 47
TABL
E 1-
29: C
lass
I Ra
ilroa
d Lo
com
otiv
e Fl
eet b
y Ye
ar B
uilt
(Loc
omot
ive
units
)
Year
bu
ilta
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Tota
l18
,835
18,3
4418
,004
18,1
6118
,505
18,8
1219
,269
19,6
8420
,261
20,2
5620
,028
Bef
ore
1970
5,11
74,
353
4,03
83,
766
3,53
5b
bb
bb
f
1970
-74
3,85
23,
617
3,38
43,
248
3,18
4c 6
,048
c 5,7
83c 5
,529
c 5,5
65c 5
196
f
1975
-79
4,43
24,
375
4,29
24,
352
4,27
54,
254
4,27
44,
219
4,11
64,
000
g 8,5
4119
80-8
42,
837
2,82
62,
784
2,73
02,
625
2,75
42,
735
2,72
82,
723
2,58
12,
411
1985
-89
1,98
91,
985
1,97
01,
968
1,97
11,
890
1,86
61,
829
1,83
01,
779
1,77
5
1990
608
605
604
604
599
d 2,9
65d 2
,959
d 2,9
58d 2
,736
d 2,6
88d 2
,648
1991
583
595
595
594
ee
ee
ee
1992
337
340
339
ee
ee
ee
1993
558
602
ee
ee
ee
1994
781
ee
ee
ee
1995
901
945
983
953
951
973
1996
707
696
708
706
697
1997
742
741
743
745
1998
889
890
890
1999
722
713
2000
635
aD
isre
gard
s ye
ar o
f re
build
ing.
bIn
clud
ed in
197
0-74
cat
egor
y.c
Incl
udes
all
loco
mot
ives
bui
lt b
efor
e 19
75.
dIn
clud
es lo
com
otiv
es b
uilt
bet
wee
n 19
90-9
4.e
Incl
uded
in 1
990
cate
gory
.f
Incl
uded
in 1
975-
79 c
ateg
ory.
gIn
clud
es a
ll lo
com
otiv
es b
uilt
bef
ore
1980
.
SOU
RC
EA
ssoc
iati
on o
f A
mer
ican
Rai
lroa
ds, R
ailr
oad
Fact
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
.
48 � Chapter 1: The Transportation SystemTA
BLE
1-30
: Age
and
Ava
ilabi
lity
of A
mtra
k Lo
com
otiv
e an
d Ca
r Fle
ets
1972
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Lo
com
oti
ves
Per
cent
ava
ilabl
e fo
r se
rvic
eaN
8783
9384
8888
8888
9089
Ave
rage
age
(ye
ars)
b22
.314
.4 7
.4 7
.012
.013
.914
.412
.012
.612
.811
.2
Pas
sen
ger
an
d o
ther
tra
in c
ars
Per
cent
ava
ilabl
e fo
r se
rvic
eaN
8277
9090
9090
9193
9191
Ave
rage
age
(ye
ars)
b22
.024
.714
.314
.220
.021
.820
.719
.821
.122
.219
.4
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
.
aY
ear-
end
daily
ave
rage
. Act
ive
unit
s le
ss b
acks
hop
unit
s un
derg
oing
hea
vy m
aint
enan
ce le
ss b
ack-
orde
red
unit
s un
derg
oing
pro
gres
sive
mai
nten
ance
and
run
-ni
ng r
epai
rs.
bY
ear-
end
aver
age.
NO
TE
1972
was
Am
trak
’s f
irst
ful
l fis
cal y
ear
of o
pera
tion
.
SOU
RC
ES
1972
-80:
Am
trak
, Am
trak
Ann
ual R
epor
t (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
.19
85-9
9: I
bid.
, Am
trak
Ann
ual R
epor
t, S
tati
stic
al A
ppen
dix
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s).
2000
: Ibi
d., A
mtr
ak A
nnua
l Rep
ort,
Sta
tist
ical
App
endi
x (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
.
Condition � 49
TABLE 1-31: U.S. Flag Vessels by Type and Age (Number of vessels)
Vessel type
Agea Dry cargo Tanker Towboat Passengerc
Offshore support/
crewboatsd Dry barge
Tank/ liquidbargee Totalb
1990–91<6 80 6 132 151 85 2,335 162 2,9516–10 161 38 706 120 318 4,570 316 6,22911–15 212 50 1,029 110 474 7,639 829 10,34316–20 141 35 844 80 144 6,374 750 8,36821–25 82 38 750 65 84 2,607 759 4,385>25 196 86 1,718 188 51 3,372 1,049 6,660
Totalb 900 257 5,210 721 1,168 27,110 3,874 39,342
1992<6 36 5 134 219 93 3,224 296 4,0126–10 73 28 398 198 208 1,783 121 2,82911–15 135 54 1,137 203 567 9,114 902 12,15016–20 73 33 926 169 189 6,696 740 8,85321–25 31 42 716 122 91 2,475 677 4,167>25 124 82 1,874 287 53 3,496 1,123 7,049
Totalb 497 249 5,203 1,201 1,205 26,981 3,864 39,313
1993<6 25 3 135 207 103 3,558 325 4,3566–10 67 22 205 221 107 1,070 68 1,76411–15 135 43 1,221 211 597 8,810 869 11,89416–20 70 33 968 164 218 6,772 791 9,01921–25 41 31 674 129 106 2,904 655 4,543>25 128 73 2,008 311 64 3,713 1,256 7,555
Totalb 470 205 5,219 1,243 1,197 26,982 3,970 39,306
1994<6 46 4 146 157 107 3,630 399 4,4896–10 103 12 151 185 61 1,171 36 1,71911–15 200 36 1,135 123 540 7,903 754 10,69116–20 130 44 966 122 309 6,314 799 8,68421–25 90 32 664 82 130 3,873 638 5,509>25 206 74 2,107 259 86 3,706 1,327 7,765
Totalb 778 202 5,179 928 1,236 26,757 3,966 39,064
1995<6 38 5 168 149 119 3,975 489 4,9436–10 90 8 134 195 58 1,483 46 2,01411–15 168 34 959 133 463 6,387 611 8,76016–20 135 38 988 121 412 6,507 736 8,93921–25 80 29 726 91 141 4,897 697 6,661>25 213 64 2,146 263 92 3,966 1,403 8,148
Totalb 726 178 5,127 954 1,288 27,375 3,985 39,641
1996<6 43 7 205 153 123 5,189 573 6,2936–10 74 8 118 188 61 2,041 87 2,57711–15 141 29 715 142 351 4,505 346 6,22916–20 155 36 1,036 119 460 7,234 840 9,88121–25 79 23 842 87 155 5,416 723 7,325>25 229 62 2,386 290 144 4,766 1,576 9,453
Totalb 713 161 5,177 967 1,274 28,775 4,036 41,104Continued next page
50 � Chapter 1: The Transportation System
Agea Dry cargo Tanker Towboat Passengerc
Offshore support/
crewboatsd Dry barge
Tank/ liquidbargee Totalb
1997<6 52 8 227 150 122 5,515 519 6,5936–10 66 2 118 187 94 2,582 181 3,23011–15 96 27 396 152 223 1,800 137 2,83116–20 183 36 1,173 131 588 8,943 928 11,98221–25 84 21 918 102 177 5,772 727 7,801>25 209 53 2,332 302 159 4,284 1,477 8,816
Totalb 692 147 5,173 1,025 1,369 29,040 3,971 41,419
1998<6 56 12 247 150 163 5,877 485 6,9916–10 55 3 124 168 105 3,117 267 3,83911–15 105 19 196 166 111 1,113 72 1,78216–20 179 31 1,198 129 634 8,591 865 11,62621–25 88 22 979 106 211 5,909 763 8,076>25 230 48 2,487 292 195 4,817 1,499 9,573
Totalb 714 135 5,237 1,011 1,423 29,557 3,952 42,032
1999<6 60 12 302 144 245 6,640 565 7,9686–10 49 3 140 146 114 3,192 298 3,94311–15 97 12 146 183 61 1,231 39 1,76916–20 146 35 1,101 120 571 7,414 742 10,12921–25 99 30 953 95 283 5,302 760 7,522>25 243 50 2,447 282 191 5,491 1,560 10,267
Totalb 695 142 5,098 970 1,470 29,414 3,973 41,766
2000<6 66 11 325 134 246 6,721 582 8,0856–10 50 4 143 118 106 3,051 329 3,80211–15 113 8 142 178 58 1,565 48 2,11216–20 136 34 929 124 454 5,846 602 8,12521–25 105 30 954 90 332 5,365 712 7,588>25 263 48 2,497 271 214 6,461 1,714 11,470
Totalb 737 135 4,995 918 1,414 29,141 4,011 41,354
a Age is based on the year the vessel was built or rebuilt.b Totals may be greater than sum of columns because of unclassified vessels and vessels of unknown age; fig-
ures include vessels available for operation.c Includes passenger excursion/sightseeing, combination passenger and dry-cargo vessels, and ferries.d In 1992, offshore supply boats were designated as crewboats.e In 1992, tank barges were designated as liquid barges.
SOURCE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Transportation Lines of the United States, Volume 1, National Sum-
maries (New Orleans, LA: Annual issues), table 4 in 2000 and similar tables in previous years; also available on Internet site www.wrsc.usace.army.mil/ndc/ as of June 25, 2002.
TABLE 1-31: U.S. Flag Vessels by Type and Age (Number of vessels) (Continued)
Vessel type
chapter one
Section DTravel and Goods
Movement
Travel and Goods Movement � 53
TABL
E 1-
32: U
.S. V
ehic
le-M
iles
(Mill
ions
)
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Air
Air
carr
ier,
larg
e ce
rtifi
cate
d,
dom
estic
, all
serv
ices
858
1,13
42,
068
1,94
82,
523
3,04
63,
963
4,62
94,
811
4,91
15,
035
5,33
2R
5,66
4
Gen
eral
avi
atio
na1,
769
2,56
23,
207
4,23
85,
204
4,67
34,
548
3,79
53,
524
3,87
7N
NN
Hig
hw
ay
Pas
seng
er c
arb,
c58
7,01
272
2,69
691
6,70
01,
033,
950
1,11
1,59
61,
246,
798
1,40
8,26
61,
438,
294
1,46
9,85
41,
502,
556
1,54
9,57
71,
569,
100
1,60
1,91
4
Mot
orcy
cleb
hh
2,97
95,
629
10,2
149,
086
9,55
79,
797
9,92
010
,081
10,2
8310
,584
10,4
79
Oth
er 2
-axl
e 4-
tire
vehi
clec
hh
123,
286
200,
700
290,
935
390,
961
574,
571
790,
029
816,
540
850,
739
868,
275
901,
022
924,
018
Truc
kS
ingl
e-un
it 2-
axle
6-
tire
or m
ore
truc
k98
,551
128,
769
27,0
8134
,606
39,8
1345
,441
51,9
0162
,705
64,0
7266
,893
68,0
2170
,304
70,5
83
Com
bina
tion
truc
k28
,854
31,6
6535
,134
46,7
2468
,678
78,0
6394
,341
115,
451
118,
899
124,
584
128,
359
132,
384
135,
208
Bus
4,34
64,
681
4,54
46,
055
6,05
94,
478
5,72
66,
420
6,56
36,
842
7,00
77,
662
7,60
1
Tota
l hig
hw
ayc
R71
8,76
2R
887,
812
1,10
9,72
41,
327,
664
1,52
7,29
5R
1,77
4,82
62,
144,
362
2,42
2,69
62,
485,
848
2,56
1,69
52,
631,
522
2,69
1,05
62,
749,
803
Tran
sit
Mot
or b
usd
1,57
61,
528
1,40
91,
526
1,67
71,
863
2,13
02,
184
2,22
12,
245
2,17
52,
276
P2,
315
Ligh
t rai
l75
4234
2418
1724
3538
4144
49P
53H
eavy
rai
l39
139
540
742
338
545
153
753
754
355
856
657
8P
595
Trol
ley
bus
101
4333
1513
1614
1414
1414
14P
15C
omm
uter
rai
lN
NN
173
179
183
213
238
242
251
260
266
P27
1
Dem
and
resp
onsi
ved
NN
NN
N24
730
650
754
858
567
171
8P
759
Ferr
y bo
atN
NN
Ni
i2
32
33
3P
3O
ther
NN
N15
1515
1634
4350
6369
P71
Tota
l tra
nsi
te2,
143
2,00
81,
883
2,17
62,
287
2,79
13,
242
3,55
03,
650
3,74
63,
794
3,97
2P
4,08
1C
ontin
ued
next
pag
e
54 � Chapter 1: The Transportation System
Rai
lC
lass
I fre
ight
, tra
in-m
iles
404
421
427
403
428
347
380
458
469
475
475
490
504
Cla
ss I
frei
ght,
car-
mile
s28
,170
29,3
3629
,890
27,6
5629
,277
24,9
2026
,159
30,3
8331
,715
31,6
6032
,657
33,8
5134
,590
Inte
rcity
/Am
trakf
, tra
in-m
iles
209
172
9330
3030
3332
3032
3334
35
Inte
rcity
/Am
trakf
, car
-mile
s2,
208
1,77
569
025
323
525
130
129
227
628
831
234
236
8
Tota
l tra
in-m
ilesg
613
593
520
433
458
377
413
490
499
507
508
524
539
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; P =
pre
limin
ary;
R =
rev
ised
.
aA
ll op
erat
ions
oth
er t
han
thos
e op
erat
ing
unde
r 14
CFR
121
and
14
CFR
135
. Dat
a fo
r 19
96 a
re e
stim
ated
usi
ng n
ew in
form
atio
n on
non
resp
onde
nts
and
are
not
com
para
ble
to e
arlie
r ye
ars.
Mile
age
in s
ourc
e is
mul
tipl
ied
by 1
.151
to
conv
ert
to n
auti
cal-
mile
s fo
r 19
85-1
997.
bU
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Hig
hway
Adm
inis
trat
ion
(FH
WA
), p
rovi
des
data
sep
arat
ely
for
pass
enge
r ca
r an
d m
otor
cycl
e in
its
annu
al H
igh-
way
Sta
tist
ics
seri
es. H
owev
er, t
he 1
995
sum
mar
y re
port
pro
vide
s up
date
d da
ta f
or p
asse
nger
car
and
mot
orcy
cle
com
bine
d. P
asse
nger
car
fig
ures
in th
is ta
ble
wer
e co
mpu
ted
by U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Bur
eau
of T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
, by
subt
ract
ing
the
mos
t cu
rren
t m
otor
cycl
e fi
gure
s fr
om t
he a
ggre
-ga
te p
asse
nger
car
and
mot
orcy
cle
figu
res.
cIn
Jul
y 19
97, t
he F
HW
A p
ublis
hed
revi
sed
vehi
cle-
mile
s da
ta f
or t
he h
ighw
ay m
odes
for
man
y ye
ars.
The
maj
or c
hang
e re
flec
ted
the
reas
sign
men
t of
som
e ve
hicl
es f
rom
the
pas
seng
er c
ar c
ateg
ory
to t
he o
ther
2-a
xle
4-ti
re v
ehic
le c
ateg
ory.
Thi
s ca
teg
ory
was
cal
cula
ted
prio
r to
rou
ndin
g.d
Mot
or b
us a
nd d
eman
d re
spon
sive
fig
ures
are
als
o in
clud
ed in
the
bus
fig
ure
for
high
way
.e
Prio
r to
198
5, e
xclu
des
dem
and
resp
onsi
ve a
nd m
ost
rura
l and
sm
alle
r sy
stem
s fu
nded
via
Sec
tion
s 18
and
16(
b)2,
Fed
eral
Tra
nsit
Act
. The
ser
ies
is n
ot c
on-
tinu
ous
betw
een
1980
and
198
5. T
rans
it r
ail m
odes
are
mea
sure
d in
car
-mile
s. C
ar-m
iles
mea
sure
indi
vidu
al v
ehic
le-m
iles
in a
tra
in. A
10-
car
trai
n tr
avel
ing
1 m
ile w
ould
equ
al 1
tra
in-m
ile a
nd 1
0 ca
r-m
iles.
fA
mtr
ak b
egan
ope
rati
ons
in 1
971.
gA
ltho
ugh
both
tra
in-m
iles
and
car-
mile
s ar
e sh
own
for
rail,
onl
y tr
ain-
mile
s ar
e in
clud
ed in
the
tot
al. A
tra
in-m
ile is
the
mov
emen
t of
a t
rain
, whi
ch c
an c
on-
sist
of
mul
tipl
e ve
hicl
es (
cars
), t
he d
ista
nce
of 1
mile
. Thi
s di
ffer
s fr
om a
veh
icle
-mile
, whi
ch is
the
mov
emen
t of
1 v
ehic
le t
he d
ista
nce
of 1
mile
. A 1
0-ve
hicl
e tr
ain
trav
elin
g 1
mile
wou
ld b
e m
easu
red
as 1
tra
in-m
ile a
nd 1
0 ve
hicl
e-m
iles.
Cau
tion
sho
uld
be u
sed
whe
n co
mpa
ring
tra
in-m
iles
wit
h ve
hicl
e m
iles.
h19
60–6
5, m
otor
cycl
e da
ta a
re in
clud
ed in
pas
seng
er c
ar, a
nd o
ther
2-a
xle
4-ti
re v
ehic
le d
ata
incl
uded
in s
ingl
e-un
it 2
-axl
e 6-
tire
or
mor
e tr
uck.
iFe
rry
boat
incl
uded
wit
h ot
her.
TABL
E 1-
32: U
.S. V
ehic
le-M
iles
(Mill
ions
) (C
ontin
ued)
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Travel and Goods Movement � 55
TABL
E 1-
32: U
.S. V
ehic
le-M
iles
(Mill
ions
) (Co
ntin
ued)
SOU
RC
ES
Air
:A
ir c
arri
er:
1960
: Civ
il A
eron
auti
cs B
oard
, Han
dboo
k of
Air
line
Stat
isti
cs 1
969
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 197
0), p
art
III,
tab
le 2
.19
65-7
0: I
bid.
, Han
dboo
k of
Air
line
Stat
isti
cs 1
973
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 197
4), p
art
III,
tab
le 2
.19
75-8
0: I
bid.
, Air
Car
rier
Tra
ffic
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 197
6, 1
981)
, p. 4
(D
ecem
ber
1976
) an
d p.
2 (
Dec
embe
r 19
81).
1985
-200
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Bur
eau
of T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
, Off
ice
of A
irlin
e In
form
atio
n, A
ir C
arri
er T
raff
ic S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n,
DC
: Ann
ual D
ecem
ber
issu
es),
p. 2
, lin
e 27
plu
s lin
e 50
.G
ener
al a
viat
ion:
1960
-65:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al A
viat
ion
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
FA
A S
tati
stic
al H
andb
ook
of A
viat
ion
1972
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 1
973)
, tab
le
9.10
.19
70-7
5: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Avi
atio
n A
dmin
istr
atio
n, F
AA
Sta
tist
ical
Han
dboo
k of
Avi
atio
n 19
76 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 197
6), t
able
8-
5.19
80: U
.S. N
atio
nal T
rans
port
atio
n Sa
fety
Boa
rd e
stim
ate,
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
Dec
. 7, 1
998.
1985
-90:
Ibi
d., G
ener
al A
viat
ion
Act
ivit
y an
d A
vion
ics
Surv
ey (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s,)
tabl
e 3.
3.19
95-9
7: I
bid.
, Gen
eral
Avi
atio
n an
d A
ir T
axi A
ctiv
ity
and
Avi
onic
s Su
rvey
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le 3
.3.
Hig
hway
:P
asse
nger
car
and
mot
orcy
cle:
1960
-90:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n, H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s Su
mm
ary
to 1
995,
Int
erne
t si
te h
ttp:
//ww
w.f
hwa.
dot.
gov/
ohim
/sum
mar
y95/
inde
x.ht
ml,
as o
f Ju
ly 2
8, 2
000,
tab
le V
M-2
01A
.19
95-2
000:
Ibi
d., H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le V
M-1
, and
Int
erne
t si
te w
ww
.fhw
a.do
t.go
v/oh
im/o
him
stat
.htm
.M
otor
cycl
e:19
70-8
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Hig
hway
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics,
Sum
mar
y to
198
5 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 1
986)
, tab
le V
M-
201A
.19
85-2
000:
Ibi
d., H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le V
M-1
, and
Int
erne
t si
te w
ww
.fhw
a.do
t.go
v/oh
im/o
him
stat
.htm
.O
ther
2-a
xle
4-ti
re v
ehic
le:
1970
-90:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n, H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s Su
mm
ary
to 1
995,
Int
erne
t si
te h
ttp:
//ww
w.f
hwa.
dot.
gov/
ohim
/sum
mar
y95/
inde
x.ht
ml,
as o
f Ju
ly 2
8, 2
000,
tab
le V
M-2
01A
.19
95-2
000:
Ibi
d., H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le V
M-1
, and
Int
erne
t si
te w
ww
.fhw
a.do
t.go
v/oh
im/o
him
stat
.htm
.Si
ngle
-uni
t 2-
axle
6-t
ires
or
mor
e tr
uck,
com
bina
tion
tru
ck, a
nd b
us:
1960
-90:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n, H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s Su
mm
ary
to 1
995,
Int
erne
t si
te h
ttp:
//ww
w.f
hwa.
dot.
gov/
ohim
/sum
mar
y95/
inde
x.ht
ml,
as o
f Ju
ly 2
8, 2
000,
tab
le V
M-2
01A
.19
95-2
000:
Ibi
d., H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le V
M-1
, and
Int
erne
t si
te w
ww
.fhw
a.do
t.go
v/oh
im/o
him
stat
.htm
.
Tra
nsit
:19
60-2
000:
Am
eric
an P
ublic
Tra
nsit
Ass
ocia
tion
, Pub
lic T
rans
port
atio
n Fa
ct B
ook
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 200
2), t
able
42,
84,
and
sim
ilar
tabl
es in
ear
lier
edit
ions
.
Rai
l:C
lass
I r
ail f
reig
ht t
rain
- an
d ca
r-m
iles:
1960
-200
0: A
ssoc
iati
on o
f A
mer
ican
Rai
lroa
ds, R
ailr
oad
Fact
s 20
00 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 200
1), p
. 33
(tra
in-m
iles)
and
p. 3
4 (c
ar-m
iles)
.In
terc
ity/
Am
trak
tra
in-m
iles:
1960
-70:
Ass
ocia
tion
of
Am
eric
an R
ailr
oads
, Yea
rboo
k of
Rai
lroa
d Fa
cts
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 197
5), p
. 39.
1975
-200
0: A
mtr
ak, A
mtr
ak A
nnua
l Rep
ort,
Sta
tist
ical
App
endi
x (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
.In
terc
ity/
Am
trak
car
-mile
s:19
60-7
5: A
ssoc
iati
on o
f A
mer
ican
Rai
lroa
ds, Y
earb
ook
of R
ailr
oad
Fact
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 1
975)
, p. 4
0.19
80-2
000:
Am
trak
, Am
trak
Cor
pora
te R
epor
ting
, Rou
te P
rofi
tabi
lity
Syst
em, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n, 2
001.
56 � Chapter 1: The Transportation System
TABLE 1-33: Roadway Vehicle-Miles Traveled (VMT) and VMT per Lane-Mile by Functional Class
1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000VMT (millions)UrbanInterstate 161,242 216,188 278,901 R341,528 351,579 361,401 374,622 383,103 393,420
Other arterialsa 484,189 578,270 699,233 R815,170 834,623 846,659 862,994 877,796 899,794
Collector 83,043 89,578 106,297 R126,929 129,310 130,143 131,919 131,549 135,316
Local 126,791 160,062 191,053 205,907 208,374 222,142 228,530 234,507 235,634Total urban 855,265 1,044,098 1,275,484 R1,489,534 1,523,886 1,560,345 1,598,065 1,626,955 1,664,164
RuralInterstate 135,084 154,357 200,173 223,382 232,565 240,255 251,520 260,060 268,850
Other arterialsa 262,774 282,803 330,866 368,595 378,847 392,058 403,484 413,152 420,398
Collectorb 189,468 206,669 240,460 236,148 241,030 254,364 257,858 264,345 267,412
Local 84,704 86,899 97,379 105,164 107,752 114,673 120,595 125,875 127,859Total rural 672,030 730,728 868,878 933,289 960,194 1,001,350 1,033,457 1,063,432 1,084,519
VMT per lane-mile (thousands)UrbanInterstate 3,327 3,773 4,483 R4,784 4,897 R5,002 R5,131 5,229 5,325
Other arterialsa 1,451 1,556 1,751 R1,829 1,857 R1,866 R1,901 1,950 1,977
Collector 572 552 634 686 692 R689 R703 706 718
Local 146 168 184 181 181 R190 R194 198 197
Total urban 613 677 764 R810 820 R829 R845 858 869
RuralInterstate 1,031 1,170 1,473 1,693 1,749 1,804 R1,888 1,939 1,998
Other arterialsa 518 555 640 695 R711 R730 R750 766 779
Collectorb 132 141 164 167 170 179 182 187 189
Local 19 20 23 25 25 27 29 30 30Total rural 103 113 136 148 R152 157 R165 169 172
KEY: R = revised.
a For urban: the sum of other freeways and expressways, other principal arterials, and minor arterials.
For rural: the sum of other principal arterials and minor arterials.b Collector is the sum of major and minor collectors (rural only).
NOTESee table 1-6 for estimated highway lane-miles by functional class.
SOURCES1980-90: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary to
1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-202. 1995-98, 2000: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics
(Washington, D7C: Annual issues), table VM-2 and VM-2A.1999: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, personal communication, June 5,
2002.
Lane-miles:1980-95: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Highway Information
Management, unpublished data, 1997, table HM-260.1996-98, 2000: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics
(Washington, DC: Annual issues), table HM-60.1999: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, personal communication, June 5,
2002.
Travel and Goods Movement � 57
TABL
E 1-
34: U
.S. P
asse
nger
-Mile
s (M
illio
ns)
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Air
Air
carr
ier,
cert
ifica
ted,
do
mes
tic, a
ll se
rvic
es31
,099
53,2
2610
8,44
213
6,00
020
4,36
827
7,83
634
5,87
340
3,88
843
4,65
245
0,61
246
3,26
248
8,35
7R
516,
129
Gen
eral
avi
atio
na2,
300
4,40
09,
100
11,4
0014
,700
12,3
0013
,000
10,8
0012
,000
12,5
0013
,100
13,5
00U
Tota
l33
,399
57,6
2611
7,54
214
7,40
021
9,06
829
0,13
635
8,87
341
4,68
844
6,65
246
3,11
247
6,36
250
1,85
7U
Hig
hw
ay
Pas
seng
er c
arb,
c1,
144,
673
1,39
4,80
31,
750,
897
1,95
4,16
62,
011,
989
2,09
4,62
12,
281,
391
R2,
286,
887
2,33
7,06
8R
2,38
9,06
5R
2,46
3,82
82,
494,
870
2,54
7,04
4
Mot
orcy
cleb
,cg
g3,
277
6,19
212
,257
11,8
1212
,424
R10
,777
R10
,912
R11
,089
R11
,311
11,6
4211
,527
Oth
er 2
-axl
e 4-
tire
vehi
clec
hh
225,
613
363,
267
520,
774
688,
091
999,
754
R1,
256,
146
R1,
298,
299
R1,
352,
675
R1,
380,
557
1,43
2,62
51,
469,
189
Truc
k
Sin
gle-
unit
2-ax
le 6
-tire
or
mor
e tr
uck
98,5
5112
8,76
927
,081
34,6
0639
,813
45,4
4151
,901
62,7
0564
,072
66,8
9368
,021
70,3
0470
,583
Com
bina
tion
truc
k28
,854
31,6
6535
,134
46,7
2468
,678
78,0
6394
,341
115,
451
118,
899
124,
584
128,
359
132,
384
135,
208
Bus
dN
NN
NN
94,9
2512
1,39
813
6,10
4R
139,
136
145,
060
148,
558
162,
445
161,
152
Tota
lc1,
272,
078
1,55
5,23
72,
042,
002
2,40
4,95
42,
653,
510
3,01
2,95
33,
561,
209
R3,
868,
070
R3,
968,
386
R4,
089,
366
R4,
200,
635
4,30
4,27
04,
394,
703
Tran
sit
Mot
or b
usd
NN
NN
21,7
9021
,161
20,9
8118
,818
19,0
9619
,604
20,3
6021
,205
P21
,241
Ligh
t rai
lN
NN
N38
135
057
186
095
71,
035
1,12
81,
206
P1,
356
Hea
vy r
ail
NN
NN
10,5
5810
,427
11,4
7510
,559
11,5
3012
,056
12,2
8412
,902
P13
,844
Trol
ley
bus
NN
NN
219
306
193
187
184
189
182
186
P19
2
Com
mut
er r
ail
4,19
74,
128
4,59
24,
513
6,51
66,
534
7,08
28,
244
8,35
18,
038
8,70
48,
766
P9,
402
Dem
and
resp
onsi
ved
NN
NN
N36
443
160
765
675
473
581
3P83
9
Fer
ry b
oat
NN
NN
jj
286
260
265
294
294
310
P33
0
Oth
erN
NN
N39
043
912
427
333
936
944
146
9P46
2
Tota
lei 4
,197
i 4,1
28i 4
,592
i 4,5
1339
,854
39,5
8141
,143
39,8
0841
,378
42,3
3944
,128
45,8
57P47
,666
Rai
l
Inte
rcity
/ A
mtr
akf
17,0
6413
,260
6,17
93,
931
4,50
34,
825
6,05
75,
545
5,05
05,
166
5,30
45,
330
5,49
8
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; P =
pre
limin
ary;
R =
rev
ised
; U =
dat
a ar
e no
t ava
ilabl
e.
aA
ll op
erat
ions
oth
er t
han
thos
e op
erat
ing
unde
r 14
CFR
121
and
14
CFR
135
.b
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n (F
HW
A),
pro
vide
s da
ta s
epar
atel
y fo
r pa
ssen
ger
car
and
mot
orcy
cle
in it
s an
nual
Hig
h-w
ay S
tati
stic
s se
ries
. How
ever
, the
199
5 su
mm
ary
repo
rt p
rovi
des
upda
ted
data
for
pass
enge
r ca
r an
d m
otor
cycl
e co
mbi
ned.
Pas
seng
er c
ar f
igur
es in
this
tabl
e w
ere
com
pute
d by
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, B
urea
u of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
isti
cs b
y su
btra
ctin
g th
e m
ost
curr
ent
mot
orcy
cle
figu
res
from
the
agg
re-
gate
pas
seng
er c
ar a
nd m
otor
cycl
e fi
gure
s.c
In J
uly
1997
, FH
WA
pub
lishe
d re
vise
d pa
ssen
ger-
mile
s da
ta f
or t
he h
ighw
ay m
odes
for
a n
umbe
r of
yea
rs. T
he m
ajor
cha
nge
refl
ecte
d th
e re
assi
gnm
ent
of
som
e ve
hicl
es f
rom
the
pas
seng
er c
ar c
ateg
ory
to t
he o
ther
2-a
xle
4-ti
re v
ehic
le c
ateg
ory.
Pas
seng
er-m
iles
for
pass
enge
r ca
r, m
otor
cycl
e, a
nd o
ther
2-a
xle
4-ti
re
vehi
cles
wer
e de
rive
d by
mul
tipl
ying
veh
icle
-mile
s fo
r th
ese
vehi
cles
by
aver
age
vehi
cle
occu
panc
y ra
tes,
pro
vide
d by
the
Nat
ionw
ide
Pers
onal
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Surv
ey, 1
977,
198
3, a
nd 1
995.
C
ontin
ued
next
pag
e
58 � Chapter 1: The Transportation SystemTA
BLE
1-34
: U.S
. Pas
seng
er-M
iles
(Mill
ions
) (Co
ntin
ued)
d M
otor
bus
and
dem
and
resp
onsi
ve f
igur
es a
re a
lso
incl
uded
in t
he b
us f
igur
e fo
r hi
ghw
ay.
e Pr
ior
to 1
985,
exc
lude
s de
man
d re
spon
sive
and
mos
t ru
ral a
nd s
mal
ler
syst
ems
fund
ed v
ia S
ecti
ons
18 a
nd 1
6(b)
2, F
eder
al T
rans
it A
ct. T
he s
erie
s is
not
con
-ti
nuou
s be
twee
n 19
80 a
nd 1
985.
Tra
nsit
rai
l mod
es a
re m
easu
red
in c
ar-m
iles.
Car
-mile
s m
easu
re in
divi
dual
veh
icle
-mile
s in
a tr
ain.
A 1
0-ca
r tr
ain
trav
elin
g 1
mile
wou
ld e
qual
1 t
rain
-mile
and
10
car-
mile
s.f A
mtr
ak b
egan
ope
rati
ons
in 1
971.
Doe
s no
t in
clud
e co
ntra
ct c
omm
uter
pas
seng
ers.
g In
clud
ed in
pas
seng
er c
ar.
h In
clud
ed in
oth
er s
ingl
e-un
it 2
-axl
e 6-
tire
or
mor
e tr
uck.
i Inc
lude
s co
mm
uter
rai
l fig
ures
onl
y.j F
erry
boat
incl
uded
in o
ther
.
NO
TE
SA
ir c
arri
er p
asse
nger
-mile
s ar
e co
mpu
ted
by s
umm
ing
the
prod
ucts
of t
he a
ircr
aft-
mile
s fl
own
on e
ach
inte
rair
port
seg
men
t mul
tipl
ied
by th
e nu
mbe
r of
pas
seng
ers
carr
ied
on t
hat
segm
ent.
Hig
hway
pas
seng
er-m
iles
from
196
0 to
199
4 ar
e ca
lcul
ated
by
mul
tipl
ying
veh
icle
-mile
s of
tra
vel a
s ci
ted
by F
HW
A b
y th
e av
erag
e nu
mbe
r of
occ
upan
ts f
or e
ach
vehi
cle
type
. Ave
rage
veh
icle
occ
upan
cy r
ates
are
bas
ed o
n va
riou
s so
urce
s, s
uch
as t
he N
atio
nwid
e Pe
rson
al T
rans
port
atio
n Su
r-ve
y, c
ondu
cted
by
the
Fede
ral H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n, a
nd t
he T
ruck
Inv
ento
ry a
nd U
se S
urve
y, c
ondu
cted
by
the
Bur
eau
of t
he C
ensu
s. T
rans
it p
asse
nger
-m
iles
are
the
cum
ulat
ive
sum
of
the
dist
ance
s ri
dden
by
each
pas
seng
er. R
ail p
asse
nger
-mile
s re
pres
ent
the
mov
emen
t of
1 p
asse
nger
for
1 m
ile.
SOU
RC
ES
Air
:A
ir c
arri
er, d
omes
tic,
all
serv
ices
:19
60: C
ivil
Aer
onau
tics
Boa
rd, H
andb
ook
of A
irlin
e St
atis
tics
, 196
9 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 197
0), p
art
III,
tab
le 2
.19
65-7
0: I
bid.
, Han
dboo
k of
Air
line
Stat
isti
cs, 1
973
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 197
4), p
art
III,
tab
le 2
.19
75-8
0: I
bid.
, Air
Car
rier
Tra
ffic
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 197
6, 1
981)
, p. 4
(D
ecem
ber
1976
) an
d p.
2 (
Dec
embe
r 19
81).
1985
-200
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Bur
eau
of T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
, Off
ice
of A
irlin
e In
form
atio
n, A
ir C
arri
er T
raff
ic S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n,
DC
: Ann
ual D
ecem
ber
issu
es),
pag
e 2,
line
1.
Gen
eral
avi
atio
n:19
60-9
9: E
no T
rans
port
atio
n Fo
unda
tion
, Inc
., T
rans
port
atio
n in
Am
eric
a, 2
000
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 200
1), p
p. 1
4-15
.
Hig
hway
:P
asse
nger
car
and
mot
orcy
cle:
1960
-90:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n, H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s Su
mm
ary
to 1
995,
Int
erne
t si
te h
ttp:
//ww
w.f
hwa.
dot.
gov/
ohim
/sum
mar
y95/
inde
x.ht
ml a
s of
Jul
y 28
, 200
0, t
able
VM
-201
A.
1995
-200
0: I
bid.
, Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
VM
-1 a
nd I
nter
net
site
ww
w.f
hwa.
dot.
gov/
ohim
/ohi
mst
at.h
tm.
Mot
orcy
cle:
1970
-80:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n, H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s Su
mm
ary
to 1
985
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 198
6), t
able
VM
-20
1A.
1985
-200
0: I
bid.
, Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
VM
-1 a
nd I
nter
net
site
ww
w.f
hwa.
dot.
gov/
ohim
/ohi
mst
at.h
tm.
Oth
er 2
-axl
e 4-
tire
veh
icle
:19
70-9
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Hig
hway
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
Sum
mar
y to
199
5, I
nter
net
site
htt
p://w
ww
.fhw
a.do
t.go
v/oh
im/s
umm
ary9
5/in
dex.
htm
l as
of J
uly
28, 2
000,
tab
le V
M-2
01A
.19
95-2
000:
Ibi
d., H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le V
M-1
and
Int
erne
t si
te w
ww
.fhw
a.do
t.go
v/oh
im/o
him
stat
.htm
.Si
ngle
-uni
t 2-
axle
6-t
ires
or
mor
e tr
uck,
com
bina
tion
tru
ck, a
nd b
us:
1960
-90:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n, H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s Su
mm
ary
to 1
995,
Int
erne
t si
te h
ttp:
//ww
w.f
hwa.
dot.
gov/
ohim
/sum
mar
y95/
inde
x.ht
ml a
s of
Jul
y 28
, 200
0, t
able
VM
-201
A.
1995
-200
0: I
bid.
, Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
VM
-1, a
nd I
nter
net
site
ww
w.f
hwa.
dot.
gov/
ohim
/ohi
mst
at.h
tm.
Travel and Goods Movement � 59
TABL
E 1-
34: U
.S. P
asse
nger
-Mile
s (M
illio
ns) (
Cont
inue
d)
Tra
nsit
:Fe
rryb
oat
and
othe
r:19
96-9
9: A
mer
ican
Pub
lic T
rans
it A
ssoc
iati
on, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n, A
ug. 1
3, 2
001.
2000
: Ibi
d., P
ublic
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Fact
Boo
k (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 2
002)
, tab
le 8
4.A
ll ot
her
data
:19
60-2
000:
Am
eric
an P
ublic
Tra
nsit
Ass
ocia
tion
, Pub
lic T
rans
port
atio
n Fa
ct B
ook
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 200
2), t
able
30
and
sim
ilar
tabl
es in
ear
lier
edit
ions
.
Rai
l, In
terc
ity
/ A
mtr
ak:
1960
-80:
Ass
ocia
tion
of
Am
eric
an R
ailr
oads
, Rai
lroa
d Fa
cts
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s).
1985
: Am
trak
, Am
trak
FY
95 A
nnua
l Rep
ort
Stat
isti
cal A
ppen
dix
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 199
6), p
. 4.
1990
-200
0: I
bid.
, Am
trak
FY
00 A
nnua
l Rep
ort
Stat
isti
cal A
ppen
dix
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 200
1), p
. 46.
60 � Chapter 1: The Transportation SystemTA
BLE
1-35
: Prin
cipa
l Mea
ns o
f Tra
nspo
rtatio
n to
Wor
k (T
hous
ands
)
1985
1989
1993
1997
1999
2001
Nu
mb
erP
erce
nt
Nu
mb
erP
erce
nt
Nu
mb
erP
erce
nt
Nu
mb
erP
erce
nt
Nu
mb
erP
erce
nt
Nu
mb
erP
erce
nt
All
wo
rker
s99
,592
100.
010
6,63
010
0.0
103,
741
100.
011
6,46
910
0.0
118,
041
100.
012
0,19
110
0.0
Aut
omob
ile86
,148
86.5
93,9
4388
.191
,301
88.0
101,
907
87.5
103,
466
87.7
105,
586
87.8
Driv
es s
elf
72,1
3772
.481
,322
76.3
79,4
4976
.690
,207
77.5
92,3
6378
.293
,942
78.2
Car
pool
14,0
1114
.112
,621
11.8
11,8
5211
.411
,700
10.0
11,1
039.
411
,644
9.7
2-pe
rson
10,3
8110
.49,
708
9.1
9,10
58.
89,
294
8.0
8,70
57.
49,
036
7.5
3-pe
rson
2,02
42.
01,
748
1.6
1,68
41.
61,
526
1.3
1,45
41.
21,
635
1.4
4+ p
erso
n1,
606
1.6
1,16
51.
11,
063
1.0
881
0.8
945
0.8
973
0.8
Pub
lic tr
ansp
orta
tiona
5,09
15.
14,
880
4.6
4,74
04.
65,
337
4.6
5,77
94.
95,
627
4.7
Taxi
cab
129
0.1
152
0.1
117
0.1
139
0.1
144
0.1
133
0.1
Bic
ycle
or
mot
orcy
cle
958
1.0
795
0.7
744
0.7
738
0.6
749
0.6
847
0.7
Wal
ks o
nly
4,03
24.
03,
634
3.4
3,22
73.
13,
869
3.3
3,62
73.
13,
408
2.8
Oth
er m
eans
b28
60.
349
10.
547
40.
586
70.
798
70.
81,
049
0.9
Wor
ks a
t hom
e2,
947
3.0
2,73
62.
63,
137
3.0
3,61
13.
13,
288
2.8
3,40
12.
8
aPu
blic
tra
nspo
rtat
ion
refe
rs t
o bu
s, s
tree
tcar
, sub
way
, or
elev
ated
tra
ins.
bO
ther
mea
ns in
clud
e fe
rryb
oats
, sur
face
tra
ins,
and
van
ser
vice
.
NO
TE
Prin
cipa
l mea
ns o
f tr
ansp
orta
tion
ref
ers
to t
he m
ode
used
mos
t of
ten,
whe
n di
ffer
ent
mea
ns o
f tr
ansp
orta
tion
wer
e us
ed o
n di
ffer
ent
days
of
the
wee
k, o
r th
e m
ode
used
for
the
long
est
dist
ance
dur
ing
the
trip
to
wor
k, w
hen
mor
e th
an o
ne m
ode
is u
sed
to g
et t
o w
ork
each
day
.
SOU
RC
EU
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Hou
sing
and
Urb
an D
evel
opm
ent,
Am
eric
an H
ousi
ng S
urve
y (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: v
ario
us y
ears
).
Travel and Goods Movement � 61
TABL
E 1-
36: L
ong-
Dist
ance
Tra
vel i
n th
e Un
ited
Stat
es b
y Se
lect
ed T
rip C
hara
cter
istic
s: 1
995
(Rou
ndtri
ps o
f 100
mile
s or
mor
e, o
ne w
ay, U
.S. d
estin
atio
ns o
nly)
Ho
use
ho
ld t
rip
s(t
ho
usa
nd
s)P
erso
n t
rip
s(t
ho
usa
nd
s)P
erso
n-m
iles
(mill
ion
s)
Per
son
al-u
seve
hic
le t
rip
s(t
ho
usa
nd
s)
Per
son
al-u
seve
hic
le-m
iles
(mill
ion
s)
Nu
mb
erP
erce
nt
Nu
mb
erP
erce
nt
Nu
mb
erP
erce
nt
Nu
mb
erP
erce
nt
Nu
mb
erP
erce
nt
TOTA
L65
6,46
210
0.0
1,00
1,31
910
0.0
826,
804
100.
050
5,15
410
0.0
280,
127
100.
0
Pri
nci
pal
mea
ns
of
tran
spo
rtat
ion
Per
sona
l-use
veh
icle
505,
154
77.0
813,
858
81.3
451,
590
54.6
505,
154
100.
028
0,12
710
0.0
Air
plan
e12
9,16
419
.716
1,16
516
.135
5,28
643
.0N
AN
AN
AN
AC
omm
erci
al a
irpla
ne12
4,88
419
.015
5,93
615
.634
7,93
342
.1N
AN
AN
AN
AB
us17
,340
2.6
20,4
452.
013
,309
1.6
NA
NA
NA
NA
Inte
rcity
2,
755
0.4
3,24
40.
32,
723
0.3
NA
NA
NA
NA
Cha
rter
or
tour
11,8
901.
814
,247
1.4
9,36
31.
1N
AN
AN
AN
ATr
ain
4,20
00.
64,
994
0.5
4,35
60.
5N
AN
AN
AN
A
Shi
p, b
oat,
or fe
rry
391
0.1
614
0.1
1,83
40.
2N
AN
AN
AN
AO
ther
213
RZ
243
RZ
429
0.1
NA
NA
NA
NA
Ro
un
dtr
ip d
ista
nce
Less
than
300
mile
s19
4,09
829
.630
6,43
330
.674
,658
9.0
185,
418
36.7
45,1
5916
.130
0–49
9 m
iles
174,
389
26.6
274,
045
27.4
106,
007
12.8
159,
743
31.6
61,7
7922
.150
0–99
9 m
iles
140,
046
21.3
214,
006
21.4
146,
631
17.7
106,
846
21.2
72,1
1425
.7
1,00
0–1,
999
mile
s76
,110
11.6
108,
331
10.8
153,
316
18.5
36,7
227.
349
,952
17.8
2,00
0 m
iles
or m
ore
71,8
1910
.998
,503
9.8
346,
192
41.9
16,4
253.
351
,123
18.3
Mea
n (m
iles)
872
NA
826
NA
NA
NA
555
NA
NA
NA
Med
ian
(mile
s)43
8N
A42
5N
AN
AN
A36
8N
AN
AN
A
Cal
end
ar q
uar
ter
1st q
uart
er13
0,96
319
.920
0,33
120
.015
5,60
318
.899
,549
19.7
50,8
0118
.1
2nd
quar
ter
168,
669
25.7
258,
400
25.8
208,
256
25.2
130,
135
25.8
72,4
2125
.93r
d qu
arte
r19
3,91
329
.530
4,54
230
.426
1,46
331
.615
2,86
230
.390
,558
32.3
4th
quar
ter
162,
917
24.8
238,
047
23.8
201,
471
24.4
122,
607
24.3
66,3
4623
.7C
ontin
ued
next
pag
e
62 � Chapter 1: The Transportation System
Nu
mb
erP
erce
nt
Nu
mb
erP
erce
nt
Nu
mb
erP
erce
nt
Nu
mb
erP
erce
nt
Nu
mb
erP
erce
nt
Mai
n p
urp
ose
of
trip
Bus
ines
s19
2,53
729
.322
4,83
522
.521
2,18
925
.712
5,03
624
.861
,929
22.1
Ple
asur
e37
2,58
656
.863
0,11
062
.950
6,97
161
.330
5,57
160
.517
7,69
863
.4
Vis
it re
lativ
es o
r fr
iend
s19
5,46
829
.833
0,75
533
.026
4,76
932
.015
9,98
131
.792
,190
32.9
Leis
urea
177,
119
27.0
299,
355
29.9
242,
201
29.3
145,
590
28.8
85,5
0830
.5
Res
t or
rela
xatio
n65
,017
9.9
115,
154
11.5
100,
838
12.2
53,7
8010
.633
,598
12.0
Sig
htse
eing
24,2
723.
742
,649
4.3
50,7
816.
118
,069
3.6
14,6
545.
2O
utdo
or r
ecre
atio
n39
,899
6.1
65,4
186.
541
,620
5.0
35,9
877.
119
,407
6.9
Ent
erta
inm
ent
37,4
565.
758
,757
5.9
42,9
295.
227
,920
5.5
14,5
315.
2P
erso
nal b
usin
ess
91,3
1913
.914
6,33
814
.610
7,62
113
.074
,532
14.8
40,4
9014
.5O
ther
19R
Z36
RZ
23R
Z16
RZ
9R
Z
Vac
atio
n o
r w
eeke
nd
tri
ps
Vac
atio
n tr
ip30
1,19
745
.951
5,38
351
.548
4,14
458
.623
6,05
546
.715
4,16
755
.0W
eeke
nd tr
ip40
0,75
561
.062
1,94
862
.147
5,26
957
.531
0,37
961
.416
9,30
960
.4
1 or
2 n
ight
s aw
ay fr
om h
ome
240,
808
36.7
377,
893
37.7
222,
418
26.9
199,
831
39.6
94,8
6533
.93–
5 ni
ghts
aw
ay fr
om h
ome
159,
946
24.4
244,
055
24.4
252,
851
30.6
110,
548
21.9
74,4
4426
.6
Trav
el p
arty
typ
eO
ne a
dult,
no
child
ren
unde
r 18
386,
479
58.9
386,
510
38.6
352,
350
42.6
275,
034
54.4
144,
795
51.7
Two
or m
ore
adul
ts, n
o ch
ildre
n un
der
1815
5,14
723
.629
9,48
529
.924
8,76
230
.113
3,16
326
.479
,273
28.3
One
adu
lt, c
hild
ren
unde
r 18
29,4
364.
567
,959
6.8
48,0
835.
824
,879
4.9
13,8
274.
9Tw
o or
mor
e ad
ults
, chi
ldre
n un
der
1866
,086
10.1
225,
875
22.6
158,
334
19.2
60,4
9712
.034
,759
12.4
No
adul
t, on
e or
mor
e ch
ildre
n un
der
1819
,313
2.9
21,4
892.
119
,275
2.3
11,5
812.
37,
473
2.7
Mea
n tr
avel
par
ty s
ize
1.6
NA
2.2
NA
NA
NA
1.7
NA
NA
NA
Nig
hts
aw
ay f
rom
ho
me
Non
e16
4,03
225
.023
9,72
723
.910
4,44
412
.614
0,91
427
.949
,619
17.7
1–3
nigh
ts32
1,22
748
.950
2,46
550
.233
1,50
440
.125
9,35
451
.313
1,55
947
.04–
7 ni
ghts
121,
279
18.5
184,
766
18.5
243,
546
29.5
76,3
8015
.161
,318
21.9
8 or
mor
e ni
ghts
49,9
247.
674
,361
7.4
147,
309
17.8
28,5
065.
637
,631
13.4
Mea
n, e
xclu
ding
non
e (n
ight
s)4.
4N
A4.
3N
AN
AN
A4.
0N
AN
AN
A
TABL
E 1-
36: L
ong-
Dist
ance
Tra
vel i
n th
e Un
ited
Stat
es b
y Se
lect
ed T
rip C
hara
cter
istic
s: 1
995
(Rou
ndtri
ps o
f 100
mile
s or
mor
e, o
ne w
ay, U
.S. d
estin
atio
ns o
nly)
(Con
tinue
d)
Ho
use
ho
ld t
rip
s(t
ho
usa
nd
s)P
erso
n t
rip
s(t
ho
usa
nd
s)P
erso
n-m
iles
(mill
ion
s)
Per
son
al-u
seve
hic
le t
rip
s(t
ho
usa
nd
s)
Per
son
al-u
seve
hic
le-m
iles
(mill
ion
s)
Travel and Goods Movement � 63
Nu
mb
erP
erce
nt
Nu
mb
erP
erce
nt
Nu
mb
erP
erce
nt
Nu
mb
erP
erce
nt
Nu
mb
erP
erce
nt
Typ
e o
f lo
dg
ing
at
des
tin
atio
nFr
iend
’s o
r re
lativ
e’s
hom
e21
1,83
243
.634
5,50
645
.929
0,42
841
.017
0,27
147
.310
3,18
045
.7H
otel
, mot
el, o
r re
sort
201,
264
41.4
282,
929
37.6
318,
323
44.9
126,
160
35.1
82,4
4736
.5
Ren
ted
cabi
n, c
ondo
, or
vaca
tion
hom
e20
,205
4.2
38,5
725.
126
,269
3.7
18,1
035.
09,
819
4.3
Ow
ned
cabi
n, c
ondo
, or
vaca
tion
hom
e17
,607
3.6
30,6
484.
131
,161
4.4
14,6
314.
110
,809
4.8
Cam
per,
trai
ler,
recr
eatio
nal v
ehic
le, t
ent
11,9
442.
522
,208
3.0
15,8
362.
211
,663
3.2
8,20
43.
6
Oth
er ty
pe o
f lod
ging
23,4
524.
832
,095
4.3
27,0
803.
818
,917
5.3
11,5
425.
1
Nig
hts
at
des
tin
atio
nM
ean
nigh
ts a
t des
tinat
ion
4.20
NA
4.0
NA
NA
NA
3.8
NA
NA
NA
Frie
nd’s
or
rela
tive’
s ho
me
4.33
NA
4.0
NA
NA
NA
3.6
NA
NA
NA
Hot
el, m
otel
, or
reso
rt3.
05N
A3.
0N
AN
AN
A2.
8N
AN
AN
A
KE
Y: N
A =
not
app
licab
le; R
Z =
rou
nds
to o
r re
pres
ents
zer
o.
aIn
clud
es o
ther
leis
ure
purp
oses
not
sho
wn
sepa
rate
ly.
NO
TE
SN
umbe
rs a
nd p
erce
nts
may
not
add
to
tota
ls d
ue t
o ro
undi
ng.
See
glos
sary
for
def
init
ions
of
cate
gori
es.
SOU
RC
EU
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Bur
eau
of T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
, 199
5 A
mer
ican
Tra
vel S
urve
y P
rofi
le, B
TS/
AT
S95-
US
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Oct
ober
199
7).
TABL
E 1-
36: L
ong-
Dist
ance
Tra
vel i
n th
e Un
ited
Stat
es b
y Se
lect
ed T
rip C
hara
cter
istic
s: 1
995
(Rou
ndtri
ps o
f 100
mile
s or
mor
e, o
ne w
ay, U
.S. d
estin
atio
ns o
nly)
(Con
tinue
d)
Ho
use
ho
ld t
rip
s(t
ho
usa
nd
s)P
erso
n t
rip
s(t
ho
usa
nd
s)P
erso
n-m
iles
(mill
ion
s)
Per
son
al-u
seve
hic
le t
rip
s(t
ho
usa
nd
s)
Per
son
al-u
seve
hic
le-m
iles
(mill
ion
s)
64 � Chapter 1: The Transportation SystemTA
BLE
1-37
: Lon
g-Di
stan
ce T
rave
l in
the
Unite
d St
ates
by
Sele
cted
Tra
vele
r Cha
ract
eris
tics:
199
5(R
ound
trips
of 1
00 m
iles
or m
ore,
one
way
, U.S
. des
tinat
ions
onl
y)
Per
son
tri
ps
(th
ou
san
ds)
Per
son
-mile
s(m
illio
ns)
Per
son
al-u
seve
hic
le t
rip
s(t
ho
usa
nd
s)
Per
son
al-u
seve
hic
le-m
iles
(mill
ion
s)
Nu
mb
erP
erce
nt
Nu
mb
erP
erce
nt
Nu
mb
erP
erce
nt
Nu
mb
erP
erce
nt
TOTA
L a
ll p
erso
n t
rip
s1,
001,
319
100
834,
676
100
813,
858
100
454,
787
100
Trav
eler
s b
y ag
eU
nder
18
year
s15
9,77
916
.011
5,86
913
.913
9,36
017
.178
,517
17.3
18–2
4 ye
ars
92,1
299.
267
,224
8.1
79,8
109.
843
,821
9.6
25–2
9 ye
ars
80,0
608.
064
,009
7.7
66,5
108.
235
,809
7.9
30–3
9 ye
ars
189,
917
19.0
167,
583
20.1
146,
527
18.0
78,9
7017
.440
–49
year
s19
9,99
120
.017
0,37
920
.415
7,06
319
.383
,046
18.3
50–5
9 ye
ars
137,
841
13.8
118,
433
14.2
110,
208
13.5
61,8
5613
.6
60–6
4 ye
ars
48,6
834.
943
,574
5.2
40,6
475.
025
,258
5.6
65 y
ears
and
ove
r92
,919
9.3
87,6
0310
.573
,733
9.1
47,5
1210
.4To
tal
1,00
1,31
910
083
4,67
610
081
3,85
810
045
4,78
710
0M
edia
n (y
ears
)38
38
Fem
ale
Und
er 1
8 ye
ars
79,5
807.
958
,716
7.0
68,6
508.
439
,122
8.6
18–2
4 ye
ars
42,7
434.
332
,706
3.9
36,1
614.
419
,702
4.3
25–2
9 ye
ars
36,4
223.
629
,473
3.5
29,9
863.
716
,077
3.5
30–3
9 ye
ars
82,4
718.
270
,360
8.4
65,0
568.
034
,606
7.6
40–4
9 ye
ars
84,1
358.
470
,696
8.5
67,8
558.
336
,039
7.9
50–5
9 ye
ars
59,7
216.
050
,449
6.0
48,8
676.
027
,483
6.0
60–6
4 ye
ars
21,3
102.
119
,576
2.3
17,2
172.
110
,942
2.4
65 y
ears
and
ove
r44
,129
4.4
41,2
784.
933
,409
4.1
20,5
134.
5To
tal
450,
512
45.0
373,
254
44.7
367,
203
45.1
204,
485
45.0
Med
ian
(yea
rs)
3737
Travel and Goods Movement � 65
Rac
eW
hite
891,
443
89.0
739,
444
88.6
726,
632
89.3
403,
045
88.6
Bla
ck59
,923
6.0
44,9
355.
449
,175
6.0
28,1
156.
2
Asi
an o
r P
acifi
c Is
land
er22
,922
2.3
28,6
903.
415
,954
2.0
10,5
702.
3A
mer
ican
Indi
an, E
skim
o, o
r A
leut
ian
10,7
071.
18,
103
1.0
8,80
71.
15,
233
1.2
Oth
er16
,324
1.6
13,5
041.
613
,290
1.6
7,82
51.
7
Tota
l1,
001,
319
100
834,
676
100
813,
858
100
454,
788
100
Eth
nic
ity
(His
pani
c or
igin
)52
,822
5.3
38,1
774.
644
,219
5.4
23,1
835.
1(N
ot o
f His
pani
c or
igin
)94
8,49
794
.779
6,49
995
.476
9,64
094
.643
1,60
594
.9To
tal
1,00
1,31
910
083
4,67
610
081
3,85
810
045
4,78
810
0
Ho
use
ho
ld in
com
eLe
ss th
an $
25,0
0015
5,55
515
.511
2,23
613
.413
1,90
116
.271
,556
15.7
$25,
000–
$39,
999
200,
981
20.1
148,
185
17.8
175,
186
21.5
98,0
7421
.6$4
0,00
0–$4
9,99
916
6,69
916
.612
5,29
615
.014
4,16
017
.778
,294
17.2
$50,
000–
$59,
999
143,
946
14.4
118,
691
14.2
117,
579
14.4
66,3
6314
.6
$60,
000–
$74,
999
134,
348
13.4
118,
169
14.2
106,
083
13.0
61,1
6913
.5$7
5,00
0–$9
9,99
910
4,69
810
.510
2,11
212
.279
,397
9.8
45,4
0610
.0$1
00,0
00 o
r m
ore
95,0
929.
510
9,98
713
.259
,553
7.3
33,9
257.
5
Ho
use
ho
ld t
ype
Fam
ily h
ouse
hold
840,
438
83.9
693,
794
83.1
692,
146
85.0
388,
534
85.4
Mar
ried-
coup
le h
ouse
hold
726,
982
72.6
606,
630
72.7
597,
863
73.5
335,
980
73.9
With
chi
ldre
n un
der
18 y
ears
379,
139
37.9
302,
958
36.3
313,
451
38.5
172,
014
37.8
Fem
ale
hous
ehol
der
76,9
427.
760
,665
7.3
62,5
837.
735
,023
7.7
With
chi
ldre
n un
der
18 y
ears
43,3
894.
331
,963
3.8
35,9
864.
419
,421
4.3
Mal
e ho
useh
olde
r36
,515
3.6
26,4
993.
231
,700
3.9
17,5
313.
9W
ith c
hild
ren
unde
r 18
yea
rs13
,226
1.3
9,84
51.
211
,207
1.4
6,58
31.
4
Non
fam
ily h
ouse
hold
160,
881
16.1
140,
881
16.9
121,
712
15.0
66,2
5414
.6C
ontin
ued
next
pag
e
TABL
E 1-
37: L
ong-
Dist
ance
Tra
vel i
n th
e Un
ited
Stat
es b
y Se
lect
ed T
rave
ler C
hara
cter
istic
s: 1
995
(Rou
ndtri
ps o
f 100
mile
s or
mor
e, o
ne w
ay, U
.S. d
estin
atio
ns o
nly)
(Con
tinue
d)
Per
son
tri
ps
(th
ou
san
ds)
Per
son
-mile
s(m
illio
ns)
Per
son
al-u
seve
hic
le t
rip
s(t
ho
usa
nd
s)
Per
son
al-u
seve
hic
le-m
iles
(mill
ion
s)
Nu
mb
erP
erce
nt
Nu
mb
erP
erce
nt
Nu
mb
erP
erce
nt
Nu
mb
erP
erce
nt
66 � Chapter 1: The Transportation System
Ed
uca
tio
nal
att
ain
men
t (P
erso
ns
16 y
ears
an
d o
ver)
Less
than
hig
h sc
hool
gra
duat
e68
,338
7.9
48,5
336.
659
,159
8.6
33,4
288.
7
Hig
h sc
hool
gra
duat
e21
9,54
925
.516
5,36
122
.618
7,76
227
.210
5,95
727
.6S
ome
colle
ge, n
o de
gree
182,
146
21.2
146,
379
20.0
153,
399
22.3
86,3
0422
.5A
ssoc
iate
’s d
egre
e58
,431
6.8
46,4
016.
349
,081
7.1
26,2
646.
8
Bac
helo
r’s d
egre
e19
3,65
122
.518
1,23
324
.814
5,43
821
.179
,779
20.8
Som
e gr
ad s
choo
l or
grad
deg
ree
137,
513
16.0
144,
155
19.7
94,2
2113
.752
,678
13.7
Tota
l85
9,62
910
073
2,06
210
068
9,06
010
038
4,40
910
0
Act
ivit
y st
atu
s (P
erso
ns
16 y
ears
an
d o
ver)
Wor
king
full
time
547,
232
63.7
470,
855
64.3
428,
319
62.2
228,
969
59.6
Ret
ired
95,0
3911
.188
,837
12.1
77,9
2111
.352
,589
13.7
Oth
er21
7,35
725
.317
2,37
123
.518
2,82
026
.510
2,85
126
.8
Tota
l85
9,62
910
073
2,06
210
068
9,06
010
038
4,40
910
0
NO
TE
T
his
tabl
e ex
clud
es t
rave
l out
side
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es. N
umbe
rs a
nd p
erce
nts
may
not
add
to
tota
ls d
ue t
o ro
undi
ng.
SOU
RC
EU
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Bur
eau
of T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
, 199
5 A
mer
ican
Tra
vel S
urve
y da
ta.
TABL
E 1-
37: L
ong-
Dist
ance
Tra
vel i
n th
e Un
ited
Stat
es b
y Se
lect
ed T
rave
ler C
hara
cter
istic
s: 1
995
(Rou
ndtri
ps o
f 100
mile
s or
mor
e, o
ne w
ay, U
.S. d
estin
atio
ns o
nly)
(Con
tinue
d)
Per
son
tri
ps
(th
ou
san
ds)
Per
son
-mile
s(m
illio
ns)
Per
son
al-u
seve
hic
le t
rip
s(t
ho
usa
nd
s)
Per
son
al-u
seve
hic
le-m
iles
(mill
ion
s)
Nu
mb
erP
erce
nt
Nu
mb
erP
erce
nt
Nu
mb
erP
erce
nt
Nu
mb
erP
erce
nt
Travel and Goods Movement � 67
TABL
E 1-
38: U
.S. A
ir Ca
rrie
r Airc
raft
Depa
rture
s, E
npla
ned
Reve
nue
Pass
enge
rs, a
nd E
npla
ned
Reve
nue
Tons
197
5 1
980
198
5 1
990
199
5 1
996
199
7 1
998
199
9 2
000
200
1A
IRP
OR
T D
EPA
RT
UR
ES
Tota
l per
form
eda
4,55
5,51
65,
156,
848
5,50
5,65
96,
641,
681
8,03
0,53
08,
204,
674
8,09
5,88
88,
248,
269
8,60
5,48
68,
951,
773
8,59
7,34
4
Tota
l sch
edu
led
4,53
0,53
55,
204,
564
5,59
1,59
66,
758,
571
7,92
0,46
78,
064,
653
7,90
7,55
48,
094,
020
8,43
2,94
012
,452
,678
8,37
1,97
6
Lar
ge
hu
bs
Per
form
ed2,
437,
958
2,88
7,23
93,
439,
446
4,16
7,86
85,
162,
534
5,25
7,54
15,
266,
560
5,41
6,15
85,
645,
179
5,88
8,55
75,
640,
977
Sch
edul
ed2,
409,
874
2,90
5,92
33,
487,
660
4,23
7,46
65,
147,
875
5,24
3,64
65,
219,
161
5,40
5,72
85,
570,
419
9,49
4,11
85,
558,
323
Med
ium
hu
bs
Per
form
ed90
2,65
21,
048,
726
1,18
5,00
81,
394,
833
1,43
9,63
91,
425,
280
1,43
0,53
71,
429,
730
1,49
9,24
31,
572,
495
1,55
5,14
5
Sch
edul
ed89
9,54
31,
058,
438
1,20
1,54
01,
417,
762
1,38
7,83
31,
356,
162
1,35
2,94
41,
345,
197
1,40
4,48
21,
507,
479
1,45
1,07
2
Sm
all h
ub
s
Per
form
ed64
0,58
959
8,55
951
4,17
666
9,45
073
8,23
175
4,91
469
5,84
171
4,92
074
6,62
577
7,31
875
8,19
5
Sch
edul
ed64
4,13
360
8,73
852
4,04
867
9,10
371
1,94
772
2,17
066
0,68
567
4,81
277
0,09
275
8,39
674
7,74
5
No
nh
ub
s
Per
form
ed57
4,31
762
2,32
436
7,02
940
9,53
069
0,12
676
6,93
970
2,95
068
7,46
171
4,43
971
3,40
364
3,02
7
Sch
edul
ed57
6,98
563
1,46
537
8,34
842
4,24
067
2,81
274
2,67
567
4,76
466
8,28
368
7,94
769
2,68
561
4,83
6
EN
PL
AN
ED
RE
VE
NU
E P
AS
SE
NG
ER
Sb
196,
782,
144
281,
408,
852
363,
341,
497
438,
544,
001
526,
055,
483
558,
183,
741
568,
615,
687
588,
335,
318
610,
628,
716
638,
902,
993
595,
655,
501
Larg
e hu
bs13
3,97
5,90
019
7,67
9,37
626
4,50
7,14
431
7,59
5,09
939
2,60
1,89
041
7,33
9,69
442
6,24
6,42
344
2,40
2,44
345
8,66
5,09
947
8,84
5,11
744
4,79
5,89
6
Med
ium
hub
s36
,539
,613
51,6
64,6
2765
,770
,376
80,4
66,3
7385
,929
,285
89,0
18,7
6490
,779
,705
91,7
55,7
9396
,394
,866
101,
986,
095
98,6
49,2
85
Sm
all h
ubs
19,4
06,6
0723
,393
,324
24,2
40,7
2630
,771
,383
33,5
61,0
9837
,122
,974
36,2
98,9
7937
,675
,305
38,6
44,5
5740
,116
,465
36,4
13,1
42
Non
hubs
6,86
0,02
48,
671,
525
8,82
3,25
19,
711,
146
13,9
63,2
1014
,702
,309
15,2
90,5
8016
,501
,777
16,9
24,1
9417
,955
,316
15,7
97,1
78
EN
PL
AN
ED
RE
VE
NU
E T
ON
Sc
3,66
1,06
15,
088,
313
4,02
4,47
06,
298,
824
9,36
5,01
710
,333
,298
13,5
20,2
2814
,083
,769
14,9
11,8
47R
14,9
89,8
7119
,990
,361
Fre
igh
t
Larg
e hu
bs2,
265,
665
3,00
8,31
12,
047,
988
3,00
1,21
74,
402,
327
4,65
3,18
95,
691,
363
6,20
8,62
95,
993,
061
6,66
1,81
77,
063,
435
Med
ium
hub
s35
8,04
441
4,32
546
9,05
71,
446,
744
1,95
0,31
82,
169,
411
3,85
5,44
93,
897,
242
4,38
2,71
24,
450,
393
6,64
5,64
1
Sm
all h
ubs
99,1
3373
,795
48,1
2719
1,35
854
1,06
275
5,23
296
3,09
31,
019,
615
1,05
3,05
093
0,51
81,
290,
734
Non
hubs
41,9
2265
,756
35,8
5593
,407
310,
772
469,
962
653,
542
659,
028
638,
894
R64
5,47
776
7,62
7
Tota
l fre
igh
t2,
764,
763
3,56
2,18
72,
601,
027
4,73
2,72
67,
204,
479
8,04
7,79
511
,163
,448
11,7
84,5
1412
,067
,717
R12
,688
,205
15,7
67,4
38
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
68 � Chapter 1: The Transportation System
Mai
l
Larg
e hu
bs67
7,17
91,
091,
059
1,08
2,56
71,
146,
589
1,54
6,56
81,
630,
445
1,69
9,15
41,
662,
643
2,18
3,12
71,
649,
611
1,17
9,94
6
Med
ium
hub
s15
1,49
825
5,92
926
8,17
929
2,89
944
2,81
446
6,58
347
3,57
748
2,71
050
2,09
650
3,96
540
7,33
7
Sm
all h
ubs
48,4
8614
8,11
659
,917
108,
656
136,
008
157,
137
138,
818
127,
748
126,
793
108,
582
93,8
41
Non
hubs
19,1
3431
,021
12,7
8117
,954
35,1
4931
,338
45,2
3226
,154
32,1
1439
,508
2,54
1,79
9
Tota
l mai
l89
6,29
81,
526,
125
1,42
3,44
31,
566,
098
2,16
0,53
82,
285,
503
2,35
6,78
12,
299,
255
2,84
4,13
02,
301,
666
4,22
2,92
3
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed.
aTo
tal p
erfo
rmed
incl
udes
sch
edul
ed d
epar
ture
s pe
rfor
med
min
us t
hose
sch
edul
ed d
epar
ture
s th
at d
id n
ot o
ccur
plu
s un
sche
dule
d se
rvic
e.b
The
num
ber
of p
erso
ns r
ecei
ving
air
tra
nspo
rtat
ion
from
an
air
carr
ier
for
whi
ch r
enum
erat
ion
is r
ecei
ved
by t
he c
arri
er, e
xclu
ding
per
sons
rec
eivi
ng r
educ
ed
rate
cha
rges
, suc
h as
air
car
rier
em
ploy
ees,
infa
nts,
and
oth
ers
(exc
ept
min
iste
rs o
f re
ligio
n, e
lder
ly in
divi
dual
s, a
nd h
andi
capp
ed in
divi
dual
s).
cT
he n
umbe
r of
sho
rt t
ons
of f
reig
ht t
rans
port
ed b
y an
air
car
rier
abo
ard
an a
ircr
aft.
NO
TE
SD
ata
are
for
all s
ched
uled
and
non
sche
dule
d se
rvic
e by
larg
e ce
rtif
icat
ed U
.S. a
ir c
arri
ers
at a
ll ai
rpor
ts s
erve
d w
ithi
n th
e 50
sta
tes,
the
Dis
tric
t of
Col
umbi
a, a
nd
othe
r U
.S. a
reas
des
igna
ted
by t
he F
eder
al A
viat
ion
Adm
inis
trat
ion.
Not
all
sche
dule
d se
rvic
e is
act
ually
per
form
ed. M
oreo
ver,
for
seve
ral y
ears
, tot
al p
er-
form
ed d
epar
ture
s ex
ceed
tot
al s
ched
uled
dep
artu
res
beca
use
nons
ched
uled
dep
artu
res
are
incl
uded
in t
he t
otal
s. P
rior
to
1993
, all
sche
dule
d an
d so
me
non-
sche
dule
d en
plan
emen
ts f
or c
erti
fica
ted
air
carr
iers
wer
e in
clud
ed; n
o en
plan
emen
ts w
ere
incl
uded
for
air
car
rier
s of
feri
ng c
hart
er s
ervi
ce o
nly.
Pri
or t
o 19
90,
frei
ght
incl
udes
bot
h fr
eigh
t an
d ex
pres
s sh
ipm
ents
, and
mai
l inc
lude
s pr
iori
ty a
nd n
onpr
iori
ty U
.S. m
ail a
nd f
orei
gn m
ail;
begi
nnin
g in
199
0, o
nly
aggr
egat
e nu
mbe
rs a
re r
epor
ted.
Lar
ge c
erti
fica
ted
air
carr
iers
ope
rate
air
craf
t w
ith
seat
ing
capa
city
of
mor
e th
an 6
0 se
ats
or a
max
imum
pay
load
cap
acit
y of
mor
e th
an 1
8,00
0 po
unds
and
hol
d C
erti
fica
tes
of P
ublic
Con
veni
ence
and
Nec
essi
ty is
sued
by
the
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n au
thor
izin
g th
e pe
rfor
man
ce o
f ai
r tr
ansp
orta
tion
. Dat
a fo
r co
mm
uter
, int
rast
ate,
and
for
eign
-fla
g ai
r ca
rrie
rs a
re n
ot in
clud
ed.
Air
tra
ffic
hub
s ar
e de
sign
ated
as
geog
raph
ical
are
as b
ased
on
the
perc
enta
ge o
f to
tal p
asse
nger
s en
plan
ed in
the
are
a. A
hub
may
hav
e m
ore
than
one
air
port
in
it. (
Thi
s de
fini
tion
of
hub
shou
ld n
ot b
e co
nfus
ed w
ith
the
defi
niti
on u
sed
by t
he a
irlin
es in
des
crib
ing
thei
r “h
ub-a
nd-s
poke
” ro
ute
stru
ctur
es)
Indi
vidu
al
com
mun
itie
s fa
ll in
to f
our
hub
clas
sifi
cati
ons
as d
eter
min
ed b
y ea
ch c
omm
unit
y’s
perc
enta
ge o
f to
tal e
npla
ned
reve
nue
pass
enge
rs in
all
serv
ices
and
all
oper
-at
ions
of
U.S
. cer
tifi
cate
d ro
ute
carr
iers
wit
hin
the
50 s
tate
s, t
he D
istr
ict
of C
olum
bia,
and
oth
er U
.S. a
reas
. Cla
ssif
icat
ions
are
bas
ed o
n th
e pe
rcen
tage
of
tota
l enp
lane
d re
venu
e pa
ssen
gers
for
eac
h ye
ar a
ccor
ding
to
the
follo
win
g: o
ne p
erce
nt o
r m
ore
= la
rge,
0.2
5 to
0.9
999
perc
ent
= m
ediu
m, 0
.05
to 0
.249
per
-ce
nt =
sm
all,
less
tha
n 0.
05 =
non
hub.
SOU
RC
EU
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Bur
eau
of T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
, Off
ice
of A
irlin
e In
form
atio
n, A
irpo
rt A
ctiv
ity
Stat
isti
cs o
f C
erti
fied
Rou
te A
ir C
arri
ers
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
s 2,
3, 4
, and
5.
TABL
E 1-
38: U
.S. A
ir Ca
rrie
r Airc
raft
Depa
rture
s, E
npla
ned
Reve
nue
Pass
enge
rs, a
nd E
npla
ned
Reve
nue
Tons
(Con
tinue
d)
197
5 1
980
198
5 1
990
199
5 1
996
199
7 1
998
199
9 2
000
200
1
Travel and Goods Movement � 69
TABLE 1-39: Passengers Boarded at the Top 50 U.S. Airportsa
1991 2001
Rank
Total enplaned
passengers Rank
Total enplaned
passengers
Percent change
1991-2001Atlanta, GA (Hartsfield Intl.) 4 17,691,130 1 36,378,501 105.6%Chicago, IL (O’Hare Intl.) 1 25,872,241 2 28,625,264 10.6%
Dallas / Ft. Worth, TX (Dallas / Ft. Worth Intl.) 2 22,656,394 3 25,197,150 11.2%Los Angeles, CA (Los Angeles Intl.) 3 18,303,046 4 22,862,216 24.9%Phoenix, AZ (Phoenix Sky Harbor Intl.) 7 10,972,232 5 16,539,155 50.7%
Denver, CO (Denver Intl.) 6 12,313,733 6 16,384,990 33.1%Las Vegas, NV (McCarran Intl.) 17 8,222,488 7 16,099,776 95.8%Minneapolis, MN (Minneapolis-St. Paul Intl.) 13 8,862,828 8 15,648,293 76.6%
Houston, TX (George Bush Intercontinental) 18 7,813,856 9 15,637,528 100.1%Detroit, MI (Wayne County) 9 9,618,283 10 15,463,770 60.8%San Francisco, CA (San Francisco Intl.) 5 14,026,226 11 13,846,425 -1.3%
Newark, NJ (Newark) 8 9,737,488 12 13,813,852 41.9%St. Louis, MO (Lambert-St. Louis Muni.) 10 9,351,642 13 12,864,305 37.6%Seattle, WA (Seattle-Tacoma Intl.) 20 7,696,481 14 12,694,210 64.9%
Orlando, FL (Orlando Intl.) 22 7,605,356 15 12,597,086 65.6%Miami, FL (Miami Intl.) 11 9,309,591 16 11,492,541 23.4%Philadelphia, PA (Philadelphia Intl.) 24 6,381,130 17 10,383,439 62.7%
New York, NY (La Guardia) 12 9,194,825 18 10,296,767 12.0%Charlotte, NC (Douglas Muni.) 21 7,668,793 19 10,225,979 33.3%Boston, MA (Logan Intl.) 14 8,862,052 20 9,989,937 12.7%
New York, NY (John F. Kennedy Intl.) 16 8,245,014 21 9,645,995 17.0%Baltimore, MD (Baltimore-Washington Intl.) 31 4,249,906 22 9,450,116 122.4%Pittsburgh, PA (Greater Pittsburgh) 19 7,707,902 23 8,710,821 13.0%
Cincinnati, OH (Greater Cincinnati) 29 4,314,474 24 8,349,380 93.5%Salt Lake City, UT (Salt Lake City Intl.) 25 5,470,129 25 7,835,901 43.2%Honolulu, HI (Honolulu Intl.) 15 8,772,316 26 7,789,539 -11.2%
Tampa, FL (Tampa Intl.) 28 4,338,195 27 7,452,492 71.8%Miami / Ft. Lauderdale, FL (Ft. Lauderdale-Hollywood Intl.) 37 3,451,761 28 7,371,233 113.5%San Diego, CA (San Diego Intl.-Lindbergh) 26 5,386,803 29 7,245,787 34.5%
Chicago, IL (Midway) 43 2,936,521 30 7,062,993 140.5%Portland, OR (Portland Intl.) 39 3,164,431 31 5,973,721 88.8%San Jose, CA (Norman Y. Mineta San Jose International ) 41 3,150,397 32 5,865,502 86.2%
Washington, DC (Ronald Reagan National) 23 6,631,273 33 5,779,214 -12.8%Washington, DC (Dulles Intl.) 27 4,709,400 34 5,745,399 22.0%Cleveland, OH (Hopkins Intl.) 35 3,545,000 35 5,528,666 56.0%
Kansas City, MO (Kansas City Intl.) 38 3,288,900 36 5,494,516 67.1%Continued next page
70 � Chapter 1: The Transportation System
Oakland, CA (Oakland Metropolitan Intl.) 42 2,956,220 37 5,485,948 4.0%Memphis, TN (Memphis Intl.) 36 3,494,675 38 4,778,872 9.4%
New Orleans, LA (New Orleans Intl.) 40 3,151,718 39 4,678,835 4.6%San Juan, PR (Luis Munoz Marin Intl.) 34 3,739,126 40 4,537,641 84.0%Raleigh-Durham, NC (Raleigh-Durham) 30 4,309,550 41 4,483,332 40.6%
Houston, TX (William P. Hobby) 33 3,765,759 42 4,120,895 69.7%Nashville, TN (Metropolitan) 32 3,901,875 43 4,079,836 31.9%Sacramento, CA (Sacramento International) 52 2,105,016 44 3,873,560 20.0%
Los Angeles, CA (Orange County) 47 2,573,035 45 3,618,558 57.0%Austin, TX (Robert Muller Muni.) 54 2,021,120 46 3,428,839 29.1%Indianapolis, IN (Indianapolis Intl.) 46 2,585,727 47 3,409,526 4.0%
Dallas, TX (Love Field) 45 2,792,557 48 3,350,775 9.4%Hartford / Springfield / Westfield CT (Bradley Intl.) 51 2,107,004 49 3,307,481 4.6%San Antonio, TX (San Antonio Intl.) 48 2,520,324 50 3,254,348 84.0%
Total top 50 354,856,365 498,750,905 40.6%All airports 428,319,248 595,655,501 39.1%
a Rank order by total enplaned passengers on large certificated U.S. air carriers, scheduled and nonscheduled operations, at all airports served within the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and other U.S. areas desig-nated by the Federal Aviation Administration. Prior to 1993, all scheduled and some nonscheduled enplane-ments for certificated air carriers were included; no enplanements were included for air carriers offering charter service only.
Large certificated air carriers hold Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity issued by the U.S. Depart-ment of Transportation authorizing the performance of air transportation. Large certificated air carriers operate aircraft with seating capacity of more than 60 seats or a maximum payload capacity of more than 18,000 pounds. Data for commuter, intrastate, and foreign-flag air carriers are not included.
NOTEThe following airports appeared in the top 50 ranking in 1991 but were not among the top 50 for 2001:
Ontario, CA ranked 44th (2,837,028); West Palm Beach, FL ranked 49th (2,355,922); and Albuquerque, NM ranked 50th (2,350,612).
SOURCES1991: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration and Research and Special Programs
Administration, Airport Activity Statistics of Certificated Route Air Carriers, 12 Months Ending December 31, 1991 (Washington, DC: 1992), tables 3 and 4.
2001: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Airport Activity Statistics of Certificated Air Carriers: Summary Tables, Twelve Months Ending December 31, 2001 (Washington, DC: 2002), tables 3 and 4.
TABLE 1-39: Passengers Boarded at the Top 50 U.S. Airportsa (Continued)
1991 2001
Rank
Total enplaned
passengers Rank
Total enplaned
passengers
Percent change
1991-2001
Travel and Goods Movement � 71
TABL
E 1-
40: A
ir Pa
ssen
ger T
rave
l Arr
ival
s in
the
Unite
d St
ates
from
Sel
ecte
d Fo
reig
n Co
untri
es (T
hous
ands
)
197
5 1
980
198
5 1
990
199
5 1
996
199
7 1
998
199
9 2
000
200
1F
lag
of
carr
ier
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
6,50
210
,031
11,7
9819
,145
24,5
8225
,148
26,7
4427
,390
27,4
6229
,837
27,9
85Fo
reig
n6,
144
10,2
3112
,357
17,2
6922
,328
24,7
0427
,571
28,7
9130
,324
32,3
8028
,715
Tota
l arr
ivin
g p
asse
ng
ers
12,6
4620
,262
24,1
5636
,414
46,9
1049
,853
54,3
1556
,181
57,7
8562
,217
56,7
00
Co
un
try
of
emb
arka
tio
na
Aus
tral
ia10
622
727
749
558
162
261
861
367
081
273
9B
aham
a Is
land
s75
81,
123
1,50
31,
679
1,43
31,
487
1,53
01,
396
1,33
71,
471
1,45
8B
arba
dos
7613
521
622
822
221
220
319
519
720
819
1
Bel
gium
144
242
281
417
379
407
589
715
730
778
598
Ber
mud
a39
849
743
448
742
636
342
540
738
437
433
4B
razi
l21
230
035
258
41,
112
1,17
61,
388
1,37
71,
154
1,28
01,
094
Can
adab
NN
N6,
870
7,41
78,
501
8,89
59,
613
9,92
610
,497
U
Chi
na/T
aiw
an50
113
206
325
972
1,01
71,
068
1,08
01,
170
1,18
61,
092
Col
ombi
a17
331
527
928
648
149
958
660
664
967
468
3D
enm
ark
222
267
241
313
221
236
252
225
223
232
240
Dom
inic
an R
epub
lic33
646
860
694
81,
136
1,16
81,
168
1,25
11,
368
1,49
81,
430
Fran
ce51
268
995
51,
777
2,04
52,
178
2,32
32,
523
2,59
13,
147
3,02
3G
erm
any
622
1,17
51,
582
2,46
63,
125
3,17
33,
545
3,55
83,
491
3,88
63,
519
Gra
nd C
aym
an25
121
173
273
314
323
328
370
335
343
317
Gre
ece
121
208
187
132
220
235
186
192
191
195
135
Hai
ti91
133
192
233
314
303
289
293
327
303
317
Hon
g K
ong
9822
827
035
665
866
858
959
265
073
173
5Ir
elan
d22
022
027
444
864
272
171
677
595
01,
064
992
Isra
el84
189
294
204
412
483
482
502
547
577
400
Italy
431
537
662
792
1,00
71,
047
1,09
71,
078
1,17
11,
511
1,26
9C
ontin
ued
next
pag
e
72 � Chapter 1: The Transportation System
Jam
aica
457
429
707
975
1,12
41,
136
1,16
21,
219
1,20
91,
248
1,22
6
Japa
n1,
095
1,62
42,
435
4,52
85,
676
6,34
96,
736
6,63
06,
991
6,97
45,
876
Kor
ea, R
epub
lic o
f10
523
439
082
61,
335
1,51
41,
625
1,18
41,
240
1,47
01,
262
Mex
ico
1,62
62,
886
2,71
94,
313
4,88
45,
591
6,12
46,
318
6,57
66,
999
6,59
1
Net
herla
nds
312
427
583
837
1,58
01,
774
2,07
42,
213
2,31
82,
401
2,13
2N
ethe
rland
Ant
illes
213
327
407
388
339
305
368
382
371
389
371
Pan
ama
Rep
ublic
9715
018
015
322
522
922
726
730
835
934
3
Phi
lippi
nes
108
194
145
246
397
379
410
275
331
405
400
Spa
in30
631
241
955
860
461
867
573
273
482
775
8S
witz
erla
nd23
631
245
261
673
379
091
01,
068
1,02
61,
069
913
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
1,54
92,
973
3,46
05,
166
6,64
87,
131
7,93
58,
640
8,78
09,
382
8,43
5V
enez
uela
205
533
248
458
786
659
709
810
794
718
730
Tota
l10
,988
17,5
8821
,129
38,3
7747
,448
51,2
9455
,232
57,0
9958
,739
63,0
08U
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; U =
dat
a ar
e no
t ava
ilabl
e.
aC
ount
ry w
here
pas
seng
er b
oard
ed a
dir
ect
flig
ht t
o th
e U
nite
d St
ates
.b
Can
adia
n fi
gure
rep
rese
nts
num
ber
of r
even
ue p
asse
nger
s on
sch
edul
ed c
omm
erci
al a
nd c
hart
er f
light
s. D
oes
not
incl
ude
fore
ign
(non
-Can
adia
n, n
on-U
.S.)
sc
hedu
led
carr
iers
.
NO
TE
SIn
clud
es p
asse
nger
s on
inte
rnat
iona
l com
mer
cial
flig
hts
arri
ving
at
U.S
. air
port
s an
d tr
avel
ers
betw
een
U.S
. air
port
s in
the
50
stat
es, P
uert
o R
ico,
Gua
m, o
r th
e V
irgi
n Is
land
s, a
nd o
ther
U.S
. ter
rito
ries
. D
ata
com
pile
d fr
om f
light
rep
orts
req
uire
d by
the
U.S
. Im
mig
rati
on a
nd N
atur
aliz
atio
n Se
rvic
e. T
able
incl
udes
a s
elec
ted
sam
ple
of c
ount
ries
of
emba
rkat
ion
for
pass
enge
rs a
rriv
ing
in t
he U
nite
d St
ates
. B
ecau
se t
wo
diff
eren
t da
ta s
ourc
es a
re u
sed,
the
tot
al n
umbe
r of
arr
ivin
g pa
ssen
gers
may
be
less
tha
n th
e to
tal f
or “
coun
try
of e
mba
rkat
ion”
list
ed h
ere.
SOU
RC
ES
1975
-90:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, R
esea
rch
and
Spec
ial P
rogr
ams
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Vol
pe N
atio
nal T
rans
port
atio
n Sy
stem
s C
ente
r, U
.S. I
nter
nati
onal
A
ir T
rave
l Sta
tist
ics
(Cam
brid
ge, M
A: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le I
Ia.
1995
: U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of C
omm
erce
, Int
erna
tion
al T
rade
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
U.S
. Int
erna
tion
al A
ir P
asse
nger
Sta
tist
ics
Rep
ort,
Cal
enda
r Y
ear
1995
(W
ashi
ngto
n,
DC
: 199
6), t
able
IIa
. 19
96-2
001:
Ibi
d., U
.S. I
nter
nati
onal
Air
Tra
vel S
tati
stic
s R
epor
t (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le I
Ia. C
anad
a: S
tati
stic
s C
anad
a, A
ir C
arri
er T
raff
ic a
t C
anad
ian
Air
port
s (C
anad
a: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
and
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
Aug
. 21,
200
2.
TABL
E 1-
40: A
ir Pa
ssen
ger T
rave
l Arr
ival
s in
the
Unite
d St
ates
from
Sel
ecte
d Fo
reig
n Co
untri
es (T
hous
ands
) (Co
ntin
ued)
197
5 1
980
198
5 1
990
199
5 1
996
199
7 1
998
199
9 2
000
200
1
Travel and Goods Movement � 73
TABL
E 1-
41: A
ir Pa
ssen
ger T
rave
l Dep
artu
res
from
the
Unite
d St
ates
to S
elec
ted
Fore
ign
Coun
tries
(Tho
usan
ds)
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Fla
g o
f ca
rrie
rU
nite
d S
tate
s5,
912
9,36
910
,696
17,6
2822
,231
22,9
0124
,302
24,5
1325
,457
27,4
3125
,483
Fore
ign
6,14
19,
886
11,7
9116
,418
20,7
9522
,884
25,3
8226
,350
28,3
9930
,068
27,1
11To
tal d
epar
tin
g p
asse
ng
ers
12,0
5319
,256
22,4
8734
,046
43,0
2645
,785
49,6
8450
,863
53,8
5657
,498
52,5
94
Co
un
try
of
deb
arka
tio
na
Aus
tral
ia10
324
523
254
056
061
460
660
768
680
671
3B
aham
a Is
land
s70
41,
006
1,15
11,
279
1,02
499
498
395
51,
027
1,13
71,
007
Bar
bado
s74
126
204
230
217
210
200
196
202
214
204
Bel
gium
134
231
249
395
340
380
513
622
713
740
586
Ber
mud
a37
246
738
927
719
919
621
520
720
618
915
0B
razi
l20
629
132
256
01,
024
1,13
51,
292
1,29
71,
134
1,19
41,
081
Can
adab
NN
N6,
870
7,40
58,
477
8,89
09,
647
9,91
310
,459
U
Chi
na/T
aiw
an41
9018
733
789
194
593
993
497
51,
026
944
Col
ombi
a17
129
929
427
746
146
756
758
858
562
264
9D
enm
ark
188
254
254
307
229
227
259
217
214
227
239
Dom
inic
an R
epub
lic32
244
352
889
699
51,
057
1,07
01,
108
1,26
31,
294
1,21
4Fr
ance
470
635
894
1,62
61,
868
2,02
12,
147
2,28
92,
544
3,08
22,
927
Ger
man
y64
91,
178
1,53
92,
339
2,88
32,
978
3,17
83,
210
3,36
43,
722
3,38
9
Gra
nd C
aym
an26
112
161
250
264
285
290
305
291
289
271
Gre
ece
123
190
210
129
194
206
192
181
170
170
126
Hai
ti81
124
169
201
292
288
284
295
315
296
300
Hon
g K
ong
5915
223
831
064
065
161
062
162
172
873
3Ir
elan
d16
321
223
331
140
944
948
855
474
380
979
7Is
rael
105
186
255
259
426
492
499
488
515
480
374
Italy
409
495
660
731
955
1,00
61,
055
1,04
11,
101
1,36
61,
182
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
74 � Chapter 1: The Transportation System
Jam
aica
416
382
607
888
987
988
1,01
81,
018
1,08
61,
095
1,08
4
Japa
n1,
183
1,60
22,
255
4,47
15,
452
6,18
76,
796
6,48
76,
709
6,98
55,
993
Kor
ea, R
epub
lic o
f60
186
333
723
1,25
21,
382
1,46
11,
032
1,10
11,
307
1,13
7M
exic
o1,
525
2,88
62,
671
4,13
64,
568
5,13
35,
613
5,77
16,
217
6,51
06,
025
Net
herla
nds
304
409
562
777
1,44
41,
636
1,92
01,
933
2,00
92,
107
1,85
4N
ethe
rland
Ant
illes
184
282
395
377
295
288
319
340
335
337
344
Pan
ama
Rep
ublic
100
142
209
183
214
221
240
272
299
344
355
Phi
lippi
nes
8116
016
519
528
127
530
621
827
234
830
9S
pain
260
273
397
540
573
577
615
669
708
782
732
Sw
itzer
land
224
306
434
600
712
760
811
906
983
1,03
890
5
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
1,44
62,
840
3,32
24,
903
6,37
26,
693
7,47
58,
143
8,71
79,
154
8,18
0V
enez
uela
198
518
245
444
778
644
698
782
793
694
728
Tota
l10
,381
16,7
2219
,764
36,3
6144
,204
47,8
6251
,549
52,9
3355
,811
59,5
51U
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; U =
dat
a ar
e no
t ava
ilabl
e.
aC
ount
ry w
here
pas
seng
er d
eboa
rded
a d
irec
t fl
ight
fro
m t
he U
nite
d St
ates
.b
Can
adia
n fi
gure
rep
rese
nts
num
ber
of r
even
ue p
asse
nger
s on
sch
edul
ed c
omm
erci
al a
nd c
hart
er f
light
s. D
oes
not
incl
ude
fore
ign
(non
-Can
adia
n, n
on-U
.S.)
sc
hedu
led
carr
iers
.
NO
TE
SIn
clud
es p
asse
nger
s on
inte
rnat
iona
l com
mer
cial
flig
hts
depa
rtin
g U
.S. a
irpo
rts,
and
tra
vele
rs b
etw
een
U.S
. air
port
s in
the
50
stat
es, P
uert
o R
ico,
Gua
m, o
r th
e V
irgi
n Is
land
s, a
nd o
ther
U.S
. ter
rito
ries
. Dat
a co
mpi
led
from
flig
ht r
epor
ts r
equi
red
by t
he U
.S. I
mm
igra
tion
and
Nat
ural
izat
ion
Serv
ice.
Tab
le in
clud
es a
se
lect
ed s
ampl
e of
cou
ntri
es o
f de
bark
atio
n fo
r pa
ssen
gers
boa
rdin
g in
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es. B
ecau
se t
wo
diff
eren
t da
ta s
ourc
es a
re u
sed,
the
tot
al n
umbe
r of
de
part
ing
pass
enge
rs m
ay b
e le
ss t
han
the
tota
l for
“co
untr
y of
deb
arka
tion
” lis
ted
here
.
SOU
RC
ES
1975
-90:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, R
esea
rch
and
Spec
ial P
rogr
ams
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Vol
pe N
atio
nal T
rans
port
atio
n Sy
stem
s C
ente
r, U
.S. I
nter
nati
onal
A
ir T
rave
l Sta
tist
ics
(Cam
brid
ge, M
A: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le I
Id.
1995
: U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of C
omm
erce
, Int
erna
tion
al T
rade
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
U.S
. Int
erna
tion
al A
ir P
asse
nger
Sta
tist
ics
Rep
ort,
Cal
enda
r Y
ear
1995
(W
ashi
ngto
n,
DC
: 199
6), t
able
IId
. 19
96-2
001:
Ibi
d., U
.S. I
nter
nati
onal
Air
Tra
vel S
tati
stic
s R
epor
t (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le I
Id. C
anad
a: S
tati
stic
s C
anad
a, A
ir C
arri
er T
raff
ic a
t C
anad
ian
Air
port
s (C
anad
a: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
and
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
Aug
. 21,
200
2.
TABL
E 1-
41: A
ir Pa
ssen
ger T
rave
l Dep
artu
res
from
the
Unite
d St
ates
to S
elec
ted
Fore
ign
Coun
tries
(Tho
usan
ds) (
Cont
inue
d)
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Travel and Goods Movement � 75
TABLE 1-42: U.S.-Canadian Border Land-Passenger Gateways: Entering the United States, 2000-2001
All U.S.-Canadian land gateways 2000 2001All personal vehicle passengers 90,046,948 All personal vehicle passengers 74,971,105All personal vehicles 36,915,053 All personal vehicles 34,308,013All bus passengers 4,872,943 All bus passengers 4,456,436All pedestrians 585,191 All pedestrians 749,805All train passengers 269,502 All train passengers 253,652All buses 189,264 All buses 169,412Personal vehicle passengers – top 5 gatewaysDetroit, MI 21,723,936 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 16,571,352Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 16,523,141 Detroit, MI 15,156,971Blaine, WA 8,234,557 Blaine, WA 6,926,914Port Huron, MI 6,865,507 Port Huron, MI 4,698,825Sault Ste. Marie, MI 3,881,423 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 2,902,006Personal vehicles – top 5 gatewaysDetroit, MI 8,360,352 Detroit, MI 7,585,477Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 7,657,846 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 7,396,036Blaine, WA 3,332,147 Blaine, WA 2,892,208Port Huron, MI 2,332,469 Port Huron, MI 2,198,962Calais, ME 1,414,327 Calais, ME 1,232,755Bus passengers – top 5 gatewaysBuffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 1,973,016 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 1,618,598Detroit, MI 857,607 Detroit, MI 989,750Blaine, WA 441,320 Blaine, WA 382,273Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 317,205 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 291,421Port Huron, MI 155,153 Port Huron, MI 140,955Pedestrians – top 5 gatewaysBuffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 280,941 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 414,704Sumas, WA 57,222 Sumas, WA 98,968Calais, ME 51,033 Calais, ME 49,148
Portland, MEa 29,495 Portland, MEa 32,876
International Falls-Rainer, MN 26,456 International Falls-Rainer, MN 27,287Train passengers – top 5 gatewaysBuffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 53,603 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 53,337Blaine, WA 46,343 Blaine, WA 43,136Port Huron, MI 40,633 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 35,257Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 38,459 Skagway, AK 33,753Skagway, AK 35,253 Port Huron, MI 33,130Buses – top 5 gatewaysBuffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 66,771 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 53,231Detroit, MI 41,234 Detroit, MI 39,754Blaine, WA 18,104 Blaine, WA 16,561Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 11,728 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 10,374Skagway, AK 8,579 Sault Ste. Marie, MI 8,719
a Gateway is a pedestrian/ferry combination crossing.
NOTEData reflect all personal vehicles, buses, passengers and pedestrians entering the United States across the U.S.-
Canadian border, regardless of nationality.
SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, special tabulation, August 2002. Based
on the following primary data source: U.S. Department of Treasury, U.S. Customs Service, Office of Field Operations, Operations Management Database (Washington, DC: 2001).
76 � Chapter 1: The Transportation System
TABLE 1-43: U.S.-Mexican Border Land-Passenger Gateways: Entering the United States, 2000-2001
All U.S.-Mexican land gateways 2000 2001 All personal vehicle passengers 239,794,552 All personal vehicle passengers 209,105,846
All personal vehicles 91,156,796 All personal vehicles 89,526,957All pedestrians 47,089,642 All pedestrians 51,501,321All bus passengers 3,465,916 All bus passengers 3,366,795
All buses 270,792 All buses 288,285All train passengers 18,254 All train passengers 18,895Personal vehicle passengers – top 5 gatewaysEl Paso, TX 48,420,274 El Paso, TX 39,200,481San Ysidro, CA 31,025,343 San Ysidro, CA 33,003,554Hidalgo, TX 21,947,731 Hidalgo, TX 17,713,609
Calexico, CA 20,094,460 Laredo, TX 17,282,264Brownsville, TX 19,693,130 Brownsville, TX 16,951,901Personal vehicles – top 5 gatewaysEl Paso, TX 16,697,439 El Paso, TX 16,135,835San Ysidro, CA 14,106,704 San Ysidro, CA 15,001,616Hidalgo, TX 8,779,691 Hidalgo, TX 7,549,907
Brownsville, TX 7,877,255 Brownsville, TX 7,548,394Laredo, TX 7,151,127 Laredo, TX 7,454,330Pedestrians – top 5 gatewaysCalexico, CA 8,352,324 San Ysidro, CA 11,435,946San Ysidro, CA 7,542,450 El Paso, TX 7,201,100Hidalgo, TX 5,825,155 Calexico, CA 7,119,785
Laredo, TX 5,492,769 Laredo, TX 5,060,947Nogales, AZ 4,677,819 Nogales, AZ 4,874,738Bus passengers – top 5 gatewaysOtay Mesa, CA 845,775 San Ysidro, CA 897,047San Ysidro, CA 783,762 Laredo, TX 720,559Hidalgo, TX 648,751 Hidalgo, TX 659,450
Laredo, TX 608,184 Otay Mesa, CA 457,980El Paso, TX 155,493 El Paso, TX 195,399Buses – top 5 gatewaysSan Ysidro, CA 101,244 San Ysidro, CA 102,627Otay Mesa, CA 47,683 Otay Mesa, CA 57,954Laredo, TX 34,529 Laredo, TX 39,718
Hidalgo, TX 31,836 Hidalgo, TX 33,017Brownsville, TX 16,073 Brownsville, TX 14,026Train passengers – top 5 gatewaysEagle Pass, TX 5,792 Eagle Pass, TX 6,704Nogales, AZ 4,752 Tecate, CA 5,018Tecate, CA 3,418 Nogales, AZ 2,648
El Paso, TX 2,188 El Paso, TX 2,337Calexico East, CA 1,687 Calexico East, CA 1,722
NOTEData reflect all personal vehicles, buses, passengers and pedestrians entering the United States across the
U.S.-Mexican border, regardless of nationality.
SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, special tabulation, August 2002.
Based on the following primary data source: U.S. Department of Treasury, U.S. Customs Service, Office of Field Operations, Operations Management Database (Washington, DC: 2001).
Travel and Goods Movement � 77
TABL
E 1-
44: U
.S. T
on-M
iles
of F
reig
ht (M
illio
ns)
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
TOTA
L U
.S. t
on
-mile
s o
f fr
eig
ht
(mill
ion
s)U
1,85
4,03
42,
206,
713
2,28
4,70
62,
988,
522
2,94
9,41
03,
195,
677
3,64
8,03
63,
724,
723
3,68
2,43
73,
710,
237
3,81
4,22
5U
Air
car
rier
, do
mes
tic
all s
ervi
cesa
553
1,35
32,
709
3,47
04,
528
5,15
69,
064
12,5
2012
,861
13,6
0113
,840
14,2
0214
,983
Inte
rcit
y tr
uck
b28
5,00
035
9,00
041
2,00
045
4,00
055
5,00
061
0,00
073
5,00
092
1,00
097
2,00
099
6,00
01,
027,
000
P1,
093,
000
U
Cla
ss I
railc
572,
309
697,
878
764,
809
754,
252
918,
958
876,
984
1,03
3,96
91,
305,
688
1,35
5,97
51,
348,
926
1,37
6,80
21,
433,
461
1,46
5,96
0
Do
mes
tic
wat
er
tran
spo
rtat
iond
U48
9,80
359
6,19
556
5,98
492
1,83
689
2,97
083
3,54
480
7,72
876
4,68
770
7,41
067
2,79
565
5,86
264
5,79
9
Coa
stw
ise
U30
2,54
635
9,78
431
5,84
6e
631,
149
610,
977
479,
134
440,
345
408,
086
349,
843
314,
864
292,
730
283,
872
Lake
wis
eU
75,9
1879
,416
68,5
1761
,747
48,1
8460
,930
59,7
0458
,335
62,1
6661
,654
57,0
4557
,879
Inte
rnal
U10
9,70
115
5,81
618
0,39
922
7,34
323
2,70
829
2,39
330
6,32
929
6,79
129
4,02
329
4,89
630
4,72
430
2,55
8In
trap
ort
U1,
638
1,17
91,
222
1,59
61,
102
1,08
71,
350
1,47
51,
378
1,38
11,
362
1,49
0
Oil
pip
elin
eb22
9,00
030
6,00
043
1,00
050
7,00
058
8,20
056
4,30
058
4,10
060
1,10
061
9,20
061
6,50
061
9,80
061
7,70
057
7,30
0
KE
Y: P
= p
relim
inar
y; U
= d
ata
are
not a
vaila
ble.
aIn
clud
es f
reig
ht, e
xpre
ss, a
nd m
ail r
even
ue t
on-m
iles
as r
epor
ted
on U
.S. D
OT
For
m 4
1.
bIn
terc
ity
truc
k an
d oi
l pip
elin
e es
tim
ates
are
rep
orte
d in
bill
ions
. The
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, B
urea
u of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
isti
cs c
onve
rted
the
se
esti
mat
es t
o m
illio
ns.
cR
even
ue t
on-m
iles.
dE
xclu
des
intr
ater
rito
rial
tra
ffic
, for
whi
ch t
on-m
iles
wer
e no
t co
mpi
led.
eR
efle
cts
star
tup
betw
een
1975
and
198
0 of
Ala
ska
pipe
line
and
cons
eque
nt w
ater
tra
nspo
rtat
ion
of c
rude
pet
role
um f
rom
Ala
skan
por
ts t
o m
ainl
and
Uni
ted
Stat
es f
or r
efin
ing.
NO
TE
Dom
esti
c w
ater
tra
nspo
rtat
ion
num
bers
may
not
add
to
tota
ls d
ue t
o ro
undi
ng.
SOU
RC
ES
Air
car
rier
, dom
esti
c, a
ll se
rvic
es:
1960
-65:
Civ
il A
eron
auti
cs B
oard
, Han
dboo
k of
Air
line
Stat
isti
cs, 1
969
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 197
0).
1970
-80:
Ibi
d., A
ir C
arri
er T
raff
ic S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, p. 2
, lin
e 3.
1985
-200
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Bur
eau
of T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
, Off
ice
of A
irlin
e In
form
atio
n, A
ir C
arri
er T
raff
ic S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), p
. 2, l
ine
3.
Inte
rcit
y tr
uck:
19
60-9
9: E
no T
rans
port
atio
n Fo
unda
tion
, Inc
., T
rans
port
atio
n in
Am
eric
a, 2
000
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 200
1), p
. 12.
Cla
ss I
rai
l:19
60-2
000:
Ass
ocia
tion
of
Am
eric
an R
ailr
oads
, Rai
lroa
d Fa
cts
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 200
1), p
. 27.
Dom
esti
c w
ater
tra
nspo
rtat
ion:
1965
-200
0: U
.S. A
rmy
Cor
ps o
f E
ngin
eers
, Wat
erbo
rne
Com
mer
ce o
f th
e U
.S. (
New
Orl
eans
, LA
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), p
art
5, s
ecti
on 1
, tab
le 1
-4, a
nd s
imila
r ta
bles
in
ear
lier
edit
ions
.O
il pi
pelin
e:19
60-7
0: E
no T
rans
port
atio
n Fo
unda
tion
, Inc
., T
rans
port
atio
n in
Am
eric
a, 1
998
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 199
8), p
. 44.
1975
: Ass
ocia
tion
of
Oil
Pipe
Lin
es, S
hift
s in
Pet
role
um T
rans
port
atio
n (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le 4
.19
80-2
000:
Ibi
d., S
hift
s in
Pet
role
um T
rans
port
atio
n (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
1.
78 � Chapter 1: The Transportation SystemTA
BLE
1-45
: Ave
rage
Len
gth
of H
aul,
Dom
estic
Fre
ight
and
Pas
seng
er M
odes
(Mile
s)
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Fre
igh
tA
ir ca
rrie
r95
394
31,
014
1,08
21,
052
1,15
71,
389
1,16
01,
181
1,07
71,
078
1,00
1U
Truc
ka27
225
926
328
636
336
639
141
642
643
544
245
8U
Cla
ss I
rail
461
503
515
541
616
665
726
843
842
851
835
835
843
Wat
erC
oast
wis
e1,
496
1,50
11,
509
1,36
21,
915
1,97
21,
604
1,65
21,
526
1,33
01,
261
1,27
91,
251
Lake
wis
e52
249
450
653
053
652
455
351
450
850
750
550
150
6In
tern
al28
229
733
035
840
543
547
049
447
746
647
248
848
1In
trap
ort
U U
U16
1715
1316
1715
1515
16O
il pi
pelin
eC
rude
325
320
300
633
871
777
812
797
779
781
767
766
UP
etro
leum
pro
duct
s26
933
535
751
641
439
138
740
241
341
342
041
8U
Pas
sen
ger
Air
carr
ier,
583
614
678
698
736
758
803
791
802
817
812
824
833
dom
estic
, sch
edul
edB
us, i
nter
city
7994
106
113
125
121
141
140
143
144
144
143
UC
omm
uter
rai
l21
2122
2323
2422
2424
2323
23U
Am
trak
bN
NN
236
216
231
273
268
257
256
252
248
244
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; U =
dat
a ar
e no
t ava
ilabl
e.
aTo
tal C
lass
I a
nd C
lass
II
mot
or c
arri
ers
of f
reig
ht (
less
-tha
n-tr
uckl
oad,
spe
cial
ized
car
rier
for
tru
cklo
ad, a
nd o
ther
s).
bA
mtr
ak b
egan
ope
rati
ons
in 1
971.
Dat
a ar
e re
port
ed f
or f
isca
l yea
rs.
NO
TE
SA
vera
ge le
ngth
of
haul
for
fre
ight
is c
alcu
late
d by
div
idin
g to
n-m
iles
in t
he p
revi
ous
tabl
e by
est
imat
es o
f to
nnag
e fr
om t
he v
ario
us d
ata
sour
ces.
The
cal
cula
tion
of
ave
rage
leng
th o
f ha
ul f
or p
asse
nger
tri
ps v
arie
s by
mod
e: f
or a
ir c
arri
er it
is c
alcu
late
d by
div
idin
g re
venu
e pa
ssen
ger-
mile
s by
rev
enue
pas
seng
er e
npla
ne-
men
ts; f
or c
omm
uter
rai
l, in
terc
ity
bus,
and
Am
trak
it is
cal
cula
ted
by d
ivid
ing
pass
enge
r-m
iles
by n
umbe
r of
pas
seng
ers.
SOU
RC
ES
Frei
ght:
Air
car
rier
, tru
ck:
Eno
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Foun
dati
on, I
nc.,
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
In A
mer
ica,
200
0 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 2
001)
, p. 5
1.C
lass
I r
ail:
Ass
ocia
tion
of
Am
eric
an R
ailr
oads
, Rai
lroa
d Fa
cts
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 200
1), p
. 36.
Wat
er:
U.S
. Arm
y C
orps
of
Eng
inee
rs, W
ater
born
e C
omm
erce
of
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es, P
art
5 (N
ew O
rlea
ns, L
A: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, sec
tion
1, t
able
1-4
O
il pi
pelin
e:19
60-7
0: T
rans
port
atio
n Po
licy
Ass
ocia
tes,
Was
hing
ton,
DC
, per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion.
1975
-99:
Eno
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Foun
dati
on, I
nc.,
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
in A
mer
ica,
200
0 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 2
001)
, p. 5
1.Pa
ssen
ger:
A
ir c
arri
er:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, B
urea
u of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
isti
cs, O
ffic
e of
Air
line
Info
rmat
ion,
Air
Car
rier
Tra
ffic
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual
issu
es).
In
terc
ity
bus
and
com
mut
er r
ail:
Eno
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Foun
dati
on, I
nc.,
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
in A
mer
ica,
200
0 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 2
001)
, p. 5
0.A
mtr
ak:
1970
-85:
Am
trak
, cor
pora
te c
omm
unic
atio
n, J
an. 2
6, 1
999.
1990
-200
0: A
mtr
ak, A
mtr
ak A
nnua
l Rep
ort
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 200
1), S
tati
stic
al A
ppen
dix,
pp.
23-
25.
Travel and Goods Movement � 79
TABL
E 1-
46: T
op U
.S. F
orei
gn T
rade
Fre
ight
Gat
eway
s by
Val
ue o
f Shi
pmen
ts (C
urre
nt $
bill
ions
)
2000
2001
Gat
eway
Typ
eR
ank
Exp
ort
sIm
po
rts
Tota
lR
ank
Exp
ort
sIm
po
rts
Tota
lJF
K In
tern
atio
nal A
irpor
t, N
YA
ir1
56.0
75.5
131.
61
50.1
66.5
116.
6P
ort o
f Los
Ang
eles
, CA
Wat
er2
16.7
85.1
101.
82
17.4
86.8
104.
2P
ort o
f Lon
g B
each
, CA
Wat
er3
16.9
81.3
98.2
316
.778
.094
.7
Por
t of D
etro
it, M
ILa
nd4
49.5
44.9
94.4
449
.242
.892
.0P
ort o
f New
Yor
k, N
Y a
nd N
JW
ater
719
.761
.280
.95
22.7
63.2
85.9
Por
t of L
ared
o, T
XLa
nd6
39.2
44.4
83.7
634
.744
.979
.6
Los
Ang
eles
Inte
rnat
iona
l Airp
ort,
CA
Air
841
.735
.677
.37
34.0
29.9
63.9
San
Fra
ncis
co A
irpo
rt, C
AA
ir5
41.8
46.9
88.7
832
.329
.662
.0P
ort o
f Buf
falo
-Nia
gara
Fal
ls, N
YLa
nd9
36.2
33.9
70.1
929
.431
.160
.5
Por
t of H
uron
, MI
Land
1018
.840
.959
.710
17.3
38.4
55.6
Chi
cago
, IL
Air
1120
.425
.445
.711
19.9
25.0
44.9
Por
t of H
oust
on, T
XW
ater
1218
.724
.643
.412
19.5
25.0
44.5
Por
t of E
l Pas
o, T
XLa
nd13
17.5
21.9
39.4
1315
.922
.037
.9P
ort o
f Cha
rlest
on, S
CW
ater
1611
.320
.231
.514
12.5
20.9
33.4
Por
t of S
eattl
e, W
AW
ater
145.
426
.932
.315
5.3
23.3
28.6
New
Orle
ans,
LA
Air
1516
.215
.932
.016
13.8
13.5
27.4
Por
t of O
akla
nd, C
AW
ater
189.
615
.525
.117
7.7
17.2
25.0
Por
t of N
orfo
lk H
arbo
r, V
AW
ater
1711
.114
.125
.218
11.3
13.6
24.9
Mia
mi I
nter
natio
nal A
irpo
rt, F
LA
ir20
15.9
7.7
23.6
1915
.47.
222
.6A
ncho
rage
, AK
Air
213.
519
.723
.220
5.1
16.8
21.9
Por
t of B
altim
ore,
MD
Wat
er22
5.3
15.3
20.6
215.
115
.720
.8
Cle
vela
nd, O
HA
ir19
11.8
12.7
24.5
229.
210
.519
.7P
ort o
f Ota
y M
esa
Sta
tion,
CA
Land
258.
110
.718
.823
8.2
11.2
19.4
Dal
las-
Fort
Wor
th, T
XA
ir23
10.1
10.2
20.4
248.
810
.018
.8
Por
t of T
acom
a, W
AW
ater
244.
415
.519
.825
4.3
14.4
18.7
Por
t of S
avan
nah,
GA
Wat
er30
5.9
10.5
16.3
266.
410
.717
.2P
ort o
f New
Orle
ans,
LA
Wat
er26
7.6
11.2
18.8
278.
18.
817
.0
Por
t of M
iam
i, F
LW
ater
278.
49.
117
.528
8.5
8.1
16.6
Por
t of C
ham
plai
n-R
ouse
s P
t., N
YLa
nd28
6.0
11.3
17.3
295.
910
.216
.2A
tlant
a, G
AA
ir29
8.4
8.7
17.2
307.
68.
315
.8
Por
t of N
ogal
es, A
ZLa
nd31
5.3
8.3
13.6
314.
67.
912
.5P
ort o
f Hid
algo
, TX
Land
326.
26.
412
.632
5.7
6.7
12.4
Por
t of B
lain
e, W
ALa
nd33
5.6
6.7
12.3
335.
16.
611
.7
Por
t of B
row
nsvi
lle-C
amer
on, T
XLa
nd34
6.2
5.9
12.1
345.
85.
110
.9C
ontin
ued
next
pag
e
80 � Chapter 1: The Transportation System
Por
t of J
acks
onvi
lle, F
LW
ater
431.
98.
410
.335
2.0
8.8
10.8
Por
t of P
ortla
nd, O
RW
ater
413.
07.
510
.536
2.7
8.0
10.7
Por
t of A
lexa
ndria
Bay
, NY
Land
354.
67.
412
.037
4.1
6.6
10.6
Por
t of P
ort E
verg
lade
s, F
LW
ater
404.
75.
810
.538
4.4
5.9
10.3
Por
t of S
outh
Lou
isia
na, L
AW
ater
367.
14.
011
.139
6.5
3.5
10.0
Por
t of P
hila
delp
hia,
PA
Wat
er45
0.5
9.5
10.0
400.
69.
410
.0
New
ark,
NJ
Air
383.
96.
710
.641
3.2
6.2
9.4
Bos
ton
Loga
n A
irpo
rt, M
AA
ir44
5.9
4.4
10.3
425.
73.
69.
2P
ort o
f Pem
bina
, ND
Land
395.
35.
210
.643
4.4
4.5
8.9
Sea
ttle-
Taco
ma
Inte
rnat
iona
l Air
port
, WA
Air
473.
74.
88.
544
3.5
5.3
8.8
Phi
lade
lphi
a In
tern
atio
nal A
irpo
rt, P
AA
ir56
3.2
2.8
6.0
454.
93.
98.
8P
ort o
f Sw
eetg
rass
, MT
Land
493.
44.
47.
846
3.8
4.4
8.3
Por
t of M
orga
n C
ity, L
AW
ater
460.
19.
39.
447
0.1
7.7
7.8
San
Jua
n In
tern
atio
nal A
irpo
rt, P
RA
ir58
2.6
2.7
5.4
483.
74.
17.
8H
oust
on In
tern
atio
nal A
irpo
rt, T
XA
ir52
4.5
2.7
7.2
494.
82.
97.
7
Por
t of C
orpu
s C
hris
ti, T
XW
ater
421.
68.
710
.350
1.2
6.5
7.7
Tota
l top
50
gate
way
sN
Aa 6
18.9
a 989
.1a 1
,608
.1N
A57
9.5
920.
81,
500.
3
KE
Y: U
= d
ata
are
not a
vaila
ble;
NA
= n
ot a
pplic
able
.
aB
ased
on
top
50 f
reig
ht g
atew
ays
in 2
000.
NO
TE
SA
ll da
ta: T
rade
leve
ls r
efle
ct t
he m
ode
of t
rans
port
atio
n as
a s
hipm
ent
ente
rs o
r ex
its
at a
bor
der
port
. Flo
ws
thro
ugh
indi
vidu
al p
orts
are
bas
ed o
n re
port
ed d
ata
colle
cted
fro
m U
.S. t
rade
doc
umen
ts. T
rade
doe
s no
t in
clud
e lo
w-v
alue
shi
pmen
ts. (
In g
ener
al, t
hese
are
impo
rts
valu
ed a
t le
ss t
han
$1,2
50 a
nd e
xpor
ts t
hat
are
valu
ed a
t le
ss t
han
$2,5
00).
Air
: Dat
a fo
r al
l air
gat
eway
s in
clud
e a
low
leve
l (ge
nera
lly le
ss t
han
2%-3
% o
f th
e to
tal v
alue
) of
smal
l use
r-fe
e ai
rpor
ts lo
cate
d in
the
sam
e re
gion
. Air
gat
eway
s no
t id
enti
fied
by
airp
ort
nam
e (e
.g.,
Chi
cago
, IL
, and
oth
ers)
incl
ude
maj
or a
irpo
rt(s
) in
tha
t ge
ogra
phic
are
a in
add
itio
n to
sm
all r
egio
nal a
irpo
rts.
In
addi
-ti
on, d
ue t
o B
urea
u of
Cen
sus
conf
iden
tial
ity
regu
lati
ons,
dat
a fo
r co
urie
r op
erat
ions
are
incl
uded
in t
he a
irpo
rt t
otal
s fo
r JF
K I
nter
nati
onal
Air
port
, New
O
rlea
ns, L
os A
ngel
es, C
leve
land
, Chi
cago
, Mia
mi,
and
Anc
hora
ge.
Wat
er: T
he P
ort
of S
outh
Lou
isia
na in
clud
es t
he f
ollo
win
g in
divi
dual
por
ts in
Lou
isia
na: D
estr
ehan
, Gra
mer
cy, S
t. R
ose,
and
Goo
d H
ope.
In 2
000,
Por
t of
Bea
umon
t, T
X (
wat
er)
rank
ed 3
7th,
Por
t of
Cal
exic
o-E
ast,
CA
(la
nd)
rank
ed 4
8th,
and
Por
t of
Hig
hgat
e Sp
ring
s-A
lbur
g, V
T (
land
) ra
nked
50t
h.N
umbe
rs m
ay n
ot a
dd t
o to
tals
due
to
roun
ding
.
SOU
RC
ES
Air
: U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of C
omm
erce
, Bur
eau
of t
he C
ensu
s, F
orei
gn T
rade
Div
isio
n, s
peci
al t
abul
atio
n, A
ugus
t 20
02.
Wat
er: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Mar
itim
e A
dmin
istr
atio
n, O
ffic
e of
Sta
tist
ical
and
Eco
nom
ic A
naly
sis,
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
Aug
. 27,
200
2.L
and:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, B
urea
u of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
isti
cs, T
rans
bord
er S
urfa
ce F
reig
ht D
ata,
Aug
ust
2002
.
TABL
E 1-
46: T
op U
.S. F
orei
gn T
rade
Fre
ight
Gat
eway
s by
Val
ue o
f Shi
pmen
ts (C
urre
nt $
bill
ions
) (Co
ntin
ued)
2000
2001
Gat
eway
Typ
eR
ank
Exp
ort
sIm
po
rts
Tota
lR
ank
Exp
ort
sIm
po
rts
Tota
l
Travel and Goods Movement � 81
TABLE 1-47: U.S.-Canadian Border Land-Freight Gateways: Number of Truck or Railcar Crossings, 2000-2001
Truck 2000 2001Total U.S.-Canadian border 7,048,128 Total U.S.-Canadian border 6,776,909Total top 5 gateways 4,714,339 Total top 5 gateways 4,448,865Detroit, MI 1,769,389 Detroit, MI 1,642,042
Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 1,198,085 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 1,123,971Port Huron, MI 839,200 Port Huron, MI 828,802Blaine, WA 516,829 Blaine, WA 471,731
Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 390,836 Champlain-Rouses Point, NY 382,319
Rail Total U.S.-Canadian border 1,594,837 Total U.S.-Canadian border 1,779,345Total top 5 gateways 1,169,034 Total top 5 gateways 1,277,982Port Huron, MI 425,211 Port Huron, MI 449,299
Detroit, MI 237,968 Detroit, MI 304,591Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 181,462 International Falls, MN 205,430International Falls, MN 171,551 Portal, ND 168,137
Portal, ND 152,842 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 150,525
NOTESTruck: Data represent the number of truck crossings, not the number of unique vehicles. Data are for both
loaded and empty trucks.Rail: Data includes both loaded and unloaded railcars.
SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, special tabulation, August 2002.
Based on the following primary data source: U.S. Department of Treasury, U.S. Customs Service, Office of Field Operations, Operations Management Database, special tabulation (Washington, DC: 2001).
82 � Chapter 1: The Transportation System
TABLE 1-48: U.S.-Mexican Border Land-Freight Gateways: Number of Truck or Railcar Crossings, 2000-2001
Truck 2000 2001Total U.S.-Mexican border 4,525,579 Total U.S.-Mexican border 4,304,959Total top 5 gateways 3,575,207 Total top 5 gateways 3,398,053Laredo, TX 1,493,073 Laredo, TX 1,403,914
El Paso, TX 720,406 Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 708,446Otay Mesa/San Ysidro, CA 688,340 El Paso, TX 660,583Hidalgo, TX 374,150 Hidalgo, TX 368,395
Brownsville, TX 299,238 Calexico East, CA 256,715RailTotal U.S.-Mexican border 571,825 Total U.S.-Mexican border 582,652Total top 5 gateways 562,710 Total top 5 gateways 572,034Laredo, TX 243,369 Laredo, TX 273,935Brownsville, TX 139,803 Brownsville, TX 101,787
Eagle Pass, TX 94,113 Eagle Pass, TX 93,108Nogales, AZ 50,602 Nogales, AZ 58,667El Paso, TX 34,823 El Paso, TX 44,537
NOTESTruck: Data represent the number of truck crossings, not the number of unique vehicles. Data are for both
loaded and empty trucks. Rail: Data includes both loaded and unloaded railcars.
SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, special tabulation, August 2002.
Based on the following primary data source: U.S. Department of Treasury, U.S. Customs Service, Office of Field Operations, Operations Management Database, special tabulation (Washington, DC: 2001).
Travel and Goods Movement � 83
TABL
E 1-
49: U
.S. W
ater
born
e Fr
eigh
t (M
illio
n sh
ort t
ons)
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
200
0TO
TAL
1,09
9.9
1,27
2.9
1,53
1.7
1,69
5.0
1,99
8.9
1,78
8.4
2,16
3.9
2,24
0.4
2,28
4.1
2,33
3.1
2,33
9.5
2,32
2.6
2,46
1.6
Fo
reig
n, t
ota
l33
9.3
443.
758
1.0
748.
792
1.4
774.
31,
041.
61,
147.
41,
183.
41,
220.
61,
245.
41,
260.
81,
391.
8Im
port
s21
1.3
269.
833
9.3
476.
651
7.5
412.
760
0.0
672.
773
2.6
788.
384
0.7
860.
897
6.8
Exp
orts
128.
017
3.9
241.
627
2.1
403.
936
1.6
441.
647
4.7
450.
843
2.3
404.
740
0.0
415.
0D
omes
tic, t
otal
760.
682
9.2
950.
794
6.3
1,07
7.5
1,01
4.1
1,12
2.3
1,09
3.0
1,10
0.7
1,11
2.5
1,09
4.1
1,06
1.8
1,06
9.8
Inla
nd29
1.1
369.
647
2.1
503.
953
5.0
534.
762
2.6
620.
362
2.1
630.
662
5.0
624.
662
8.4
Coa
stal
209.
220
1.5
238.
423
1.9
329.
630
9.8
298.
626
6.6
267.
426
3.1
249.
622
8.8
226.
9G
reat
Lak
es15
5.1
153.
715
7.1
129.
311
5.1
92.0
110.
211
6.1
114.
912
2.7
122.
211
3.9
114.
4In
trap
ort
104.
210
2.9
81.5
78.3
94.2
74.3
86.4
83.1
89.0
89.8
90.1
88.7
94.6
Intr
ater
ritor
y1.
01.
51.
62.
93.
63.
44.
56.
97.
36.
37.
25.
95.
5
NO
TE
SB
egin
ning
in 1
996,
shi
pmen
ts o
f fi
sh a
re e
xclu
ded
from
dom
esti
c to
nnag
e to
tals
.
Num
bers
may
not
add
to
tota
ls d
ue t
o ro
undi
ng.
SOU
RC
ES
1960
-200
0: U
.S. A
rmy
Cor
ps o
f E
ngin
eers
, Wat
erbo
rne
Com
mer
ce o
f th
e U
nite
d St
ates
(N
ew O
rlea
ns, L
A: M
arch
200
2), p
art
5, t
able
s 1-
3 an
d 1-
6.
84 � Chapter 1: The Transportation System
TABLE 1-50: Tonnage of Top 50 U.S. Water Ports, Ranked by Total Tonsa
1990 2000
RankTotal tons (Millions) Rank
Total tons (Millions)
Percent change1990-2000
South Louisiana, LA 1 194.2 1 217.8 12.1%Houston, TX 3 126.2 2 191.4 51.7%New York, NY and NJ 2 140.0 3 138.7 -1.0%
New Orleans, LA 6 62.7 4 90.8 44.7%Corpus Christi, TX 7 62.0 5 83.1 34.0%Beaumont, TX 23 26.7 6 82.7 209.2%
Huntington, WV 34 17.3 7 76.9 344.1%Long Beach, CA 10 52.4 8 70.1 33.8%Baton Rouge, LA 5 78.1 9 65.6 -16.0%
Texas City, TX 12 48.1 10 61.6 28.1%Plaquemine, LA 8 56.6 11 59.9 5.9%Lake Charles, LA 16 40.9 12 55.5 35.8%
Mobile, AL 15 41.1 13 54.2 31.7%Pittsburgh, PA 19 35.5 14 53.9 51.9%Los Angeles, CA 13 46.4 15 48.2 4.0%
Valdez, AK 4 96.0 16 48.1 -49.9%Tampa, FL 11 51.6 17 46.5 -9.9%Philadelphia, PA 14 41.8 18 43.9 4.8%
Norfolk Harbor, VA 9 53.7 19 42.4 -21.1%Duluth-Superior, MN and WI 17 40.8 20 41.7 2.2%Baltimore, MD 18 39.5 21 40.8 3.3%
Portland, OR 21 27.5 22 34.3 25.0%St. Louis, MO and IL 22 27.1 23 33.3 23.0%Freeport, TX 40 14.5 24 31.0 113.8%
Portland, ME 51 10.8 25 29.3 172.3%Pascagoula, MS 24 26.5 26 28.7 8.4%Paulsboro, NJ 27 23.3 27 26.9 15.2%
Seattle, WA 30 21.6 28 24.2 12.0%Chicago, IL 28 22.5 29 23.9 6.2%Marcus Hook, PA 25 25.9 30 22.6 -12.7%
Port Everglades, FL 42 14.1 31 22.5 59.1%Tacoma, WA 31 21.4 32 22.3 4.0%Port Arthur, TX 20 30.7 33 21.4 -30.3%
Travel and Goods Movement � 85
Charleston, SC 54 9.7 34 21.1 117.3%Boston, MA 29 21.9 35 20.8 -5.3%Jacksonville, FL 36 15.1 36 19.7 30.3%
Savannah, GA 44 13.6 37 19.7 45.0%Richmond, CA 32 21.2 38 19.5 -8.0%Memphis, TN 47 12.4 39 18.3 47.8%
Anacortes, WA 35 15.4 40 18.0 17.1%Detroit, MI 33 17.7 41 17.3 -2.5%Indiana Harbor, IN 37 14.7 42 16.2 10.3%
Honolulu, HI 50 11.3 43 15.8 39.3%Cleveland, OH 41 14.4 44 14.4 0.2%Cincinnati, OH 46 12.6 45 14.3 13.6%
Lorain, OH 43 14.0 46 14.2 1.5%San Juan, PR 39 14.5 47 13.9 -4.4%Newport News, VA 26 24.9 48 13.8 -44.6%
Toledo, OH 38 14.7 49 13.3 -9.2%Two Harbors, MN 48 12.3 50 13.1 6.2%Total top 50 1,877.9 2,217.3 18.1%
All ports 2,163.9 2,461.6 13.8%
a Tonnage totals include both domestic and foreign waterborne trade.
NOTESIn 1990, Grays Harbor, Washington, ranked 45th (12.8 tons) and Ashtabula, Ohio, ranked 49th (11.9 tons).Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.
SOURCES1990: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Calendar Year 1990, Part 5,
National Summaries (New Orleans, LA: 1993), table 5-2. 2000: Ibid., Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Calendar Year 2000, Part 5, National Summaries
(New Orleans, LA: 2002), tables 1-1 and 5-2.
TABLE 1-50: Tonnage of Top 50 U.S. Water Ports, Ranked by Total Tonsa (Continued)
1990 2000
RankTotal tons (Millions) Rank
Total tons (Millions)
Percent change1990-2000
86 � Chapter 1: The Transportation SystemTA
BLE
1-51
: Gro
wth
of F
reig
ht A
ctiv
ity in
the
Unite
d St
ates
: Com
paris
on o
f the
199
3 an
d 19
97 C
omm
odity
Flo
w S
urve
ys
Val
ue
Ton
sTo
n-m
iles
Mo
de
of
tran
spo
rtat
ion
1993
(bill
ion
$
1997
)
1997
(bill
ion
$
1997
)P
erce
nt
chan
ge
1993
(mill
ion
s)19
97(m
illio
ns)
Per
cen
tch
ang
e19
93(b
illio
ns)
1997
(bill
ion
s)P
erce
nt
chan
ge
TOTA
L a
ll m
od
es6,
360.
86,
944.
09.
29,
688.
511
,089
.714
.52,
420.
92,
661.
49.
9
Sin
gle
mo
des
, to
tal
5,37
6.3
5,71
9.6
6.4
8,92
2.3
10,4
36.5
17.0
2,13
6.9
2,38
3.5
11.5
Truc
ka4,
791.
04,
981.
54.
06,
385.
97,
700.
720
.686
9.5
1,02
3.5
17.7
For-
hire
truc
k2,
856.
12,
901.
31.
62,
808.
33,
402.
621
.262
9.0
741.
117
.8
Priv
ate
truc
kb1,
910.
42,
036.
56.
63,
543.
54,
137.
316
.823
5.9
268.
613
.9
Rai
l26
9.2
319.
618
.71,
544.
11,
549.
80.
494
2.6
1,02
2.5
8.5
Wat
er67
.175
.813
.150
5.4
563.
411
.527
2.0
261.
7–3
.8S
hallo
w d
raft
44.3
53.9
21.7
362.
541
4.8
14.4
164.
418
9.3
15.2
Gre
at L
akes
1.3
1.5
15.4
33.0
38.4
16.4
12.4
13.4
8.2
Dee
p dr
aft
21.5
20.4
–4.9
109.
911
0.2
0.2
95.2
59.0
–38.
0A
ir (in
clud
es tr
uck
and
air)
151.
322
9.1
51.4
3.1
4.5
42.6
4.0
6.2
55.5
Pip
elin
ec97
.811
3.5
16.1
483.
661
8.2
27.8
SS
S
Mu
ltip
le m
od
es, t
ota
l72
0.9
945.
931
.222
5.7
216.
7–4
.019
1.5
204.
56.
8P
arce
l, U
.S. P
osta
l Ser
vice
or
cour
ier
612.
885
5.9
39.7
18.9
23.7
25.4
13.2
18.0
36.8
Truc
k an
d ra
il90
.475
.7–1
6.3
40.6
54.2
33.5
37.7
55.6
47.5
Truc
k an
d w
ater
10.2
8.2
–19.
468
.033
.2–5
1.2
40.6
34.8
–14.
4R
ail a
nd w
ater
4.0
1.8
–55.
279
.279
.30.
170
.277
.610
.5O
ther
mul
tiple
mod
es3.
54.
322
.018
.926
.238
.6S
18.6
S
Oth
er/u
nkn
ow
n m
od
es, t
ota
l26
3.6
278.
65.
754
0.5
436.
5–1
9.2
92.6
73.4
–20.
7
KE
Y: S
= d
ata
are
not p
ublis
hed
beca
use
of h
igh
sam
plin
g va
riabi
lity
or o
ther
rea
sons
.
aT
ruck
as
a si
ngle
mod
e in
clud
es s
hipm
ents
tha
t w
ent
by p
riva
te t
ruck
onl
y, f
or-h
ire
truc
k on
ly, o
r a
com
bina
tion
of
both
.b
Priv
ate
truc
k re
fers
to
a tr
uck
oper
ated
by
a te
mpo
rary
or
perm
anen
t em
ploy
ee o
f an
est
ablis
hmen
t or
the
buy
er/r
ecei
ver
of t
he s
hipm
ent.
cE
xclu
des
mos
t sh
ipm
ents
of
crud
e oi
l.
NO
TE
Num
bers
and
per
cent
s m
ay n
ot a
dd t
o to
tals
due
to
roun
ding
.
SOU
RC
EU
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Bur
eau
of T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
and
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of C
omm
erce
, Cen
sus
Bur
eau,
199
7 E
cono
mic
Cen
sus,
Tra
nspo
r-ta
tion
, 199
7 C
omm
odit
y Fl
ow S
urve
y (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: D
ecem
ber
1999
), t
able
1b;
the
Bur
eau
of T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
con
vert
ed t
he v
alue
of
1993
com
-m
odit
ies
from
199
3 cu
rren
t do
llars
to
1997
con
stan
t do
llars
usi
ng B
urea
u of
Eco
nom
ic A
naly
sis
chai
n-ty
pe p
rice
def
lato
rs.
Travel and Goods Movement � 87
TABL
E 1-
52: V
alue
, Ton
s, a
nd T
on-M
iles
of F
reig
ht S
hipm
ents
with
in th
e Un
ited
Stat
es b
y Do
mes
tic E
stab
lishm
ents
, 199
7
SC
TG
Co
mm
od
ity
des
crip
tio
nVa
lue
($ b
illio
ns)
Per
cen
tTo
ns
(mill
ion
s)P
erce
nt
Ton
-mile
s (b
illio
ns)
Per
cen
t
Val
ue
per
to
n
($)
Ave
rag
e m
iles
per
sh
ipm
ent
01Li
ve a
nim
als
and
live
fish
6.2
0.1
5.9
0.1
1.5
0.1
1,04
227
2
02C
erea
l gra
ins
59.6
0.9
489.
74.
420
0.6
7.5
122
125
03O
ther
agr
icul
tura
l pro
duct
s10
2.3
1.5
201.
71.
880
.83.
050
843
8
04A
nim
al fe
ed a
nd p
rodu
cts
of a
nim
al o
rigin
(N
EC
)66
.81.
021
9.7
2.0
46.8
1.8
304
79
05M
eat,
fish,
sea
food
, and
thei
r pr
epar
atio
ns18
3.8
2.6
79.5
0.7
36.4
1.4
2,31
213
7
06M
illed
gra
in p
rodu
cts,
pre
para
tions
, and
bak
ery
prod
ucts
109.
91.
610
2.7
0.9
48.5
1.8
1,06
912
2
07O
ther
pre
pare
d fo
odst
uffs
and
fats
and
oils
34
6.4
5.0
396.
93.
612
4.1
4.7
873
127
08A
lcoh
olic
bev
erag
es87
.91.
381
.10.
727
.81.
01,
085
58
09To
bacc
o pr
oduc
ts56
.40.
84.
10.
01.
00.
013
,661
296
10M
onum
enta
l or
build
ing
ston
e2.
70.
015
.90.
11.
50.
117
211
5
11N
atur
al s
ands
4.3
0.1
442.
54.
025
.51.
010
46
12G
rave
l and
cru
shed
sto
ne11
.50.
21,
814.
816
.492
.93.
56
36
13N
onm
etal
lic m
iner
als
(NE
C)
11.3
0.2
235.
72.
152
.22.
048
174
14M
etal
lic o
res
and
conc
entr
ates
12.6
0.2
90.7
0.8
47.7
1.8
139
303
15C
oal
25.5
0.4
1,21
7.0
11.0
542.
320
.421
81
17G
asol
ine
and
avia
tion
turb
ine
fuel
217.
13.
196
2.8
8.7
136.
65.
122
545
18F
uel o
ils94
.31.
448
1.7
4.3
51.2
1.9
196
28
19C
oal a
nd p
etro
leum
pro
duct
s (N
EC
)74
.91.
147
5.1
4.3
81.9
3.1
158
85
20B
asic
che
mic
als
159.
62.
329
6.1
2.7
136.
85.
153
933
2
21P
harm
aceu
tical
pro
duct
s22
4.4
3.2
9.9
0.1
5.6
0.2
22,6
7869
2
22F
ertit
izer
s27
.30.
417
9.1
1.6
43.6
1.6
153
116
23C
hem
ical
pro
duct
s an
d pr
epar
atio
ns (
NE
C)
209.
53.
092
.00.
845
.01.
72,
276
333
24P
last
ics
and
rubb
er27
8.8
4.0
130.
41.
269
.12.
62,
138
451
25Lo
gs a
nd o
ther
woo
d in
the
roug
h15
.10.
237
0.7
3.3
28.1
1.1
4185
26W
ood
prod
ucts
126.
41.
832
9.1
3.0
96.9
3.6
384
287
27P
ulp,
new
sprin
t, pa
per,
and
pape
rboa
rd10
6.6
1.5
152.
31.
483
.73.
170
019
4
28P
aper
or
pape
rboa
rd a
rtic
les
98.3
1.4
73.5
0.7
22.0
0.8
1,33
830
7
29P
rinte
d pr
oduc
ts26
0.3
3.7
78.1
0.7
22.8
0.9
3,33
543
1
30Te
xtile
s, le
athe
r, an
d ar
ticle
s of
text
iles
or le
athe
r37
9.2
5.5
45.9
0.4
24.7
0.9
8,26
691
2
31N
onm
etal
lic m
iner
al p
rodu
cts
109.
21.
691
0.1
8.2
91.4
3.4
120
401
32B
ase
met
al in
prim
ary
or s
emifi
nish
ed fo
rms
and
in fi
nish
ed b
asic
sha
pes
285.
74.
133
5.9
3.0
117.
54.
485
127
6
33A
rtic
les
of b
ase
met
al22
7.2
3.3
106.
51.
048
.71.
82,
133
403
34M
achi
nery
417.
16.
049
.90.
427
.01.
08,
356
356
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
88 � Chapter 1: The Transportation System
35E
lect
roni
c an
d ot
her
elec
tric
al e
quip
men
t and
com
pone
nts
and
offic
e eq
uipm
ent
869.
712
.539
.60.
427
.11.
021
,955
640
36M
otor
ized
and
oth
er v
ehic
les
(incl
udin
g pa
rts)
571.
08.
298
.10.
945
.91.
75,
822
278
37Tr
ansp
orta
tion
equi
pmen
t (N
EC
)12
9.2
1.9
5.5
0.0
3.8
0.1
23,5
8779
6
38P
reci
sion
inst
rum
ents
and
app
arat
us15
7.9
2.3
2.9
0.0
2.2
0.1
53,7
4184
0
39F
urni
ture
, mat
tres
ses
and
mat
tres
s su
ppor
ts, l
amps
, lig
htin
g fit
tings
, an
d ill
umin
ated
sig
ns97
.31.
419
.90.
211
.60.
44,
885
625
40M
isce
llane
ous
man
ufac
ture
d pr
oduc
ts42
0.9
6.1
112.
51.
039
.91.
53,
741
860
41W
aste
and
scr
ap32
.70.
517
7.8
1.6
40.1
1.5
184
164
43M
ixed
frei
ght
230.
43.
311
0.3
1.0
17.2
0.6
2,09
025
2
Com
mod
ity u
nkno
wn
36.5
0.5
46.2
0.4
11.8
0.4
791
499
All
com
mo
dit
ies
6,94
3.8
100.
011
,089
.810
0.0
2,66
1.8
100.
0
KE
Y: N
EC
= n
ot e
lsew
here
cla
ssifi
ed; S
CT
G=
Sta
ndar
d C
lass
ifica
tion
of T
rans
port
atio
n G
oods
.
NO
TE
T
he 1
997
Com
mod
ity
Flow
Sur
vey
data
rep
orte
d in
thi
s ta
ble
are
base
d on
SC
TG
cod
e, w
hich
dif
fers
fro
m t
he c
ode
used
in t
he 1
993
CFS
. The
refo
re, d
ata
in
this
tab
le a
re n
ot d
irec
tly
com
para
ble
to t
he 1
993
data
rep
orte
d in
the
199
8 ed
itio
n of
Nat
iona
l Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
isti
cs.
SOU
RC
EU
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Bur
eau
of T
rasn
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
, U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of C
omm
erce
, Cen
sus
Bur
eau,
199
7 E
cono
mic
Cen
sus,
Tra
nspo
rta-
tion
199
7 C
omm
odit
y Fl
ow S
urve
y (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: D
ecem
ber
1999
), t
able
7.
TABL
E 1-
52: V
alue
, Ton
s, a
nd T
on-M
iles
of F
reig
ht S
hipm
ents
with
in th
e Un
ited
Stat
es b
y Do
mes
tic E
stab
lishm
ents
, 199
7 (C
ontin
ued)
SC
TG
Co
mm
od
ity
des
crip
tio
nVa
lue
($ b
illio
ns)
Per
cen
tTo
ns
(mill
ion
s)P
erce
nt
Ton
-mile
s (b
illio
ns)
Per
cen
t
Val
ue
per
to
n
($)
Ave
rag
e m
iles
per
sh
ipm
ent
Travel and Goods Movement � 89
TABLE 1-53: Value of U.S. Land Exports to and Imports from Canada and Mexico by Mode ($ millions)
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001Exports to CanadaTruck 89,151.1 97,423.4 102,743.0 111,173.8 114,806.1 123,140.0 129,825.3 117,694.5Rail 13,593.9 15,271.9 15,678.7 13,255.6 12,279.6 11,754.6 12,946.5 12,972.7
Pipeline 133.8 121.3 162.2 180.6 93.4 113.9 161.6 221.3
Othera 21,753.2 17,010.5 20,467.5 9,336.1 10,559.5 11,360.0 11,913.4 14,772.0
Mail 69.3 57.0 58.3 24.1 6.8 5.6 0.6 1.1Total R124,701.2 129,884.1 139,109.7 R133,970.3 137,745.4 146,374.1 154,847.4 145,661.6
Exports to MexicoTruck 39,066.5 35,914.2 44,091.8 55,592.6 60,432.1 66,923.8 82,389.2 74,223.1Rail 4,192.0 4,694.4 5,119.2 5,648.0 6,188.8 5,710.6 10,495.8 10,389.4Pipeline 0.4 1.0 2.3 68.3 73.4 144.2 301.8 296.1
Othera 3,238.9 2,025.8 2,540.1 2,860.5 3,470.0 3,349.6 3,972.0 4,017.7
Mailb 5.5 26.8 – 0.1 0.1 0.7 R– 0.1
Total 46,503.3 42,662.2 51,753.4 64,169.5 70,164.4 76,129.0 97,158.9 88,926.4
Imports from CanadaTruck 79,456.4 88,964.9 98,400.8 99,814.8 108,856.7 118,901.4 127,816.3 117,129.9
Rail 30,322.8 39,996.9 39,811.0 38,293.0 37,374.1 46,255.4 49,699.2 47,197.9Pipeline 9,728.6 10,606.6 12,796.2 13,879.5 11,120.1 12,055.5 23,117.1 25,908.5
Othera 3,991.6 3,888.2 4,968.4 3,572.5 4,575.1 6,386.9 9,571.0 10,523.8
Mail 5.5 5.2 6.9 0.4 1.7 13.1 4.1 7.2
FTZc U 207.6 223.4 122.4 177.9 111.2 62.8 86.1
Total 123,504.9 R143,669.5 R156,206.6 155,682.6 162,105.7 183,723.5 210,270.5 200,853.4
Imports from MexicoTruck 35,013.9 43,014.3 48,350.0 56,716.5 65,883.7 76,448.0 88,668.7 86,377.2Rail 7,769.0 9,137.9 12,297.7 12,646.9 12,029.7 14,693.4 21,056.1 22,056.8Pipeline 187.9 27.4 8.1 3.6 2.4 1.5 11.5 1.6
Othera 643.5 768.9 639.2 668.2 917.8 1,255.8 1,573.9 1,539.7
Mail 1.9 1.3 1.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.1
FTZc U 1,099.2 2,015.6 2,119.6 2,886.7 2,624.4 2,125.7 1,894.9
Total 43,616.2 R54,048.9 R63,312.2 72,155.0 81,720.3 95,023.4 113,436.5 111,870.3
KEY: – = value too small to report; FTZ = foreign trade zone; R = revised; U = data are not available.
a Other includes “flyaway aircraft” or aircraft moving under their own power (i.e., aircraft moving from the manufacturer to a customer and not carrying any freight), powerhouse (electricity), vessels moving under their own power, pedestrians carrying freight, and unknown and miscellaneous.
b Beginning in January 1996, new edit checks were added to the processing of the Transborder Surface Freight Data. Because of these checks, the number of mail export shipments from the United States to Mexico declined sharply between 1995 and 1996. The Census Bureau found that a number of rail shipments were misidentified as mail shipments in 1994 and 1995, although the exact proportion of these is unknown.
c Foreign Trade Zones (FTZs) were added as a mode of transport for land import shipments beginning in April 1995. Although FTZs are being treated as a mode of transportation in the Transborder Surface Freight Data, the actual mode for a specific shipment into or out of an FTZ is unknown because U.S. Customs does not collect this information.
90 � Chapter 1: The Transportation System
TABLE 1-53: Value of U.S. Land Exports to and Imports from Canada and Mexico by Mode ($ millions) (Continued)
NOTESShipments that neither originate nor terminate in the United States (i.e., in transit, in-bond shipments) are not
included here, although they use the U.S. transportation system. These shipments are usually part of Mex-ico-Canada trade, and simply pass through the United States. Transshipments, however, are included between 1994, 1995, and 1996; these are shipments that entered or exited the United States by way of a Customs port on the northern or southern border, but whose origin or destination was a country other than Canada or Mexico. Starting in 1997, transshipments are excluded. Users should note these differences before comparing figures for 1994-96 with 1997 and subsequent year data. Data exclude export shipments valued at less than $2,500 and import shipments valued at less than $1,250.
Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.
SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Transborder Surface Freight Data,
Internet site www.bts.gov/transborder, 2002.
Travel and Goods Movement � 91
TABLE 1-54: Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Transported in the United States by Mode
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000Crude oilTon-miles (billions)
Pipelinesa 288.0 362.6 334.4 334.8 335.9 338.3 337.4 334.1 321.1 283.4
Water carriers 40.6 c387.4 449.2 291.2 247.7 202.4 147.3 117.9 100.0 91.0
Motor carriersb 1.4 2.5 1.8 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.2
Railroads 1.5 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4Total 331.5 753.0 786.2 628.2 586.0 543.2 486.9 454.1 423.0 376.0
Percent of total
Pipelinesa 86.9 48.2 42.5 53.3 57.3 62.3 69.3 73.6 75.9 75.4
Water carriers 12.2 51.4 57.2 46.4 42.3 37.3 30.3 26.0 23.6 24.2
Motor carriersb 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Railroads 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Refined petroleum productsTon-miles (billions)
Pipelinesa 219.0 225.6 229.9 249.3 265.2 280.9 279.1 285.7 296.6 293.9
Water carriers 257.4 230.4 141.2 157.8 153.2 154.1 148.3 147.1 147.5 153.4
Motor carriersb 26.2 24.3 26.9 28.2 24.6 28.0 26.0 26.7 27.6 30.1
Railroads 12.6 12.0 11.3 13.3 15.9 16.0 16.2 16.2 18.2 19.9Total 515.2 492.3 409.3 448.6 458.9 479.0 469.6 475.7 489.9 497.3
Percent of total
Pipelinesa R42.5 R45.8 R56.2 R55.6 R57.8 R58.6 R59.4 R60.1 60.5 59.1
Water carriers R50.0 R46.8 R34.5 R35.2 R33.4 R32.2 R31.6 R30.9 30.1 30.8
Motor carriersb R5.1 5.0 R6.6 R6.3 5.3 5.9 R5.5 R5.6 5.6 6.1
Railroads R2.4 R2.4 2.7 R2.9 R3.5 R3.3 3.5 3.4 3.7 4.0
Combined crude and petroleum products Ton-miles (billions)
Pipelinesa 507.0 588.2 564.3 584.1 601.1 619.2 616.5 619.8 617.7 577.3
Water carriers 298.0 c617.8 590.4 449.0 400.9 356.5 295.6 265.0 247.5 244.4
Motor carriersb 27.6 26.8 28.7 29.7 26.3 29.7 27.7 28.3 29.0 31.3
Railroads 14.1 12.5 12.1 14.0 16.6 16.8 16.7 16.7 18.7 20.3Total 846.7 1,245.3 1,195.5 1,076.8 1,044.9 1,022.2 956.5 929.8 912.9 873.3
Percent of total
Pipelinesa 59.9 47.2 47.2 54.2 57.5 60.6 64.5 66.7 67.7 66.1
Water carriers 35.2 49.6 49.4 41.7 38.4 34.9 30.9 28.5 27.1 28.0
Motor carriersb 3.3 2.2 2.4 2.8 2.5 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.6
Railroads 1.7 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.8 2.1 2.3
KEY: R = revised.
a The amount carried by pipeline is based on ton-miles of crude and petroleum products transported through federally regulated pipelines (84%), plus estimated ton-miles of crude and petroleum products transported through nonfederally regulated pipelines (16%).
b The amount carried by motor carriers is estimated.c Reflects the entrance between 1975 and 1980 of the Alaska pipeline, moving crude petroleum for water
transportation to U.S. refineries.
SOURCES1975: Association of Oil Pipe Lines, Shifts in Petroleum Transportation (Washington, DC), table 6.1980-2000: Ibid., (Annual issues), tables 1, 2, and 3.
92 � Chapter 1: The Transportation System
TABLE 1-55: U.S. Hazardous Materials Shipments by Transportation Mode, 1997
Transportation mode
Value Tons Ton-mile Value
($ million) Percent (thousands) Percent (millions) PercentSingle modes, total 452.7 97.1 1,541.7 98.5 258.9 98.1
Trucka 298.2 63.9 869.8 55.6 74.9 28.4
For-hire 134.3 28.8 336.4 21.5 45.2 17.1
Privateb 160.7 34.5 522.7 33.4 28.8 10.9
Rail 33.3 7.1 96.6 6.2 74.7 28.3Water 27.0 5.8 143.2 9.1 68.2 25.9
Air 8.6 1.8 0.1 — 0.1 —
Pipelinec 85.7 18.4 432.1 27.6 S S
Multiple modes, total 5.7 1.2 6.0 0.4 3.1 1.2Parcel, U.S. Postal Service or Courier 2.9 0.6 0.1 — 0.1 —
Other 2.9 0.6 5.9 0.4 3.0 1.1
Unknown and other modes, total 7.9 1.7 17.5 1.1 1.8 0.7
TOTAL all modes 466.4 100.0 1,565.2 100.0 263.8 100.0
KEY: — = less than 1 unit of measure or equal to zero; S = data are not published because of high sampling variability or other reasons.
a Truck as a single mode includes shipments that went by private truck only, for-hire truck only, or a combina-tion of both.
b Private truck refers to a truck operated by a temporary or permanent employee of an establishment or the buyer/receiver of the shipment.
c Excludes most shipments of crude oil. See previous table for the estimated amount of crude oil and petro-leum products transported in the United States.
NOTENumbers and percents may not add to totals due to rounding.
SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Commerce, Census
Bureau, 1997 Economic Census, Transportation, 1997 Commodity Flow Survey, Hazardous Materials (Washington, DC: December 1999), table 1.
Travel and Goods Movement � 93
TABL
E 1-
56: U
.S. H
azar
dous
Mat
eria
ls S
hipm
ents
by
Haza
rd C
lass
, 199
7
Val
ue
Ton
sTo
n-m
iles
Ave
rag
em
iles
per
ship
men
tH
azar
d c
lass
an
d d
escr
ipti
on
($ b
illio
n)
Per
cen
t(t
ho
usa
nd
s)P
erce
nt
(mill
ion
s)P
erce
nt
Cla
ss 1
. Exp
losi
ves
4.3
0.9
1.5
0.1
SS
549
Cla
ss 2
. Gas
es40
.98.
811
5.0
7.3
21.8
8.3
66
Cla
ss 3
. Fla
mm
able
liqu
ids
335.
672
.01,
264.
380
.816
0.0
60.6
73C
lass
4. F
lam
mab
le s
olid
s3.
90.
811
.80.
89.
63.
683
8C
lass
5. O
xidi
zers
and
org
anic
per
oxid
es4.
51.
09.
20.
64.
51.
719
3
Cla
ss 6
. Tox
ics
(poi
son)
10.1
2.2
6.4
0.4
2.8
1.1
402
Cla
ss 7
. Rad
ioac
tive
mat
eria
ls2.
70.
60.
90.
1R
ZR
Z44
5C
lass
8. C
orro
sive
mat
eria
ls40
.48.
791
.65.
941
.215
.620
1
Cla
ss 9
. Mis
cella
neou
s da
nger
ous
good
s23
.95.
165
.34.
222
.78.
632
3To
tal
466.
410
0.0
1,56
5.2
100.
026
3.8
100.
011
3
KE
Y: R
Z =
less
than
1 u
nit o
f mea
sure
or
roun
ds to
zer
o; S
= d
ata
wer
e no
t pub
lishe
d be
caus
e of
hig
h sa
mpl
ing
varia
bilit
y or
oth
er r
easo
ns.
NO
TE
Num
bers
and
per
cent
s m
ay n
ot a
dd t
o to
tals
due
to
roun
ding
.
SOU
RC
EU
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Bur
eau
of T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
and
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of C
omm
erce
, Cen
sus
Bur
eau,
199
7 E
cono
mic
Cen
sus,
Tra
nspo
r-ta
tion
, 199
7 C
omm
odit
y Fl
ow S
urve
y, H
azar
dous
Mat
eria
ls (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Dec
embe
r 19
99),
tab
le 2
.
94 � Chapter 1: The Transportation SystemTA
BLE
1-57
: Wor
ldw
ide
Com
mer
cial
Spa
ce L
aunc
hes
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
TOTA
L 19
90-2
001
TOTA
L s
pac
e la
un
ches
R15
1214
R11
R15
R23
R24
R38
R41
R39
3516
283
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Ath
ena
00
00
01
0R
1R
13
00
6
Atla
s R
12
3R
3R
4R
8R
76
R5
R4
31
47
Con
esto
ga0
00
00
10
00
00
01
Del
ta
R5
43
11
1R
37
115
21
44
Peg
asus
00
01
0R
1R
13
R4
R2
20
14
Taur
us0
00
00
00
0R
11
01
3
Tita
n 3
00
00
00
00
00
03
Tota
lR
96
6R
5R
5R
12R
11R
17R
22R
157
311
8
Eu
rop
eA
riane
45
66
68
89
119
88
690
Aria
ne 5
00
00
00
00
00
42
6
Tota
l5
66
68
89
119
812
896
Ru
ssia
Cos
mos
00
00
00
00
01
20
3D
nepr
00
00
00
00
01
10
2
Pro
ton
00
00
00
26
45
62
25S
htil
00
00
00
00
10
00
1S
oyuz
00
00
00
00
06
30
9
Sta
rt0
00
00
00
10
01
13
Tota
l0
00
00
02
75
1313
343
Ukr
ain
eZ
enit
20
00
00
00
01
00
01
Tota
l0
00
00
00
01
00
01
Travel and Goods Movement � 95
Ch
ina
Long
Mar
ch 2
C0
00
00
00
14
10
06
Long
Mar
ch 2
E0
02
01
30
00
00
06
Long
Mar
ch 3
10
00
10
10
00
00
3Lo
ng M
arch
3B
00
00
00
12
00
00
3To
tal
10
20
23
23
41
00
18
Sea
Lau
ncha
Zen
it 3S
L0
00
00
00
00
R2
32
7
Tota
l0
00
00
00
00
R2
32
7
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed.
aSe
a L
aunc
h is
an
inte
rnat
iona
l ven
ture
invo
lvin
g or
gani
zati
ons
in f
our
coun
trie
s an
d us
es it
s ow
n la
unch
fac
ility
out
side
nat
iona
l bor
ders
. The
ir f
irst
com
mer
-ci
al la
unch
, in
1999
, was
lice
nsed
by
the
Fede
ral A
viat
ion
Adm
inis
trat
ion.
NO
TE
SA
com
mer
cial
laun
ch is
a la
unch
tha
t is
inte
rnat
iona
lly c
ompe
ted
(i.e
., av
aila
ble
in p
rinc
iple
to
inte
rnat
iona
l lau
nch
prov
ider
s) o
r w
hose
pri
mar
y pa
yloa
d is
com
-m
erci
al in
nat
ure.
FA
A-l
icen
sed
laun
ches
car
ryin
g ca
ptiv
e go
vern
men
t (N
ASA
and
DO
D)
or in
dust
ry p
aylo
ads
(OR
BC
OM
M, D
elta
3 d
emos
at, Z
enit
3SL
de
mos
at, a
nd o
ther
s) a
re c
ount
ed h
ere.
Dat
a ar
e fo
r or
bita
l lau
nche
s on
ly.
SOU
RC
ES
1990
–99:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al A
viat
ion
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Ass
ocia
te A
dmin
istr
ator
for
Com
mer
cial
Spa
ce T
rans
port
atio
n, p
erso
nal c
om-
mun
icat
ion,
Jun
e 4,
200
2.
2000
-200
1: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Avi
atio
n A
dmin
istr
atio
n, C
omm
erci
al S
pace
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion:
200
1 Y
ear
in R
evie
w (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ja
nuar
y 20
02),
Int
erne
t si
te h
ttp:
//ast
.faa
.gov
/laun
ch_i
nfo/
as
of J
une
4, 2
002.
TABL
E 1-
57: W
orld
wid
e Co
mm
erci
al S
pace
Lau
nche
s (C
ontin
ued)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
TOTA
L 19
90-2
001
chapter one
Section EPhysical Performance
Physical Performance � 99
TABL
E 1-
58: P
asse
nger
s De
nied
Boa
rdin
g by
the
Larg
est U
.S. A
ir Ca
rrie
rsa
(Tho
usan
ds)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Boa
rded
420,
696
429,
190
445,
271
449,
184
457,
286
460,
277
480,
555
502,
960
514,
170
523,
081
543,
344
498,
304
Den
ied
bo
ard
ing
b
Vol
unta
ry56
159
971
863
277
179
489
91,
018
R1,
091
1,02
41,
062
899
Invo
lunt
ary
6747
4651
5349
5854
4546
5743
Tota
l62
864
676
468
382
484
395
71,
071
R1,
136
1,07
01,
120
942
Per
cen
t d
enie
d b
oar
din
g0.
150.
150.
170.
150.
180.
180.
200.
210.
220.
200.
210.
19
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed.
aD
ata
are
for
nons
top
sche
dule
d se
rvic
e fl
ight
s be
twee
n po
ints
wit
hin
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es (
incl
udin
g te
rrit
orie
s) b
y th
e 10
larg
est
U.S
. air
car
rier
s (i
.e.,
thos
e w
ith
at le
ast
1% o
f to
tal d
omes
tic
sche
dule
d-se
rvic
e pa
ssen
ger
reve
nues
: Ala
ska,
Am
eric
a W
est,
Am
eric
an, C
onti
nent
al, D
elta
, Nor
thw
est,
Sou
thw
est,
TW
A,
Uni
ted,
and
US
Air
way
s). B
efor
e 19
94, c
arri
ers
incl
uded
bot
h m
ajor
s an
d na
tion
al a
irlin
es (
i.e.,
airl
ines
wit
h ov
er $
100
mill
ion
in r
even
ue).
b
Num
ber
of p
asse
nger
s w
ho h
old
conf
irm
ed r
eser
vati
ons
and
are
deni
ed b
oard
ing
(“bu
mpe
d”)
from
a f
light
bec
ause
it is
ove
rsol
d. T
hese
fig
ures
incl
ude
only
pa
ssen
gers
who
se o
vers
old
flig
ht d
epar
ts w
itho
ut t
hem
; the
y do
not
incl
ude
pass
enge
rs a
ffec
ted
by c
ance
led,
del
ayed
, or
dive
rted
flig
hts.
SOU
RC
EU
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Off
ice
of t
he S
ecre
tary
, Air
Tra
vel C
onsu
mer
Rep
ort
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual A
pril
issu
es).
100 � Chapter 1: The Transportation System
TABLE 1-59: Mishandled-Baggage Reports Filed by Passengers with the Largest U.S. Air Carriersa
1990b 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Total mishandled-baggage reports(millions)
2.66 2.28 2.46 2.28 2.48 2.54 2.74 2.22
Enplaned passengers (domestic)(millions)
395.70 439.80 464.00 459.83 481.70 499.10 517.40 488.40
Reports per 1,000 passengers 6.73 5.18 5.30 4.96 5.16 5.08 5.29 4.55
a Data include nonstop scheduled service between points within the United States (including territories) by the 10 largest U.S. air carriers (i.e., those with at least 1% of the total domestic scheduled service passenger rev-enues: Alaska, America West, American, Continental, Delta, Northwest, Southwest, TWA, United, and US Airways).
b Includes Pan Am.
NOTESDomestic system only.Based on passenger reports of mishandled baggage, including those that did not subsequently result in claims for
compensation.
SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Office of the Secretary, Air Travel Consumer Report (Washington, DC:
Annual February compilations).
Physical Performance � 101
TABLE 1-60: Flight Operations Arriving On Time by the Largest U.S. Air Carriersa (Percent)
1990b 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
On-time flight operations 79.4 78.6 74.5 77.7 77.2 76.1 72.6 77.4
a Data include nonstop scheduled service between points within the United States (including territories) by the 10 largest U.S. air carriers (i.e., those with at least 1% of the total domestic scheduled service passenger revenues: Alaska, America West, American, Continental, Delta, Northwest, Southwest, TWA, United, and US Airways).
b Includes Pan Am.
NOTESA flight is considered on time if it arrived less than 15 minutes after the scheduled time shown in the carriers’
Computerized Reservations Systems. Canceled and diverted operations are counted as late.
SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Office of the Secretary, Air Travel Consumer Report (Washington, DC:
Annual February compilations), table 1a, 12-month column.
102 � Chapter 1: The Transportation SystemTA
BLE
1-61
: FAA
-Cite
d Ca
uses
of D
epar
ture
and
En
Rout
e De
lays
(Afte
r pus
hing
bac
k fro
m th
e ga
te)
1987
1988
1989
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
b20
00O
pera
tions
del
ayed
(th
ousa
nds)
356
338
394
393
237
272
245
306
374
450
Cau
se (
per
cen
t)W
eath
er67
7057
5672
7468
7469
69A
irpo
rt te
rmin
al v
olum
e11
929
3518
1822
1512
14A
ir R
oute
Tra
ffic
Con
trol
Cen
ter
volu
me
1312
82
aa
aa
aa
Clo
sed
runw
ays
/ tax
iway
s4
53
33
33
35
6
Nat
iona
l Airs
pace
Sys
tem
equ
ipm
ent
43
21
32
32
22
Oth
er1
11
44
24
613
9
KE
Y: A
RT
CC
= A
ir R
oute
Tra
ffic
Con
trol
Cen
ter;
FA
A =
Fed
eral
Avi
atio
n A
dmin
istr
atio
n.
aD
elay
s du
e to
AR
TC
C v
olum
e ar
e in
clud
ed in
del
ays
due
to t
erm
inal
vol
ume
from
199
1.b
Dat
a ar
e pr
elim
inar
y an
d su
bjec
t to
cha
nge.
NO
TE
Perc
enta
ges
may
not
add
to
100
due
to r
ound
ing.
SOU
RC
ES
1987
-97:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al A
viat
ion
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Avi
atio
n C
apac
ity
Enh
ance
men
t P
lan
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s).
1998
-200
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Avi
atio
n A
dmin
istr
atio
n, I
nter
net
site
ww
w.f
aa.g
ov/a
pa/D
elay
s/at
Del
ays.
htm
as
of A
ug. 8
, 200
2.
Physical Performance � 103
TABLE 1-62: Major U.S. Air Carrier Delays, Cancellations, and Diversions
1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 R2000 2001
Total operations 5,270,893 5,327,435 5,351,983 5,411,843 5,384,721 5,527,884 5,683,047 5,967,780Late departures 753,182 919,839 1,102,484 944,633 1,014,904 1,091,584 1,319,153 1,180,673Late arrivals 1,087,774 1,141,647 1,362,702 1,193,678 1,227,741 1,320,591 1,557,784 1,343,608Cancellations 52,458 91,905 128,536 97,763 144,509 154,311 187,490 231,198
Diversions 15,954 10,492 14,121 12,081 13,161 13,555 14,254 12,909
KEY: R = revised.
NOTESLate departures and arrivals are strongly seasonal and are affected by weather and heavy demand in winter
and summer months. The term “late” is defined as 15 minutes after the scheduled departure or arrival time. Major air carriers are the 10 largest U.S. air carriers. A canceled flight is one that was not operated, but was listed in a carrier’s computer reservation system within seven calendar days of the scheduled departure. A diverted flight is one that left from the scheduled departure airport but flew to a destination point other than the scheduled destination point.
SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information, Airline
Service Quality Performance data.
104 � Chapter 1: The Transportation SystemTA
BLE
1-63
: Ann
ual P
erso
n-Ho
urs
of H
ighw
ay T
raffi
c De
lay
Per P
erso
n
Per
cen
t ch
ang
ea
Sh
ort
-ter
m19
94-2
000
Lo
ng
-ter
m19
82-2
000
Po
pu
lati
on
gro
up
Urb
an a
rea
1982
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Per
cen
tR
ank
Per
cen
tR
ank
Med
ium
Alb
any-
Sch
enec
tady
-Tro
y, N
Y1
R1
R4
R4
R4
R4
R5
R6
650
3250
029
Med
ium
Alb
uque
rque
, NM
R2
R5
R8
R17
R21
R23
R25
R26
2140
4295
05
Sm
all
Anc
hora
ge, A
K2
33
22
22
22
069
074
Larg
eA
tlant
a, G
AR
6R
10R
11R
26R
30R
31R
33R
2933
4339
450
33
Med
ium
Aus
tin, T
XR
4R
8R
9R
18R
21R
25R
21R
2628
100
1060
021
Sm
all
Bak
ersf
ield
, CA
11
R2
R3
R3
R3
R3
R3
410
010
300
45La
rge
Bal
timor
e, M
DR
4R
6R
15R
17R
18R
19R
18R
1820
2558
400
38
Sm
all
Bea
umon
t, T
XR
2R
3R
3R
3R
3R
4R
6R
66
100
1020
060
Med
ium
Birm
ingh
am, A
L3
45
1011
1113
1314
7519
367
43V
ery
larg
eB
osto
n, M
AR
9R
12R
18R
23R
23R
25R
25R
2728
2259
211
59S
mal
lB
ould
er, C
O1
22
R3
R3
R4
R4
R4
567
2340
038
Sm
all
Bro
wns
ville
, TX
11
R1
22
2R
2R
23
5032
200
60
Larg
eB
uffa
lo-N
iaga
ra F
alls
, NY
R1
R1
R2
R2
R2
R3
R3
R4
515
06
400
38S
mal
lC
harle
ston
, SC
56
109
910
1112
1233
5114
068
Med
ium
Cha
rlotte
, NC
R4
R7
R11
R12
R14
R17
R18
R19
2283
1745
033
Ver
y la
rge
Chi
cago
, IL-
Nor
thw
este
rn, I
NR
7R
11R
18R
21R
28R
26R
28R
2827
5032
286
48
Larg
eC
inci
nnat
i, O
H-K
YR
2R
3R
7R
12R
14R
17R
17R
1820
6723
900
6La
rge
Cle
vela
nd, O
HR
1R
1R
3R
9R
10R
12R
9R
98
3351
700
17S
mal
lC
olor
ado
Spr
ings
, CO
1R
2R
2R
6R
6R
8R
10R
1213
225
31,
200
3
Larg
eC
olum
bus,
OH
R2
R2
R8
R15
R17
R19
R19
R20
1721
6075
016
Sm
all
Cor
pus
Chr
isti,
TX
R2
R2
R2
R2
R2
R2
R2
R3
350
3250
73V
ery
larg
eD
alla
s -F
ort W
orth
, TX
R6
R13
R18
R26
R25
R24
R29
R40
3761
2951
728
Larg
eD
enve
r, C
OR
7R
8R
12R
23R
26R
29R
32R
3235
8416
400
38V
ery
larg
eD
etro
it, M
IR
7R
7R
20R
26R
26R
27R
27R
2625
-11
7325
754
Med
ium
El P
aso,
TX
-NM
R1
R1
R2
R5
R4
R5
R5
R8
1010
010
900
6
Sm
all
Eug
ene-
Spr
ingf
ield
, OR
1R
12
R3
R3
R3
R4
R5
725
02
600
21S
mal
lFo
rt M
yers
- C
ape
Cor
al, F
L1
23
66
77
77
4042
600
21M
ediu
mFr
esno
, CA
R3
R3
R7
R5
R6
R7
R8
R10
1112
08
267
51La
rge
Fort
Lau
derd
ale-
Hol
lyw
ood-
Pom
pano
Bea
ch, F
LR
3R
4R
8R
14R
16R
18R
18R
2328
133
783
312
Med
ium
Har
tford
-Mid
dlet
own,
CT
R3
R6
R7
R5
R6
R7
R8
R9
1112
08
267
51
Med
ium
Hon
olul
u, H
IR
5R
7R
15R
15R
15R
13R
14R
1511
-27
7512
070
Physical Performance � 105
Ver
y la
rge
Hou
ston
, TX
R19
R33
R24
R27
R30
R36
R34
R40
3633
5189
71La
rge
Indi
anap
olis
, IN
R2
R2
R4
R19
R22
R24
R19
R19
2018
6490
06
Med
ium
Jack
sonv
ille,
FL
R3
R4
R9
R18
R17
R18
R15
R15
157
6840
038
Larg
eK
ansa
s C
ity, M
O-K
SR
1R
2R
3R
6R
8R
8R
9R
119
2956
800
13S
mal
lLa
redo
, TX
11
1R
2R
2R
3R
3R
33
200
420
060
Larg
eLa
s V
egas
, NV
R3
R5
R12
R13
R14
R16
R16
R17
1838
4550
029
Ver
y la
rge
Los
Ang
eles
, CA
R22
R27
R63
R55
R61
R59
R63
R62
6219
6218
264
Med
ium
Loui
svill
e, K
Y-IN
R4
R5
R5
R13
R17
R19
R20
R21
2150
3242
537
Med
ium
Mem
phis
, TN
-AR
-MS
R1
R2
R5
R11
R11
R13
R14
R14
1678
181,
500
2
Larg
eM
iam
i-Hia
leah
, FL
R9
R11
R21
R27
R27
R30
R28
R29
3314
6726
751
Larg
eM
ilwau
kee,
WI
R2
R3
R5
R11
R12
R12
R13
R14
1567
2365
019
Larg
eM
inne
apol
is-S
t. P
aul,
MN
R1
R4
R8
R16
R17
R23
R23
R27
2673
202,
500
1
Med
ium
Nas
hvill
e, T
NR
6R
7R
9R
14R
15R
18R
16R
1920
6723
233
57La
rge
New
Orle
ans,
LA
R4
R5
R6
R11
R11
R11
R11
R11
10-1
774
150
66V
ery
larg
eN
ew Y
ork,
NY-
Nor
thea
ster
n,
NJ
R6
R7
R18
R18
R19
R21
R22
R23
2344
3828
349
Larg
eN
orfo
lk -
New
port
New
s-V
irgin
ia B
each
, VA
R5
R7
R9
R11
R12
R12
R14
R15
1220
6140
68
Larg
eO
klah
oma
City
, OK
R1
R2
R2
R4
R5
R6
R6
R7
610
010
500
29M
ediu
mO
mah
a, N
E-I
AR
2R
3R
5R
8R
9R
10R
10R
1111
3846
450
33
Larg
eO
rland
o, F
LR
5R
9R
11R
19R
21R
24R
27R
2631
6328
520
27S
mal
lP
ensa
cola
, FL
12
68
89
910
1138
461,
000
4V
ery
larg
eP
hila
delp
hia,
PA
-NJ
R5
R6
R9
R12
R13
R13
R15
R16
1536
5020
060
Larg
eP
hoen
ix, A
ZR
7R
8R
14R
16R
20R
23R
20R
2628
5631
300
45La
rge
Pitt
sbur
gh, P
AR
4R
5R
7R
8R
7R
8R
8R
97
1766
7572
Larg
eP
ortla
nd-V
anco
uver
, OR
-WA
R3
R3
R8
R18
R19
R19
R20
R21
2364
2766
718
Med
ium
Pro
vide
nce-
Paw
tuck
et, R
I-M
AR
2R
4R
8R
11R
14R
11R
14R
1719
9015
850
11M
ediu
mR
ichm
ond,
VA
12
410
1010
1212
1043
4090
06
Med
ium
Roc
hest
er, N
YR
0R
1R
2R
3R
3R
3R
3R
43
5032
NM
75
Larg
eS
acra
men
to, C
AR
5R
7R
14R
14R
17R
15R
15R
1619
1963
280
50S
mal
lS
alem
, OR
11
R3
R4
R6
R6
R7
R6
740
4260
021
Med
ium
Sal
t Lak
e C
ity, U
TR
1R
2R
4R
10R
8R
7R
8R
89
069
800
13
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
TABL
E 1-
63: A
nnua
l Per
son-
Hour
s of
Hig
hway
Tra
ffic
Dela
y Pe
r Per
son
(Con
tinue
d)
Per
cen
t ch
ang
ea
Sh
ort
-ter
m19
94-2
000
Lo
ng
-ter
m19
82-2
000
Po
pu
lati
on
gro
up
Urb
an a
rea
1982
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Per
cen
tR
ank
Per
cen
tR
ank
106 � Chapter 1: The Transportation System
Larg
eS
an A
nton
io, T
XR
3R
7R
6R
10R
10R
10R
13R
1820
300
156
726
Larg
eS
an B
erna
rdin
o-R
iver
side
, CA
R4
R7
R19
R20
R22
R23
R27
R26
3058
3065
019
Larg
eS
an D
iego
, CA
R4
R7
R17
R14
R15
R18
R17
R21
2471
2150
029
Ver
y la
rge
San
Fra
ncis
co-O
akla
nd, C
AR
12R
24R
37R
30R
31R
28R
32R
3441
7122
242
56La
rge
San
Jos
e, C
AR
10R
21R
43R
26R
25R
23R
26R
3133
3846
230
58La
rge
Sea
ttle-
Eve
rett,
WA
R8
R14
R24
R30
R34
R36
R35
R37
3417
6532
544
Sm
all
Spo
kane
, WA
23
R3
R4
R4
R5
R5
R5
50
6915
066
Larg
eS
t. Lo
uis,
MO
-IL
R5
R7
R9
R16
R16
R18
R18
R19
2033
5130
045
Med
ium
Taco
ma,
WA
R2
R3
R9
R11
R11
R12
R12
R15
1427
5760
021
Larg
eTa
mpa
-St.
Pet
ersb
urg-
Cle
arw
ater
, FL
R8
R9
R14
R23
R22
R21
R21
R22
21-9
7216
365
Med
ium
Tucs
on, A
ZR
2R
2R
5R
8R
8R
11R
12R
1211
3846
450
33M
ediu
mTu
lsa,
OK
12
33
45
66
920
04
800
13La
rge
Wes
t Pal
m B
each
- B
oca
Rat
on-
Del
ray
Bea
ch, F
L2
27
1416
1518
2020
4340
900
6
Ver
y la
rge
Was
hing
ton,
DC
-MD
-VA
R10
R14
R22
R29
R32
R31
R36
R37
3530
5525
055
75 A
rea
Ave
rage
R7
R10
R19
R21
R23
R24
R25
R26
2736
278
Ver
y La
rge
Are
a A
vera
ge
R10
R14
R28
R28
R31
R31
R33
R35
3532
237
Larg
e A
rea
Ave
rage
R
4R
6R
12R
16R
18R
19R
20R
2122
4442
3
Med
ium
Are
a A
vera
ge
R2
R4
R6
R11
R11
R12
R12
R14
1455
469
Sm
all A
rea
Ave
rage
2
24
R4
R5
R5
R6
R6
762
289
KE
Y: N
M =
not
mea
ning
ful;
R =
rev
ised
. Ver
y la
rge
urba
n ar
eas
– ov
er 3
mill
ion
popu
latio
n. L
arge
urb
an a
reas
– o
ver
1 m
illio
n an
d le
ss th
an 3
mill
ion
popu
latio
n.
Med
ium
urb
an a
reas
– o
ver
500,
000
and
less
than
1 m
illio
n po
pula
tion.
Sm
all u
rban
are
as –
less
than
500
,000
pop
ulat
ion.
aPe
rcen
t ch
ange
was
cal
cula
ted
usin
g th
e nu
mbe
rs in
thi
s ta
ble
and
wer
e no
t ob
tain
ed f
rom
the
sou
rce
men
tion
ed b
elow
. Ran
k is
bas
ed o
n th
e ca
lcul
ated
per
-ce
nt c
hang
e w
ith
the
high
est
num
ber
corr
espo
ndin
g to
a r
ank
of 1
.
NO
TE
The
cit
ies
show
n re
pres
ent
the
50 la
rges
t m
etro
polit
an a
reas
, as
wel
l as
othe
rs c
hose
n by
the
sta
tes
spon
sori
ng t
he T
exas
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Inst
itut
e st
udy
on
mob
ility
.
SOU
RC
E19
82 -
200
0: T
exas
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Inst
itut
e, T
he 2
002
Ann
ual U
rban
Mob
ility
Rep
ort
(Col
lege
Sta
tion
, TX
: 200
2) f
rom
Int
erne
t si
te h
ttp:
//mob
ility
.tam
u.ed
u as
of
Aug
. 1, 2
002.
TABL
E 1-
63: A
nnua
l Per
son-
Hour
s of
Hig
hway
Tra
ffic
Dela
y Pe
r Per
son
(Con
tinue
d)
Per
cen
t ch
ang
ea
Sh
ort
-ter
m19
94-2
000
Lo
ng
-ter
m19
82-2
000
Po
pu
lati
on
gro
up
Urb
an a
rea
1982
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Per
cen
tR
ank
Per
cen
tR
ank
Physical Performance � 107
TABL
E 1-
64: R
oadw
ay C
onge
stio
n In
dex
Per
cen
t ch
ang
ea
Sh
ort
-ter
m 1
994-
2000
Lo
ng
-ter
m19
82-2
000
Po
pu
lati
on
g
rou
pU
rban
are
a19
8219
8519
9019
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
00P
erce
nt
Ran
kP
erce
nt
Ran
k
Med
ium
Alb
any-
Sch
enec
tady
-Tro
y, N
Y0.
460.
510.
680.
720.
740.
750.
750.
770.
787
2432
42M
ediu
mA
lbuq
uerq
ue, N
M0.
620.
690.
85R
1.00
R1.
05R
1.06
R1.
08R
1.08
1.09
1244
4766
Sm
all
Anc
hora
ge, A
K0.
580.
630.
620.
600.
590.
590.
620.
610.
621
64
2La
rge
Atla
nta,
GA
0.77
0.93
0.98
1.13
1.17
1.24
1.28
1.27
1.32
1967
5573
Med
ium
Aus
tin, T
X0.
730.
810.
900.
940.
97R
1.01
R1.
03R
1.07
1.11
2171
3856
Sm
all
Bak
ersf
ield
, CA
0.54
0.56
0.64
0.72
0.74
0.75
0.76
R0.
780.
765
1322
18La
rge
Bal
timor
e, M
D0.
750.
800.
951.
031.
031.
051.
061.
071.
1010
3535
47S
mal
lB
eaum
ont,
TX
R0.
650.
720.
740.
800.
840.
850.
850.
860.
846
1719
17M
ediu
mB
irmin
gham
, AL
0.69
0.70
0.78
0.87
0.90
0.93
0.96
0.98
0.99
1451
3035
Ver
y la
rge
Bos
ton,
MA
0.88
0.98
1.09
1.21
1.22
1.25
1.27
1.28
1.30
1141
4262
Sm
all
Bou
lder
, CO
0.55
0.59
0.65
0.74
0.76
0.81
0.83
0.83
0.81
931
2623
Sm
all
Bro
wns
ville
, TX
0.54
0.54
0.62
0.70
0.71
0.73
0.76
0.75
0.78
931
2421
Larg
eB
uffa
lo-N
iaga
ra F
alls
, NY
0.53
0.55
0.60
0.67
0.66
0.68
0.70
0.72
0.76
826
2320
Sm
all
Cha
rlest
on, S
C0.
850.
880.
960.
930.
920.
930.
970.
980.
983
913
8M
ediu
mC
harlo
tte, N
C0.
861.
021.
050.
951.
011.
071.
091.
141.
1521
7129
30V
ery
larg
eC
hica
go, I
L-N
orth
wes
tern
, IN
0.95
1.02
1.18
1.22
1.27
1.27
1.31
1.31
1.31
1451
3648
Larg
eC
inci
nnat
i, O
H-K
Y0.
700.
780.
921.
001.
041.
091.
111.
121.
1313
4843
63La
rge
Cle
vela
nd, O
H0.
680.
650.
830.
920.
940.
960.
98R
0.98
0.97
617
2930
Sm
all
Col
orad
o S
prin
gs, C
O0.
500.
600.
620.
730.
760.
810.
830.
850.
8618
6536
48La
rge
Col
umbu
s, O
H0.
630.
68R
0.85
R0.
971.
00R
1.02
R1.
04R
1.04
1.02
826
3957
Sm
all
Cor
pus
Chr
isti,
TX
0.57
0.65
0.67
0.64
0.66
0.70
0.70
0.71
0.70
617
138
Ver
y la
rge
Dal
las
-For
t Wor
th, T
XR
0.73
R0.
86R
0.96
R0.
96R
0.98
R1.
01R
1.07
R1.
071.
1014
5137
54
Larg
eD
enve
r, C
O0.
820.
860.
921.
071.
121.
141.
181.
201.
2321
7141
60V
ery
larg
eD
etro
it, M
I0.
890.
911.
081.
161.
181.
181.
181.
201.
227
2433
45M
ediu
mE
l Pas
o, T
X-N
M0.
620.
700.
730.
850.
840.
860.
910.
940.
9813
4836
48S
mal
lE
ugen
e-S
prin
gfie
ld, O
R0.
530.
580.
680.
780.
820.
840.
870.
910.
9419
6741
60La
rge
Fort
Lau
derd
ale-
Hol
lyw
ood-
Pom
pano
Bea
ch, F
L0.
690.
750.
901.
051.
071.
121.
121.
171.
2320
7054
71
Sm
all
Fort
Mye
rs -
Cap
e C
oral
, FL
0.83
0.87
0.95
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.94
0.95
0.96
617
138
Med
ium
Fres
no, C
A0.
670.
65R
0.86
0.87
0.89
0.92
0.96
R0.
980.
9914
5132
42M
ediu
mH
artfo
rd-M
iddl
etow
n, C
T0.
610.
74R
0.82
0.86
0.87
0.90
0.91
0.94
0.97
1244
3648
Med
ium
Hon
olul
u, H
I0.
790.
841.
03R
1.08
1.07
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.04
-31
2522
Ver
y la
rge
Hou
ston
, TX
1.03
1.11
R1.
041.
00R
1.02
R1.
05R
1.08
R1.
081.
099
316
4La
rge
Indi
anap
olis
, IN
0.64
0.69
0.83
R1.
12R
1.13
R1.
16R
1.14
R1.
131.
138
2649
68
108 � Chapter 1: The Transportation System
Med
ium
Jack
sonv
ille,
FL
0.75
0.81
0.94
1.04
1.02
1.01
1.01
1.00
1.02
05
2724
Larg
eK
ansa
s C
ity, M
O-K
S0.
500.
580.
630.
720.
750.
760.
770.
790.
8111
4131
37S
mal
lLa
redo
, TX
0.55
0.56
0.56
0.53
0.56
0.60
0.63
0.61
0.56
28
11
Larg
eLa
s V
egas
, NV
0.69
0.78
R1.
061.
121.
121.
111.
131.
181.
2310
3554
71
Ver
y la
rge
Los
Ang
eles
, CA
1.29
1.31
1.59
1.52
1.56
1.54
1.58
1.58
1.59
931
3035
Med
ium
Loui
svill
e, K
Y-IN
0.78
0.78
0.80
R0.
99R
1.01
1.05
1.08
1.09
1.09
1244
3137
Med
ium
Mem
phis
, TN
-AR
-MS
0.71
0.70
0.88
0.96
0.98
0.98
0.99
0.98
1.00
617
2930
Larg
eM
iam
i-Hia
leah
, FL
0.95
0.99
1.20
1.25
1.23
1.23
1.22
1.23
1.28
617
3345
Larg
eM
ilwau
kee,
WI
0.71
0.80
R0.
930.
940.
991.
011.
021.
051.
0817
6337
54
Larg
eM
inne
apol
is-S
t. P
aul,
MN
0.66
0.76
0.89
1.06
1.08
1.13
1.18
1.20
1.22
1865
5674
Med
ium
Nas
hvill
e, T
N0.
83R
0.82
0.85
0.93
0.93
R0.
960.
97R
0.98
0.98
826
1512
Larg
eN
ew O
rlean
s, L
A0.
920.
970.
940.
990.
960.
971.
000.
990.
97-2
45
3V
ery
larg
eN
ew Y
ork,
NY-
Nor
thea
ster
n,
NJ
0.77
R0.
860.
991.
041.
081.
131.
141.
151.
1614
5139
57
Larg
eN
orfo
lk -
New
port
New
s-V
irgin
ia B
each
, VA
R0.
84R
0.89
R0.
91R
0.91
R0.
94R
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.96
513
127
Larg
eO
klah
oma
City
, OK
0.65
0.71
0.73
0.82
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.88
0.87
1035
2218
Med
ium
Om
aha,
NE
-IA
0.62
0.70
0.75
0.81
0.84
0.85
0.87
0.90
0.90
1035
2827
Larg
eO
rland
o, F
L0.
820.
930.
950.
971.
00R
1.03
1.05
R1.
071.
1115
5929
30S
mal
lP
ensa
cola
, FL
0.61
0.69
0.84
0.88
0.86
0.88
0.87
0.88
0.92
513
3137
Ver
y la
rge
Phi
lade
lphi
a, P
A-N
J0.
820.
870.
94R
1.00
R1.
01R
1.05
R1.
08R
1.10
1.10
1035
2827
Larg
eP
hoen
ix, A
Z0.
950.
981.
011.
081.
141.
121.
161.
211.
2723
7432
42La
rge
Pitt
sbur
gh, P
A0.
700.
730.
750.
760.
760.
760.
780.
780.
773
97
6La
rge
Por
tland
-Van
couv
er, O
R-W
A0.
810.
90R
1.02
1.15
1.20
1.22
1.22
1.24
1.27
1559
4665
Med
ium
Pro
vide
nce-
Paw
tuck
et, R
I-M
AR
0.71
0.83
0.89
0.84
R0.
860.
890.
930.
950.
9816
6127
24
Med
ium
Ric
hmon
d, V
A0.
670.
730.
750.
780.
800.
810.
830.
830.
834
1116
13M
ediu
mR
oche
ster
, NY
0.51
0.57
0.69
0.77
0.77
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.80
617
2930
Larg
eS
acra
men
to, C
A0.
760.
881.
051.
121.
171.
141.
181.
201.
2513
4849
68S
mal
lS
alem
, OR
0.56
0.64
0.79
0.77
0.79
0.82
0.86
0.85
0.87
826
3137
Med
ium
Sal
t Lak
e C
ity, U
T0.
660.
710.
841.
04R
1.04
1.01
1.01
1.00
0.97
-31
3137
Larg
eS
an A
nton
io, T
X0.
69R
0.78
0.74
0.87
0.89
0.92
R0.
97R
1.03
1.05
2475
3648
Larg
eS
an B
erna
rdin
o-R
iver
side
, CA
0.78
0.90
R1.
141.
161.
181.
161.
201.
241.
2614
5148
67La
rge
San
Die
go, C
A0.
790.
901.
19R
1.17
R1.
17R
1.18
R1.
201.
251.
3216
6153
70V
ery
larg
eS
an F
ranc
isco
-Oak
land
, CA
1.06
1.17
1.35
1.34
1.35
1.36
1.37
1.39
1.45
1451
3957
TABL
E 1-
64: R
oadw
ay C
onge
stio
n In
dex
(Con
tinue
d)
Per
cen
t ch
ang
ea
Sh
ort
-ter
m 1
994-
2000
Lo
ng
-ter
m19
82-2
000
Po
pu
lati
on
g
rou
pU
rban
are
a19
8219
8519
9019
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
00P
erce
nt
Ran
kP
erce
nt
Ran
k
Physical Performance � 109
Larg
eS
an J
ose,
CA
1.07
1.13
1.24
1.13
1.11
1.11
1.13
1.19
1.34
1967
2724
Larg
eS
eattl
e-E
vere
tt, W
A1.
071.
171.
21R
1.10
R1.
12R
1.16
R1.
19R
1.22
1.23
1451
1613
Sm
all
Spo
kane
, WA
0.66
0.71
0.74
0.76
0.78
0.80
0.81
0.83
0.82
513
1613
Larg
eS
t. Lo
uis,
MO
-IL
0.87
0.94
0.91
1.00
1.01
1.02
R1.
021.
031.
034
1116
13M
ediu
mTa
com
a, W
A0.
750.
780.
91R
1.12
R1.
131.
151.
181.
191.
2010
3545
64La
rge
Tam
pa-S
t. P
eter
sbur
g-C
lear
wat
er, F
LR
1.07
R1.
12R
1.10
R1.
16R
1.14
R1.
11R
1.11
R1.
121.
13-3
16
4
Med
ium
Tucs
on, A
ZR
0.78
0.76
0.89
R0.
950.
971.
001.
041.
051.
0611
4128
27M
ediu
mTu
lsa,
OK
0.73
0.75
0.76
0.77
0.79
0.80
0.82
0.83
0.87
1244
1411
Larg
eW
est P
alm
Bea
ch -
Boc
a R
aton
-Del
ray
Bea
ch, F
L0.
570.
650.
840.
991.
001.
021.
061.
111.
1517
6358
75
Ver
y la
rge
Was
hing
ton,
DC
-MD
-VA
0.99
1.13
1.24
1.32
1.32
1.33
1.35
1.34
1.35
16
3648
75-A
rea
Ave
rage
R0.
82R
0.89
R1.
01R
1.06
R1.
08R
1.10
R1.
12R
1.14
1.15
1133
Ver
y La
rge
Are
a A
vera
ge
R0.
95R
1.03
R1.
17R
1.19
R1.
21R
1.23
R1.
25R
1.26
1.28
1133
Larg
e A
rea
Ave
rage
R
0.76
0.83
R0.
93R
1.01
R1.
031.
05R
1.07
1.09
1.12
1336
Med
ium
Are
a A
vera
ge
0.68
R0.
73R
0.83
R0.
90R
0.92
R0.
94R
0.95
R0.
970.
9810
30S
mal
l Are
a A
vera
ge
R0.
61R
0.66
R0.
72R
0.75
R0.
76R
0.78
R0.
80R
0.81
R0.
817
20
KE
Y: R
= re
vise
d. V
ery
larg
e ur
ban
area
s –
over
3 m
illio
n po
pula
tion.
Lar
ge u
rban
are
as –
ove
r 1 m
illio
n an
d le
ss th
an 3
mill
ion
popu
latio
n. M
ediu
m u
rban
are
as –
ove
r 50
0,00
0 an
d le
ss th
an 1
mill
ion
popu
latio
n. S
mal
l urb
an a
reas
– le
ss th
an 5
00,0
00 p
opul
atio
n.
aR
ank
is b
ased
on
the
calc
ulat
ed p
oint
cha
nge
wit
h th
e lo
wes
t nu
mbe
r co
rres
pond
ing
to a
ran
k of
1.
NO
TE
ST
he R
oadw
ay C
onge
stio
n In
dex
(RC
I) is
a m
easu
re o
f ve
hicl
e tr
avel
den
sity
on
maj
or r
oadw
ays
in a
n ur
ban
area
. An
RC
I ex
ceed
ing
1.0
indi
cate
s an
und
esir
able
co
nges
tion
leve
l, on
an
aver
age,
on
the
free
way
s an
d pr
inci
pal a
rter
ial s
tree
t sy
stem
s du
ring
the
pea
k pe
riod
. The
cit
ies
show
n re
pres
ent
the
50 la
rges
t m
etro
-po
litan
are
as, a
s w
ell a
s ot
hers
cho
sen
by t
he s
tate
s sp
onso
ring
the
Tex
as T
rans
port
atio
n In
stit
ute’
s st
udy
on m
obili
ty.
SOU
RC
E19
82 -
200
0: T
exas
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Inst
itut
e, T
he 2
002
Ann
ual U
rban
Mob
ility
Rep
ort
(Col
lege
Sta
tion
, TX
: 200
2) f
rom
Int
erne
t si
te h
ttp:
//mob
ility
.tam
u.ed
u as
of
Aug
. 1, 2
002.
TABL
E 1-
64: R
oadw
ay C
onge
stio
n In
dex
(Con
tinue
d)
Per
cen
t ch
ang
ea
Sh
ort
-ter
m 1
994-
2000
Lo
ng
-ter
m19
82-2
000
Po
pu
lati
on
g
rou
pU
rban
are
a19
8219
8519
9019
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
00P
erce
nt
Ran
kP
erce
nt
Ran
k
110 � Chapter 1: The Transportation SystemTA
BLE
1-65
: Ann
ual H
ighw
ay C
onge
stio
n Co
st
An
nu
al c
on
ges
tio
n c
ost
per
cap
ita
($)
An
nu
al c
on
ges
tio
n c
ost
($
mill
ion
s)
Po
pu
lati
on
g
rou
pU
rban
are
a19
98
Val
ue
1999
V
alu
e20
00
Val
ue
1998
R
ank
1999
R
ank
2000
R
ank
1998
V
alu
e19
99
Val
ue
2000
V
alu
e19
98
Ran
k19
99
Ran
k20
00
Ran
k
Med
ium
Alb
any-
Sch
enec
tady
-Tro
y, N
YR
70R
9011
565
6462
3545
6063
6362
Med
ium
Alb
uque
rque
, NM
R41
543
538
017
1932
240
260
225
3941
45
Sm
all
Anc
hora
ge, A
KR
2020
2073
7374
55
573
7372
Larg
eA
tlant
a, G
AR
575
530
635
59
81,
615
1,51
51,
885
99
9
Med
ium
Aus
tin, T
XR
385
470
550
1814
1326
533
040
037
3530
Sm
all
Bak
ersf
ield
, CA
R50
5060
6871
7020
2025
6767
67
Larg
eB
altim
ore,
MD
R31
533
539
527
3125
675
720
860
1919
19
Sm
all
Bea
umon
t, T
XR
7070
105
6568
6510
1015
6971
70
Med
ium
Birm
ingh
am, A
LR23
524
028
542
4540
155
160
190
4849
47
Ver
y la
rge
Bos
ton,
MA
R43
547
052
515
1414
1,31
01,
425
1,59
510
1010
Sm
all
Bou
lder
, CO
R0
045
7474
720
05
7474
72
Sm
all
Bro
wns
ville
, TX
R0
00
7474
750
00
7474
75
Larg
eB
uffa
lo-N
iaga
ra F
alls
, NY
R50
7595
6867
6755
8010
560
6060
Sm
all
Cha
rlest
on, S
CR
170
195
220
5150
4775
8510
057
5861
Med
ium
Cha
rlotte
, NC
R31
5R
345
410
2727
23R
195
R21
526
545
4641
Ver
y la
rge
Chi
cago
, IL-
Nor
thw
este
rn, I
NR
480
R48
050
59
1317
R3,
855
R3,
880
4,09
53
33
Larg
eC
inci
nnat
i, O
H-K
YR
315
R33
539
527
3125
R40
0R
430
505
2626
27
Sm
all
Cle
vela
nd, O
HR
170
175
165
5155
5831
533
031
531
3538
Sm
all
Col
orad
o S
prin
gs, C
OR
175
195
235
5050
4475
8511
057
5859
Larg
eC
olum
bus,
OH
R33
536
533
024
2637
345
380
345
2930
34
Sm
all
Cor
pus
Chr
isti,
TX
R30
5050
7271
7110
1515
6970
70
Larg
eD
alla
s-Fo
rt W
orth
, TX
R50
570
569
58
23
1,83
02,
650
2,64
08
45
Larg
eD
enve
r, C
OR
540
R56
064
07
87
R98
5R
1,04
51,
225
1417
16
Ver
y la
rge
Det
roit,
MI
R47
0R
465
475
1316
20R
1,88
0R
1,86
51,
905
78
8
Med
ium
El P
aso,
TX
-NM
R85
140
185
6359
5555
9012
060
5757
Sm
all
Eug
ene-
Spr
ingf
ield
, OR
R45
9011
570
6462
1020
2569
6767
Sm
all
Fort
Mye
rs-C
ape
Cor
al, F
LR11
011
010
559
6165
3030
3064
6565
Larg
eFo
rt L
aude
rdal
e-H
olly
woo
d-P
ompa
no
Bea
ch, F
LR30
539
552
032
2216
455
590
810
2523
20
Med
ium
Fres
no, C
AR
145
180
215
5454
4980
100
120
5656
57
Med
ium
Har
tford
-Mid
dlet
own,
CT
R14
019
021
555
5249
9012
014
055
5452
Med
ium
Hon
olul
u, H
IR26
527
522
536
4046
185
190
155
4747
50
Physical Performance � 111
Ver
y la
rge
Hou
ston
, TX
R59
5R
705
675
42
4R
1,90
5R
2,32
02,
285
66
7
Larg
eIn
dian
apol
is, I
NR
335
335
385
2431
2934
034
039
530
3331
Med
ium
Jack
sonv
ille,
FLR
260
265
285
3742
4022
022
524
542
4442
Larg
eK
ansa
s C
ity, M
O-K
SR
160
200
175
5348
5622
027
524
542
4042
Sm
all
Lare
do, T
X55
R55
2567
7073
10R
105
6971
72
Larg
eLa
s V
egas
, NV
R27
531
034
535
3636
305
355
415
3231
29
Ver
y la
rge
Los
Ang
eles
, CA
R1,
070
R1,
095
1,15
51
11
R13
,345
R13
,770
14,6
351
11
Med
ium
Loui
svill
e, K
Y-IN
R35
039
540
021
2224
290
330
335
3635
36
Med
ium
Mem
phis
, TN
-AR
-MS
R23
5R
245
290
4244
38R
230
R24
028
540
4239
Larg
eM
iam
i-Hia
leah
, FL
R47
5R
505
600
1110
10R
990
R1,
060
1,36
513
1611
Larg
eM
ilwau
kee,
WIR
230
265
285
4442
4030
035
039
033
3233
Larg
eM
inne
apol
is -
St.
Pau
l, M
NR
420
R48
549
516
1218
R98
0R
1,13
01,
220
1514
17
Med
ium
Nas
hvill
e, T
NR
285
345
395
3327
2519
023
527
546
4340
Larg
eN
ew O
rlean
s, L
AR
185
R20
019
548
4852
R20
5R
220
215
4445
46
Ver
y la
rge
New
Yor
k, N
Y-N
orth
east
ern,
NJ
R38
0R
420
450
1920
21R
6,21
5R
6,90
07,
660
22
2
Larg
eN
orfo
lk-N
ewpo
rt N
ews-
Virg
inia
B
each
, VA
R25
027
023
039
4145
360
400
345
2829
34
Larg
eO
klah
oma
City
, OK
R11
014
011
559
5962
115
145
125
5350
54
Med
ium
Om
aha,
NE
-IA
R18
019
020
049
5251
105
115
125
5455
54
Larg
eO
rland
o, F
LR46
545
557
514
1811
520
520
690
2425
24
Sm
all
Pen
saco
la, F
LR13
516
516
556
5658
4050
5062
6263
Ver
y la
rge
Phi
lade
lphi
a, P
A-N
JR
260
R28
029
037
3938
R1,
180
R1,
280
1,32
512
1213
Larg
eP
hoen
ix, A
ZR
350
460
525
2117
1486
51,
185
1,36
016
1312
Larg
eP
ittsb
urgh
, PA
R13
5R
155
130
5658
60R
245
R28
023
538
3844
Larg
eP
ortla
nd-V
anco
uver
, OR
-WA
R35
539
044
520
2422
525
580
670
2324
25
Med
ium
Pro
vide
nce-
Paw
tuck
et, R
I-M
AR
250
R31
036
539
3635
R22
5R
280
335
4138
36
Med
ium
Ric
hmon
d, V
AR
200
205
195
4647
5212
513
012
551
5354
Med
ium
Roc
hest
er, N
YR
4570
7570
6869
3045
5064
6363
Larg
eS
acra
men
to, C
AR
280
315
385
3435
2937
543
054
027
2626
Sm
all
Sal
em, O
RR
105
105
130
6162
6020
2025
6767
67
Med
ium
Sal
t Lak
e C
ity, U
TR
135
160
190
5657
5412
014
517
052
5048
Larg
eS
an A
nton
io, T
XR
245
335
380
4131
3230
041
547
533
2828
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
TABL
E 1-
65: A
nnua
l Hig
hway
Con
gest
ion
Cost
(Con
tinue
d)
An
nu
al c
on
ges
tio
n c
ost
per
cap
ita
($)
An
nu
al c
on
ges
tio
n c
ost
($
mill
ion
s)
Po
pu
lati
on
g
rou
pU
rban
are
a19
98
Val
ue
1999
V
alu
e20
00
Val
ue
1998
R
ank
1999
R
ank
2000
R
ank
1998
V
alu
e19
99
Val
ue
2000
V
alu
e19
98
Ran
k19
99
Ran
k20
00
Ran
k
112 � Chapter 1: The Transportation System
Larg
eS
an B
erna
rdin
o-R
iver
side
, CA
R48
049
057
59
1111
670
685
810
2022
20
Larg
eS
an D
iego
, CA
R31
040
048
031
2119
820
1,08
01,
295
1715
15
Ver
y la
rge
San
Fra
ncis
co-O
akla
nd, C
AR
570
R63
079
56
62
R2,
285
R2,
535
3,21
04
54
Larg
eS
an J
ose,
CA
R47
556
563
511
78
780
945
1,06
518
1818
Larg
eS
eattl
e-E
vere
tt, W
AR
620
R67
566
02
45
R1,
225
R1,
345
1,31
511
1114
Sm
all
Spo
kane
, WA
R75
9090
6464
6825
3030
6665
65
Larg
eS
t. Lo
uis,
MO
-ILR
325
345
395
2627
2564
569
580
522
2122
Med
ium
Taco
ma,
WA
R22
0R
290
280
4538
43R
130
R17
517
049
4848
Larg
eTa
mpa
-St P
eter
sbur
g-C
lear
wat
er, F
LRR
350
R37
538
021
2532
R65
0R
715
745
2120
23
Med
ium
Tucs
on, A
ZR
195
210
220
4746
4713
014
015
049
5251
Med
ium
Tuls
a, O
KR
100
105
170
6262
5775
8013
557
6053
Larg
eW
Pal
m B
ch-B
oca
Rat
on-D
elra
y B
ch, F
LR31
534
538
527
2729
300
340
395
3333
31
Ver
y la
rge
Was
hing
ton,
DC
-MD
-VA
R62
0R
655
655
25
6R
2,17
0R
2,32
02,
325
56
6
75-A
rea
Ave
rage
a,R
433
471
507
56,0
5561
,555
67,3
55
Ver
y La
rge
Are
a A
vera
gea,
R57
261
564
835
,975
38,9
4541
,675
Larg
e A
rea
Ave
rage
a,R
344
380
424
16,5
8018
,580
21,1
65
Med
ium
Are
a A
vera
gea,
R21
824
827
33,
170
3,65
04,
075
Sm
all A
rea
Ave
rage
a,R
9010
211
533
038
044
0
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed. V
ery
larg
e ur
ban
area
s -
over
3 m
illio
n po
pula
tion.
Lar
ge u
rban
are
as -
ove
r 1
mill
ion
and
less
than
3 m
illio
n po
pula
tion.
Med
ium
urb
an a
reas
- o
ver
500,
000
and
less
than
1 m
illio
n po
pula
tion.
Sm
all u
rban
are
as -
less
than
500
,000
pop
ulat
ion.
aFo
r th
e ye
ar 2
000,
dat
a w
as o
btai
ned
from
tab
le A
-9 f
rom
the
Tex
as T
rans
port
atio
n In
stit
ute’
s T
he 2
001
Ann
ual U
rban
Mob
ility
Rep
ort
refe
renc
ed b
elow
. Fo
r ot
her
year
s, t
he a
vera
ges
wer
e ca
lcul
ated
usi
ng d
ata
obta
ined
fro
m t
he w
eb s
ite.
NO
TE
ST
he c
itie
s sh
own
repr
esen
t th
e 50
larg
est
met
ropo
litan
are
as, a
s w
ell a
s ot
hers
cho
sen
by t
he s
tate
s sp
onso
ring
the
Tex
as T
rans
port
atio
n In
stit
ute
stud
y on
m
obili
ty.
The
cos
t of
cong
esti
on is
est
imat
ed w
ith
a va
lue
for
each
hou
r of
tra
vel t
ime
and
each
gal
lon
of fu
el. F
or a
mor
e de
taile
d ex
plan
atio
n of
the
form
ulas
use
d, s
ee th
e so
urce
doc
umen
t.T
he s
ourc
e, f
or t
he y
ear
2001
, dec
ided
to
only
pub
lish
cong
esti
on c
ost
per
capi
ta, c
ontr
ary
to p
revi
ous
year
s w
hen
the
sour
ce w
ould
pub
lish
data
for
elig
ible
dr
iver
s, a
s w
ell a
s pe
r ca
pita
. To
acco
unt
for
this
cha
nge,
the
ent
ire
tabl
e ha
s be
en u
pdat
ed t
o re
flec
t th
e da
ta b
ased
on
cong
esti
on c
ost
per
capi
ta.
SOU
RC
E19
98-2
000:
Tex
as T
rans
port
atio
n In
stit
ute,
The
200
1 A
nnua
l Urb
an M
obili
ty R
epor
t (C
olle
ge S
tati
on, T
X: 2
001)
obt
aine
d fr
om I
nter
net
site
ht
tp://
mob
ility
.tam
u.ed
u as
of
Aug
. 6, 2
002.
TABL
E 1-
65: A
nnua
l Hig
hway
Con
gest
ion
Cost
(Con
tinue
d)
An
nu
al c
on
ges
tio
n c
ost
per
cap
ita
($)
An
nu
al c
on
ges
tio
n c
ost
($
mill
ion
s)
Po
pu
lati
on
g
rou
pU
rban
are
a19
98
Val
ue
1999
V
alu
e20
00
Val
ue
1998
R
ank
1999
R
ank
2000
R
ank
1998
V
alu
e19
99
Val
ue
2000
V
alu
e19
98
Ran
k19
99
Ran
k20
00
Ran
k
Physical Performance � 113
TABLE 1-66: Amtrak On-Time Performance Trends and Hours of Delay by Cause
1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
On-time performance, total % (weighted)
69 81 76 76 71 74 79 79 78
Short distance (<400 miles) 71 82 82 81 76 79 81 80 81Long distance (>=400 miles) 64 78 53 57 49 53 59 61 56
Hours of delay by cause, total
Amtraka,b N N 3,565 5,527 5,193 5,310 4,796 4,891 20,187
Freightc N N 4,244 11,224 11,438 12,904 14,202 16,158 33,718
Otherd N N 4,316 8,497 8,425 7,611 8,291 8,203 14,718
Totale N N 12,126 25,248 25,056 25,825 27,289 29,252 68,623
KEY: N = data do not exist.
a Beginning in 2000, the significant increase in hours of delay is the result of including the hours of delay from both Amtrak’s Northeast Corridor and operations on contract railroads. The data also reflects the addition of several delay categories. Therefore, pre-2000 data may not be comparable to data from 2000 and subse-quent years.
b Amtrak delays include equipment malfunctions, train servicing in stations, and passenger-related delays.c Freight delays include maintenance of way/slow orders, freight train interference, and signal delays.d Other delays include passenger train interference, waiting for connections, running time, weather-related
delays, and miscellaneous.e Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.
NOTES: All percentages are based on Amtrak’s fiscal year (October 1–September 30). Amtrak trips are considered delayed based on the following chart:
Delayed departureTrip length (miles) time (minutes)0-250 10251-350 15351-450 20451-550 25≥551 30
SOURCES: On-time performance:1980: Amtrak, National Railroad Passenger Corporation Annual Report (Washington, DC: 1981).1985–2000: Ibid., Amtrak Annual Report, Statistical Appendix (Washington, DC: Annual issues).
Hours of Delay:1980: Amtrak, National Railroad Passenger Corporation Annual Report (Washington, DC: 1981).1985–99: Ibid., Amtrak Annual Report, Statistical Appendix (Washington, DC: Annual issues).2000: Amtrak, personal communication, Dec. 4, 2001.
Chapter 2Transportation Safety
Section AMultimodal
Multimodal � 117
TABL
E 2-
1: T
rans
porta
tion
Fata
litie
s by
Mod
e
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
TOTA
L f
atal
itie
sU
UU
UU
U47
,347
44,5
2744
,798
44,4
4443
,909
44,0
36R
44,3
13 U
Air
U.S
. air
carr
iera
499
261
146
124
152
639
168
380
81
1292
531
Com
mut
er c
arrie
rbN
NN
2837
376
914
460
125
13
On-
dem
and
air
taxi
cN
NN
6910
576
5152
6339
4538
7160
Gen
eral
avi
atio
nd78
71,
029
1,31
01,
252
1,23
995
676
773
563
663
162
461
959
3P56
3
Hig
hw
ayP
asse
nger
car
occ
upan
tsN
NN
25,9
2927
,449
23,2
1224
,092
22,4
2322
,505
22,1
9921
,194
20,8
62R
20,6
9920
,233
Mot
orcy
clis
ts79
01,
650
2,28
03,
189
5,14
44,
564
3,24
42,
227
2,16
12,
116
2,29
42,
483
R2,
897
3,18
1
Truc
k oc
cupa
ntse
Ligh
tN
NN
4,85
67,
486
6,68
98,
601
9,56
89,
932
10,2
4910
,705
11,2
65R
11,5
2611
,677
Larg
eN
NN
961
1,26
297
770
564
862
172
374
275
9R
754
704
Bus
occ
upan
tsN
NN
5346
5732
3321
1838
5922
34P
edes
tria
ns7,
210
7,99
08,
950
7,51
68,
070
6,80
86,
482
5,58
45,
449
5,32
15,
228
4,93
9R
4,76
34,
882
Ped
alcy
clis
ts49
069
076
01,
003
965
890
859
833
765
814
760
754
R69
372
8
Oth
erf
27,9
0936
,759
40,6
371,
018
669
628
584
501
609
573
540
596
R59
167
7
Tota
l hig
hw
ay f
atal
itie
s36
,399
47,0
8952
,627
44,5
2551
,091
43,8
2544
,599
41,8
17k 4
2,06
542
,013
41,5
0141
,717
R41
,945
42,1
16
Rai
lro
adg
Hig
hway
-rai
l gra
de c
ross
ing
1,42
11,
610
1,44
091
783
358
269
857
948
846
143
140
242
542
1R
ailro
ad92
492
378
557
558
445
459
956
755
160
257
753
051
254
8
Tran
sith
NN
NN
NN
339
274
264
275
286
299
295
U
Wat
erb
orn
ei
Ves
sel-r
elat
edj
NN
178
243
206
131
8551
5250
7157
32U
Not
rel
ated
to v
esse
l cas
ualti
esN
N42
033
028
113
010
195
9588
9586
87U
Rec
reat
iona
l boa
ting
739
1,36
01,
418
1,46
61,
360
1,11
686
582
970
982
181
573
470
1U
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
118 � Chapter 2: Transportation Safety
Pip
elin
eN
NN
1519
339
2153
1020
2538
7H
azar
dous
liqu
id p
ipel
ine
NN
47
45
33
50
24
10
Gas
pip
elin
eN
N26
815
286
1848
1018
2137
7
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; P =
pre
limin
ary;
R =
rev
ised
; U =
dat
a ar
e no
t ava
ilabl
e.
aC
arri
ers
oper
atin
g un
der
14 C
FR 1
21, a
ll sc
hedu
led
and
nons
ched
uled
ser
vice
. Sin
ce M
ar. 2
0, 1
997,
14
CFR
121
incl
ude
airc
raft
wit
h 10
or
mor
e se
ats
that
fo
rmer
ly o
pera
ted
unde
r 14
CFR
135
. Thi
s ch
ange
mak
es it
dif
ficu
lt t
o co
mpa
re p
re-1
997
data
for
14
CFR
121
and
14
CFR
135
wit
h m
ore
rece
nt d
ata.
b
All
sche
dule
d se
rvic
e op
erat
ing
unde
r 14
CFR
135
(co
mm
uter
air
car
rier
s). B
efor
e M
ar. 2
0, 1
997,
14
CFR
135
app
lied
to a
ircr
aft
wit
h 30
or
few
er s
eats
. Si
nce
Mar
. 20,
199
7, 1
4 C
FR 1
35 in
clud
es o
nly
airc
raft
wit
h fe
wer
tha
n 10
sea
ts. T
his
chan
ge m
akes
it d
iffi
cult
to
com
pare
pre
-199
7 da
ta f
or 1
4 C
FR 1
21
and
14 C
FR 1
35 w
ith
mor
e re
cent
dat
a.
cN
onsc
hedu
led
serv
ice
oper
atin
g un
der
14 C
FR 1
35 (
on-d
eman
d ai
r ta
xis)
. d
All
oper
atio
ns o
ther
tha
n th
ose
oper
atin
g un
der
14 C
FR 1
21 a
nd 1
4 C
FR 1
35.
eL
arge
tru
cks
are
defi
ned
as t
ruck
s ov
er 1
0,00
0 po
unds
gro
ss v
ehic
le w
eigh
t ra
ting
, inc
ludi
ng s
ingl
e-un
it t
ruck
s an
d tr
uck
trac
tors
. Lig
ht t
ruck
s ar
e de
fine
d as
tr
ucks
of
10,0
00 p
ound
s gr
oss
vehi
cle
wei
ght
rati
ng o
r le
ss, i
nclu
ding
pic
kups
, van
s, t
ruck
-bas
ed s
tati
on w
agon
s, a
nd u
tilit
y ve
hicl
es.
fIn
clud
es o
ccup
ants
of
othe
r ve
hicl
e ty
pes
and
othe
r no
nmot
oris
ts. F
or 1
960-
70, t
he U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Nat
iona
l Hig
hway
Tra
ffic
Saf
ety
Adm
inis
trat
ion
did
not
brea
k ou
t fa
talit
y da
ta t
o th
e sa
me
leve
l of
deta
il as
in la
ter
year
s, s
o fa
talit
ies
for
thos
e ye
ars
also
incl
ude
occu
pant
s of
pas
seng
er c
ars,
tr
ucks
, and
bus
es.
gIn
clud
es A
mtr
ak. H
ighw
ay-r
ail g
rade
cro
ssin
g fa
talit
ies
data
for
197
0 an
d be
fore
is n
ot c
ompa
rabl
e w
ith
data
aft
er 1
970
due
to c
hang
e in
rep
orti
ng s
yste
m.
Fata
litie
s in
clud
e th
ose
resu
ltin
g fr
om t
rain
acc
iden
ts, t
rain
inci
dent
s, a
nd n
ontr
ain
inci
dent
s. H
ighw
ay-r
ail g
rade
cro
ssin
g fa
talit
ies
are
coun
ted
unde
r hi
gh-
way
, exc
ept
trai
n oc
cupa
nts.
h
Fata
litie
s in
clud
e th
ose
resu
ltin
g fr
om a
ll re
port
able
inci
dent
s, n
ot ju
st f
rom
acc
iden
ts.
iV
esse
l-re
late
d ca
sual
ties
incl
ude
thos
e in
volv
ing
dam
age
to v
esse
ls s
uch
as c
ollis
ions
or
grou
ndin
gs. F
atal
itie
s no
t re
late
d to
ves
sel c
asua
ltie
s in
clud
e de
aths
fr
om f
allin
g ov
erbo
ard
or f
rom
acc
iden
ts in
volv
ing
onbo
ard
equi
pmen
t.
j19
95-2
000
data
com
e fr
om t
he M
arin
e Sa
fety
Man
agem
ent
Info
rmat
ion
Syst
em. D
ata
for
prio
r ye
ars
may
not
be
dire
ctly
com
para
ble.
k
Incl
udes
2 f
atal
itie
s th
at h
ave
not
been
ass
igne
d to
a s
peci
fic
vehi
cle
type
.
NO
TE
SN
umbe
rs m
ay n
ot a
dd t
o to
tals
bec
ause
som
e fa
talit
ies
are
coun
ted
in m
ore
than
one
mod
e. T
o av
oid
doub
le c
ount
ing,
the
fol
low
ing
adju
stm
ents
hav
e be
en m
ade:
m
ost
(not
all)
hig
hway
-rai
l gra
de-c
ross
ing
fata
litie
s ha
ve n
ot b
een
adde
d be
caus
e m
ost
(not
all)
suc
h fa
talit
ies
invo
lve
mot
or v
ehic
les
and,
thu
s, a
re a
lrea
dy
incl
uded
in h
ighw
ay f
atal
itie
s; f
or t
rans
it, a
ll co
mm
uter
rai
l fat
alit
ies
and
mot
or-b
us, t
rolle
y-bu
s, d
eman
d-re
spon
sive
, and
van
-poo
l fat
alit
ies
aris
ing
from
acc
i-de
nts
have
bee
n su
btra
cted
bec
ause
the
y ar
e co
unte
d as
rai
lroa
d, h
ighw
ay, o
r hi
ghw
ay-r
ail g
rade
-cro
ssin
g fa
talit
ies.
The
rea
der
cann
ot r
epro
duce
the
tot
al f
atal
i-ti
es in
thi
s ta
ble
by s
impl
y le
avin
g ou
t th
e nu
mbe
r of
hig
hway
-rai
l gra
de-c
ross
ing
fata
litit
es in
the
sum
and
sub
trac
ting
the
abo
ve t
rans
it s
ubm
odes
, bec
ause
in s
o do
ing,
gra
de-c
ross
ing
fata
litie
s no
t in
volv
ing
mot
or v
ehic
les
wou
ld b
e le
ft o
ut (
see
tabl
e 2-
35 o
n ra
il). A
n ex
ampl
e of
suc
h a
fata
lity
is a
bic
yclis
t hi
t by
a t
rain
at
a gr
ade
cros
sing
. C
auti
on m
ust b
e ex
erci
sed
in c
ompa
ring
fata
litie
s ac
ross
mod
es b
ecau
se s
igni
fica
ntly
dif
fere
nt d
efin
itio
ns a
re u
sed.
In p
arti
cula
r, ra
il an
d tr
ansi
t fat
alit
ies
incl
ude
inci
-de
nt-r
elat
ed (
as d
isti
nct
from
acc
iden
t-re
late
d) f
atal
itie
s, s
uch
as f
atal
itie
s fr
om f
alls
in t
rans
it s
tati
ons
or r
ailr
oad
empl
oyee
fat
alit
ies
from
a f
ire
in a
wor
kshe
d.
Equ
ival
ent f
atal
itie
s fo
r th
e ai
r an
d hi
ghw
ay m
odes
(fat
alit
ies
at a
irpo
rts
not c
ause
d by
mov
ing
airc
raft
or
fata
litie
s fr
om a
ccid
ents
in a
utom
obile
rep
air
shop
s) a
re
not
coun
ted
tow
ard
the
tota
ls f
or t
hese
mod
es. T
hus,
fat
alit
ies
not
nece
ssar
ily d
irec
tly
rela
ted
to in
ser
vice
tra
nspo
rtat
ion
are
coun
ted
for
the
tran
sit
and
rail
mod
es, p
oten
tial
ly o
vers
tati
ng t
he r
isk
for
thes
e m
odes
.
TABL
E 2-
1: T
rans
porta
tion
Fata
litie
s by
Mod
e (C
ontin
ued)
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Multimodal � 119
TABL
E 2-
1: T
rans
porta
tion
Fata
litie
s by
Mod
e (C
ontin
ued)
SOU
RC
ES
Air
:19
60: N
atio
nal T
rans
port
atio
n Sa
fety
Boa
rd, A
nnua
l Rev
iew
of
Air
craf
t A
ccid
ent
Dat
a: U
.S. A
ir C
arri
er O
pera
tion
s, C
alen
dar
Yea
r 19
67 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: D
ecem
ber
1968
).19
65-7
0: I
bid.
, Ann
ual R
evie
w o
f A
ircr
aft
Acc
iden
t D
ata:
U.S
. Air
Car
rier
Ope
rati
ons,
Cal
enda
r Y
ear
1975
, NT
SB/A
RC
-77/
1 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: J
anua
ry 1
977)
. 19
75: I
bid.
, Ann
ual R
evie
w o
f Air
craf
t Acc
iden
t Dat
a: U
.S. A
ir C
arri
er O
pera
tions
, Cal
enda
r Ye
ar 1
983,
NT
SB/A
RC
-87/
01 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: F
ebru
ary
1987
), ta
ble
18.
1980
: Ibi
d., A
nnua
l Rev
iew
of
Air
craf
t Acc
iden
t D
ata:
U.S
. Air
Car
rier
Ope
rati
ons,
Cal
enda
r Y
ear
1981
, NT
SB/A
RC
-85/
01 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: F
ebru
ary
1985
),
tabl
es 2
and
16.
1985
-200
1: I
bid.
, Int
erne
t si
te w
ww
.nts
b.go
v/av
iati
on, t
able
5 a
s of
Aug
. 21,
200
2.
Com
mut
er:
1975
-80:
Nat
iona
l Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Safe
ty B
oard
, Ann
ual R
evie
w o
f A
ircr
aft
Acc
iden
t D
ata:
U.S
. Air
Car
rier
Ope
rati
ons,
Cal
enda
r Y
ear
1980
, NT
SB/A
RC
-83/
01 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Jan
uary
198
3), t
able
s 26
and
40.
19
85-2
001:
Ibi
d., I
nter
net
site
ww
w.n
tsb.
gov/
avia
tion
, tab
le 9
as
of A
ug. 2
1, 2
002.
O
n-de
man
d ai
r ta
xi:
1975
-80:
Nat
iona
l Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Safe
ty B
oard
, Ann
ual R
evie
w o
f A
ircr
aft
Acc
iden
t D
ata:
U.S
. Air
Car
rier
Ope
rati
ons,
Cal
enda
r Y
ear
1981
, NT
SB/A
RC
-85/
01 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Feb
ruar
y 19
85),
tab
le 6
1.19
85-2
001:
Ibi
d., I
nter
net
site
ww
w.n
tsb.
gov/
avia
tion
, tab
le 9
as
of A
ug. 2
1, 2
002.
Gen
eral
avi
atio
n:19
60-7
0: N
atio
nal T
rans
port
atio
n Sa
fety
Boa
rd, A
nnua
l Rev
iew
of
Air
craf
t A
ccid
ent
Dat
a: U
.S. G
ener
al A
viat
ion,
Cal
enda
r Y
ear
1970
, NT
SB/A
RG
-74/
1 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
pril
1974
), t
able
117
. 19
75-8
0: I
bid.
, Ann
ual R
evie
w o
f A
ircr
aft
Acc
iden
t D
ata:
Gen
eral
Avi
atio
n, C
alen
dar
Yea
r 19
85, N
TSB
/AR
G-8
7/03
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: O
ctob
er 1
987)
, tab
le 2
1.
1985
-200
1: I
bid.
, Int
erne
t si
te w
ww
.nts
b.go
v/av
iati
on, t
able
10
as o
f A
ug. 2
1, 2
002
and
pers
onal
com
mun
icat
ion,
Nov
. 15,
200
2.
Hig
hway
:19
60-6
5: E
stim
ated
by
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, N
atio
nal H
ighw
ay T
raff
ic S
afet
y A
dmin
istr
atio
n fr
om d
ata
supp
lied
by U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Hea
lth
and
Hum
an S
ervi
ces,
Nat
iona
l Cen
ter
for
Hea
lth
Stat
isti
cs, a
nd in
divi
dual
sta
te a
ccid
ent
repo
rts
(adj
uste
d to
30-
day
deat
hs).
Fat
alit
ies
data
pri
or t
o 19
75
have
bee
n ad
just
ed t
o re
flec
t th
e Fa
talit
y A
naly
sis
Rep
orti
ng S
yste
m’s
def
init
ion
of a
fat
al c
rash
as
one
that
invo
lves
a m
otor
veh
icle
on
a tr
affi
cway
tha
t re
sult
s in
the
dea
th o
f a
vehi
cle
occu
pant
or
a no
nmot
oris
t w
ithi
n 30
day
s of
the
cra
sh.
1970
-200
1: I
bid.
, Tra
ffic
Saf
ety
Fact
s 20
00, D
OT
HS
809
100
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Dec
embe
r 20
00),
tab
le 4
and
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
Sep
t. 9
, 200
2.R
ail:
Hig
hway
-rai
l gra
de c
ross
ing:
1960
-70:
Nat
iona
l Saf
ety
Cou
ncil,
Acc
iden
t Fa
cts,
197
4 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 1
974)
.19
75-8
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Rai
lroa
d A
dmin
istr
atio
n, O
ffic
e of
Pol
icy
and
Prog
ram
Dev
elop
men
t, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n.19
85-9
0: I
bid.
, Rai
l-H
ighw
ay C
ross
ing
Acc
iden
t/In
cide
nt a
nd I
nven
tory
Bul
leti
n (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
S.
1995
-200
1: I
bid.
, Rai
lroa
d Sa
fety
Sta
tist
ics
Ann
ual R
epor
t 20
00 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Jul
y 20
01),
tab
les
1-1
and
8-13
.R
ailr
oad:
1960
-65:
Nat
iona
l Saf
ety
Cou
ncil,
Acc
iden
t Fa
cts,
197
4 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 1
974)
.19
70-9
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al R
ailr
oad
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Hig
hway
-Rai
l Cro
ssin
g A
ccid
ent/
Inci
dent
and
Inv
ento
ry B
ulle
tin
(Was
hing
ton,
D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le 7
.19
95-2
001:
Ibi
d., R
ailr
oad
Safe
ty S
tati
stic
s A
nnua
l Rep
ort
2000
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: J
uly
2001
), t
able
s 1-
1 an
d 8-
13.
Tra
nsit
:19
90-9
9: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Tra
nsit
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Saf
ety
Man
agem
ent
Info
rmat
ion
Stat
isti
cs 1
999
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 200
1), p
. 41.
2000
: U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al T
rans
it A
dmin
istr
atio
n, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
ns, M
ar. 1
9, 2
002.
Wat
er:
Ves
sel-
and
non
vess
el-r
elat
ed:
1970
-90:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, U
.S. C
oast
Gua
rd, O
ffic
e of
Inv
esti
gati
ons
and
Ana
lysi
s, C
ompl
ianc
e A
naly
sis
Div
isio
n, (
G-M
OA
-2),
per
sona
l co
mm
unic
atio
n, A
pr. 1
3, 1
999.
19
95-2
000:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, U
.S. C
oast
Gua
rd, D
ata
Adm
inis
trat
ion
Div
isio
n (G
-MR
I-1)
, per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
Dec
. 12,
200
1.R
ecre
atio
nal b
oati
ng:
1960
-200
0: I
bid.
, Off
ice
of B
oati
ng S
afet
y, B
oati
ng S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
.H
azar
dous
liqu
id a
nd g
as p
ipel
ine:
1970
-200
1: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Res
earc
h an
d Sp
ecia
l Pro
gram
s A
dmin
istr
atio
n, O
ffic
e of
Pip
elin
e Sa
fety
, per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion
and
Inte
r-ne
t si
te h
ttp:
//ops
.dot
.gov
as
of A
ug. 2
2, 2
002.
120 � Chapter 2: Transportation SafetyTA
BLE
2-2:
Inju
red
Pers
ons
by T
rans
porta
tion
Mod
e
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
TOTA
L in
jure
d p
erso
ns
UU
UU
UU
UU
3,51
7,76
73,
532,
287
3,39
7,51
23,
241,
660
3,28
4,45
03,
240,
424
U
Air
a
U.S
. air
carr
ierb
NN
107
8119
1930
2925
7743
30R
6727
16
Com
mut
er c
arrie
rcN
NN
N14
1414
1117
21
22
74
On-
dem
and
air
taxi
dN
NN
N43
4344
3614
2223
1014
1223
Gen
eral
avi
atio
neN
N71
576
9R
681
681
501
409
396
365
350
327
322
310
322
Hig
hw
ay
Pas
seng
er c
ar o
ccup
ants
NN
NN
NN
N2,
376,
439
2,46
9,35
82,
458,
080
2,34
0,61
22,
201,
375
2,13
7,50
32,
051,
609
1,92
6,62
5
Mot
orcy
clis
tsN
NN
NN
NN
84,2
8557
,480
55,2
8152
,574
48,9
7449
,986
57,7
2360
,236
Truc
k oc
cupa
ntsf
Ligh
tN
NN
NN
NN
505,
144
722,
496
761,
478
754,
820
762,
506
846,
865
886,
566
860,
527
Larg
eN
NN
NN
NN
41,8
2230
,344
32,7
6030
,913
28,7
6732
,892
30,8
3229
,424
Bus
occ
upan
tsN
NN
NN
NN
32,6
9119
,214
20,2
9116
,887
15,5
5921
,958
17,7
6915
,427
Ped
estr
ians
NN
NN
NN
N10
4,80
585
,837
81,7
9777
,011
68,9
5585
,235
77,6
2577
,619
Ped
alcy
clis
tsN
NN
NN
NN
74,9
0366
,572
58,1
5857
,802
53,3
7951
,290
51,1
6045
,277
Oth
erg
NN
NN
NN
N10
,578
13,9
7715
,473
16,9
9512
,519
10,5
0915
,466
17,5
36
Tota
l hig
hw
ayN
NN
NN
NN
3,23
0,66
63,
465,
279
3,48
3,31
93,
347,
614
3,19
2,03
53,
236,
238
3,18
8,75
03,
032,
672
Rai
lro
adh
Hig
hway
-rai
l gra
de c
ross
ing
3,36
73,
725
3,27
23,
860
3,55
03,
550
2,68
72,
407
1,89
41,
610
1,54
01,
303
1,39
61,
219
1,15
4
Rai
lroad
16,1
1321
,930
17,9
3450
,138
58,6
9658
,696
31,6
1722
,736
12,5
4610
,948
10,2
2710
,156
10,3
0410
,424
9,73
9
Tran
siti
NN
NN
NN
N54
,556
57,1
9655
,288
56,1
3255
,990
55,3
2556
,697
U
Wat
erb
orn
ej
Ves
sel-r
elat
edk
NN
105
9718
018
017
217
514
522
312
113
513
112
5U
Not
rel
ated
to v
esse
l cas
ualti
esk
NN
UU
UU
U1,
833
1,32
71,
037
540
500
564
U
Rec
reat
iona
l boa
ting
929
927
780
2,13
62,
650
2,65
02,
757
3,82
24,
141
4,44
24,
555
4,61
24,
315
4,35
5U
Pip
elin
e
Haz
ardo
us li
quid
pip
elin
eN
N21
1715
1518
711
135
620
410
Gas
pip
elin
eN
N23
321
417
717
710
869
5311
472
7693
7746
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; P =
pre
limin
ary;
R =
rev
ised
; U =
dat
a ar
e no
t ava
ilabl
e.
aIn
juri
es c
lass
ifie
d as
ser
ious
. See
def
init
ions
of
inju
ries
in t
he g
loss
ary.
b
All
sche
dule
d an
d no
nsch
edul
ed s
ervi
ce o
pera
ting
und
er 1
4 C
FR 1
21. S
ince
Mar
. 20,
199
7, 1
4 C
FR 1
21 in
clud
es o
nly
airc
raft
wit
h 10
or
mor
e se
ats
form
erly
op
erat
ed u
nder
14
CFR
135
. Thi
s ch
ange
mak
es it
dif
ficu
lt t
o co
mpa
re p
re-1
997
data
for
14
CFR
121
and
14
CFR
135
wit
h m
ore
rece
nt y
ears
’ dat
a.
cA
ll sc
hedu
led
serv
ice
oper
atin
g un
der
14 C
FR 1
35 (
com
mut
er a
ir c
arri
ers)
. Bef
ore
Mar
. 20,
199
7, 1
4 C
FR 1
35 a
pplie
d to
air
craf
t w
ith
30 o
r fe
wer
sea
ts.
Sinc
e M
ar. 2
0, 1
997,
14
CFR
135
incl
udes
onl
y ai
rcra
ft w
ith
few
er t
han
10 s
eats
. Thi
s ch
ange
mak
es it
dif
ficu
lt t
o co
mpa
re p
re-1
997
data
for
14
CFR
121
an
d 14
CFR
135
wit
h m
ore
rece
nt y
ears
’ dat
a.
dN
onsc
hedu
led
serv
ice
oper
atin
g un
der
14 C
FR 1
35 (
on-d
eman
d ai
r ta
xis)
.
Multimodal � 121
TABL
E 2-
2: In
jure
d Pe
rson
s by
Tra
nspo
rtatio
n M
ode
(Con
tinue
d)
e A
ll op
erat
ions
oth
er t
han
thos
e op
erat
ing
unde
r 14
CFR
121
and
14
CFR
135
.f L
arge
tru
cks
are
defi
ned
as t
ruck
s ov
er 1
0,00
0 po
unds
gro
ss v
ehic
le w
eigh
t ra
ting
, inc
ludi
ng s
ingl
e-un
it t
ruck
s an
d tr
uck
trac
tors
. Lig
ht t
ruck
s ar
e de
fine
d as
tr
ucks
of
10,0
00 p
ound
s gr
oss
vehi
cle
wei
ght
rati
ng o
r le
ss, i
nclu
ding
pic
kups
, van
s, t
ruck
-bas
ed s
tati
on w
agon
s, a
nd u
tilit
y ve
hicl
es.
g In
clud
es o
ccup
ants
of
othe
r un
know
n ve
hicl
e ty
pes
and
othe
r no
nmot
oris
ts.
h In
clud
es A
mtr
ak. F
igur
es in
clud
e th
ose
inju
ries
res
ulti
ng f
rom
tra
in a
ccid
ents
, tra
in in
cide
nts,
and
non
trai
n in
cide
nts.
Inj
ury
figu
res
also
incl
ude
occu
pati
onal
ill
ness
. Rai
lroa
d in
juri
es d
ata
for
1970
and
bef
ore
are
not
com
para
ble
wit
h po
st-1
970
data
due
to
chan
ge in
rep
orti
ng s
yste
m. H
ighw
ay-r
ail g
rade
cro
ssin
g in
juri
es a
re c
ount
ed u
nder
hig
hway
, exc
ept
trai
n oc
cupa
nts.
i I
nclu
des
mot
or b
us, c
omm
uter
rai
l, he
avy
rail,
ligh
t ra
il, d
eman
d re
spon
sive
, van
poo
l, an
d au
tom
ated
gui
dew
ay. T
rans
it in
juri
es in
clud
e th
ose
resu
ltin
g fr
om
all r
epor
tabl
e in
cide
nts,
not
just
fro
m a
ccid
ents
. j V
esse
l-re
late
d in
juri
es in
clud
e th
ose
invo
lvin
g da
mag
e to
ves
sels
, suc
h as
col
lisio
ns o
r gr
ound
ings
. Inj
urie
s no
t re
late
d to
ves
sel c
asua
ltie
s in
clud
e th
ose
from
fa
lls o
verb
oard
or
from
acc
iden
ts in
volv
ing
onbo
ard
equi
pmen
t.
k 19
92-2
000
data
com
e fr
om t
he M
arin
e Sa
fety
Man
agem
ent
Info
rmat
ion
Syst
em. D
ata
for
prio
r ye
ars
may
not
be
dire
ctly
com
para
ble.
NO
TE
ST
he m
otor
veh
icle
inju
ry d
ata
in t
his
tabl
e co
me
from
the
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, N
atio
nal H
ighw
ay T
raff
ic S
afet
y A
dmin
istr
atio
n’s
Gen
eral
Est
i-m
ates
Sys
tem
(G
ES)
. The
dat
a fr
om G
ES,
whi
ch b
egan
ope
rati
on in
198
8, a
re o
btai
ned
from
a n
atio
nally
rep
rese
ntat
ive
prob
abili
ty s
ampl
e se
lect
ed f
rom
all
polic
e-re
port
ed c
rash
es. T
he G
ES
sam
ple
incl
udes
onl
y cr
ashe
s w
here
a p
olic
e ac
cide
nt r
epor
t w
as c
ompl
eted
and
the
cra
sh r
esul
ted
in p
rope
rty
dam
age,
in
jury
, or
deat
h. T
he r
esul
ting
fig
ures
do
not
take
into
acc
ount
cra
shes
tha
t w
ere
not
repo
rted
to
the
polic
e or
did
not
res
ult
in p
rope
rty
dam
age.
The
199
3 N
atio
nal T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
(N
TS)
His
tori
cal C
ompe
ndiu
m a
nd e
arlie
r ed
itio
ns u
sed
inju
ry f
igur
es e
stim
ated
by
the
Nat
iona
l Saf
ety
Cou
ncil,
whi
ch
used
a d
iffe
rent
set
of
met
hods
to
arri
ve a
t it
s fi
gure
s. T
hus,
the
inju
ry f
igur
es in
thi
s ed
itio
n of
NT
S m
ay n
ot b
e co
mpa
rabl
e w
ith
thos
e fo
und
in t
he C
om-
pend
ium
and
ear
lier
edit
ions
. N
umbe
rs m
ay n
ot a
dd to
tot
als
beca
use
som
e in
juri
es a
re c
ount
ed in
mor
e th
an o
ne m
ode.
To
avoi
d do
uble
cou
ntin
g, th
e fo
llow
ing
adju
stm
ents
hav
e be
en m
ade
in t
he t
otal
inju
red
row
:•
mos
t (n
ot a
ll) h
ighw
ay-r
ail g
rade
cro
ssin
g in
juri
es h
ave
not b
een
adde
d be
caus
e m
ost
(not
all)
suc
h in
juri
es in
volv
e m
otor
veh
icle
s an
d ar
e al
read
y in
clud
ed
in h
ighw
ay in
juri
es;
• fo
r tr
ansi
t, a
ll co
mm
uter
rai
l inj
urie
s an
d m
otor
-bus
, tro
lley-
bus,
dem
and-
resp
onsi
ve, a
nd v
an-p
ool i
njur
ies
aris
ing
from
for
tra
nsit
, all
com
mut
er r
ail i
nju-
ries
and
mot
or-b
us, t
rolle
y-bu
s, d
eman
d-re
spon
sive
, and
van
-poo
l inj
urie
s ar
isin
g fr
om a
ccid
ents
hav
e be
en s
ubtr
acte
d be
caus
e th
ey a
re c
ount
ed a
s ra
il-ro
ad, h
ighw
ay, o
r hi
ghw
ay-r
ail g
rade
cro
ssin
g in
juri
es.
The
rea
der
cann
ot r
epro
duce
the
tot
al in
juri
es c
ount
in t
his
tabl
e by
sim
ply
leav
ing
out
the
num
ber
of h
ighw
ay-r
ail g
rade
cro
ssin
g in
juri
es in
the
sum
and
sub
-tr
acti
ng t
he a
bove
tra
nsit
sub
mod
es, b
ecau
se in
so
doin
g, g
rade
-cro
ssin
g in
juri
es n
ot in
volv
ing
mot
or v
ehic
les
wou
ld b
e le
ft o
ut (
see
tabl
e 2-
35 o
n ra
il). A
n ex
ampl
e of
suc
h an
inju
ry is
a b
icyc
list
inju
red
by a
tra
in a
t a
grad
e cr
ossi
ng.
SOU
RC
ES
Air
:U
.S. a
ir c
arri
er:
1970
-90:
Nat
iona
l Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Safe
ty B
oard
, Ann
ual R
evie
w o
f A
ircr
aft
Acc
iden
t D
ata:
U.S
. Air
Car
rier
Ope
rati
ons
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s).
1995
-200
1: I
bid.
, Ana
lysi
s an
d D
ata
Div
isio
n, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
ns, A
ug. 8
, 199
6, M
ar. 1
0, 1
999,
Mar
. 23,
200
0, M
ay 7
, 200
2, a
nd S
ept.
11,
200
2.C
omm
uter
car
rier
, and
on-
dem
and
air
taxi
:19
80-9
0: N
atio
nal T
rans
port
atio
n Sa
fety
Boa
rd, A
nnua
l Rev
iew
of
Air
craf
t A
ccid
ent
Dat
a: U
.S. A
ir C
arri
er O
pera
tion
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
.19
95-2
001:
Ibi
d., A
naly
sis
and
Dat
a D
ivis
ion,
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ions
, 199
6, 1
997,
199
8, 2
000,
May
7, 2
002,
and
Sep
t. 1
1, 2
002.
Gen
eral
avi
atio
n:19
70-9
0: N
atio
nal T
rans
port
atio
n Sa
fety
Boa
rd, A
nnua
l Rev
iew
of
Air
craf
t A
ccid
ent
Dat
a: G
ener
al A
viat
ion
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s).
1995
-200
1: I
bid.
, Ana
lysi
s an
d D
ata
Div
isio
n, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
ns, 1
996,
199
7, 1
998,
200
0, M
ay 7
, 200
2 an
d Se
pt. 1
1, 2
002.
Hig
hway
:19
90-9
9: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Nat
iona
l Hig
hway
Tra
ffic
Saf
ety
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Nat
iona
l Cen
ter
for
Stat
isti
cs a
nd A
naly
sis,
Tra
ffic
Saf
ety
Fact
s 19
99, D
OT
HS
809
100
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Dec
embe
r 20
00),
tab
le 4
. 20
01: I
bid.
, Gen
eral
Est
imat
es S
yste
m D
atab
ase
and
pers
onal
com
mun
icat
ion,
Sep
t. 1
0, 2
002.
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
122 � Chapter 2: Transportation SafetyTA
BLE
2-2:
Inju
red
Pers
ons
by T
rans
porta
tion
Mod
e (C
ontin
ued)
Rai
l:H
ighw
ay-r
ail g
rade
cro
ssin
gs:
1960
-70:
Nat
iona
l Saf
ety
Cou
ncil,
Acc
iden
t Fa
cts,
197
4 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 1
974)
.19
75: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Rai
lroa
d A
dmin
istr
atio
n, O
ffic
e of
Pol
icy
and
Prog
ram
Dev
elop
men
t, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n.19
80-9
0: I
bid.
, Rai
l-H
ighw
ay C
ross
ing
Acc
iden
t/In
cide
nt a
nd I
nven
tory
Bul
leti
n (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
S.
1995
-200
1: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Rai
lroa
d A
dmin
istr
atio
n, R
ailr
oad
Safe
ty S
tati
stic
s A
nnua
l Rep
ort
2001
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Sep
t.
2002
), t
able
s 1-
1 an
d 8-
13.
Rai
lroa
d:19
60-7
0: N
atio
nal S
afet
y C
ounc
il, A
ccid
ent
Fact
s, 1
974
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 197
4).
1970
-90:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Rai
lroa
d A
dmin
istr
atio
n, H
ighw
ay-R
ail C
ross
ing
Acc
iden
t/In
cide
nt a
nd I
nven
tory
Bul
leti
n (W
ashi
ngto
n,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
7.
1995
-200
1: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Rai
lroa
d A
dmin
istr
atio
n, R
ailr
oad
Safe
ty S
tati
stic
s A
nnua
l Rep
ort
2001
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: S
ept.
20
02),
tab
les
1-1
and
8-13
.
Tra
nsit
:19
90-2
000:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al T
rans
it A
dmin
istr
atio
n, S
afet
y M
anag
emen
t In
form
atio
n St
atis
tics
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
.
Wat
er:
Wat
erbo
rne
tran
spor
tati
on:
1970
-90:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, U
.S. C
oast
Gua
rd, O
ffic
e of
Inv
esti
gati
ons
and
Ana
lysi
s, C
ompl
ianc
e A
naly
sis
Div
isio
n, (
G-M
OA
-2),
per
sona
l co
mm
unic
atio
n, A
pr. 1
3, 1
999.
1995
-200
0: I
bid.
, Dat
a A
dmin
istr
atio
n D
ivis
ion
(G-M
RI-
1), p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n, D
ec. 1
2, 2
001.
Rec
reat
iona
l boa
ting
:19
60-2
000:
Ibi
d., O
ffic
e of
Boa
ting
Saf
ety,
Boa
ting
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s).
Haz
ardo
us li
quid
and
gas
pip
elin
e:19
70-2
001:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, R
esea
rch
and
Spec
ial P
rogr
ams
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Off
ice
of P
ipel
ine
Safe
ty, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n an
d In
ter-
net
site
htt
p://o
ps.d
ot.g
ov a
s of
Sep
t. 1
0, 2
002.
Multimodal � 123
TABL
E 2-
3: T
rans
porta
tion
Acci
dent
sa b
y M
ode
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Air
U.S
. air
carr
ierb
9083
5537
1921
2436
3749
5051
5645
Com
mut
er c
arrie
rcN
NN
4838
1815
1211
168
1312
7
On-
dem
and
air
taxi
dN
NN
152
171
157
107
7590
8277
73R
8072
Gen
eral
avi
atio
ne4,
793
5,19
64,
712
3,99
53,
590
2,73
92,
241
2,05
61,
908
1,84
51,
904
1,90
6R
1,83
51,
723
Hig
hw
ayP
asse
nger
car
NN
NN
NN
5,56
1,00
05,
594,
000
5,59
9,00
05,
423,
000
5,14
6,00
04,
916,
000
4,92
6,00
04,
832,
000
Mot
orcy
cle
NN
NN
NN
103,
000
66,0
0066
,000
61,0
0054
,000
57,0
0069
,000
73,0
00
Truc
kf
Ligh
tN
NN
NN
N2,
152,
000
2,75
0,00
02,
881,
000
2,90
1,00
02,
867,
000
3,08
0,00
03,
208,
000
3,25
4,00
0La
rge
NN
NN
NN
372,
000
363,
000
378,
000
421,
000
392,
000
452,
000
438,
000
409,
000
Bus
NN
NN
NN
60,0
0059
,000
57,0
0053
,000
53,0
0063
,000
56,0
0054
,000
Tota
l hig
hw
ay c
rash
esa
NN
NN
NN
6,47
1,00
06,
699,
000
6,77
0,00
06,
624,
000
6,33
5,00
06,
279,
000
6,39
4,00
06,
323,
000
Rai
lH
ighw
ay-r
ail g
rade
cro
ssin
gg,h
3,19
53,
820
3,55
912
,076
10,6
126,
919
5,71
54,
633
4,25
73,
865
3,50
83,
489
3,50
23,
233
Rai
lroad
g ,i
NN
8,09
58,
041
8,20
53,
275
2,87
92,
459
2,44
32,
397
2,57
52,
768
2,98
32,
987
Tran
sitj
NN
NN
NN
58,0
0225
,683
25,1
6624
,924
23,9
3723
,310
24,2
61U
Wat
erb
orn
eV
esse
l-rel
ated
NN
2,58
23,
310
4,62
43,
439
3,61
34,
298
4,26
44,
198
4,37
44,
036
3,79
1U
Rec
reat
iona
l boa
ting
2,73
83,
752
3,80
36,
308
5,51
36,
237
6,41
18,
019
8,02
68,
047
8,06
17,
931
7,74
0U
Pip
elin
eH
azar
dous
liqu
id p
ipel
ine
NN
351
254
246
183
180
188
194
171
153
168
147
129
Gas
pip
elin
eN
N1,
077
1,33
81,
524
334
198
161
187
175
236
173
234
209
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; P =
pre
limin
ary;
R =
rev
ised
; U =
dat
a ar
e no
t ava
ilabl
e.
aT
he U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Nat
iona
l Hig
hway
Tra
ffic
Saf
ety
Adm
inis
trat
ion
uses
the
term
“cr
ash”
inst
ead
of a
ccid
ent i
n it
s hi
ghw
ay s
afet
y da
ta.
Hig
hway
cra
shes
oft
en in
volv
e m
ore
than
one
mot
or v
ehic
le, h
ence
“to
tal h
ighw
ay c
rash
es”
is s
mal
ler
than
the
sum
of
the
com
pone
nts.
Est
imat
es o
f hi
ghw
ay
cras
hes
are
roun
ded
to t
he n
eare
st t
hous
and
in t
he s
ourc
e do
cum
ent.
bC
arri
ers
oper
atin
g un
der
14 C
FR 1
21, a
ll sc
hedu
led
and
nons
ched
uled
ser
vice
. Sin
ce M
ar. 2
0, 1
997,
14
CFR
121
incl
udes
onl
y ai
rcra
ft w
ith
10 o
r m
ore
seat
s fo
r-m
erly
ope
rate
d un
der
14 C
FR 1
35. T
his
chan
ge m
akes
it d
iffi
cult
to
com
pare
pre
-199
7 da
ta f
or 1
4 C
FR 1
21 a
nd 1
4 C
FR 1
35 w
ith
mor
e re
cent
yea
rs’ d
ata.
cA
ll sc
hedu
led
serv
ice
oper
atin
g un
der
14 C
FR 1
35. S
ince
Mar
. 20,
199
7, 1
4 C
FR 1
21 in
clud
es o
nly
airc
raft
wit
h 10
or
mor
e se
ats
form
erly
ope
rate
d un
der
14
CFR
135
. Thi
s ch
ange
mak
es it
dif
ficu
lt t
o co
mpa
re p
re-1
997
data
for
14
CFR
121
and
14
CFR
135
wit
h m
ore
rece
nt y
ears
’ dat
a.
dN
onsc
hedu
led
serv
ice
oper
atin
g un
der
14 C
FR 1
35.
eA
ll op
erat
ions
oth
er t
han
thos
e op
erat
ing
unde
r 14
CFR
121
and
14
CFR
135
.f
Lar
ge t
ruck
s ar
e de
fine
d as
tru
cks
over
10,
000
poun
ds g
ross
veh
icle
wei
ght
rati
ng, i
nclu
ding
sin
gle-
unit
tru
cks
and
truc
k tr
acto
rs. L
ight
tru
cks
are
defi
ned
as
truc
ks o
f 10
,000
pou
nds
gros
s ve
hicl
e w
eigh
t ra
ting
or
less
, inc
ludi
ng p
icku
ps, v
ans,
tru
ck-b
ased
sta
tion
wag
ons,
and
uti
lity
vehi
cles
.g
Incl
udes
Am
trak
.h
Incl
udes
bot
h ac
cide
nts
and
inci
dent
s. D
ata
not
com
para
ble
afte
r 19
70 d
ue t
o ch
ange
in r
epor
ting
sys
tem
. Mos
t hi
ghw
ay-r
ail g
rade
cro
ssin
g ac
cide
nts
are
coun
ted
unde
r hi
ghw
ay.
iT
rain
acc
iden
ts o
nly.
jA
ccid
ent
figu
res
incl
ude
colli
sion
s w
ith
vehi
cles
, obj
ects
, and
peo
ple,
der
ailm
ents
/ ve
hicl
es g
oing
off
the
roa
d. A
ccid
ent
figu
res
do n
ot in
clud
e fi
res
and
per-
sona
l cas
ualt
ies.
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
124 � Chapter 2: Transportation SafetyTA
BLE
2-3:
Tra
nspo
rtatio
n Ac
cide
ntsa
by
Mod
e (C
ontin
ued)
NO
TE
ST
he m
otor
veh
icle
cra
sh d
ata
in t
his
tabl
e co
me
from
the
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, N
atio
nal H
ighw
ay T
raff
ic S
afet
y A
dmin
istr
atio
ns’ G
ener
al E
sti-
mat
es S
yste
m (
GE
S), w
hich
beg
an o
pera
tion
in 1
988.
GE
S da
ta a
re o
btai
ned
from
a n
atio
nally
rep
rese
ntat
ive
prob
abili
ty s
ampl
e se
lect
ed f
rom
all
polic
e-re
port
ed c
rash
es. T
he G
ES
sam
ple
incl
udes
onl
y cr
ashe
s w
here
a p
olic
e ac
cide
nt r
epor
t w
as c
ompl
eted
and
the
cra
sh r
esul
ted
in p
rope
rty
dam
age,
inju
ry, o
r de
ath.
The
res
ulti
ng f
igur
es d
o no
t ta
ke in
to a
ccou
nt c
rash
es t
hat
wer
e no
t re
port
ed t
o th
e po
lice
or d
id n
ot r
esul
t in
pro
pert
y da
mag
e. T
he 1
993
Nat
iona
l T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
(N
TS)
His
tori
cal C
ompe
ndiu
m a
nd e
arlie
r ed
itio
ns u
sed
cras
h fi
gure
s es
tim
ated
by
the
Nat
iona
l Saf
ety
Cou
ncil,
whi
ch u
sed
a di
f-fe
rent
set
of
met
hods
to a
rriv
e at
its
figu
res.
Thu
s, t
he c
rash
fig
ures
in t
his
edit
ion
of N
TS
may
not
be
com
para
ble
wit
h th
ose
foun
d in
the
Com
pend
ium
and
ea
rlie
r ed
itio
ns.
Num
bers
may
not
add
to
tota
ls b
ecau
se s
ome
acci
dent
s / c
rash
es a
re c
ount
ed in
mor
e th
an o
ne m
ode.
To
avoi
d do
uble
cou
ntin
g, t
he f
ollo
win
g ad
just
men
ts
have
bee
n m
ade
in t
he t
otal
acc
iden
ts r
ow:
• m
ost
(not
all)
hig
hway
-rai
l gra
de-c
ross
ing
inju
ries
hav
e no
t be
en a
dded
bec
ause
mos
t (n
ot a
ll) s
uch
acci
dent
s in
volv
e m
otor
veh
icle
s an
d, t
hus,
are
alr
eady
in
clud
ed in
hig
hway
cra
shes
;•
for
tran
sit,
all
com
mut
er r
ail a
ccid
ents
and
mot
or b
us, t
rolle
y bu
s, d
eman
d re
spon
sive
, and
van
poo
l acc
iden
ts h
ave
been
sub
trac
ted
beca
use
they
are
co
unte
d as
rai
lroa
d, h
ighw
ay, o
r hi
ghw
ay-r
ail g
rade
-cro
ssin
g ac
cide
nts.
Not
e th
at t
he r
eade
r ca
nnot
rep
rodu
ce t
he t
otal
acc
iden
ts c
ount
in t
his
tabl
e by
sim
ply
leav
ing
out
high
way
-rai
l gra
de-c
ross
ing
acci
dent
s in
the
sum
and
sub
-tr
acti
ng th
e ab
ove
tran
sit
subm
odes
, bec
ause
in s
o do
ing,
gra
de-c
ross
ing
acci
dent
s no
t inv
olvi
ng m
otor
veh
icle
s w
ould
be
left
out
(se
e ta
ble
2-35
on
rail)
. An
exam
ple
of s
uch
an a
ccid
ent
is a
bic
yclis
t hi
t by
a t
rain
at
a gr
ade
cros
sing
.
SOU
RC
ES
Air
:A
ir c
arri
er:
1960
: Nat
iona
l Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Safe
ty B
oard
, Ann
ual R
evie
w o
f A
ircr
aft
Acc
iden
t D
ata:
U.S
. Air
Car
rier
Ope
rati
ons,
Cal
enda
r Y
ear
1967
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C:
Dec
embe
r 19
68).
1965
-70:
Ibi
d., A
nnua
l Rev
iew
of
Air
craf
t A
ccid
ent
Dat
a: U
.S. A
ir C
arri
er O
pera
tion
s, C
alen
dar
Yea
r 19
75, N
TSB
/AR
C-7
7/1
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Jan
uary
197
7).
1975
: Ibi
d., A
nnua
l Rev
iew
of
Air
craf
t Acc
iden
t D
ata:
U.S
. Air
Car
rier
Ope
rati
ons,
Cal
enda
r Y
ear
1983
, NT
SB/A
RC
-87/
01 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: F
ebru
ary
1987
),
tabl
e 18
.19
80: I
bid.
, Ann
ual R
evie
w o
f A
ircr
aft A
ccid
ent
Dat
a: U
.S. A
ir C
arri
er O
pera
tion
s, C
alen
dar
Yea
r 19
81, N
TSB
/AR
C-8
5/01
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Feb
ruar
y 19
85),
ta
bles
2 a
nd 1
6.19
85-2
001:
Ibi
d., I
nter
net
site
ww
w.n
tsb.
gov/
avia
tion
as
of A
ug. 2
7, 2
002,
tab
le 5
.C
omm
uter
air
car
rier
:19
75-8
0: N
atio
nal T
rans
port
atio
n Sa
fety
Boa
rd, A
nnua
l Rev
iew
of
Air
craf
t A
ccid
ent
Dat
a: U
.S. A
ir C
arri
er O
pera
tion
s, C
alen
dar
Yea
r 19
80, N
TSB
/AR
C-8
3/01
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: J
anua
ry 1
983)
, tab
les
26 a
nd 4
0.
1985
-200
1: I
bid.
, Int
erne
t si
te w
ww
.nts
b.go
v/av
iati
on a
s of
Aug
. 27,
200
2, t
able
8.
On-
dem
and
air
taxi
:19
75-8
0: N
atio
nal T
rans
port
atio
n Sa
fety
Boa
rd, A
nnua
l Rev
iew
of
Air
craf
t A
ccid
ent
Dat
a: U
.S. A
ir C
arri
er O
pera
tion
s, C
alen
dar
Yea
r 19
81, N
TSB
/AR
C-8
5/01
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: F
ebru
ary
1985
), t
able
61.
1985
-200
1: I
bid.
, Int
erne
t si
te w
ww
.nts
b.go
v/av
iati
on a
s of
Aug
. 27,
200
2, t
able
9.
Gen
eral
avi
atio
n:19
60-7
0: N
atio
nal T
rans
port
atio
n Sa
fety
Boa
rd, A
nnua
l Rev
iew
of
Air
craf
t A
ccid
ent
Dat
a: G
ener
al A
viat
ion,
Cal
enda
r Y
ear
1970
, NT
SB/A
RG
-74/
1 (W
ashi
ng-
ton,
DC
: Apr
il 19
74),
tab
le 1
17.
1975
-80:
Ibi
d., A
nnua
l Rev
iew
of
Air
craf
t A
ccid
ent
Dat
a: G
ener
al A
viat
ion,
Cal
enda
r Y
ear
1985
, NT
SB/A
RG
-87/
03 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Oct
ober
198
7), t
able
21.
19
85-2
001:
Ibi
d., I
nter
net
site
ww
w.n
tsb.
gov/
avia
tion
as
of A
ug. 2
7, 2
002,
tab
le 1
0 an
d pe
rson
al c
omm
unic
atio
n, N
ov. 1
5, 2
002.
Hig
hway
:19
90-2
001:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, N
atio
nal H
ighw
ay T
raff
ic S
afet
y A
dmin
istr
atio
n, N
atio
nal C
ente
r fo
r St
atis
tics
and
Ana
lysi
s, T
raff
ic S
afet
y Fa
cts
2001
, DO
T H
S 80
9 10
0 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: D
ecem
ber
2000
), t
able
1 a
nd p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n, S
ept.
10,
200
2.
Multimodal � 125
Rai
l:H
ighw
ay-r
ail g
rade
cro
ssin
gs:
1960
-70:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al R
ailr
oad
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Off
ice
of P
olic
y an
d Pr
ogra
m D
evel
opm
ent,
Rai
l-H
ighw
ay G
rade
-Cro
ssin
g A
ccid
ents
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
.19
75-8
0: I
bid.
, Off
ice
of P
olic
y an
d Pr
ogra
m D
evel
opm
ent,
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion.
1985
-90:
Ibi
d., R
ail-
Hig
hway
Cro
ssin
g A
ccid
ent/
Inci
dent
and
Inv
ento
ry B
ulle
tin
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le S
.19
91-2
001:
Ibi
d., R
ailr
oad
Safe
ty S
tati
stic
s A
nnua
l Rep
ort
2001
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: J
uly
2001
), t
able
1-1
.R
ailr
oad:
1970
-90:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al R
ailr
oad
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Off
ice
of P
olic
y an
d Pr
ogra
m D
evel
opm
ent,
Acc
iden
t/In
cide
nt B
ulle
tin
(Was
h-in
gton
, DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
4.
1991
-200
1: I
bid.
, Rai
lroa
d Sa
fety
Sta
tist
ics
Ann
ual R
epor
t 20
01 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Jul
y 20
01),
tab
le 1
-1.
Tra
nsit
:19
90-2
000:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Tra
nsit
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Saf
ety
Man
agem
ent I
nfor
mat
ion
Stat
istic
s 20
00 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 2
000)
, pp.
51-
54.
Wat
er:
Ves
sel-
rela
ted:
1970
-91:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, U
.S. C
oast
Gua
rd, O
ffic
e of
Inv
esti
gati
ons
and
Ana
lysi
s, C
ompl
ianc
e A
naly
sis
Div
isio
n, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
a-ti
on, A
pr. 1
3, 1
999.
1992
-200
0: I
bid.
, Dat
a A
dmin
istr
atio
n D
ivis
ion
(G-M
RI-
1), p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n, D
ec. 1
2, 2
001.
Rec
reat
iona
l boa
ting
:19
60-2
000:
Ibi
d., O
ffic
e of
Boa
ting
Saf
ety,
Boa
ting
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s).
Haz
ardo
us li
quid
and
gas
pip
elin
e:19
70-2
001:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, R
esea
rch
and
Spec
ial P
rogr
ams
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Off
ice
of P
ipel
ine
Safe
ty, I
nter
net
site
, htt
p://o
ps.d
ot.g
ov a
s of
N
ov. 1
5, 2
002.
TABL
E 2-
3: T
rans
porta
tion
Acci
dent
sa b
y M
ode
(Con
tinue
d)
126 � Chapter 2: Transportation Safety
TABLE 2-4: Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mode
1999 2000
Number Percent Number Percent
TOTAL of all modesa 44,036 100.0 R44,313 100.0
Passenger car occupants 20,862 47.4 R20,699 46.7
Light-truck occupants 11,265 25.6 R11,526 26.0
Pedestrians struck by motor vehicles 4,939 11.2 R4,763 10.7
Motorcyclists 2,483 5.6 R2,897 6.5
Large-truck occupants 759 1.7 R754 1.7
Recreational boating 734 1.7 701 1.6Pedalcyclists struck by motor vehicles 754 1.7 R693 1.6
General aviation 619 1.4 R593 1.3
Railroad trespassersb (excluding grade crossings) 479 1.1 463 1.0
Other and unknown motor vehicle occupants 447 1.0 R450 1.0
Other nonoccupants struck by motor vehiclesc 149 0.34 R141 0.32
Air carriers 12 0.03 92 0.21Waterborne transportation (nonvessel-related) 86 0.20 87 0.20
Heavy rail transit (subway) 84 0.19 80 0.18Air taxi 38 0.09 71 0.16
Grade crossings, not involving motor vehiclesd 57 0.13 64 0.14
Private grade crossings, with motor vehicles 36 0.08 55 0.12
Waterborne transportation (vessel-related) 57 0.13 32 0.07Light rail transit 17 0.04 30 0.07Railroad employees on duty and contractors 38 0.09 25 0.06
Bus occupants (school, intercity, and transit) 59 0.13 22 0.05Gas distribution pipelines 19 0.04 22 0.05Railroad-related, not otherwise specified 10 0.02 20 0.05
Gas transmission pipelines 2 <0.01 15 0.03
Transit buses, fatalities not related to accidentse 12 0.03 8 0.02
Commuter air 12 0.03 5 0.01Passengers on railroad trains 3 <0.01 4 <0.01
Hazardous liquid pipelines 4 <0.01 1 <0.01
Demand response transit, fatalities not related to accidentse 0 - 0 -
Other counts, redundant with abovef
Large-truck occupants and nonoccupants 5,380 NA 5,211 NAPublic grade crossings, with motor vehicles 309 NA 306 NA
Multimodal � 127
Commuter rail 95 NA 87 NATransit buses, accident-related fatalities 90 NA 82 NA
Outside planes in crashesg 5 NA 13 NA
Demand responsive transit, accident-related fatalities 1 NA 8 NA
KEY: NA = not applicable; R = revised.
a Unless otherwise specified, includes fatalities outside the vehicle.b Includes fatalities outside trains, except at grade crossings.c Includes all nonoccupant fatalities, except pedalcyclists and pedestrians.d Public grade-crossing fatalities involving motor vehicles are included in counts for motor vehicles.e Fatalities not related to transit bus and demand responsive transit accidents are not included under highway
submodes.f Fatalities at grade crossings with motor vehicles are included under relevant motor vehicle modes. Com-
muter rail fatalities are counted under railroad. For transit bus and demand responsive transit accidents, occupant fatalities are counted under “bus” and nonoccupant fatalities are counted under “pedestrians,” “pedalcyclists,” or other motor vehicle categories.
g Includes nonoccupant fatalities resulting from aviation accidents.
SOURCES Air data:National Transportation Safety Board, Internet site www.ntsb.gov/aviation as of Oct. 2, 2002, and personal
communication, Nov. 15, 2002.
Highway data:U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts 2000
(DOT HS 809 337) (Washington, DC : December 2001), table 4 and personal communication Sept. 10, 2002.
Railroad data:U.S. Federal Railroad Administration, Railroad Safety Statistics, Annual Report 2001 (Washington, DC: July
2002), table 1-3.
Transit data:U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Safety Management Information Statistics
(Washington, DC: Annual issues).
Waterborne transportation:U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, Data Administration Division (G-MRI-1), personal
communication, Dec. 12, 2001.
Recreational boating:Ibid. Office of Boating Safety. Boating Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual issues).
Pipeline data:U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety,
and Internet site http://ops.dot.gov as of Oct 2, 2002.
TABLE 2-4: Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by Mode (Continued)
1999 2000
Number Percent Number Percent
128 � Chapter 2: Transportation SafetyTA
BLE
2-5:
Hig
hway
-Rai
l Gra
de-C
ross
ing
Safe
ty a
nd P
rope
rty D
amag
e Da
ta
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Fata
litie
sa 1
,440
917
833
582
698
579
488
461
431
402
425
419
Inju
red
pers
ons
3,27
23,
860
3,55
02,
687
2,40
71,
894
1,61
01,
540
1,30
31,
396
1,21
91,
155
Acc
iden
tsa 3
,559
12,0
7610
,612
6,91
95,
715
4,63
34,
257
3,86
53,
508
3,48
93,
502
3,23
2
Pro
pert
y da
mag
e ($
mill
ions
)R
ailro
ad v
ehic
les
and
prop
erty
NN
6.5
8.7
13.1
10.1
8.8
15.0
14.4
23.0
14.8
8.2
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
.
a19
70 d
ata
are
not
com
para
ble
to la
ter
year
s du
e to
cha
nge
in r
epor
ting
sys
tem
.
SOU
RC
ES
Fata
litie
s, in
juri
es, a
ccid
ents
:19
70–8
5: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Rai
lroa
d A
dmin
istr
atio
n, O
ffic
e of
Pol
icy
and
Prog
ram
Dev
elop
men
t,
Rai
l-H
ighw
ay C
ross
ing
Acc
iden
t/In
cide
nt a
nd I
nven
tory
Bul
leti
n (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
les
S an
d 11
.19
90–2
000:
Ibi
d., R
ailr
oad
Safe
ty S
tati
stic
s A
nnua
l Rep
ort
2000
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 2
001)
, tab
le 1
.1.
2001
: Ibi
d., R
ailr
oad
Safe
ty S
tati
stic
s In
teri
m R
epor
t 20
01 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Jul
y 20
02),
tab
le 1
.1.
Prop
erty
dam
age:
19
70–9
6: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Rai
lroa
d A
dmin
istr
atio
n, O
ffic
e of
Pol
icy
and
Prog
ram
Dev
elop
men
t, A
ccid
ent/
Inci
dent
Bul
leti
n (W
ash-
ingt
on, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le 5
.19
97–2
000:
Ibi
d., R
ailr
oad
Safe
ty S
tati
stic
s A
nnua
l Rep
ort
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
5.6
.20
01: I
bid.
, Rai
lroa
d Sa
fety
Sta
tist
ics
Inte
rim
Rep
ort
2001
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: J
uly
2002
), t
able
1.1
.
Multimodal � 129
TABLE 2-6: Hazardous Materials Fatalities, Injuries, Accidents, and Property Damage Data
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Total fatalities 27 19 8 8 7 120 12 13 R10 R15 7
Accident-related 21 14 7 7 6 7 10 8 R8 R10 6
Air fatalities 0 0 0 0 0 110 0 0 0 0 0
Accident-related 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Highway fatalities 27 17 8 8 7 8 12 13 R10 R15 7
Accident-related 21 12 7 7 6 5 10 8 R8 R10 6
Rail fatalities 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 R0 0
Accident-related 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0
Watera fatalities 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Accident-related 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Otherb fatalities 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Accident-related 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total injured persons 648 626 253 423 400 1,175 R221 R195 R263 R248 135
Accident-related 168 47 16 18 18 864 16 R13 R15 16 8
Air injured persons 5 8 4 39 33 33 24 20 12 R5 13
Accident-related 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Highway injured persons 527 493 195 311 296 216 R152 R151 R216 R161 93
Accident-related 156 43 9 9 14 22 11 R9 R15 15 8
Rail injured persons 99 121 53 73 71 926 45 22 35 82 29
Accident-related 12 4 7 9 4 842 5 4 0 1 0
Watera injured persons 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0
Accident-related 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Otherb injured persons 15 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Accident-related 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total incidents 10,951 15,719 6,019 8,879 R14,742 R13,952 R14,001 R15,500 R17,657 R17,583 17,557
Accident-related 440 486 364 297 R295 R333 R313 R318 R367 R382 351
Air incidents 147 223 114 297 R813 R918 R1,029 R1,386 R1,583 R1,420 1,077
Accident-related 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 R2 0 1 1
Highway incidents 10,063 14,161 4,752 7,296 12,764 R11,916 R11,864 R13,111 R14,992 R15,093 15,582
Accident-related 330 347 302 249 R245 R290 R259 R265 R303 R319 297
Rail incidents 694 1,271 842 1,279 1,153 1,112 1,103 989 R1,074 R1,053 894
Accident-related 109 134 61 48 50 43 R53 51 R64 62 53
Watera incidents 28 34 7 7 12 6 5 R14 8 R17 4
Accident-related 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Otherb incidents 19 30 304 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Accident-related 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Continued next page
130 � Chapter 2: Transportation Safety
Total property damage (current $ thousands)c
8,090 10,829 22,993 32,353 30,903 46,849 33,450 R46,259 R63,280 R76,753 61,296
Accident-related 6,051 6,236 20,268 24,792 R23,528 R37,753 25,125 R36,931 R49,697 R60,805 50,040
Air property damage 8.9 12.3 12.3 142 101 87 336 267 286 272 310
Accident-related 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 50
Highway property damage 5,584 7,324 12,690 20,190 22,144 29,257 24,720 R28,614 R32,327 R49,678 39,942
Accident-related 3,694 3,782 10,175 14,132 R16,268 R22,293 17,786 R21,489 R21,129 R36,785 30,097
Rail property damage 2,488 2,952 10,274 11,952 8,485 17,385 8,356 16,364 R30,607 R26,520 21,020
Accident-related 2,357 2,357 10,094 10,660 7,260 15,460 7,339 15,442 R28,568 23,978 19,892
Watera property damage 6.1 505 3.2 70 174 120 38 1,015 61 R283 25
Accident-related 0 81 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Otherb property damage 3.5 35 14.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Accident-related 0.3 15.6 <0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
KEY: R = revised.
a Water category only includes nonbulk marine. Bulk marine hazardous materials incidents are reported to the U.S. Coast Guard and are not included.
b Other category includes freight forwarders and modes not otherwise specified.c Property damage under $30,000 is reported to the nearest $100. Property damage $30,000 or greater is
reported to the nearest $1,000, therefore the total may not equal the sum.
NOTES Hazardous materials transportation incidents required to be reported are defined in the Code of Federal Regula-
tions (CFR), 49 CFR 171.15, 171.16 (Form F 5800.1).Hazardous materials deaths and injuries are caused by the hazardous material in commerce.
SOURCES1975-85: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of Hazard-
ous Materials Safety, Hazardous Materials Information System Database, 1999. 1990: Ibid. Internet site http://hazmat.dot.gov/10yearfrm.htm, as of May 2, 2000.1995-2001: Ibid. Internet site http://hazmat.dot.gov/files/hazmat/10year/10yearfrm.htm as of Aug. 21, 2002.
TABLE 2-6: Hazardous Materials Fatalities, Injuries, Accidents, and Property Damage Data (Continued)
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Multimodal � 131
TABLE 2-7: Transportation-Related Occupational Fatalitiesa
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000TOTAL occupational fatalities 6,217 6,331 R6,588 R6,210 R6,112 R6,218 R6,026 R6,054 5,915
Transportation-related fatalities
Highwayb 1,158 1,243 R1,336 R1,329 R1,324 R1,387 R1,431 R1,496 1,363
Nonhighwayc 436 392 R407 R388 R369 377 R384 R352 399
Aircraft 353 282 R424 R278 R320 261 R223 R228 280
Worker struck by vehicled 346 365 R383 R385 R349 367 413 377 370
Water vehiclee 109 120 R92 R84 R107 109 112 102 84
Railwayf 65 86 81 82 R75 93 60 56 71
Total transportation-relatedg 2,484 2,501 R2,740 R2,560 R2,556 R2,599 R2,630 R2,618 2,571
Percent of total occupational fatalitiesHighway 19 20 20 21 22 22 24 25 23Nonhighway 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7Aircraft 6 4 6 4 5 4 4 4 5
Worker struck by vehicle 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 6 6Water vehicle 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1Railway 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Total transportation-related 40 40 42 41 42 42 44 43 43
KEY: R = revised.
a Based on the 1992 Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Injury and Illness Classification Manual.b Includes collisions between vehicles/mobile equipment moving in the same or opposite directions, such as in
an intersection; between moving and standing vehicles/mobile equipment at the side of a roadway; or a vehi-cle striking a stationary object. Also includes noncollisions, e.g., jack-knifed or overturned vehicle/mobile equipment–no collision; ran off highway–no collision; struck by shifting load; sudden start or stop; not else-where classified.
c Refers to farms and industrial premises. Includes collisions between vehicles/mobile equipment; vehicles/mobile equipment striking a stationary object. Also includes noncollisions such as a fall from a moving vehi-cle/mobile equipment, fall from and struck by vehicle/mobile equipment, overturned vehicle/mobile equip-ment, and loss of control of vehicle/mobile equipment.
d Includes worker struck by vehicle/mobile equipment in roadway, on side of road, in a parking lot, or non-road area.
e Includes collisions, explosions, fires, fall from or on ship/boat, and sinking/capsized water vehicles involved in transportation. Does not include fishing boats.
f Includes collisions between railway vehicles, railway vehicle and other vehicle, railway vehicle and other object, and derailment.
g Numbers may not add to totals because transportation categories may include subcategories not shown separately.
NOTESPercentages may not add to totals due to rounding.The above categories do not define the types of jobs people had, nor the industries in which they worked. The
categories define the ways in which they died. For example, a representative traveling for business reasons who is killed in a rail accident would be listed under rail.
SOURCEU.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, News: National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries,
Internet site www.bls.gov/iif/ as of July 23, 2002. This document is based on the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table 1.
132 � Chapter 2: Transportation Safety
TABLE 2-8: Reporting Thresholds for Property Damage by U.S. Department of Transportation Modal Administrations
Modal administration Reporting thresholdFederal Aviation Administration More than $25,000 damage to property other than the aircraft.Federal Highway Administration None; each state defines its own threshold and FHWA collects
state reports.
Federal Railroad Administration More than $6,600 in damages to railroad on-track equipment, sig-nals, track, track structures, and roadbed for accidents other than at grade crossings. No threshold for grade-crossing accidents.
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration None; property-damage-only crashes are recorded through the General Estimates System, a nationally representative sample of police-reported crashes of all severities.
Federal Transit Administration More than $1,000.Research and Special Programs Administration More than $50,000 for gas pipelines.
More than $50,000 for hazardous liquid pipelines.
U. S. Coast Guard More than $25,000 for commercial vessels.More than $2,000 for recreational boats.
SOURCESFederal Aviation Administration:49 CFR 830.5 (as of Oct. 1, 2001).
Federal Highway Administration:U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, personal communication, 1997.
Federal Railroad Administration:U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Railroad Safety Statistics Annual
Report 2000 (Washington, DC: July 2001).
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration:U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts
2000, DOT HS 809 337 (Washington, DC: 2001).
Federal Transit Administration:U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Safety Management Information Statis-
tics (SAMIS) Annual Report 1999, DOT-FTA-MA-26-5011-00-1 (Washington, DC: 2000).
Research and Special Programs Administration: Gas pipeline: 49 CFR 191.3 (as of Oct. 1, 2001).Oil pipeline: 49 CFR 195.50 (as of Oct. 1, 2001).
U.S. Coast Guard:Commercial shipping: 46 CFR 4.05-1 (as of Oct. 1, 2001).Recreational boating: 33 CFR 173.55 (as of July 2, 2001).
chapter two
Section BAir
Air � 135
TABL
E 2-
9: U
.S. A
ir Ca
rrie
ra S
afet
y Da
ta 1960
19
65
1970
1975
1980
1985
19
90
1995
19
96
1997
19
98
1999
20
00
2001
b
Tota
l fat
alit
ies
499
261
146
124
152
639
168
380
81
1292
531
Tota
l ser
iou
sly
inju
red
per
son
sN
N10
781
1930
2925
7743
3067
2718
Tota
l acc
iden
ts90
8355
3719
2124
3637
4950
R51
R56
45
Fata
l acc
iden
ts17
98
31
76
35
41
23
6
Air
craf
t-m
iles
(mill
ion
s)1,
130
1,53
62,
685
2,47
82,
924
3,63
14,
948
5,65
45,
873
6,69
76,
737
7,10
27,
521
6,80
9R
ates
per
100
mill
ion
airc
raft-
mile
sFa
talit
ies
44.1
5916
.992
5.43
85.
004
0.03
414
.486
0.78
82.
971
6.47
00.
119
0.01
50.
169
1.22
37.
799
Ser
ious
ly in
jure
d pe
rson
sN
N3.
985
3.26
90.
650
0.82
60.
586
0.44
21.
311
0.64
20.
445
R0.
943
0.35
90.
264
Tota
l acc
iden
ts7.
965
5.40
42.
048
1.49
30.
650
0.57
80.
485
0.63
7R
0.63
00.
732
0.74
2R
0.71
8R
0.74
50.
661
Fata
l acc
iden
ts1.
504
0.58
60.
298
0.12
10.
034
0.19
30.
121
0.05
30.
085
0.06
00.
015
R0.
028
0.04
00.
088
Air
craf
t d
epar
ture
s (t
ho
usa
nd
s)N
NN
N5,
479
6,30
78,
092
8,45
78,
229
10,3
1810
,980
11,3
0911
,437
10,5
10R
ates
per
100
,000
airc
raft
depa
rtur
esFa
talit
ies
NN
NN
0.01
88.
340
0.48
21.
987
4.61
80.
078
0.00
90.
106
0.80
45.
052
Ser
ious
ly in
jure
d pe
rson
sN
NN
N0.
347
0.47
60.
358
0.29
60.
936
0.41
70.
273
R0.
592
0.23
60.
171
Tota
l acc
iden
tsN
NN
N0.
347
0.33
30.
297
0.42
60.
450
0.47
50.
455
R0.
451
R0.
490
0.42
8
Fata
l acc
iden
tsN
NN
N0.
018
0.11
10.
074
0.03
50.
061
R0.
039
R0.
009
R0.
018
R0.
026
0.05
7
Flig
ht
ho
urs
(th
ou
san
ds)
N4,
691
6,47
05,
607
7,06
78,
710
12,1
5013
,505
13,7
4615
,838
16,8
1317
,555
18,2
9516
,731
Rat
es p
er 1
00,0
00 fl
ight
hou
rsFa
talit
ies
N5.
564
2.25
72.
212
0.01
46.
039
0.32
11.
244
2.76
40.
051
0.00
60.
068
0.50
33.
174
Ser
ious
ly in
jure
d pe
rson
sN
N1.
654
1.44
50.
269
0.34
40.
239
0.18
50.
560
0.27
10.
178
0.38
20.
148
0.10
8
Tota
l acc
iden
tsN
1.76
90.
850
0.66
00.
269
0.24
10.
198
0.26
70.
234
0.30
90.
297
0.29
1R
0.30
60.
269
Fata
l acc
iden
tsN
0.19
20.
124
0.05
40.
014
0.08
00.
049
0.02
20.
036
0.02
50.
006
R0.
011
R0.
016
0.03
6
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; R =
rev
ised
.
aA
ir c
arri
ers
oper
atin
g un
der
14 C
FR 1
21, s
ched
uled
and
non
sche
dule
d se
rvic
e. I
nclu
des
all s
ched
uled
and
non
sche
dule
d se
rvic
e ac
cide
nts
invo
lvin
g al
l-ca
rgo
carr
iers
and
com
mer
cial
ope
rato
rs o
f la
rge
airc
raft
whe
n th
ose
acci
dent
s oc
curr
ed d
urin
g 14
CFR
121
ope
rati
ons.
Sin
ce M
ar. 2
0, 1
997,
14
CFR
121
incl
udes
ai
rcra
ft w
ith
10 o
r m
ore
seat
s fo
rmer
ly o
pera
ted
unde
r 14
CFR
135
. Thi
s ch
ange
mak
es it
dif
ficu
lt t
o co
mpa
re p
re-1
997
data
for
14
CFR
121
and
14
CFR
13
5 w
ith
mor
e re
cent
dat
a.
bO
ther
tha
n th
e pe
rson
s ab
oard
the
air
craf
t w
ho w
ere
kille
d, f
atal
itie
s re
sult
ing
from
the
Sep
tem
ber
11 t
erro
rist
act
s ar
e ex
clud
ed.
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
136 � Chapter 2: Transportation SafetyTA
BLE
2-9:
U.S
. Air
Carr
iera
Saf
ety
Data
(Con
tinue
d)
NO
TE
SM
iles,
dep
artu
res,
and
flig
ht h
ours
are
com
pile
d by
the
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al A
viat
ion
Adm
inis
trat
ion.
R
ates
are
com
pute
d by
div
idin
g th
e nu
mbe
r of
fat
alit
ies,
ser
ious
inju
ries
, tot
al a
ccid
ents
, and
fat
al a
ccid
ents
by
the
num
ber
of m
iles,
dep
artu
res,
or
flig
ht h
ours
. T
hese
fig
ures
are
bas
ed o
n in
form
atio
n pr
ovid
ed b
y ai
rlin
es t
o th
e U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Bur
eau
of T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
, Off
ice
of A
irlin
e In
form
atio
n.
SOU
RC
ES
Fata
litie
s, a
ccid
ents
, mile
s, d
epar
ture
s, a
nd f
light
hou
rs:
1960
: Nat
iona
l Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Safe
ty B
oard
, Ann
ual R
evie
w o
f A
ircr
aft
Acc
iden
t D
ata:
U.S
. Air
Car
rier
Ope
rati
ons,
Cal
enda
r Y
ear
1967
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C:
Dec
embe
r 19
68).
19
65-7
0: I
bid.
, Cal
enda
r Y
ear
1975
, NT
SB/A
RC
-77/
1 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: J
anua
ry 1
977)
. 19
75 (
all c
ateg
orie
s ex
cept
mile
s): I
bid.
, Cal
enda
r Y
ear
1983
, NT
SB/A
RC
-87/
01 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Feb
ruar
y 19
87),
tab
le 1
8.
1975
(m
iles)
: Ibi
d., C
alen
dar
Yea
r 19
75, N
TSB
/AR
C-7
7/1
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Jan
uary
197
7 ).
19
80: I
bid.
, Cal
enda
r Y
ear
1981
, NT
SB/A
RC
-85/
01 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Feb
ruar
y 19
85),
tab
les
2 an
d 16
. 19
85-2
001:
Ibi
d., N
atio
nal T
rans
port
atio
n Sa
fety
Boa
rd, I
nter
net
site
ww
w.n
tsb.
gov/
avia
tion
/Tab
le5.
htm
as
of J
uly
26, 2
002
and
pers
onal
com
mun
icat
ion,
N
ov. 1
5, 2
002.
Seri
ous
inju
ries
:19
70-8
5: I
bid.
, Ann
ual R
evie
w o
f A
ircr
aft
Acc
iden
t D
ata:
U.S
. Air
Car
rier
Ope
rati
ons
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s).
1990
-200
1: I
bid.
, Ana
lysi
s an
d D
ata
Div
isio
n, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n, J
uly
26, 2
002
and
Nov
. 15,
200
2.
Air � 137
TABLE 2-10: U.S. Commuter Air Carriera Safety Data
1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001Total fatalities 37 37 6 9 14 46 0 12 5 13Total seriously injured persons 14 14 11 17 2 1 2 2 7 4Total accidents 38 18 15 12 11 16 8 13 12 7
Fatal 8 7 3 2 1 5 0 5 1 2
Aircraft-miles (millions) 192 301 450 550 591 246 51 R52 R46 39
Rates per 100 million aircraft-miles
Fatalitiesb 19.27 12.29 1.33 1.64 2.37 18.70 0.00 26.09 R10.86 33.33
Seriously injured persons 7.29 4.65 2.44 3.09 0.34 0.41 3.92 4.35 R15.21 10.26
Total accidentsb,c 19.79 5.98 3.33 2.18 1.86 6.50 15.69 28.26 R26.09 17.97
Fatalb,c 4.17 2.33 0.67 0.36 0.17 2.03 0.00 10.87 R2.17 5.13
Aircraft departures (thousands) 1,777 2,561 3,160 3,220 3,515 1,394 707 R672 611 498
Rates per 100 thousand aircraft departures
Fatalitiesb 2.08 1.44 0.19 0.28 0.40 3.30 0.00 1.79 0.82 2.61
Seriously injured persons 0.79 0.55 0.35 0.53 0.06 0.07 0.28 0.30 1.15 0.80
Total accidentsc 2.14 0.70 0.47 0.37 0.31 1.15 1.13 1.93 1.96 1.41
Fatal 0.45 0.27 0.09 0.06 0.03 0.36 0.00 0.74 0.16 0.40
Flight hours (thousands) 1,176 1,737 2,342 2,628 2,757 983 354 343 374 331Rates per 100 thousand flight hours Fatalities 3.15 2.13 0.26 0.34 0.51 4.68 0.00 3.50 1.34 3.93 Seriously injured persons 1.19 0.81 0.47 0.65 0.07 0.10 0.56 0.58 1.87 1.21
Total accidentsc 3.23 1.04 0.64 0.46 0.40 1.63 2.26 3.79 3.21 2.11
Fatalc 0.68 0.40 0.13 0.08 0.04 0.51 0.00 1.46 0.27 0.60
KEY: R = revised.
a Air carriers operating under 14 CFR 135, scheduled service. Includes accidents involving all-cargo air carri-ers when those accidents occurred during scheduled 14 CFR 135 operations. Before Mar. 20, 1997, 14 CFR 135 applied to aircraft with 30 or fewer seats. Since Mar. 20, 1997, 14 CFR 135 includes only aircraft with fewer than 10 seats. This change makes it difficult to compare pre-1997 data with more recent years’ data.
b Data updated by rounding to two significant digits instead of one. c Rates are based on all accidents, including some that involve operators not reporting mileage or other traffic
data to the U.S. Department of Transportation.
NOTESMiles, departures, and hours are compiled by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation
Administration.Rates are computed by dividing the number of fatalities, serious injuries, total accidents, and fatal accidents by
the number of miles, departures, or flight hours. These figures are based on information provided by airlines to the U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information.
SOURCESFatalities, accidents, aircraft-miles, aircraft departures, and flight hours:1980: National Transportation Safety Board, Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Oper-
ations, Calendar Year 1980, NTSB/ARC-83/01 (Washington, DC: January 1983), tables 26 and 40.1985-2001: Ibid., Internet site www.ntsb.gov/aviation/Table 8.htm as of May 8, 2002.
Serious injuries:1980-85: Ibid., Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations (Washington, DC:
Annual issues).1990-2001: Ibid., Analysis and Data Division, personal communications, July 26, 2002.
138 � Chapter 2: Transportation Safety
TABLE 2-11: U.S. Air Carriera Fatal Accidents by First Phase of Operationb
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 P2001Total fatal accidents 6 4 4 1 4 3 5 4 1 2 3 6
Phase of operationApproach/descent/landing 1 2 1 0 2 2 0 0 0 1 R0 0
Taxi/takeoff/climb 3 1 2 0 1 0 3 2 0 0 R1 2
Cruise (in-flight) 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0Standing (static) 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
Maneuvering 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Other/not reported 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 c4
KEY: P = preliminary.
a 14 CFR 121. Before Mar. 20, 1997, 14 CFR 121 applied only to aircraft with more than 30 seats or a max-imum payload capacity of more than 7,500 pounds. Since Mar. 20, 1997, 14 CFR 121 includes aircraft with 10 or more seats that formerly operated under 14 CFR 135. This change makes it difficult to compare pre-1997 data with more recent data.
b First phase of operation is the phase of flight in which the first occurrence leading to the accident happened.c Other/not reported numbers for 2001 are unusually high because of the incidents occurring on September 11.
SOURCES1990-95: National Transportation Safety Board, Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier
Operations (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table 18. 1996-2001: Ibid., personal communication, Aug. 21, 2002 and Nov. 15, 2002.
Air � 139
TABLE 2-12: U.S. Commuter Air Carriera Fatal Accidents by First Phase of Operation
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 P2001Total fatal accidents 3 8 7 4 3 2 1 5 0 5 1 2
Phase of operation Approach/descent/landing 0 3 5 1 2 0 1 2 0 0 1 0
Taxi/takeoff/climb 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 2Cruise (in-flight) 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 0Standing (static) 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Maneuveringb 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0
Other/not reported 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
KEY: P = preliminary.
a 14 CFR 135, scheduled operations. Before Mar. 20, 1997, 14 CFR applied to aircraft with 30 or fewer seats. Since Mar. 20, 1997, 14 CFR 135 includes only aircraft with fewer than 10 seats. This change makes it dif-ficult to compare pre-1997 data with more recent years’ data.
b Includes instructional flights performing turns and agricultural flights for spraying and buzzing (repeated passes over a particular location).
SOURCES1990-96: National Transportation Safety Board, Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier
Operations (Washington, DC: Annual issues), table 36.1997-2001: Ibid., personal communication, Aug. 21, 2002.
140 � Chapter 2: Transportation Safety
TABLE 2-13: U.S. On-Demand Air Taxia Safety Data
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001Total fatalities 69 105 76 51 52 63 39 45 38 71 60Total seriously injured persons N 43 R44 36 14 22 23 10 14 12 24
Total accidents 152 171 157 107 75 90 82 77 73 R80 72
Fatal 24 46 35 29 24 29 15 17 12 22 18Flight hours (thousands) 2,526 3,618 2,570 2,249 2,486 3,220 3,098 3,802 3,298 3,553 3,400
Rates per 100,000 flight hoursb
Fatalities 2.73 2.90 2.96 2.27 2.09 1.96 1.26 1.18 1.15 2.00 1.76Seriously injured persons N 1.19 R1.71 1.60 0.56 0.68 0.74 0.26 0.42 0.34 0.71
Total accidents 6.02 4.73 6.11 4.76 3.02 2.80 2.65 2.03 2.21 R2.25 2.12
Fatal 0.95 1.27 1.36 1.29 0.97 0.90 0.48 0.45 0.36 0.62 0.53
KEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised.
a Air carriers operating under 14 CFR 135, nonscheduled service. Accidents on foreign soil and in foreign waters are excluded.
b Rates are computed by dividing the number of fatalities, serious injuries, total accidents, and fatal accidents by the number of flight hours.
NOTEHours are estimated by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration.
SOURCESFatalities and accidents:1975-80: National Transportation Safety Board, Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier
Operations, Calendar Year 1981, NTSB/ARC-85/01 (Washington, DC: February 1985), table 61.1985: Ibid., Internet site www.ntsb.gov/aviation/Table9.htm as of July 26, 2002.1990-2001: Ibid., Analysis and Data Division, personal communications, July 29, 2002.
Flight hours:1975-80: National Transportation Safety Board, Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier
Operations, Calendar Year 1981, NTSB/ARC-85/01 (Washington, DC: February 1985), table 61.1985-2002: Ibid., Internet site www.ntsb.gov/aviation/Table9.htm as of July 26, 2002.
Serious injuries:1980-85: Ibid., Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations (Washington, DC:
Annual issues).1990-2001: Ibid., Analysis and Data Division, personal communications, July 29, 2002 and Nov. 15, 2002.
Air � 141
TABL
E 2-
14: U
.S. G
ener
al A
viat
iona
Saf
ety
Data
1960
d19
65d
1970
d19
7519
8019
8519
9019
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
0020
01To
tal f
atal
itie
s78
71,
029
1,31
01,
252
1,23
995
676
773
563
663
162
461
9R
593
563
Tota
l ser
iou
sly
inju
red
per
son
sN
N71
576
968
150
140
939
636
535
032
732
2R
311
320
Tota
l acc
iden
tsb
4,79
35,
196
4,71
23,
995
3,59
02,
739
2,24
12,
056
1,90
81,
845
1,90
41,
906
R1,
835
1,72
3
Fata
l42
953
864
163
361
849
844
341
336
135
036
434
0R
342
325
Flig
ht
ho
urs
(th
ou
san
ds)
13,1
2116
,733
26,0
3028
,799
36,4
0228
,322
28,5
1024
,906
24,8
8125
,591
25,5
1829
,713
P29
,057
P26
,220
Rat
es p
er 1
00,0
00 f
ligh
t h
ou
rsc
Fata
litie
s6.
006.
155.
034.
353.
403.
382.
692.
952.
562.
472.
452.
082.
042.
15S
erio
usly
inju
red
pers
ons
NN
2.75
2.67
1.87
1.77
1.43
1.59
1.47
1.37
1.28
1.08
1.07
1.22
Tota
l acc
iden
ts36
.53
31.0
518
.10
13.8
79.
869.
667.
868.
267.
677.
217.
466.
416.
326.
57
Fata
l3.
273.
222.
462.
201.
701.
751.
551.
661.
451.
371.
431.
141.
181.
24
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; P =
pre
limin
ary;
R =
rev
ised
.
aU
.S. r
egis
tere
d ci
vil a
ircr
aft
not
oper
ated
und
er 1
4 C
FR 1
21 o
r 14
CFR
135
. Acc
iden
ts o
n fo
reig
n so
il an
d in
for
eign
wat
ers
are
excl
uded
. Sui
cide
/sab
otag
e ca
ses
incl
uded
in a
ccid
ents
and
fat
alit
ies
but
excl
uded
fro
m a
ccid
ent
rate
s in
thi
s ta
ble
are:
198
5 (3
acc
iden
ts, 2
fat
al a
ccid
ents
); 1
990
(1,0
); 1
995
(4,3
).
bSi
nce
Apr
il 19
95, t
he N
atio
nal T
rans
port
atio
n Sa
fety
Boa
rd h
as b
een
requ
ired
by
law
to
inve
stig
ate
all p
ublic
-use
acc
iden
ts, i
ncre
asin
g th
e nu
mbe
r of
NT
SB
repo
rted
gen
eral
avi
atio
n ac
cide
nts
by a
ppro
xim
atel
y 1.
75%
.c
Rat
es a
re c
ompu
ted
by d
ivid
ing
the
num
ber
of f
atal
itie
s, s
erio
us in
juri
es, t
otal
acc
iden
ts, a
nd f
atal
acc
iden
ts b
y th
e nu
mbe
r of
flig
ht h
ours
. d
Dat
a fo
r 19
60, 1
965,
and
197
0 in
clud
e ai
r ta
xi.
NO
TE
Flig
ht h
ours
are
est
imat
ed b
y th
e U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Avi
atio
n A
dmin
istr
atio
n.
SOU
RC
ES
Fata
litie
s an
d ac
cide
nts:
1960
-70:
Nat
iona
l Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Safe
ty B
oard
, Ann
ual R
evie
w o
f A
ircr
aft
Acc
iden
t D
ata:
U.S
. Gen
eral
Avi
atio
n, C
alen
dar
Yea
r 19
70, N
TSB
/AR
G-7
4/1
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Apr
il 19
74),
tab
le 1
17.
1975
-80:
Ibi
d., A
nnua
l Rev
iew
of
Air
craf
t A
ccid
ent
Dat
a: G
ener
al A
viat
ion,
Cal
enda
r Y
ear
1985
, NT
SB/A
RG
-87/
03 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Oct
ober
198
7),
tabl
e 21
. 19
85: I
bid.
, Int
erne
t si
te w
ww
.nts
b.go
v/av
iati
on/T
able
10.h
tm a
s of
Jul
y 29
, 200
2.19
90-2
001:
Ibi
d., A
naly
sis
and
Dat
a D
ivis
ion,
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ions
, Jul
y 29
, 200
2 an
d N
ov. 1
5, 2
002.
Flig
ht h
ours
:19
90-2
001:
Ibi
d., I
nter
net
site
ww
w.n
tsb.
gov/
avia
tion
/Tab
le10
.htm
as
of J
uly
29, 2
002
and
Nov
. 15,
200
2.
Seri
ous
inju
ries
:19
70-8
5: N
atio
nal T
rans
port
atio
n Sa
fety
Boa
rd, A
nnua
l Rev
iew
of
Air
craf
t A
ccid
ent
Dat
a: G
ener
al A
viat
ion
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s).
1990
-200
1: I
bid.
, Ana
lysi
s an
d D
ata
Div
isio
n, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
ns, J
uly
29, 2
002
and
Nov
. 15,
200
2.
142 � Chapter 2: Transportation Safety
TABLE 2-15: Number of Pilot-Reported Near Midair Collisions (NMAC) by Degree of Hazard
1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Total NMAC 568 758 454 238 194 238 211 R257 R239 211
Degree of hazard, totals
Criticala 118 180 74 32 26 31 22 28 R30 37
Potentialb 319 423 266 139 101 105 100 R110 R130 93
No hazardc 122 133 114 63 55 70 53 55 R49 50
Unclassifiedd 9 22 0 4 12 32 36 64 R30 31
NMAC involving aircraft operatingunder 14 CFR 121e U U 121 43 50 81 64 63 R69 48
KEY: R = revised; U = data are not available.
a A situation where collision avoidance was due to chance, rather than an act on the part of the pilot. Less than 100 feet of aircraft separation would be considered critical.
b An incident that would probably have resulted in a collision if no action had been taken by either pilot. Less than 500 feet would usually be required in this case.
c When direction and altitude would have made a midair collision improbable, regardless of evasive action taken.
d No determination could be made due to insufficient evidence or unusual circumstances, or because incident is still under investigation.
e Before Mar. 20, 1997, 14 CFR 121 applied only to aircraft with more than 30 seats or a maximum payload capacity of more than 7,500 pounds. Since Mar. 20, 1997, 14 CFR 121 includes aircraft with 10 or more seats that formerly operated under 14 CFR 125. This change makes it difficult to compare pre-1997 data with more recent years’ data.
NOTEIncludes air carriers, general aviation, military, and other aircraft involved in public-use operations.
SOURCESU.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Aviation Safety Statistical Handbook
Annual Report (Washington, DC: Annual issues) and personal communication, Aug. 6, 2002. NMAC involving 121 aircraft: Ibid. Air Traffic Resource Management, personal communications, Aug. 6,
2002.
Air � 143
TABLE 2-16: Airlinea Passenger Screening Results by Type of Weapons Detected, Persons Arrested, and Bomb Threats Received
1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000Persons screened (millions) 585 993 1,145 1,263 1,497 1,660 1,667 1,767 1,812
Type of weapon detectedFirearmsHandguns 1,878 2,823 2,490 2,230 1,999 1,905 1,401 1,421 1,643Long guns 36 90 59 160 156 162 114 131 294
Total 1,914 2,913 2,549 2,390 2,155 2,067 1,515 1,552 1,937
Other / other dangerous articlesb 108 74 304 N N N N N N
Explosive / incendiary devices 8 12 15 N N N N N N
Persons arrestedCarrying firearms / explosives 1,031 1,310 1,336 1,194 999 924 660 633 600Giving false information 32 42 18 68 131 72 86 58 61
Bomb threats receivedAgainst airports 1,179 477 448 346 N N N N NAgainst aircraft 268 153 338 327 N N N N N
KEY: N = data do not exist.
a Includes operators with a U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration operating certificate engaged in scheduled passenger or public charter passenger operations and airports at which these operations are conducted.
b In 1980 and 1985, the “other category was included with firearms; in 1990, “other” became “other danger-ous articles.”
NOTES Beginning in 1996, the Office of Civil Aviation Security Policy and Planning stopped keeping records of bomb
threats received due to inconsistent reporting. The reporting of other / other dangerous articles was discontin-ued in 1992 and reporting of explosive / incendiary devices was discontinued in 1994 for the same reasons.
SOURCESPersons screened, type of weapon detected, and persons arrested:1980-85: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Semiannual Report to Congress
on the Effectiveness of the Civil Aviation Security Program, July 1-December 31, 1985 (Washington, DC: May 1986).
1990-2000: Ibid. Office of Civil Aviation Security Policy and Planning, Annual Report to Congress on Civil Avi-ation Security (Washington, DC: Annual issues), and personal communications, May 27, 1999, Mar. 29, 2000, and Aug. 7, 2001.
Bomb threats received:U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Criminal Acts Against Civil Aviation
(Washington, DC: Annual issues).
chapter two
Section CHighway
Highway � 147
TABL
E 2-
17: M
otor
Veh
icle
Saf
ety
Data
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Fata
litie
s36
,399
47,0
8952
,627
44,5
2551
,091
43,8
2544
,599
41,8
1742
,065
42,0
1341
,501
41,7
17R
41,9
4542
,116
Inju
red
per
son
sEN
NN
NN
N3,
230,
666
3,46
5,27
93,
483,
319
3,34
7,61
43,
192,
035
3,23
6,23
83,
188,
750
3,03
2,67
2
Cra
shes
EN
NN
NN
N6,
471,
202
6,69
9,41
56,
769,
583
6,62
4,14
96,
334,
573
6,27
9,03
66,
393,
624
6,32
2,89
6
Veh
icle
-mile
s (m
illio
ns)
718,
763
887,
811
1,10
9,72
41,
327,
664
1,52
7,29
51,
774,
827
2,14
4,36
22,
422,
696
2,48
5,84
82,
561,
695
2,63
1,52
22,
691,
056
2,74
9,80
3U
Rat
es p
er 1
00 m
illio
n v
ehic
le-m
iles
Fata
litie
s5.
15.
34.
73.
43.
32.
52.
11.
71.
71.
61.
61.
61.
5U
Inju
red
pers
onsE
NN
NN
NN
151
143
140
131
121
120
116
U
Cra
shes
EN
NN
NN
N30
227
727
225
924
123
323
3U
KE
Y: E
= e
stim
ated
; N =
dat
a do
not
exi
st; R
= r
evis
ed; U
= d
ata
are
not a
vaila
ble.
SOU
RC
ES
Fata
litie
s:19
60-7
0: E
stim
ated
by
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, N
atio
nal H
ighw
ay T
raff
ic S
afet
y A
dmin
istr
atio
n fr
om d
ata
supp
lied
by U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Hea
lth
and
Hum
an S
ervi
ces,
Nat
iona
l Cen
ter
for
Hea
lth
Stat
isti
cs, a
nd in
divi
dual
sta
te a
ccid
ent
repo
rts
(adj
uste
d to
30-
day
deat
hs).
Fat
alit
ies
data
pri
or t
o 19
75
have
bee
n ad
just
ed t
o re
flec
t th
e Fa
talit
y A
naly
sis
Rep
orti
ng S
yste
m’s
def
init
ion
of a
fat
al c
rash
as
one
that
invo
lves
a m
otor
veh
icle
on
a tr
affi
cway
, whi
ch
resu
lts
in t
he d
eath
of
a ve
hicl
e oc
cupa
nt o
r a
nonm
otor
ist
wit
hin
30 d
ays
of t
he c
rash
.19
75-2
001:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, N
atio
nal H
ighw
ay T
raff
ic S
afet
y A
dmin
istr
atio
n, N
atio
nal C
ente
r fo
r St
atis
tics
and
Ana
lysi
s, T
raff
ic S
afet
y Fa
cts
2000
, DO
T H
S 80
9 33
7 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: D
ecem
ber
2001
), t
able
2 a
nd p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n, S
ept.
10,
200
2.
Inju
red
pers
ons:
1990
-200
1: I
bid.
, Tra
ffic
Saf
ety
Fact
s 20
00, D
OT
HS
809
337
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Dec
embe
r 20
01),
tab
le 2
and
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
Sep
t. 1
0, 2
002.
Cra
shes
:19
90-2
001:
Ibi
d., T
raff
ic S
afet
y Fa
cts
2000
, DO
T H
S 80
9 33
7 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: D
ecem
ber
2001
), t
able
1 a
nd p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n, S
ept.
10,
200
2.
Veh
icle
-mile
s:19
60-6
5: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Hig
hway
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
Sum
mar
y to
199
5, F
HW
A-P
L-9
7-00
9 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C:
July
199
7), t
able
VM
-201
A.
1975
-200
1: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Nat
iona
l Hig
hway
Tra
ffic
Saf
ety
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Nat
iona
l Cen
ter
for
Stat
isti
cs a
nd A
naly
sis,
Tra
ffic
Saf
ety
Fact
s 20
00, D
OT
HS
809
337
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Dec
embe
r 20
01),
tab
le 2
and
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
Sep
t. 1
0, 2
002.
Fata
lity
and
inju
ry r
ates
:19
60-6
5: C
alcu
late
d by
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, B
urea
u of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
isti
cs.
1970
-200
1: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Nat
iona
l Hig
hway
Tra
ffic
Saf
ety
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Nat
iona
l Cen
ter
for
Stat
isti
cs a
nd A
naly
sis,
Tra
ffic
Saf
ety
Fact
s 20
00, D
OT
HS
809
337
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Dec
embe
r 20
01),
tab
le 2
and
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
Sep
t. 1
0, 2
002.
Cra
sh r
ates
: C
alcu
late
d by
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, B
urea
u of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
isti
cs.
148 � Chapter 2: Transportation Safety
TABLE 2-18: Motor Vehicle Fatalities, Vehicle-Miles, and Associated Rates by Highway Functional System
1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000FatalitiesRural, total 29,545 24,492 25,786 23,978 24,510 24,811 24,751 25,185 23,640Interstate 2,263 2,141 2,707 2,675 2,905 3,040 3,105 3,244 3,199Other arterial 12,268 9,940 9,893 9,947 9,458 9,678 9,594 9,573 8,913Collector 10,004 8,209 8,852 7,401 7,481 7,643 7,593 7,595 7,147Local 5,010 4,202 4,334 3,955 4,666 4,450 4,459 4,773 4,381
Urban, total 21,546 19,333 18,813 17,839 17,555 16,758 16,143 15,970 15,695Interstate 2,184 2,025 2,252 2,154 2,323 2,292 2,283 2,353 2,388Other arterial 12,752 12,521 11,742 10,916 10,756 10,239 9,902 9,628 9,442Collector 2,226 1,696 1,427 1,441 1,290 1,163 1,037 1,031 987Local 4,384 3,091 3,392 3,328 3,186 3,064 2,921 2,958 2,878
Vehicle-miles of travel (VMT) (millions)Rural, total 672,030 730,728 868,878 933,289 960,194 1,001,350 1,033,457 1,062,623 1,084,961Interstate 135,084 154,357 200,173 223,382 232,565 240,255 251,520 260,166 268,960Other arterial 262,774 282,803 330,866 368,595 378,847 392,058 403,484 413,320 420,569Collector 189,468 206,669 240,460 236,148 241,030 254,364 257,858 264,453 267,521Local 84,704 86,899 97,379 105,164 107,752 114,673 120,595 124,684 127,911
Urban, total 855,265 1,044,098 1,275,484 1,489,534 1,523,886 1,560,345 1,598,065 1,626,618 1,664,842Interstate 161,242 216,188 278,901 341,528 351,579 361,401 374,622 382,259 393,580Other arterial 484,189 578,270 699,233 815,170 834,623 846,659 862,994 878,153 900,161Collector 83,043 89,578 106,297 126,929 129,310 130,143 131,919 131,603 135,371Local 126,791 160,062 191,053 205,907 208,374 222,142 228,530 234,603 235,730
Fatality rates per 100 million vehicle milesRural, total 4.40% 3.35% 2.97% 2.57% 2.55% 2.48% 2.39% 2.37% 2.18%Interstate 1.68% 1.39% 1.35% 1.20% 1.25% 1.27% 1.23% 1.25% 1.19%Other arterial 4.67% 3.51% 2.99% 2.70% 2.50% 2.47% 2.38% 2.32% 2.12%Collector 5.28% 3.97% 3.68% 3.13% 3.10% 3.00% 2.94% 2.87% 2.67%Local 5.91% 4.84% 4.45% 3.76% 4.33% 3.88% 3.70% 3.83% 3.43%
Urban, total 2.52% 1.85% 1.47% 1.20% 1.15% 1.07% 1.01% 0.98% 0.94%Interstate 1.35% 0.94% 0.81% 0.63% 0.66% 0.63% 0.61% 0.62% 0.61%Other arterial 2.63% 2.17% 1.68% 1.34% 1.29% 1.21% 1.15% 1.10% 1.05%Collector 2.68% 1.89% 1.34% 1.14% 1.00% 0.89% 0.79% 0.78% 0.73%Local 3.46% 1.93% 1.78% 1.62% 1.53% 1.38% 1.28% 1.26% 1.22%
NOTES:Includes the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Fatality figures reflect original figures received by FHWA from NHTSA, and, when totaled, differ slightly
from the revised NHTSA figures that appear in other tables in this volume.
SOURCES:Fatalities:1980-95: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary
to 1995, Internet site www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/ohimstat.htm as of Oct. 25, 2000. 1996-97: Ibid., Highway Statistics, Internet site www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/ohimstat.htm as of Oct. 25, 2000,
table FI-1.1998: Ibid., table FI-20.1999: Ibid., personal communication, June 5, 2002.2000: Ibid., Internet site http://fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/hs00/re.htm as of October 2001, table FI-20.
Vehicle miles:1980-90: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics Summary
to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-202.1995-98: Ibid., Highway Statistics, Internet site www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/ohimstat.htm as of Oct. 25, 2000,
tables VM-2 and VM-2a.1999: Ibid., personal communication, June 5, 2002.2000: Ibid., Internet site http://fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/hs00/re.htm as of Oct. 2001, table VM-2.
Fatality rates:Calculated by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics.
Highway � 149
TABL
E 2-
19: O
ccup
ant F
atal
ities
by
Vehi
cle
Type
and
Non
occu
pant
Fat
aliti
es
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
TOTA
L t
raff
ic f
atal
itie
s44
,525
51,0
9143
,825
44,5
9941
,817
d42
,065
42,0
1341
,501
41,7
17R
41,9
4542
,116
Occ
upan
t fat
aliti
es (b
y ve
hicl
e ty
pe)
35,9
2541
,927
36,0
4337
,134
35,2
9135
,695
35,7
2535
,382
35,8
75R
36,3
4836
,386
Pas
sen
ger
car
, to
tal
25,9
2927
,449
23,2
1224
,092
22,4
2322
,505
22,1
9921
,194
20,8
62R
20,6
9920
,233
Sub
com
pact
a3,
834
7,29
97,
993
8,30
96,
791
6,61
86,
220
5,51
44,
887
R4,
773
4,41
7
Com
pact
614
927
2,63
55,
310
6,89
97,
288
7,19
56,
804
6,94
2R
7,02
26,
718
Inte
rmed
iate
1,86
93,
878
4,39
14,
849
4,66
64,
670
4,79
44,
617
4,72
1R
5,20
45,
401
Ful
lb10
,800
11,5
806,
586
4,63
53,
413
3,41
73,
481
3,10
62,
887
R3,
184
3,16
8
Unk
now
n8,
812
3,76
51,
607
989
654
512
509
1,15
31,
425
R51
652
9
Tru
ckc ,
to
tal
5,81
78,
748
7,66
69,
306
10,2
1610
,553
10,9
7211
,447
12,0
24R
12,2
8012
,381
Ligh
t4,
856
7,48
66,
689
8,60
19,
568
9,93
210
,249
10,7
0511
,265
R11
,526
11,6
77
Larg
e96
11,
262
977
705
648
621
723
742
759
R75
470
4
Oth
er v
ehic
les,
to
tal
4,17
95,
730
5,16
53,
736
2,65
22,
637
2,55
42,
741
2,98
9R
3,36
93,
772
Mot
orcy
cle
3,18
95,
144
4,56
43,
244
2,22
72,
161
2,11
62,
294
2,48
3R
2,89
73,
181
Bus
5346
5732
3321
1838
5922
34O
ther
/ un
know
n ve
hicl
e ty
pe93
754
054
446
039
245
542
040
944
7R
450
557
No
no
ccu
pan
t fa
talit
ies,
to
tal
8,60
09,
164
7,78
27,
465
6,52
66,
368
6,28
86,
119
5,84
2R
5,59
75,
730
Ped
estr
ian
7,51
68,
070
6,80
86,
482
5,58
45,
449
5,32
15,
228
4,93
9R
4,76
34,
882
Ped
alcy
clis
t1,
003
965
890
859
833
765
814
760
754
R69
372
8
Oth
er81
129
8412
410
915
415
313
114
9R
141
120
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed.
aIn
clud
es m
inic
ompa
ct c
ars
(whe
elba
se u
nder
95
inch
es)
and
subc
ompa
ct c
ars
(whe
elba
se b
etw
een
95 a
nd 9
9 in
ches
).b
Incl
udes
car
s w
ith
a w
heel
base
of
110
inch
es o
r gr
eate
r.c
See
tabl
e 2-
23 f
or d
efin
itio
ns o
f lig
ht a
nd la
rge
truc
ks.
dIn
clud
es t
wo
fata
litie
s th
at c
ould
not
be
assi
gned
to
a ca
tego
ry a
bove
.
SOU
RC
ES
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, N
atio
nal H
ighw
ay T
raff
ic S
afet
y A
dmin
istr
atio
n, N
atio
nal C
ente
r fo
r St
atis
tics
and
Ana
lysi
s, T
raff
ic S
afet
y Fa
cts
2000
, D
OT
HS
809
337
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Dec
embe
r 20
01),
tab
le 1
3 an
d pe
rson
al c
omm
unic
atio
n, S
ept.
10,
200
2.
Bre
akou
t of
pas
seng
er c
ar t
ypes
:U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Nat
iona
l Cen
ter
for
Stat
isti
cs a
nd A
naly
sis,
Fat
alit
y A
naly
sis
Rep
orti
ng S
yste
m D
atab
ase,
200
2.
150 � Chapter 2: Transportation SafetyTA
BLE
2-20
: Occ
upan
t and
Non
mot
oris
t Fat
aliti
es in
Cra
shes
by
Num
ber o
f Veh
icle
s an
d Al
coho
l Inv
olve
men
t (AI
)
1985
19
90
1995
1996
1997
Fata
l R
AI
Fata
l R
AI
Fat
al R
AI
Fata
l R
AI
Fat
alA
I TO
TAL
fat
alit
ies
43,8
2523
,167
44,5
9922
,587
41,8
1717
,732
42,0
6517
,749
42,0
13R
16,7
11P
erce
nt o
f tot
al fa
talit
ies
5351
4242
R40
Mo
tori
st f
atal
itie
s, t
ota
l36
,043
19,2
7137
,134
18,9
5335
,291
14,7
9635
,695
14,8
3035
,725
R14
,051
Sin
gle-
vehi
cle
cras
hes
17,1
3010
,882
18,1
5911
,162
16,7
328,
868
16,7
238,
781
16,5
29R
8,24
4
Two-
vehi
cle
cras
hes
16,4
677,
296
16,2
626,
676
15,7
445,
017
15,9
355,
084
16,2
18R
4,90
4
Mor
e th
an tw
o-ve
hicl
e cr
ashe
s2,
446
1,09
32,
713
1,11
52,
815
911
3,03
796
52,
978
R90
4
No
nm
oto
rist
fat
alit
ies,
to
tal
7,78
23,
896
7,46
53,
634
6,52
62,
936
6,36
82,
919
6,28
8R
2,66
0P
edes
tria
ns6,
808
3,57
46,
482
3,26
45,
584
2,60
75,
449
2,59
35,
321
R2,
350
Sin
gle-
vehi
cle
cras
hes
6,34
23,
278
5,99
02,
966
R5,
110
2,36
45,
024
2,35
84,
876
R2,
112
Mul
tiple
-veh
icle
cra
shes
466
297
492
298
474
243
425
235
445
R23
9P
edal
cycl
ists
890
283
859
314
833
290
765
265
814
R25
2S
ingl
e-ve
hicl
e cr
ashe
s86
427
183
230
180
727
973
925
378
8R
244
Mul
tiple
-veh
icle
cra
shes
2613
2714
2611
2612
268
Oth
ers
/ unk
now
n84
3812
457
109
3915
461
153
R58
KE
Y: A
I = A
lcoh
ol in
volv
emen
t; Fa
tal =
fata
litie
s; R
= r
evis
ed.
NO
TE
SA
lcoh
ol in
volv
emen
t pe
rtai
ns t
o an
y dr
iver
, ped
estr
ian,
or
peda
lcyc
list
invo
lved
in t
he a
ccid
ent.
Alc
ohol
res
ults
are
det
erm
ined
fro
m p
osit
ive
bloo
d al
coho
l con
-ce
ntra
tion
tes
ts a
nd p
olic
e-re
port
ed a
lcoh
ol in
volv
emen
t an
d ar
e ad
just
ed b
y th
e U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Nat
iona
l Hig
hway
Tra
ffic
Saf
ety
Adm
inis
trat
ion.
In 2
001,
NH
TSA
ado
pted
a n
ew m
etho
d to
est
imat
e m
issi
ng b
lood
alc
ohol
con
cent
rati
on (
BA
C)
test
res
ult
data
. Thi
s ne
w m
etho
d, m
ulti
ple
impu
tati
on, i
s be
ing
used
by
NH
TSA
’s N
atio
nal C
ente
r fo
r St
atis
tics
and
Ana
lysi
s (N
CSA
) to
impr
ove
the
scop
e of
alc
ohol
invo
lvem
ent
stat
isti
cs b
y th
e Fa
talit
y A
naly
sis
Rep
orti
ng S
yste
m (
FAR
S). A
s a
resu
lt o
f th
e m
etho
dolo
gy c
hang
e, a
lcoh
ol in
volv
emen
t fa
talit
ies
have
und
ergo
ne a
com
plet
e re
visi
on.
Alc
ohol
invo
lvem
ent
num
bers
may
not
equ
al t
otal
s du
e to
rou
ndin
g.
SOU
RC
EU
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Nat
iona
l Hig
hway
Tra
ffic
Saf
ety
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Nat
iona
l Cen
ter
for
Stat
isti
cs a
nd A
naly
sis,
Fat
alit
y A
naly
sis
Rep
orti
ng
Syst
em (
FAR
S) D
atab
ase,
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
Sep
t. 1
0, 2
002.
Highway � 151
TABL
E 2-
21: P
asse
nger
Car
Occ
upan
t Saf
ety
Data
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Fata
litie
s25
,929
27,4
4923
,212
24,0
9222
,423
22,5
0522
,199
21,1
9420
,862
R20
,699
20,2
33
Inju
red
per
son
sEN
NN
2,37
6,43
92,
469,
358
2,45
8,08
02,
340,
612
2,20
1,37
52,
137,
503
2,05
1,60
91,
926,
625
Cra
shes
EN
NN
5,56
0,59
25,
593,
685
5,59
8,69
95,
423,
286
5,14
6,12
44,
915,
734
4,92
6,24
34,
831,
727
Veh
icle
-mile
s (m
illio
ns)
1,03
0,37
61,
107,
056
1,24
8,98
11,
427,
178
1,47
8,35
21,
499,
139
1,52
8,39
91,
555,
901
1,56
6,80
81,
582,
113
UR
ates
per
100
mill
ion
veh
icle
-mile
sFa
talit
ies
2.5
2.5
1.9
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.3
U
Inju
red
pers
onsE
NN
NR
166
167
164
153
141
136
130
U
Cra
shes
EN
NN
390
378
373
355
331
314
311
U
KE
Y: E
= e
stim
ated
; N =
dat
a do
not
exi
st; R
= r
evis
ed; U
= d
ata
are
not a
vaila
ble.
NO
TE
ST
he in
jury
and
cra
sh d
ata
in t
his
tabl
e ar
e fr
om t
he U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
(USD
OT
), N
atio
nal H
ighw
ay T
raff
ic S
afet
y A
dmin
istr
atio
n’s
(NH
TSA
) G
ener
al E
stim
ates
Sys
tem
(G
ES)
. The
dat
a fr
om G
ES,
whi
ch b
egan
ope
rati
on in
198
8, a
re o
btai
ned
from
a n
atio
nally
rep
rese
ntat
ive
prob
abili
ty s
ampl
e se
lect
ed f
rom
all
polic
e-re
port
ed c
rash
es. T
he G
ES
sam
ple
incl
udes
onl
y cr
ashe
s w
here
a p
olic
e ac
cide
nt r
epor
t w
as c
ompl
eted
and
the
cra
sh r
esul
ted
in
prop
erty
dam
age,
inju
ry, o
r de
ath.
The
res
ulti
ng f
igur
es d
o no
t ta
ke in
to a
ccou
nt c
rash
es t
hat
wer
e no
t re
port
ed t
o th
e po
lice
or t
hat
did
not
resu
lt in
pro
p-er
ty d
amag
e. T
he 1
993
Nat
iona
l Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
isti
cs (
NT
S) H
isto
rica
l Com
pend
ium
and
ear
lier
edit
ions
illu
stra
ted
cras
hes
and
inju
ry f
igur
es e
sti-
mat
ed b
y th
e N
atio
nal S
afet
y C
ounc
il, w
hich
use
d a
diff
eren
t se
t of
met
hods
to
arri
ve a
t it
s fi
gure
s. T
hus,
the
inju
ry a
nd c
rash
fig
ures
in t
his
edit
ion
of N
TS
may
not
be
com
para
ble
wit
h th
ose
foun
d in
the
Com
pend
ium
and
ear
lier
edit
ions
.U
SDO
T, B
urea
u of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
isti
cs r
ound
ed v
ehic
le-m
iles
to t
he n
eare
st b
illio
n.
Veh
icle
-mile
s in
thi
s ta
ble
and
in t
able
2-2
3 ar
e ta
ken
from
NH
TSA
rev
ised
dat
a an
d ar
e no
t ba
sed
excl
usiv
ely
on U
SDO
T, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n (F
HW
A)
data
. The
cha
nge
was
mad
e to
ref
lect
the
dif
fere
nt v
ehic
le c
lass
ific
atio
n sc
hem
es u
sed
by F
HW
A. a
nd N
HT
SA. T
hus,
veh
icle
-mile
s fo
r pa
ssen
ger
cars
, and
ligh
t an
d la
rge
truc
ks in
thi
s ta
ble
and
tabl
e 2-
23 s
houl
d no
t be
com
pare
d w
ith
vehi
cle-
mile
s in
cha
pter
1, w
hich
are
tak
en d
irec
tly
from
FH
WA
.
SOU
RC
ES
Fata
litie
s, in
juri
es, v
ehic
le m
iles,
fat
alit
y an
d in
jury
rat
es:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, N
atio
nal H
ighw
ay T
raff
ic S
afet
y A
dmin
istr
atio
n, N
atio
nal C
ente
r fo
r St
atis
tics
and
Ana
lysi
s, T
raff
ic S
afet
y Fa
cts
2000
, D
OT
HS
809
337
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Dec
embe
r 20
01),
tab
le 7
and
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
Sep
t. 1
0, 2
002.
Cra
shes
:U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Nat
iona
l Hig
hway
Tra
ffic
Saf
ety
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Nat
iona
l Cen
ter
for
Stat
isti
cs a
nd A
naly
sis,
Fat
alit
y A
naly
sis
Rep
orti
ng
Syst
em D
atab
ase
and
Gen
eral
Est
imat
es S
yste
m D
atab
ase,
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
Sep
t. 1
0, 2
002.
Cra
sh r
ates
:C
alcu
late
d by
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, B
urea
u of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
isti
cs b
y di
vidi
ng t
he n
umbe
r of
cra
shes
by
the
vehi
cle-
mile
s tr
avel
ed.
152 � Chapter 2: Transportation SafetyTA
BLE
2-22
: Mot
orcy
cle
Ride
r Saf
ety
Data
1975
1980
1985
1990
19
95
1996
19
97
1998
19
99
2000
20
01
Fata
litie
s3,
189
5,14
44,
564
3,24
42,
227
2,16
12,
116
2,29
42,
483
R2,
897
3,18
1
Inju
red
per
son
sEN
NN
84,2
8557
,480
55,2
8152
,574
48,9
7449
,986
57,7
2360
,236
Cra
shes
EN
NN
103,
114
66,3
5466
,224
61,4
5154
,477
57,3
2268
,783
73,3
26
Veh
icle
-mile
s (m
illio
ns)
5,62
910
,214
9,08
69,
557
9,79
79,
920
10,0
8110
,283
10,5
8410
,479
U
Rat
es p
er 1
00 m
illio
n v
ehic
le-m
ilesa
Fata
litie
s57
5050
3423
2221
22R
23R
28U
Inju
red
pers
onsE
NN
N88
258
755
752
247
647
2R
553
U
Cra
shes
EN
NN
1,07
967
766
861
053
054
265
6U
KE
Y: E
= e
stim
ated
; N =
dat
a do
not
exi
st; R
= r
evis
ed; U
= d
ata
are
not a
vaila
ble.
aU
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
(USD
OT
), N
atio
nal H
ighw
ay T
raff
ic S
afet
y A
dmin
istr
atio
n (N
HT
SA)
roun
ds it
s in
jury
and
cra
sh d
ata
to t
he n
eare
st t
hou-
sand
bef
ore
publ
ishi
ng th
em, b
ut it
cal
cula
tes
inju
ry r
ates
usi
ng th
e un
roun
ded
data
. NH
TSA
als
o ca
lcul
ates
fata
lity
and
inju
ry r
ates
usi
ng v
ehic
le-m
iles
expr
esse
d to
a h
ighe
r le
vel o
f pr
ecis
ion
than
sho
wn
here
. USD
OT,
Bur
eau
of T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
rou
nded
veh
icle
-mile
s to
the
nea
rest
100
mill
ion
in t
his
tabl
e.
NO
TE
The
inju
ry a
nd c
rash
dat
a in
thi
s ta
ble
are
from
NH
TSA
’s G
ener
al E
stim
ates
Sys
tem
(G
ES)
. The
dat
a fr
om t
he G
ES,
whi
ch b
egan
ope
rati
on in
198
8, a
re o
btai
ned
from
a n
atio
nally
rep
rese
ntat
ive
prob
abili
ty s
ampl
e se
lect
ed f
rom
all
polic
e-re
port
ed c
rash
es. T
he G
ES
sam
ple
incl
udes
onl
y cr
ashe
s w
here
a p
olic
e ac
cide
nt
repo
rt w
as c
ompl
eted
and
the
cra
sh r
esul
ted
in p
rope
rty
dam
age,
inju
ry, o
r de
ath.
The
res
ulti
ng f
igur
es d
o no
t ta
ke in
to a
ccou
nt c
rash
es t
hat
wer
e no
t re
port
ed t
o th
e po
lice
or t
hat
did
not
resu
lt in
pro
pert
y da
mag
e. T
he 1
993
Nat
iona
l Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
isti
cs (
NT
S) C
ompe
ndiu
m a
nd e
arlie
r ed
itio
ns il
lus-
trat
ed c
rash
es a
nd in
jury
fig
ures
est
imat
ed b
y th
e N
atio
nal S
afet
y C
ounc
il, w
hich
use
d a
diff
eren
t se
t of
met
hods
to
arri
ve a
t it
s fi
gure
s. T
hus,
the
inju
ry a
nd
cras
h fi
gure
s in
thi
s ed
itio
n of
NT
S m
ay n
ot b
e co
mpa
rabl
e w
ith
thos
e fo
und
in t
he C
ompe
ndiu
m a
nd e
arlie
r ed
itio
ns.
SOU
RC
ES
Fata
litie
s, in
juri
es, a
nd v
ehic
le-m
iles:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, N
atio
nal H
ighw
ay T
raff
ic S
afet
y A
dmin
istr
atio
n, N
atio
nal C
ente
r fo
r St
atis
tics
and
Ana
lysi
s, T
raff
ic S
afet
y Fa
cts
2000
, D
OT
HS
809
337
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Dec
embe
r 20
01),
tab
le 1
0 an
d pe
rson
al c
omm
unic
atio
n, S
ept.
10,
200
2.
Cra
shes
:U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Nat
iona
l Hig
hway
Tra
ffic
Saf
ety
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Nat
iona
l Cen
ter
for
Stat
isti
cs a
nd A
naly
sis,
Fat
alit
y A
naly
sis
Rep
orti
ng
Syst
em D
atab
ase
and
Gen
eral
Est
imat
es S
yste
m D
atab
ase,
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
Sep
t. 1
0, 2
002.
Highway � 153
TABL
E 2-
23: T
ruck
Occ
upan
t Saf
ety
Data
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Fata
litie
sLi
ght
4,85
67,
486
6,68
98,
601
9,56
89,
932
10,2
4910
,705
11,2
65R
11,5
2611
,677
Larg
e96
11,
262
977
705
648
621
723
742
759
R75
470
4
Tota
l5,
817
8,74
87,
666
9,30
610
,216
10,5
5310
,972
11,4
4712
,024
R12
,280
12,3
81
Inju
red
per
son
sE
Ligh
tN
NN
505,
144
722,
496
761,
478
754,
820
762,
506
846,
865
886,
566
860,
527
Larg
eN
NN
41,8
2230
,344
32,7
6030
,913
28,7
6732
,892
30,8
3229
,424
Tota
lN
NN
546,
966
752,
840
794,
238
785,
733
791,
273
879,
757
917,
398
889,
951
Cra
shes
E
Ligh
tN
NN
2,15
2,48
62,
749,
596
2,88
0,78
22,
900,
896
2,86
6,72
93,
079,
617
3,20
7,73
83,
254,
027
Larg
eN
NN
371,
801
362,
883
378,
335
421,
377
391,
807
452,
444
437,
861
409,
352
Tota
laN
NN
2,45
9,90
83,
039,
159
3,17
5,49
73,
225,
320
3,16
7,96
73,
425,
409
3,53
9,79
73,
560,
956
Veh
icle
-mile
s (m
illio
ns)
Ligh
t20
4,27
429
5,47
538
8,77
855
5,65
974
9,97
178
7,25
582
4,89
686
1,95
190
3,31
494
3,81
9U
Larg
e81
,330
108,
491
123,
504
146,
242
178,
156
182,
971
191,
477
196,
380
202,
688
205,
791
U
Rat
es p
er 1
00 m
illio
n v
ehic
le-m
iles
Fata
litie
sLi
ght
2.4
2.5
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
U
Larg
e1.
21.
20.
80.
50.
40.
30.
40.
40.
40.
4U
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
154 � Chapter 2: Transportation Safety
Inju
red
per
son
sE
Ligh
tN
NN
9196
9792
8894
94U
Larg
eN
NN
2917
1816
1516
15U
Cra
shes
E
Ligh
tN
NN
387
367
366
352
333
341
340
ULa
rge
NN
N25
420
420
722
020
022
321
3U
KE
Y: E
= e
stim
ated
; N =
dat
a do
not
exi
st; R
= r
evis
ed; U
= d
ata
are
not a
vaila
ble.
aC
rash
es o
ften
invo
lve
mor
e th
an o
ne t
ype
of t
ruck
(lig
ht o
r la
rge)
, hen
ce “
tota
l tru
ck c
rash
es”
is s
mal
ler
than
the
sum
of
the
com
pone
nts.
NO
TE
SL
arge
truc
ks -
truc
ks o
ver
10,0
00 p
ound
s gr
oss
vehi
cle
wei
ght
rati
ng, i
nclu
ding
sin
gle-
unit
truc
ks a
nd tr
uck
trac
tors
. Lig
ht tr
ucks
- tr
ucks
of 1
0,00
0 po
unds
gro
ss
vehi
cle
wei
ght r
atin
g or
less
, inc
ludi
ng p
icku
ps, v
ans,
truc
k-ba
sed
stat
ion
wag
ons,
and
uti
lity
vehi
cles
. The
inju
ry a
nd c
rash
dat
a in
thi
s ta
ble
are
from
the
U.S
. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
(USD
OT
), N
atio
nal H
ighw
ay T
raff
ic S
afet
y A
dmin
istr
atio
n’s
(NH
TSA
) G
ener
al E
stim
ates
Sys
tem
(G
ES)
. The
dat
a fr
om G
ES,
w
hich
beg
an o
pera
tion
in 1
988,
are
obt
aine
d fr
om a
nat
iona
lly r
epre
sent
ativ
e pr
obab
ility
sam
ple
sele
cted
fro
m a
ll po
lice-
repo
rted
cra
shes
. The
GE
S sa
mpl
e in
clud
es o
nly
cras
hes
whe
re a
pol
ice
acci
dent
rep
ort
was
com
plet
ed a
nd t
he c
rash
res
ulte
d in
pro
pert
y da
mag
e, in
jury
, or
deat
h. T
he r
esul
ting
fig
ures
do
not
take
into
acc
ount
cra
shes
tha
t w
ere
not
repo
rted
to
the
polic
e or
tha
t di
d no
t re
sult
in p
rope
rty
dam
age.
T
he 1
993
Nat
iona
l Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
isti
cs (
NT
S) H
isto
rica
l Com
pend
ium
and
ear
lier
edit
ions
illu
stra
ted
cras
hes
and
inju
ry f
igur
es e
stim
ated
by
the
Nat
iona
l Sa
fety
Cou
ncil,
whi
ch u
sed
a di
ffer
ent
set
of m
etho
ds t
o ar
rive
at
its
figu
res.
Thu
s, t
he in
jury
and
cra
sh f
igur
es in
thi
s ed
itio
n of
NT
S m
ay n
ot b
e co
mpa
rabl
e w
ith
thos
e fo
und
in t
he C
ompe
ndiu
m a
nd e
arlie
r ed
itio
ns.
USD
OT,
Bur
eau
of T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
rou
nded
veh
icle
-mile
s to
the
nea
rest
bill
ion.
V
ehic
le-m
iles
in t
his
tabl
e an
d in
tab
le 2
-19
are
take
n fr
om N
HT
SA r
evis
ed d
ata
and
are
not
base
d ex
clus
ivel
y on
USD
OT,
Fed
eral
Hig
hway
Adm
inis
trat
ion
(FH
WA
) da
ta, a
s th
ey h
ave
been
in e
arlie
r re
port
s. T
he c
hang
e w
as m
ade
to r
efle
ct t
he d
iffe
rent
veh
icle
cla
ssif
icat
ion
sche
mes
use
d by
FH
WA
and
NH
TSA
. T
hus,
veh
icle
-mile
s fo
r pa
ssen
ger
cars
and
ligh
t an
d la
rge
truc
ks in
tab
le 2
-19
and
this
tab
le s
houl
d no
t be
com
pare
d w
ith
vehi
cle-
mile
s in
Cha
pter
1, w
hich
ar
e ta
ken
dire
ctly
fro
m F
HW
A.
SOU
RC
ES
Fata
litie
s, in
juri
es, v
ehic
le-m
iles,
fat
alit
y an
d in
jury
rat
es:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, N
atio
nal H
ighw
ay T
raff
ic S
afet
y A
dmin
istr
atio
n, N
atio
nal C
ente
r fo
r St
atis
tics
and
Ana
lysi
s, T
raff
ic S
afet
y Fa
cts
2000
, D
OT
HS
809
337
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Dec
embe
r 20
01),
tab
les
8, 9
, and
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
Sep
t. 1
0, 2
002.
Cra
shes
:Ib
id.,
Nat
iona
l Cen
ter
for
Stat
isti
cs a
nd A
naly
sis,
Fat
alit
y A
naly
sis
Rep
orti
ng S
yste
m D
atab
ase
and
Gen
eral
Est
imat
es S
yste
m D
atab
ase,
per
sona
l com
mun
ica-
tion
, Sep
t. 1
0, 2
002.
Cra
sh r
ates
:C
alcu
late
d by
the
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, B
urea
u of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
isti
cs.
TABL
E 2-
23: T
ruck
Occ
upan
t Saf
ety
Data
(Con
tinue
d)
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Highway � 155
TABL
E 2-
24: B
us O
ccup
ant S
afet
y Da
taa
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Fata
litie
s53
4657
3233
2118
3859
2234
Inju
red
per
son
sEN
NN
32,6
9119
,214
20,2
9116
,887
15,5
5921
,958
17,7
6915
,427
Cra
shes
EN
NN
60,4
1258
,847
57,1
8553
,376
53,3
8562
,591
55,5
9454
,264
Veh
icle
-mile
s (m
illio
ns)
6,05
56,
059
4,47
85,
726
6,42
06,
563
6,84
27,
007
7,66
27,
601
U
Rat
es p
er 1
00 m
illio
n v
ehic
le-m
ilesb
Fata
litie
s0.
90.
81.
30.
60.
50.
30.
30.
50.
80.
3U
Inju
red
pers
onsE
NN
N57
129
930
924
722
228
723
4U
Cra
shes
EN
NN
1,05
591
787
178
076
281
773
1U
KE
Y: E
= e
stim
ated
; N =
dat
a do
not
exi
st; U
= d
ata
are
not a
vaila
ble.
aB
us in
clud
es s
choo
l, tr
ansi
t, a
nd in
terc
ity
buse
s.b
The
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n (U
SDO
T),
Nat
iona
l Hig
hway
Tra
ffic
Saf
ety
Adm
inis
trat
ion
(NH
TSA
) ro
unds
its
inju
ry a
nd c
rash
dat
a to
the
nea
rest
th
ousa
nd, b
ut in
jury
and
cra
sh r
ates
are
cal
cula
ted
usin
g th
e un
roun
ded
data
. NH
TSA
als
o ca
lcul
ates
fat
alit
y, in
jury
, and
cra
sh r
ates
usi
ng v
ehic
le-m
iles
expr
esse
d to
a h
ighe
r le
vel o
f pr
ecis
ion
than
sho
wn
here
. Thu
s, in
jury
and
cra
sh r
ates
sho
wn
in t
his
tabl
e m
ay d
iffe
r sl
ight
ly f
rom
the
rat
es t
hat
wou
ld b
e ca
l-cu
late
d fr
om t
he d
ata
in t
his
tabl
e. U
SDO
T, B
urea
u of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
isti
cs h
as r
ound
ed v
ehic
le-m
iles
to t
he n
eare
st 1
00 m
illio
n in
thi
s ta
ble.
NO
TE
The
inju
ry a
nd c
rash
dat
a in
thi
s ta
ble
are
from
the
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n (U
SDO
T),
Nat
iona
l Hig
hway
Tra
ffic
Saf
ety
Adm
inis
trat
ion’
s (N
HT
SA)
Gen
eral
Est
imat
es S
yste
m (
GE
S). T
he d
ata
from
GE
S, w
hich
beg
an o
pera
tion
in 1
988,
are
obt
aine
d fr
om a
nat
iona
lly r
epre
sent
ativ
e pr
obab
ility
sam
ple
sele
cted
fro
m a
ll po
lice-
repo
rted
cra
shes
. The
GE
S sa
mpl
e in
clud
es o
nly
cras
hes
whe
re a
pol
ice
acci
dent
rep
ort
was
com
plet
ed a
nd t
he c
rash
res
ulte
d in
pro
p-er
ty d
amag
e, in
jury
, or
deat
h. T
he r
esul
ting
fig
ures
do
not
take
into
acc
ount
cra
shes
tha
t w
ere
not
repo
rted
to
the
polic
e or
tha
t di
d no
t re
sult
in p
rope
rty
dam
age.
The
199
3 N
atio
nal T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
(N
TS)
His
tori
cal C
ompe
ndiu
m a
nd e
arlie
r ed
itio
ns il
lust
rate
d cr
ashe
s an
d in
jury
fig
ures
est
imat
ed b
y th
e N
atio
nal S
afet
y C
ounc
il, w
hich
use
d a
diff
eren
t se
t of
met
hods
to
arri
ve a
t it
s fi
gure
s. T
hus,
the
inju
ry a
nd c
rash
fig
ures
in t
his
edit
ion
of N
TS
may
not
be
com
para
ble
wit
h th
ose
foun
d in
the
Com
pend
ium
and
in e
arlie
r ed
itio
ns.
SOU
RC
ES
Fata
litie
s an
d in
juri
es:
1975
-200
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Nat
iona
l Hig
hway
Tra
ffic
Saf
ety
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Nat
iona
l Cen
ter
for
Stat
isti
cs a
nd A
naly
sis,
Tra
ffic
Saf
ety
Fact
s 20
00, D
OT
HS
809
337
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Dec
embe
r 20
01),
tab
les
4, 5
1, a
nd p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n, S
ept.
10,
200
2.
Cra
shes
:19
90-2
000:
Ibi
d., G
ener
al E
stim
ates
Sys
tem
Dat
abas
e, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n, S
ept
10, 2
002.
Veh
icle
-mile
s:19
75-9
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n, H
ighw
ay S
tatis
tics
Sum
mar
y to
199
5 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: J
uly
1997
), ta
ble
VM
-201
A.
1995
-200
0: I
bid.
, Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
VM
-1.
156 � Chapter 2: Transportation Safety
TABLE 2-25: Fatalities by Highest Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) in Highway Crashes
1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Total fatalities 43,825 44,599 41,817 42,065 42,013 41,501 41,717 R41,945 42,116
Fatalities in alcohol-related crashesR 23,167 22,587 17,732 17,749 16,711 16,673 16,572 17,380 17,448
Percent 52.9% 50.6% 42.4% 42.2% 38.5% 40.2% 39.7% 41.4% 41.4%
BAC = 0.00
NumberR 20,659 22,012 24,085 24,316 25,302 24,828 25,145 24,565 24,668
Percent 47.1% 49.4% 57.6% 57.8% 61.5% 59.8% 60.3% 58.6% 58.6%
BAC = 0.01 - 0.07
NumberR 3,081 2,980 2,490 2,486 2,290 2,465 2,321 2,511 2,515
Percent 7.0% 6.7% 6.0% 5.9% 8.3% 5.9% 5.6% 6.0% 6.0%
BAC = 0.08+
NumberR 20,086 19,607 15,242 15,263 14,421 14,207 14,250 14,870 14,933
Percent 45.8% 44.0% 36.4% 36.3% 30.3% 34.2% 29.6% 35.5% 35.5%
KEY: BAC = blood alcohol concentration; R = revised.
NOTESBAC values have been assigned by U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration (NHTSA) when alcohol test results are unknown. Alcohol-related crashes pertain to the BAC of the driver and nonoccupants struck by motor vehicles. For some years, numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.
In 2001, NHTSA adopted a new method to estimate missing blood alcohol concentration (BAC) test result data. This new method, multiple imputation, is being used by NHTSA’s National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA) to improve the scope of alcohol involvement statistics by the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS). As a result of the methodology change, BAC 0.08 breakouts, which coincide with many state laws, can now be determined. Thus, NHTSA’s general reporting categories have been modified to reflect this and are now BAC 0.00, BAC 0.01-0.07, and BAC 0.08+.
SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Sta-
tistics and Analysis, Traffic Safety Facts 2000, DOT HS 809 337 (Washington, DC: December 2001), table 13 and personal communication, Sept. 10, 2002.
Highway � 157
TABLE 2-26: Number of States with Different Types of Anti-DUI / DWI Legislation in Effect as of January 1 of the Listed Year
1986 1990 1992 1994 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
BAC = 0.08 per se lawsa 2 4 5 10 13 13 15 16 c18 c20
BAC level 0.02 or less for persons younger than 21 years 0 0 3 12 c28 c38 c51 c51 c51 c51
Administrative license revocation (ALR) for DUI / DWI offendersb c21 c27 c30 c33 c38 c40 c41 c41 c41 c41
KEY: BAC = blood alcohol concentration; DUI = driving under the influence; DWI = driving while intoxicated.
a Per se law makes it illegal in and of itself to drive with an alcohol concentration measured at or above a cer-tain level.
b States that impose additional thresholds for ALR beyond those imposed for DUI/DWI are not included in these figures.
c Includes the District of Columbia.
NOTENational Uniform Minimum Drinking Age Act, which standardized the minimum drinking age at 21, was
enacted in 1984.
SOURCES 0.02 BAC and Administrative license revocation:1986-98: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety
Programs, Research and Evaluation Division, personal communications, Apr. 9, 1999 and Oct. 4, 1999.1999-2000: Ibid. Impaired Driving Division, personal communications, May 22, 2000.2001: Ibid. Setting Limits, Saving Lives (Washington, DC: April 2001), DOT HS 809-241.
0.08 BAC 1986-2000: Ibid. Presidential Initiative for Making 0.08 BAC the National Legal Limit, A Progress Report,
Internet site http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/alcohol/limit.08/08progressreport/index.html as of Aug. 13, 2001.
2001: Ibid. Setting Limits, Saving Lives (Washington, DC: April 2001), DOT HS 809-241.
158 � Chapter 2: Transportation Safety
TABLE 2-27: Motor Vehicle Fatal Crashes by Day of Week, Time of Day, and Weatherand Light Conditions (Percent)
1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001TOTAL fatal crashes 39,836 37,241 37,494 37,324 37,107 37,140 R37,526 37,795
Day of weekSunday 16.1 15.7 15.2 15.8 15.5 15.7 16.1 16.0Monday 11.7 12.4 12.7 12.1 12.4 12.6 R12.3 12.6
Tuesday 11.5 11.8 12.4 11.9 12.4 11.9 12.0 12.1
Wednesday 11.5 11.9 12.2 13.0 12.4 12.5 12.2 12.2Thursday R12.6 13.0 13.3 13.0 13.5 12.9 13.0 12.7
Friday R16.7 16.6 16.1 16.1 15.8 15.9 16.0 16.1
Saturday R20.0 18.5 18.2 18.0 18.0 18.5 18.5 18.2
Unknown 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.01 R0.01 0.04
Time of dayMidnight to 3 a.m. 15.7 12.8 12.6 12.2 12.3 12.2 12.5 12.53 a.m. to 6 a.m. 7.7 7.5 7.4 7.2 7.3 7.6 8.0 7.6
6 a.m. to 9 a.m. 8.6 9.2 9.5 9.9 9.7 10.1 9.9 9.89 a.m. to noon R8.5 9.4 9.7 9.9 10.2 10.1 9.9 10.0
Noon to 3 p.m. R11.6 12.9 12.7 13.3 13.4 13.2 13.1 13.2
3 p.m. to 6 p.m. R15.7 16.8 16.9 16.6 16.8 16.8 16.7 16.6
6 p.m. to 9 p.m. R15.6 15.9 15.7 15.9 15.6 15.4 R15.3 15.4
9 p.m. to midnight 15.9 14.6 14.6 14.1 13.8 13.8 13.7 14.1
Unknown 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8
Atmospheric conditionNormal 86.7 86.7 86.3 86.4 87.2 89.0 R88.0 88.1
Rain 9.3 8.6 8.4 8.8 8.8 7.3 R7.1 7.5
Snow/sleet 1.6 2.4 2.7 2.5 1.7 1.6 R2.3 1.8
Other/unknown 2.3 2.3 2.6 2.3 2.3 2.0 R2.6 2.6
Light conditionDaylight 45.0 48.7 49.3 50.3 50.5 50.7 R50.5 50.7
Dark, but lighted 17.7 16.0 15.9 15.6 14.9 15.0 15.9 15.6Dark 32.7 30.7 30.3 29.5 30.0 29.7 R29.2 29.0
Dawn or dusk 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.3 R4.1 4.1
Unknown 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 R0.4 0.7
KEY: R = revised.
SOURCESU.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Sta-
tistics and Analysis, Traffic Safety Facts 2000, DOT HS 809 337 (Washington, DC: December 2001), tables 24, 25, and personal communication, Sept. 10, 2002.
Highway � 159
TABLE 2-28: Motor Vehicle Fatal Crashes by Posted Speed Limit
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
TOTAL fatal crashes 39,161 45,284 R39,196 39,836 37,241 37,494 37,324 37,107 37,140 R37,526 37,795
Under 55 mph
5,10,15, 20, 25 mpha 2,617 2,865 2,504 2,234 1,893 1,896 1,955 1,873 1,863 R1,827 1,877
30, 35 mph 6,099 8,527 R7,890 7,756 6,681 6,445 6,383 6,025 5,946 R6,079 6,179
40, 45 mph 4,276 6,256 R6,812 7,092 6,938 7,096 7,132 7,349 7,245 R7,315 7,532
50 mph 2,241 2,431 2,072 2,054 1,927 1,908 1,788 1,771 1,909 R1,833 1,801
Total 15,233 20,079 19,278 19,136 17,439 17,345 17,258 17,018 16,963 R17,054 17,389
55 mph and above55 mph 16,094 20,352 R18,863 17,556 16,753 14,097 12,897 12,522 12,184 R12,143 11,798
60 mph 0 0 2 18 16 523 935 1,073 1,069 R1,163 1,230
65 mph 1 0 2 2,175 2,323 3,214 3,311 3,421 3,537 R3,686 3,682
70 mph 0 0 3 0 38 1,282 1,633 1,835 2,079 R2,230 2,125
Over 70 mph 0 0 1 0 10 344 475 482 504 513 508
Total R16,095 20,352 R18,871 19,749 19,140 19,460 19,251 19,333 19,373 R19,735 19,343
Unknown, total R7,833 4,853 R1,047 951 662 689 815 756 804 R737 1,063
KEY: mph = miles per hour.
a The “No Statutory Limit” speed limit designation is included in this category.
NOTESIn 1974, Congress enacted a national maximum speed limit of 55 miles per hour (mph). Amendments in 1987
and 1991 allowed states to increase speed limits to 65 mph on rural Interstates and similar highways. The National Maximum Speed Limit was repealed in late 1995; speed limits are again set by the states, some of
which have raised their maximum speed limits to 70 mph or above.
SOURCESU.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Sta-
tistics and Analysis, Traffic Safety Facts 2000, DOT HS 809 337 (Washington, DC: December 2001), table 30, and personal communication, Sept. 10, 2002.
160 � Chapter 2: Transportation Safety
TABLE 2-29: Safety Belt and Motorcycle Helmet Use (percent)
1994 1996 1998 2000c
OVERALL SAFETY BELT USE 58 61 69 71Drivers 59 62 70 72Passengers 55 59 65 68
Passenger cars 63 64 71 74Drivers 64 65 72 75Passengers 59 62 68 70
Light trucksa 50 56 66 68
Drivers 51 58 67 69Passengers 49 53 61 65
MOTORCYCLE HELMET USEb 63 64 67 U
Operators 67 66 64 72Riders 54 58 84 62
KEY: U = data are not available.
a Includes pickup trucks, vans, minivans, and sport utility vehicles.b In 1994, operators and riders were counted as helmeted if wearing any type of helmet. In 1996 and 1998,
only those operators and riders wearing safety helmets that met U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) standards were counted. Those safety helmets that do not meet DOT standards were treated as if the opera-tor/rider were not wearing a helmet.
c The results from the 2000 National Occupant Protection Use Survey were not published to the same degree of precision as previous years’ data.
NOTEOccupants of commercial and emergency vehicles are excluded.
SOURCES1994-98: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Research Note,
Observed Safety Belt Use in 1998 (Washington, DC: September 1999), Internet site http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/ncsa/98obbelt.html as of Aug. 27, 2002, table 3.
2000: Ibid., Research Note, Observed Safety Belt Use: Fall 2000 National Occupant Protection Use Survey Internet site http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/ncsa/pdf/00-035.pdf as of Aug. 27, 2002, tables 1 and 4. Data are from the National Occupant Protection Use Survey (NOPUS), Moving Traffic Study, 1994, 1996, 1998, and 2000.
Highway � 161
TABL
E 2-
30: E
stim
ated
Num
ber o
f Liv
es S
aved
by
Use
of R
estra
ints
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Tota
l19
75-2
000
Saf
ety
bel
tsa
978
575
2,43
56,
592
9,79
010
,414
10,7
5011
,018
11,1
9711
,889
135,
102
Air
bag
s0
00
3747
068
684
21,
043
1,26
31,
584
6,55
3M
oto
rcyc
le h
elm
ets
823
871
788
602
506
490
486
500
551
631
17,7
87A
ge
21 m
inim
um
leg
al d
rin
kin
g a
ge
412
595
701
1,03
385
184
684
686
190
192
220
,043
Ch
ild r
estr
ain
ts36
4915
322
227
936
531
229
930
7R
316
R4,
816
Saf
ety
seat
s33
3913
519
323
231
326
624
427
728
24,
118
Adu
lt sa
fety
bel
tsb
310
1829
4752
4655
3033
697
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed.
aR
epre
sent
s al
l adu
lts
and
child
ren
age
5 an
d ol
der.
Dat
a ar
e fo
r pa
ssen
ger
vehi
cles
, whi
ch in
clud
e ca
rs, l
ight
tru
cks,
van
s, p
icku
ps, a
nd u
tilit
y ve
hicl
es.
Exc
lude
s m
ediu
m a
nd h
eavy
tru
cks.
bR
epre
sent
s ch
ildre
n ag
e 4
and
youn
ger
rest
rain
ed o
nly
by a
dult
saf
ety
belt
s.
NO
TE
Tota
l ref
lect
s liv
es s
aved
for
all
year
s fr
om 1
975
to 2
000.
SOU
RC
ES
Mot
orcy
cle
helm
ets:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, N
atio
nal H
ighw
ay T
raff
ic S
afet
y A
dmin
istr
atio
n, T
raff
ic S
afet
y Fa
ct S
heet
200
0: M
otor
cycl
es (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 200
2) D
OT
H
S 80
9 32
6, a
nd p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n, A
pr. 5
, 200
0.
Min
imum
dri
nkin
g ag
e:Ib
id.,
Tra
ffic
Saf
ety
Fact
She
et 2
000:
Alc
ohol
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 2
002)
DO
T H
S 80
9 32
3, a
nd p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n, A
pr. 5
, 200
0.
All
othe
r re
stra
int
use:
Ibid
., T
raff
ic S
afet
y Fa
ct S
heet
200
0: O
ccup
ant
Pro
tect
ion
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 200
2) D
OT
HS
809
327,
and
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
Apr
. 5, 2
000.
chapter two
Section DTransit
Transit � 165
TABL
E 2-
31: T
rans
it Sa
fety
and
Pro
perty
Dam
age
Data
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Fata
litie
sa33
930
027
328
132
027
426
427
528
629
929
5
Inju
ries
a54
,556
52,1
2555
,089
52,6
6858
,193
57,1
9655
,288
56,1
3255
,990
55,3
2556
,697
Acc
iden
tsb
58,0
0246
,467
36,3
8030
,559
29,9
7225
,683
25,1
6624
,924
23,9
3723
,310
24,2
61
Inci
den
tsa,
b (
incl
ud
es a
ccid
ents
)90
,163
83,1
3973
,831
64,9
8670
,693
62,4
7159
,392
61,5
6160
,094
58,7
0359
,898
Veh
icle
-mile
s (m
illio
ns)
2,49
02,
478
2,51
02,
535
2,58
12,
620
2,60
52,
702
2,83
32,
927
3,00
2
Rat
es p
er 1
00 m
illio
n v
ehic
le-m
ilesc
Fata
litie
s (a
ll re
port
able
inci
dent
s)13
.612
.110
.911
.112
.410
.510
.110
.210
.110
.29.
8In
jurie
s (a
ll re
port
able
inci
dent
s)2,
191
2,10
32,
195
2,07
72,
254
2,18
32,
122
2,07
81,
976
1,89
01,
889
Acc
iden
ts2,
329
1,87
51,
450
1,20
51,
161
980
966
922
845
796
808
Pro
per
ty d
amag
ed (
curr
ent
$ m
illio
ns)
38.0
37.5
37.5
44.9
38.4
46.3
57.6
55.5
61.5
55.3
58.9
aTo
tals
do
not
incl
ude
data
for
cab
le c
ar, i
nclin
ed p
lane
, jit
ney,
and
fer
ry b
oat.
The
se d
ata
appe
ar in
the
foo
tnot
es f
or t
able
2-3
3.b
Acc
iden
ts in
clud
e co
llisi
ons
wit
h ot
her
vehi
cles
, obj
ects
, and
peo
ple
(exc
ept
suic
ides
), a
nd d
erai
lmen
ts/b
uses
goi
ng o
ff t
he r
oad.
Inc
iden
ts in
clud
e ac
cide
nts
plus
per
sona
l cas
ualt
ies
(ins
ide
vehi
cles
, ins
ide
stat
ions
, and
boa
rdin
g an
d al
ight
ing
vehi
cle)
and
fir
es.
cFa
talit
y an
d in
jury
rat
es a
re b
ased
on
tota
l inc
iden
ts in
clud
ing
acci
dent
s an
d w
ere
calc
ulat
ed b
y di
vidi
ng t
he n
umbe
r of
fat
alit
ies,
inju
ries
, and
inci
-de
nts
in t
his
tabl
e by
the
num
ber
of v
ehic
le m
iles.
dTo
tal d
oes
not
incl
ude
prop
erty
dam
age
for
cabl
e ca
r, in
clin
ed p
lane
, jit
ney,
and
fer
ry b
oat,
whi
ch w
ere:
199
0–$3
35,0
00; 1
991–
$410
,000
; 199
2–$2
88,0
00; 1
993–
$221
,000
; 199
4–$3
22,0
00; 1
995–
$3,2
63,0
00; 1
996–
$157
,000
; 199
7–$6
7,00
0; 1
998–
$24,
000;
199
9–$1
04,0
00; 2
000–
$77,
000.
NO
TE
SD
ata
are
prov
ided
onl
y fo
r tr
ansi
t sy
stem
s th
at f
urni
shed
saf
ety
data
for
incl
usio
n in
the
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al T
rans
it A
dmin
istr
a-ti
on, T
rans
it S
afet
y an
d Se
curi
ty S
tati
stic
s an
d A
naly
sis,
ann
ual r
epor
ts.
Tra
nsit
veh
icle
-mile
s in
thi
s ta
ble
diff
er f
rom
tho
se r
epor
ted
in C
hapt
er 1
. The
Am
eric
an P
ublic
Tra
nsit
Ass
ocia
tion
, whi
ch is
the
sou
rce
for
the
vehi
cle-
mile
s ta
ble
in C
hapt
er 1
, inc
lude
s al
l tra
nsit
sys
tem
s, w
hile
Saf
ety
Man
agem
ent
Info
rmat
ion
Stat
isti
cs (
SAM
IS)
cove
rs o
nly
dire
ctly
ope
rate
d ur
ban
tran
sit
syst
ems.
Pr
ior
to t
he 2
000
edit
ion,
Tra
nsit
Saf
ety
and
Secu
rity
Sta
tist
ics
and
Ana
lysi
s R
epor
t w
as e
ntit
led
Safe
ty M
anag
emen
t In
form
atio
n St
atis
tics
(SA
MIS
) an
nual
rep
ort.
SOU
RC
EU
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Tra
nsit
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
200
0 T
rans
it S
afet
y an
d Se
curi
ty S
tati
stic
s an
d A
naly
sis
Rep
ort
(Cam
brid
ge, M
A:
2002
).
166 � Chapter 2: Transportation Safety
TABLE 2-32: Transit Safety Data by Modea for All Reported Accidentsb
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000Fatalities
Motor busc 92 80 91 79 90 69 82 100 90 91 82
Light rail 5 11 6 14 10 10 5 3 14 13 22Heavy rail 51 59 33 37 41 43 32 28 18 21 19
Commuter rail 63 63 43 59 82 56 30 52 67 64 56Demand responsive 0 2 0 2 2 1 3 2 2 1 4Van pool 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Automated guideway 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0Total 212 215 173 191 225 179 152 185 192 190 183
Injured persons
Motor busc 18,876 19,016 20,556 20,862 19,663 20,879 21,222 20,145 R20,136 20,291 20,329
Light rail 465 474 468 361 327 355 680 320 332 427 415Heavy rail 296 308 273 365 309 348 431 336 261 286 425
Commuter rail 84 560 110 210 216 159 213 99 66 54 53Demand responsive 286 200 233 224 399 395 379 499 492 632 869Van pool 16 36 13 58 24 23 25 52 53 37 49
Automated guideway 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0Total 20,023 20,594 21,653 22,081 20,939 22,159 22,950 21,452 R21,341 21,727 22,140
Accidents
Motor busc 55,289 44,467 34,282 28,596 27,754 23,819 23,425 R22,991 22,277 21,137 22,127
Light rail 699 671 600 449 512 309 341 363 328 300 357
Heavy rail 144 188 613 662 744 637 346 R278 293 396 364
Commuter rail 175 248 181 208 266 216 201 R162 193 215 268
Demand responsive 1,613 814 668 524 659 647 774 886 664 862 997
Van pool 81 79 35 119 36 54 78 160 179 130 157Automated guideway 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 R2 3 0 1
Total 58,002 46,468 36,380 30,559 29,972 25,683 25,166 R24,842 23,937 23,040 24,271
Vehicle-miles (millions)
Motor busc 1,668 1,661 1,688 1,690 1,702 1,702 1,687 1,719 1,779 1,835 1,868
Light rail 24 27 28 27 34 34 37 41 43 48 52
Heavy rail 529 522 520 518 522 537 543 558 566 578 595Commuter rail 187 188 188 206 210 217 203 216 242 249 253Demand responsive 74 71 72 77 94 109 108 134 157 167 179
Van pool 8 8 13 16 18 19 25 33 44 49 52Automated guideway 0.6 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.6
Total 2,490 2,478 2,510 2,535 2,581 2,620 2,605 2,702 2,833 2,927 3,002
Rates per 100 million vehicle-milesd
Fatalities
Motor busc 5.5 4.8 5.4 4.7 5.3 4.1 4.9 5.8 5.1 5.0 4.4
Light rail 20.8 40.3 21.2 51.1 29.6 29.0 13.3 7.4 32.3 27.1 42.3Heavy rail 9.6 11.3 6.3 7.1 7.9 8.0 5.9 5.0 3.2 3.6 3.2
Commuter rail 33.6 33.4 22.9 28.6 39.0 25.8 14.8 24.1 27.6 25.7 22.1
Transit � 167
Rates per 100 million vehicle-milesd
FatalitiesDemand responsive 0 2.8 0 2.6 2.1 0.9 2.8 1.5 1.3 0.6 2.2Van pool 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Automated guideway 162.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 69.0 0 0All modes 8.5 8.7 6.9 7.5 8.7 6.8 5.8 6.8 6.8 6.5 6.1
Injured persons
Motor busc 1,132 1,145 1,218 1,234 1,155 1,227 1,258 1,172 1,132 1,106 1,088
Light rail 1,933 1,735 1,654 1,318 968 1,030 1,815 785 767 889 798Heavy rail 56 59 52 71 59 65 79 60 46 50 71
Commuter rail 45 297 59 102 103 73 105 46 27 22 21Demand responsive 386 282 324 292 425 361 349 372 313 379 485Van pool 208 430 103 363 132 123 101 158 121 75 94
Automated guideway 0 0 0 104 85 0 0 70 69 0 0All modes 804 831 863 871 811 846 881 794 753 742 738
Accidents
Motor busc 3,315 2,678 2,031 1,692 1,631 1,400 1,389 1,338 1,252 1,152 1,184
Light rail 2,906 2,456 2,121 1,639 1,516 897 910 891 758 624 687Heavy rail 27 36 118 128 142 119 64 R50 52 69 61
Commuter rail 93 132 96 101 127 100 99 R75 80 86 106
Demand response 2,177 1,147 928 682 702 591 714 661 423 516 557Van pool 1,052 944 278 744 198 289 314 485 408 263 301
Automated guideway 162 204 102 104 85 87 69 R139 207 0 62
All modes 2,329 1,875 1,450 1,205 1,161 980 966 R919 845 787 809
KEY: R = revised.
a Accident statistics for cable car, inclined plane, jitney, and ferry boat are not available. The number of inci-dents, fatalities, and injuries for these modes appear in the footnotes for table 2-33.
b Accidents include collisions with vehicles, objects, people (except suicides), and derailments/vehicles going off road.
c Motor bus also includes trolley bus.d Rates are based on total incidents including accidents and were calculated by dividing the number of fatali-
ties, injuries, and incidents in this table by the number of vehicle-miles.
NOTESData are provided only for transit systems that furnished safety data for inclusion in the U.S. Department of
Transportation, Federal Transit Administration Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis annual reports. Data covers only direct-operated urban transit systems. Vehicle-miles for all transit systems includ-ing nonurban and purchased can be found in the vehicle-miles table in chapter 1.
Prior to the 2000 edition, Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Report was entitled Safety Manage-ment Information Statistics (SAMIS) annual report.
SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, 2000 Transit Safety and Security Statistics
and Analysis Report (Cambridge, MA: 2002).
TABLE 2-32: Transit Safety Data by Modea for All Reported Accidentsb (Continued)
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
168 � Chapter 2: Transportation Safety
TABLE 2-33: Transit Safety Data by Modea for All Reported Incidentsb
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000Fatalities
Motor busc 110 88 99 83 108 82 101 109 109 102 90
Light rail 7 13 9 15 13 15 6 3 23 17 30Heavy rail 117 103 91 83 85 79 74 77 54 84 80
Commuter rail 104 93 74 98 112 92 72 79 94 95 87Demand responsive 0 3 0 2 2 6 11 7 4 1 8Van pool 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Automated guideway 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0Total 339 300 273 281 320 274 264 275 286 299 295
Injured persons
Motor busc 40,006 38,619 40,090 38,873 42,195 41,297 39,709 39,181 41,035 41,221 40,925
Light rail 1,244 1,251 1,268 982 1,181 1,319 1,604 1,087 1,076 1,271 1,338Heavy rail 10,036 9,285 10,446 10,532 11,673 11,238 11,093 12,285 11,059 9,665 10,848
Commuter rail 2,438 2,308 2,546 1,560 2,374 2,374 1,953 2,388 1,677 1,761 1,783Demand responsive 807 622 713 652 731 935 882 1,121 1,064 1,345 1,736Van pool 21 40 19 59 29 25 27 54 67 41 52
Automated guideway 4 0 7 10 10 8 20 16 12 21 15Total 54,556 52,125 55,089 52,668 58,193 57,196 55,288 56,132 55,990 55,325 56,697
All incidents
Motor busc 70,437 63,453 52,482 45,580 49,185 42,780 40,456 40,524 41,616 41,094 41,677
Light rail 1,465 1,543 1,492 1,136 1,413 1,276 1,350 1,173 1,121 1,182 1,319Heavy rail 12,178 14,102 15,512 15,082 15,869 14,327 13,748 15,151 13,516 12,196 12,782
Commuter rail 3,031 2,716 3,160 2,111 3,115 2,847 2,449 3,078 2,410 2,499 2,072Demand responsive 2,965 1,241 1,137 946 1,062 1,173 1,284 1,454 1,221 1,577 1,871Van pool 84 83 40 121 39 58 80 162 194 135 160
Automated guideway 3 1 8 10 10 10 25 19 16 20 17Total 90,163 83,139 73,831 64,986 70,693 62,471 59,392 61,561 60,094 58,703 59,898
Unlinked passenger trips (millions)d
Motor busc 4,912 4,780 4,728 4,585 4,567 4,539 4,464 4,554 4,712 4,926 4,959
Light rail 174 184 187 187 274 249 259 259 273 289 316
Heavy rail 2,252 2,123 2,119 1,960 2,149 2,034 2,157 2,429 2,393 2,521 2,632Commuter rail 286 274 262 303 318 322 302 311 360 374 388Demand responsive 14 13 13 15 17 18 17 48 22 23 24
Van pool 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 8 9 10 10Automated guideway 6 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 5 6
Total 7,646 7,380 7,318 7,059 7,335 7,172 7,211 7,615 7,774 8,149 8,337
Rates per 100 million unlinked passenger trips (millions)e
Fatalities
Motor busc 2.2 1.8 2.1 1.8 2.4 1.8 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.8
Light rail 4.0 7.1 4.8 8.0 4.7 6.0 2.3 1.2 8.4 5.9 9.5Heavy rail 5.2 4.9 4.3 4.2 4.0 3.9 3.4 3.2 2.3 3.3 3.0
Commuter rail 36.4 33.9 28.3 32.4 35.2 28.6 23.8 25.4 26.1 25.4 22.4Demand responsive 0 22.6 0 13.5 12.0 33.9 65.5 14.6 18.1 4.3 32.8
Transit � 169
Rates per 100 million unlinked passenger trips (millions)e
FatalitiesVan pool 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Automated guideway 17.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32.5 0 0
All modes 4.4 4.1 3.7 4.0 4.4 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.5
Injured persons
Motor busc 815 808 848 848 924 910 890 860 871 837 825
Light rail 715 682 677 524 432 529 620 419 394 440 423Heavy rail 446 437 493 537 543 553 514 506 462 383 412Commuter rail 853 843 972 516 747 738 646 769 466 471 459
Demand responsive 5,835 4,678 5,393 4,401 4,390 5,286 5,251 2,336 4,821 5,846 7,113Van pool 1,037 1,721 584 1,398 638 537 R461 701 773 411 524
Automated guideway 68 0 127 194 160 123 317 272 195 389 239All modes 714 706 753 746 793 798 767 737 720 679 680
All incidents
Motor busc 1,434 1,327 1,110 994 1,077 943 906 890 883 834 840
Light rail 842 841 796 606 516 512 522 452 411 410 417Heavy rail 541 664 732 769 738 705 637 624 565 484 486
Commuter rail 1,060 991 1,207 698 980 885 810 991 670 668 533Demand responsive 21,440 9,333 8,600 6,385 6,378 6,632 7,644 3,030 5,532 6,854 7,666Van pool 4,147 3,570 1,229 2,867 858 1,245 R1,366 2,104 2,238 1,353 1,611
Automated guideway 51 28 145 194 160 154 396 323 260 371 271
All modes 1,179 1,126 1,009 921 964 871 824 808 773 720 718
KEY: R = revised.
a The figures for cable car, inclined plane, jitney, and ferry boat are lumped together and appear in this foot-note as follows:
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000Fatalities: 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0Injuries: 378 327 399 383 616 598 354 357 379 1,091 762Incidents: 186 411 400 411 650 536 301 353 253 1,078 745
b Incidents include accidents (collisions with vehicles, objects, people (except suicides), derailments/vehicles going off road), plus personal casualties, fires, and property damage associated with transit agency revenue vehicles and all transit facilities.
c Motor bus also includes trolley bus.d The number of unlinked passenger trips is equivalent to the number of passengers who board public transit
vehicles. Passengers are counted each time they board a vehicle regardless of how many vehicles are neces-sary for a passenger to get to their destination.
e Rates are based on total incidents including accidents and were calculated by dividing the number of fatali-ties, injuries, and incidents in this table by the number of unlinked passenger trips.
NOTESData are provided only for transit systems that furnished safety data for inclusion in the U.S. Department of
Transportation, Federal Transit Administration Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis annual reports. Data covers only direct-operated urban transit systems. Vehicle-miles for all transit systems includ-ing nonurban and purchased can be found in the vehicle-miles table in chapter 1.
Prior to the 2000 edition, Transit Safety and Security Statistics and Analysis Report was entitled Safety Manage-ment Information Statistics (SAMIS) annual report.
SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, 2000 Transit Safety and Security Statistics
and Analysis Report (Cambridge, MA: 2002).
TABLE 2-33: Transit Safety Data by Modea for All Reported Incidentsb (Continued)
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
170 � Chapter 2: Transportation Safety
TABLE 2-34: Reports of Violent Crime, Property Crime, and Arrests by Transit Mode
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000Reported offenses, violent crime
Homicidea 19 20 19 51 21 12
Motor bus 8 9 6 40 7 7
Commuter rail 1 1 4 1 3 1Demand responsive 0 0 0 0 0 0Heavy rail 8 9 8 6 11 4
Light rail 2 1 1 4 0 0
Otherb 0 0 0 0 0 0
Forcible rapec 29 38 31 47 27 37
Motor bus 11 13 10 16 14 10Commuter rail 5 4 7 1 3 3Demand responsive 0 0 2 4 1 0
Heavy rail 13 19 8 24 8 20Light rail 0 2 4 2 0 4
Otherb 0 0 0 0 1 0
Robberyd 2,811 4,563 4,760 3,684 3,789 3,480
Motor bus 909 871 870 605 764 916Commuter rail 181 242 187 133 183 144
Demand responsive 1 3 0 1 3 4Heavy rail 1,490 3,164 3,394 2,686 2,588 2,174Light rail 181 238 222 220 200 213
Otherb 49 45 87 39 51 29
Aggravated assaulte 2,701 3,084 3,105 2,314 2,448 2,217
Motor bus 1,941 1,677 1,294 1,186 1,268 1,070
Commuter rail 133 69 92 80 97 58Demand responsive 6 13 13 13 14 16
Heavy rail 437 1,074 1,051 837 903 839Light rail 157 199 143 170 135 208
Otherb 27 52 512 28 31 26
Reported offenses, property crime
Theftf 10,596 13,238 14,486 11,830 12,896 13,393
Motor bus 2,738 3,408 2,920 2,327 2,487 2,548Commuter rail 2,238 2,262 2,345 2,021 1,872 2,139Demand responsive 2 8 40 15 4 19
Heavy rail 4,625 6,794 8,321 6,807 7,789 7,856Light rail 451 609 479 496 530 724
Otherb 542 157 381 164 214 107
Vehicle theftg 2,182 2,261 2,276 2,225 1,876 2,112
Motor bus 263 306 198 208 198 169Commuter rail 253 125 262 470 272 367
Demand responsive 0 1 3 9 28 6Heavy rail 1,536 1,694 1,630 1,234 1,203 1,285Light rail 128 135 179 273 156 279
Otherb 2 0 4 31 19 6
Transit � 171
Burglaryh 1,759 1,650 1,757 491 415 563
Motor bus 156 104 94 75 86 142Commuter rail 178 177 260 217 170 191
Demand responsive 2 0 4 3 1 6Heavy rail 1,367 1,278 1,343 110 91 82Light rail 43 78 48 70 42 131
Otherb 13 13 8 16 25 11
Arsoni 63 96 75 60 53 50
Motor bus 29 67 33 21 15 24
Commuter rail 14 1 21 10 12 6Demand responsive 0 0 0 0 0 0Heavy rail 14 22 16 27 20 16
Light rail 6 6 5 2 6 4
Otherb 0 0 0 0 0 0
Reported offenses, arrests
Other assaultsj 2,991 3,088 2,697 2,787 2,641 2,799
Motor bus 1,896 1,571 1,439 1,400 1,217 1,159
Commuter rail 144 106 140 122 164 142Demand responsive 4 0 16 3 4 3Heavy rail 645 932 881 898 888 1,085
Light rail 181 330 195 282 269 354
Otherb 121 149 26 82 99 56
Vandalismk 17,228 8,627 9,539 6,571 6,895 7,312
Motor bus 13,343 6,167 5,262 3,656 4,178 4,579Commuter rail 1,071 309 659 778 507 264
Demand responsive 12 17 8 10 16 7Heavy rail 1,157 1,339 1,128 1,067 1,222 1,200Light rail 1,505 609 2,084 947 892 1,215
Otherb 140 186 398 113 80 47
Sex offensesl 664 803 1,047 962 1,009 844
Motor bus 242 260 363 258 321 220
Commuter rail 100 41 82 91 85 84Demand responsive 5 0 6 2 5 1Heavy rail 249 430 517 541 515 477
Light rail 59 71 79 68 80 58
Otherb 9 1 0 2 3 4
Drug abuse violationsm 2,578 3,944 4,355 3,792 4,131 4,083
Motor bus 1,037 2,122 1,970 1,414 1,705 1,443Commuter rail 303 393 477 495 303 196Demand responsive 1 0 15 21 8 1
Heavy rail 1,078 1,130 1,530 1,550 1,606 1,915Light rail 151 298 336 271 501 520
Otherb 8 1 27 41 8 8
Continued next page
TABLE 2-34: Reports of Violent Crime, Property Crime, and Arrests by Transit Mode (Continued)
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
172 � Chapter 2: Transportation Safety
Driving under the influencen 466 129 205 176 204 194
Motor bus 91 82 101 101 132 67Commuter rail 26 21 22 21 12 44
Demand responsive 0 0 1 4 0 0Heavy rail 52 8 22 21 42 39Light rail 292 16 31 21 15 33
Otherb 5 2 28 8 3 11
Drunkennesso 10,479 6,921 8,632 12,643 11,487 6,087
Motor bus 6,457 3,936 5,346 3,046 3,609 3,337
Commuter rail 71 23 226 156 112 170Demand responsive 2 2 46 34 2 1Heavy rail 1,511 1,617 1,601 7,340 5,831 1,240
Light rail 2,255 1,305 1,258 1,844 1,913 1,316
Otherb 183 38 155 223 20 23
Disorderly conductp 22,206 26,178 25,325 15,897 15,971 27,314
Motor bus 4,681 5,025 6,978 4,521 5,471 3,745Commuter rail 810 1,085 1,399 1,525 797 706Demand responsive 5 8 47 5 5 6
Heavy rail 15,258 19,183 15,309 8,227 7,856 21,087Light rail 1,164 800 1,177 1,408 1,767 1,737
Otherb 288 77 415 211 75 33
Trespassingq 3,362 3,497 7,444 6,049 3,670 4,303
Motor bus 928 604 1,225 1,283 1,065 1,329Commuter rail 845 674 4,150 2,850 1,080 709
Demand responsive 0 0 2 2 0 0Heavy rail 1,155 1,208 1,398 1,254 1,044 1,267
Light rail 400 653 463 443 436 985
Otherb 34 358 206 217 45 13
Fare evasionr 33,903 47,873 53,406 58,856 55,194 53,863
Motor bus 3,172 2,372 1,819 1,694 2,388 591Commuter rail 140 334 310 204 167 179Demand responsive 1 1 2 5 1 3
Heavy rail 8,247 39,957 46,106 40,350 35,033 28,933Light rail 22,212 1,185 912 12,798 17,320 24,124
Otherb 131 4,024 4,257 3,805 285 33
TABLE 2-34: Reports of Violent Crime, Property Crime, and Arrests by Transit Mode (Continued)
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Transit � 173
Curfew and loitering lawss 1,878 872 1,960 1,161 3,022 3,630
Motor bus 1,201 241 1,112 291 495 469Commuter rail 19 27 223 72 172 329
Demand responsive 0 1 5 0 0 0Heavy rail 462 493 530 680 1,789 2,324Light rail 161 95 80 106 509 498
Otherb 35 15 10 12 57 10
a The killing of one or more human beings by another. This includes murder, non-negligent manslaughter, and manslaughter by negligence.
b Other transit mode includes automated guideway, cable car, ferryboat, trolleybus, vanpool, monorail, and inclined plane.
c The carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will. This includes assault to rape or attempt to rape.d The taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons
by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear. The use or threat of force includes firearms, knives or cutting instruments, other dangerous weapons (clubs, acid, explosives), and strong-arm techniques (hands, fists, feet).
e An unlawful attack by one person upon another for the purpose of inflicting severe or aggravated bodily injury. This type of assault usually is accompanied by the use of a weapon or by means likely to produce death or great bodily harm.
f The unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession or constructive pos-session of another. This includes pocket-picking, purse-snatching, shoplifting, thefts from motor vehicles, thefts of motor vehicle parts and accessories, theft of bicycles, theft from buildings, theft from coin-operated devices or machines, and all other theft not specifically classified.
g The theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle. A motor vehicle is a self-propelled vehicle that runs on the surface of land and not on rails. Examples of motor vehicles are automobiles, trucks, buses, motor cycles, and motor scooters.
h The unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or a theft. This includes offenses known locally as bur-glary (any degree), unlawful entry with intent to commit a larceny or felony, breaking and entering with intent to commit a larceny, housebreaking, safe-cracking, and all attempts at these offenses.
i To unlawfully and intentionally damage, or attempt to damage, any real or personal property by fire or incendiary device.
j An unlawful attack or attempt by one person upon another where no weapon was used or which did not result in serious or aggravated injury to the victim. This includes simple assault, minor assault, assault and battery, injury by culpable negligence, intimidation, coercion, hazing, and all attempts to commit these offenses.
k The willful or malicious destruction, injury, disfigurement, or defacement of any public or private property, real or personal, without consent of the owner or person having custody or control by cutting, tearing, break-ing, marking, painting, drawing, covering with filth, or any other such means as may be specified by local law.
l Any sexual acts except forcible rape, prostitution, and commercialized vice. This includes offenses against chastity, common decency, morals, and the like, such as: adultery and fornication, buggery, incest, indecent exposure, indecent liberties, seduction, sodomy or crime against nature, statutory rape (no force), and all attempts to commit any of the above.
m Arrests requested based on the narcotics used. This includes all arrests for violations of state and local laws, specifically those relating to the unlawful possession, sale, use, growing, manufacturing, and making of nar-cotic drugs.
n The driving or operating of any vehicle or common carrier while drunk or under the influence of liquor or narcotics.
o Arrests for all offenses of drunkenness, which is the consumption of alcoholic beverages to the extent that one’s mental faculties and physical coordination are substantially impaired. This includes drunkenness, drunk and disorderly, common or habitual drunkard, and intoxication.
p All charges of committing a breach of the peace. This includes, affray; unlawful assembly; disturbing the peace; disturbing meetings; disorderly conduct in state institutions, at court, at fairs, on trains or public con-veyances, etc.; blasphemy, profanity, and obscene language; desecrating the flag; refusing to assist an officer; and all attempts to commit any of the above.
q To unlawfully enter land, a dwelling, or other real property.r The unlawful use of transit facilities by riding without paying the applicable fare.s All arrests for violations of local curfew or loitering ordinances where such laws exist.
Continued next page
TABLE 2-34: Reports of Violent Crime, Property Crime, and Arrests by Transit Mode (Continued)
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
174 � Chapter 2: Transportation Safety
TABLE 2-34: Reports of Violent Crime, Property Crime, and Arrests by Transit Mode (Continued)
NOTESData are from transit agencies in urbanized areas over 200,000 population and include patrons, employees,
and others. The figures for violent and property crime follow the FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook, (Washington,
DC: 1984) and are based on records of calls for service, complaints, and/or investigations. These figures are for reported offenses and do not reflect the findings of a court, coroner, jury, or decision of a prosecu-tor..
Security data was first reported to the Federal Transit Administration in 1995 and were not compiled for ear-lier years.
SOURCE1995: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, National Transit Database, Data
Tables, Internet site http://www.fta.dot.gov/fta/library/reference/sec15/1995/htm/ as of May 2, 2000, tables 23-25.
1996-97: Ibid., Internet site http://www.ntdprogram.com/NTD/NTDData.nsf/Data+Tables/OpenView as of May 2, 2000, tables 23-25.
1998: Ibid., tables 24-26.1999: Ibid., tables 25-27.2000: Ibid., Internet site http://www.ntdprogram.com as of July 24, 2002, tables 25-27.
chapter two
Section ERailroad
Railroad � 177
TABLE 2-35: Railroad and Grade-Crossing Fatalities by Victim Class
1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001Passengers on trains 4 3 3 0 12 6 4 14 4 3Railroad only 4 3 3 0 12 6 2 3 4 3Grade crossing only 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 11 0 0
Employees on duty 97 46 40 34 33 37 27 31 24 22Railroad only 97 44 35 32 32 37 23 29 22 21Grade crossing only 0 2 5 2 1 0 4 2 2 1
Employees not on duty 4 2 0 2 0 0 2 0 1 0Railroad only 3 2 0 2 0 0 2 0 1 0
Grade crossing only 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Contractor employees b7 b4 b3 7 9 11 5 12 3 4
Railroad only b7 b4 b3 7 9 11 5 11 3 4
Grade crossing only b0 b0 b0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Nontrespassersa R,b739 R,b507 R,b551 443 365 363 326 305 335 269
Railroad only R,b16 R,b10 R,b15 32 27 15 9 8 19 11
Grade crossing only R,b723 b497 b536 411 338 348 317 297 316 258
Trespassers 566 474 700 660 620 646 644 570 570 669Railroad only R457 391 543 494 471 533 536 479 463 509
Grade crossing only R109 83 157 166 149 113 108 91 107 160
Volunteer employees N N N N N 0 0 0 0 0Railroad only N N N N N 0 0 0 0 0
Grade crossing only N N N N N 0 0 0 0 0
Railroad only R584 454 599 567 551 602 577 530 512 548
Grade crossing only R833 582 698 579 488 461 431 402 425 419
Motor vehicles R748 521 614 508 415 419 369 345 361 343
Nonmotor vehicles R85 61 84 71 73 42 62 57 64 76
Total 1,417 1,036 1,297 1,146 1,039 1,063 1,008 932 937 967
KEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised.
a Beginning in 1997, nontrespassers off railroad property are also included.b The NTS 2001 report grouped contractor employees and nontrespassers together for 1980-1992. A break-
down of this data is now available and was used to separate the two categories.
NOTES“Railroad only” includes fatalities from train accidents, train incidents, and nontrain incidents (excludes
highway-rail grade crossings). This table includes information for both freight and passenger railroad operations.
SOURCES1980-90: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Highway-Rail Crossing Acci-
dent/Incident and Inventory Bulletin (Washington, DC: Annual issues), and the Accident/Incident Bulletin (Washington DC: Annual issues).
1995-2001: Ibid. Internet site http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/Query/Default.asp as of July 25, 2002.
178 � Chapter 2: Transportation Safety
TABLE 2-36: Railroad and Grade-Crossing Injured Persons by Victim Class
1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001Passengers on trains 593 657 473 573 513 601 535 481 658 715Railroad only 569 646 462 543 489 558 516 438 648 689Grade crossing only 24 11 11 30 24 43 19 43 10 19
Employees on duty 56,331 29,822 20,970 10,777 9,199 8,295 8,398 8,622 8,423 7,769Railroad only R56,186 29,667 20,801 10,654 9,120 8,184 8,276 8,482 8,323 7,674
Grade crossing only R145 155 169 123 79 111 122 140 100 95
Employees not on duty 671 419 326 252 228 263 219 216 286 206Railroad only R669 418 324 248 226 260 216 215 283 205
Grade crossing only R2 1 2 4 2 3 3 1 3 1
Contractor employees b74 b110 b242 269 208 334 380 384 368 383
Railroad only b74 b109 b240 268 208 333 379 384 367 380
Grade crossing only b0 b1 b2 1 0 1 1 0 1 3
Nontrespassersa R,b3,849 R,b2,562 R,b2,339 1,869 1,660 1,540 1,236 1,342 1,294 1,189
Railroad only R,b384 R,b285 R,b349 372 431 370 243 335 381 374
Grade crossing only R,b3,465 R,b2,277 R,b1,990 1,497 1,229 1,170 993 1,007 913 815
Trespassers 728 734 793 700 750 728 677 650 606 627Railroad only R474 492 560 461 474 516 513 445 414 405
Grade crossing only R254 242 233 239 276 212 164 205 192 222
Volunteer employees N N N N N 6 14 5 8 4Railroad only N N N N N 6 13 5 8 4Grade crossing only N N N N N 0 1 0 0 0
Railroad only R58,356 31,617 22,736 12,546 10,948 10,227 10,156 10,304 10,424 9,731
Grade crossing only R3,890 2,687 2,407 1,894 1,610 1,540 1,303 1,396 1,219 1,155
Motor vehicles R3,739 2,561 2,332 1,825 1,545 1,494 1,257 1,338 1,169 1,108
Nonmotor vehicles R151 126 75 69 65 46 46 58 50 47
Total 62,246 34,304 25,143 14,440 12,558 11,767 11,459 11,700 11,643 10,886
KEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised.
a Beginning in 1997, nontrespassers off railroad property are also included.b The NTS 2001 report grouped contractor employees and nontrespassers together for 1980-1992. A break-
down of this data is now available and was used to separate the two categories.
NOTES“Railroad only” includes fatalities from train accidents, train incidents, and nontrain incidents (excludes
highway-rail grade crossings). This table includes information for both freight and passenger railroad operations.
SOURCES1980-90: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Highway-Rail Crossing Acci-
dent/Incident and Inventory Bulletin (Washington, DC: Annual issues), and Accident/Incident Bulletin (Washington, DC: Annual Issues).
1995-2001: Ibid., Internet site http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/Query/Default.asp as of July 25, 2002.
Railroad � 179
TABLE 2-37: Train Fatalities, Injuries, and Accidents by Type of Accidenta
1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001FatalitiesDerailments 8 2 2 2 6 2 1 1 2 1
Collisions 20 6 8 7 16 10 1 7 1 4Other 1 0 0 5 3 6 2 1 7 1
Total 29 8 10 14 25 18 4 9 10 6
InjuriesDerailments 286 197 272 90 98 111 61 41 121 110
Collisions 341 223 139 151 146 55 32 62 89 141Other 38 56 40 53 37 19 36 26 65 52
Total 665 476 451 294 281 185 129 129 275 303
AccidentsDerailments 6,442 2,495 2,146 1,742 1,816 1,741 1,757 1,961 2,112 2,200
Collisions 1,201 366 315 235 205 202 168 205 238 219Other 562 414 418 482 422 454 650 602 633 546
Total 8,205 3,275 2,879 2,459 2,443 2,397 2,575 2,768 2,983 2,965
a Excludes highway-rail grade crossing accidents.
NOTETrain accidents only. This table includes information for both freight and passenger railroad operations.
SOURCES1980-96: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Highway-Rail Crossing Acci-
dent/Incident and Inventory Bulletin (Washington, DC: Annual issues), tables 1-1, 1-3.1997-98: Ibid., Railroad Safety Statistics Annual Report 1998 (Washington, DC: September 1998), table 1-1,
1-3, 5-6.1999-2001: Ibid., http://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/officeofsafety/Query/Default.asp as of July 30, 2002.
180 � Chapter 2: Transportation SafetyTA
BLE
2-38
: Rai
lroad
Pas
seng
er S
afet
y Da
ta
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Pas
sen
ger
fat
alit
ies
38
358
50
126
414
43
Inju
red
per
son
s47
338
241
155
949
757
351
360
153
548
165
871
5Tr
ain
-mile
s, p
asse
ng
er t
rain
s (m
illio
ns)
7274
7475
7576
7778
7882
8488
Fata
litie
s pe
r 10
0 m
illio
n pa
ssen
ger
trai
n-m
iles
411
477
70
168
517
53
Inju
ries
per
100
mill
ion
pass
enge
r tr
ain-
mile
s66
052
056
075
066
075
066
377
068
358
478
181
3
NO
TE
A t
rain
-mile
is t
he m
ovem
ent
of a
tra
in (
whi
ch c
an c
onsi
st o
f m
any
cars
) th
e di
stan
ce o
f 1
mile
. A t
rain
-mile
dif
fers
fro
m a
veh
icle
-mile
, whi
ch is
the
mov
emen
t of
1 c
ar (
vehi
cle)
the
dis
tanc
e of
1 m
ile. A
10-
car
(veh
icle
) tr
ain
trav
elin
g 1
mile
wou
ld b
e m
easu
red
as 1
tra
in-m
ile a
nd 1
0 ve
hicl
e-m
iles.
Cau
tion
sho
uld
be
used
whe
n co
mpa
ring
tra
in-m
iles
to v
ehic
le m
iles.
SOU
RC
ES
Fata
litie
s an
d in
juri
es:
1991
-200
1: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al R
ailr
oad
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Off
ice
of P
olic
y an
d Pr
ogra
m D
evel
opm
ent,
Rai
lroa
d Sa
fety
Sta
tist
ics
Ann
ual
Rep
ort
2001
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
ugus
t 20
02),
tab
le 1
-2.
Tra
in-m
iles,
pas
seng
er t
rain
s:19
90-9
6: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Bur
eau
of T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
cal
cula
tion
s (s
um o
f al
l com
mut
er r
ail t
rain
-mil
es r
epor
ted
to U
SDO
T, F
ed-
eral
Tra
nsit
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
plu
s A
mtr
ak t
rain
-mile
s).
1997
-200
1: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al R
ailr
oad
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Off
ice
of P
olic
y an
d Pr
ogra
m D
evel
opm
ent,
Rai
lroa
d Sa
fety
Sta
tist
ics
Ann
ual
Rep
ort
2001
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
ugus
t 20
02),
tab
le 2
-4.
Railroad � 181
TABL
E 2-
39: R
ailro
ad S
yste
m S
afet
y an
d Pr
oper
ty D
amag
e Da
ta (E
xclu
des
high
way
-rai
l gra
de-c
ross
ing
acci
dent
s)
19
7019
7519
8019
8519
9019
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
00 2
001
Fata
litie
s78
557
558
445
459
956
755
160
257
753
051
254
8In
jure
d p
erso
ns
d17
,934
50,1
3858
,696
31,6
1722
,736
12,5
4610
,948
10,2
2710
,156
10,3
0410
,424
9,73
9
Acc
iden
tsa
8,09
58,
041
8,20
53,
275
2,87
92,
459
2,44
32,
397
2,57
52,
768
2,98
32,
987
Trai
n-m
iles
(mill
ion
s)b
,c83
975
571
857
160
967
067
167
768
371
272
371
2
Rat
e p
er 1
00 m
illio
n t
rain
-mile
sFa
talit
ies
9476
8180
9885
8289
8474
7177
Inju
ries
N6,
640
8,18
05,
540
3,74
01,
870
1,63
01,
511
1,48
71,
446
1,44
21,
368
Acc
iden
tsR
965
R1,
065
R1,
143
R57
4R
473
R36
7R
364
354
377
389
413
420
Pro
per
ty d
amag
e (c
urr
ent
$ m
illio
ns)
121.
617
7.4
267.
417
9.3
198.
718
9.2
212.
321
0.7
233.
924
5.1
263.
231
1.9
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; R =
rev
ised
.
aT
rain
acc
iden
ts o
nly;
exc
lude
s hi
ghw
ay-r
ail g
rade
-cro
ssin
g ac
cide
nts.
bT
rain
-mile
s in
thi
s ta
ble
diff
er fr
om t
rain
-mile
s in
the
vehi
cle-
mile
s ta
ble
in C
hapt
er 1
. Tra
in-m
iles
repo
rted
in C
hapt
er 1
incl
ude
only
Cla
ss I
rail
(see
glo
ssar
y fo
r de
fini
tion
), w
hile
thi
s ta
ble
incl
udes
Cla
ss I
rail,
Gro
up II
rai
l, an
d ot
her
rail.
For
exa
mpl
e, in
199
9 G
roup
II r
ail a
ccou
nted
for
75
mill
ion
trai
n-m
iles,
and
ot
her
rail
for
25 m
illio
n tr
ain-
mile
s. M
oreo
ver,
the
vehi
cle-
mile
s ta
ble
in C
hapt
er 1
incl
udes
onl
y tr
ain-
mile
s be
twee
n te
rmin
als
and/
or s
tati
ons,
thu
s ex
clud
-in
g ya
rd a
nd s
wit
chin
g m
iles.
In
1999
, Cla
ss I
yar
d/sw
itch
ing
trai
n-m
iles
tota
led
70 m
illio
n tr
ain-
mile
s. N
ote
that
com
mut
er r
ail s
afet
y da
ta a
re r
epor
ted
in
the
rail
mod
e an
d th
e tr
ansi
t m
ode.
Com
mut
er r
ail t
rain
-mile
s ar
e in
clud
ed in
Cla
ss I
rai
l and
Gro
up I
I ra
il in
thi
s ta
ble.
cA
tra
in-m
ile is
the
mov
emen
t of
a t
rain
(w
hich
can
con
sist
of
man
y ca
rs)
the
dist
ance
of
1 m
ile. A
tra
in-m
ile d
iffe
rs f
rom
a v
ehic
le-m
ile, w
hich
is t
he m
ove-
men
t of
1 c
ar (
vehi
cle)
the
dis
tanc
e of
1 m
ile. A
10-
car
(veh
icle
) tr
ain
trav
elin
g 1
mile
wou
ld b
e m
easu
red
as 1
tra
in-m
ile a
nd 1
0 ve
hicl
e-m
iles.
Cau
tion
sh
ould
be
used
whe
n co
mpa
ring
tra
in-m
iles
to v
ehic
le-m
iles
d19
70 in
juri
es n
ot c
ompa
rabl
e to
late
r ye
ars
due
to c
hang
e in
rep
orti
ng s
yste
m.
NO
TE
Thi
s ta
ble
incl
udes
info
rmat
ion
for
both
fre
ight
and
pas
seng
er r
ailr
oad
oper
atio
ns.
SOU
RC
ES
Fata
litie
s, in
juri
es, a
ccid
ents
, and
pro
pert
y da
mag
e:
1970
-90:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al R
ailr
oad
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Off
ice
of P
olic
y an
d Pr
ogra
m D
evel
opm
ent,
Acc
iden
t/In
cide
nt B
ulle
tin
(Was
h-in
gton
, DC
: ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
s 14
and
15.
1995
-200
1: I
bid.
, Rai
lroa
d Sa
fety
Sta
tist
ics
Ann
ual R
epor
t 20
00 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Jul
y 20
01),
tab
les
1-1
and
3-1.
Tra
in-m
iles:
19
70-9
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Tra
nsit
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Nat
iona
l Tra
nsit
Dat
abas
e (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: a
nnua
l iss
ues)
, for
m 4
06.
1995
-200
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Rai
lroa
d A
dmin
istr
atio
n, In
tern
et s
ite
http
://sa
fety
data
.fra
.dot
.gov
/Off
iceo
fSaf
ety/
Form
s/D
efau
lt.a
sp a
s of
Aug
. 22,
200
2.20
01: I
bid.
, Rai
lroa
d Sa
fety
Sta
tist
ics
Ann
ual R
epor
t 20
01 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Aug
ust
2002
), t
able
2-4
.
182 � Chapter 2: Transportation SafetyTA
BLE
2-40
: Fat
aliti
es a
nd In
jurie
s of
On-
Duty
Rai
lroad
Em
ploy
ees
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Em
plo
yee
fata
litie
sA
ccid
ents
/inci
den
ts, t
ota
l40
3534
4731
3433
3727
3124
22G
rade
-cro
ssin
g ac
cide
nts
and
inci
dent
s5
12
31
21
04
22
1Tr
ain
acci
dent
s an
d in
cide
nts
only
(gra
de-c
ross
ing
excl
uded
)35
3432
4430
3232
3723
2922
21
Em
plo
yees
inju
red
Acc
iden
ts/in
cid
ents
, to
tal
20,9
7019
,626
17,7
5515
,363
13,0
8010
,777
9,19
98,
295
8,39
88,
622
8,42
37,
771
Gra
de-c
ross
ing
acci
dent
s an
d in
cide
nts
169
147
157
143
126
123
7911
112
214
010
096
Trai
n ac
cide
nts
and
inci
dent
s on
ly (g
rade
-cro
ssin
g ex
clud
ed)
20,8
0119
,479
17,5
9815
,220
12,9
5410
,654
9,12
08,
184
8,27
68,
482
8,32
37,
675
Em
plo
yee
ho
urs
(m
illio
ns)
553.
653
0.7
517.
051
9.7
518.
651
0.3
504.
650
3.9
514.
951
0.0
490.
947
5.4
Fata
lity
rate
s pe
r m
illio
n em
ploy
ee h
ours
All
acci
dent
s/in
cide
nts
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.09
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.05
0.06
0.05
0.05
Gra
de-c
ross
ing
acci
dent
s an
d in
cide
nts
0.01
<0.
01<
0.01
0.01
<0.
01<
0.01
<0.0
1<
0.01
0.01
<0.0
1<
0.01
<0.
01Tr
ain
acci
dent
s an
d in
cide
nts
only
(gra
de-c
ross
ing
excl
uded
)0.
060.
060.
060.
080.
060.
060.
060.
070.
040.
060.
040.
04In
jury
rat
es p
er m
illio
n em
ploy
ee h
ours
All
acci
dent
s/in
cide
nts
37.9
37.0
34.3
29.6
25.2
21.1
18.2
16.5
16.3
16.9
17.2
16.3
Gra
de-c
ross
ing
acci
dent
s an
d in
cide
nts
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
Trai
n ac
cide
nts
and
inci
dent
s on
ly (g
rade
-cro
ssin
g ex
clud
ed)
37.6
36.7
34.0
29.3
25.0
20.9
18.1
16.2
16.1
16.6
17.0
16.1
Railroad � 183
Trai
n-m
iles
(mill
ion
s)a,
b60
957
759
461
465
567
067
167
768
371
272
371
2
Fata
lity
rate
s pe
r m
illio
n tr
ain-
mile
sA
ll ac
cide
nts/
inci
dent
s0.
070.
060.
060.
080.
050.
050.
050.
050.
040.
040.
030.
03
Gra
de-c
ross
ing
acci
dent
s an
d in
cide
nts
0.01
<0.
01<
0.01
<0.
01<
0.01
<0.
01<0
.01
<0.
010.
01<0
.01
<0.
01<
0.01
Trai
n ac
cide
nts
and
inci
dent
s on
ly (g
rade
-cro
ssin
g ex
clud
ed)
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.07
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.03
Inju
ry r
ates
per
mill
ion
trai
n-m
iles
All
acci
dent
s/in
cide
nts
34.4
34.0
29.9
25.0
20.0
16.1
13.7
12.3
12.3
12.1
11.7
10.9
Gra
de-c
ross
ing
acci
dent
s an
d in
cide
nts
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
Trai
n ac
cide
nts
and
inci
dent
s on
ly (g
rade
-cro
ssin
g ex
clud
ed)
34.2
33.8
29.6
24.8
19.8
15.9
13.6
12.1
12.1
11.9
11.5
10.8
aT
rain
-mile
s in
thi
s ta
ble
diff
er f
rom
tra
in-m
iles
in t
he v
ehic
le-m
iles
tabl
e in
Cha
pter
1. T
rain
-mile
s re
port
ed in
Cha
pter
1 in
clud
e on
ly C
lass
I r
ail (
see
glos
sary
fo
r de
fini
tion
), w
hile
thi
s ta
ble
incl
udes
Cla
ss I
rai
l, G
roup
II
rail,
and
oth
er r
ail.
In 1
999,
Gro
up I
I ra
il ac
coun
ted
for
75 m
illio
n tr
ain-
mile
s, a
nd o
ther
rai
l for
25
mill
ion
trai
n-m
iles.
Mor
eove
r, th
e ve
hicl
e-m
iles
tabl
e in
Cha
pter
1 in
clud
es o
nly
trai
n-m
iles
betw
een
term
inal
s an
d/or
sta
tion
s, t
hus
excl
udin
g ya
rd a
nd
swit
chin
g m
iles.
In
1999
, Cla
ss I
yar
d/sw
itch
ing
trai
n m
iles
tota
led
70 m
illio
n tr
ain-
mile
s. N
ote
that
com
mut
er r
ail s
afet
y da
ta a
re r
epor
ted
in t
he r
ail m
ode
and
in t
he t
rans
it m
ode.
Com
mut
er r
ail t
rain
-mile
s ar
e in
clud
ed in
Cla
ss I
rai
l and
Gro
up I
I ra
il in
thi
s ta
ble.
b
A tr
ain-
mile
is t
he m
ovem
ent o
f a
trai
n (w
hich
can
con
sist
of m
any
cars
) the
dis
tanc
e of
1 m
ile. A
trai
n-m
ile d
iffe
rs f
rom
a v
ehic
le-m
ile, w
hich
is th
e m
ovem
ent
of 1
car
(ve
hicl
e) t
he d
ista
nce
of 1
mile
. A 1
0-ca
r (v
ehic
le)
trai
n tr
avel
ing
1 m
ile w
ould
be
mea
sure
d as
1 t
rain
-mile
and
10
vehi
cle-
mile
s.C
auti
on s
houl
d be
us
ed w
hen
com
pari
ng t
rain
-mile
s to
veh
icle
mile
s.
NO
TE
Thi
s ta
ble
incl
udes
info
rmat
ion
for
both
fre
ight
and
pas
seng
er r
ailr
oad
oper
atio
ns.
SOU
RC
ES
1990
-95:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al R
ailr
oad
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Hig
hway
-Rai
l Cro
ssin
g A
ccid
ent/
Inci
dent
and
Inv
ento
ry B
ulle
tin
(Was
hing
ton,
D
C: a
nnua
l iss
ues)
.19
96-2
001:
Ibi
d., R
ailr
oad
Safe
ty S
tati
stic
s A
nnua
l Rep
ort
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
s 1-
3, 2
-4, a
nd 3
-1.
TABL
E 2-
40: F
atal
ities
and
Inju
ries
of O
n-Du
ty R
ailro
ad E
mpl
oyee
s (C
ontin
ued)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
chapter two
Section FWater
Water � 187
TABLE 2-41: Waterborne Transportation Safety and Property Damage Data Related to Vessel Casualties
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 R1995 R1996 R1997 R1998 R1999 2000
Fatalitiesa 178 243 206 131 85 51 52 50 71 57 32
Injuried persons 105 97 180 172 175 145 223 121 135 131 125
Accidentsb 2,582 3,310 4,624 3,439 3,613 4,298 4,264 4,198 4,374 4,036 3,791
Vesselsc 4,063 5,685 7,694 5,694 5,494 6,724 6,694 6,464 6,400 5,732 5,400
Property damage (current $ millions) U U U U U 157.8 190.1 156.4 223.3 155.2 146.9
KEY: R = revised; U = data are not available.
a Fatalities include the number of people who died or were declared missing subsequent to a marine accident.b Accidents in this table include the number of “marine casualty cases” reported to the U.S. Coast Guard in
accordance with 46 U.S.C. 4.05.c More than one vessel may be involved in a marine accident.
NOTES All deaths and injuries cited result from vessel casualties, such as groundings, collisions, fires, or explosions.
The data are for all commercial vessels under U.S. jurisdiction, including U.S. flag vessels anywhere in the world and foreign flag vessels within the jurisdiction of the United States (within 12 miles, or having an interaction with a U.S. entity, such as a platform within 200 miles, or a collision with a U.S. ship). Includes commercial fishing vessels.
1995-2000 data come from the Marine Safety Management Information System. Data for prior years may not be directly comparable.
SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, Data Administration Division (G-MRI-1), personal
communication, May 15, 2002.
188 � Chapter 2: Transportation Safety
TABLE 2-42: Waterborne Transportation Safety Data Not Related to Vessel Casualties
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 R1995 R1996 R1997 R1998 R1999 2000
Fatalitiesa 420 330 281 130 101 95 95 88 95 86 87
Injuries U U U U U 1,833 1,327 1,037 540 500 564
Vesselsb U 321 274 128 98 1,941 1,434 1,135 647 593 658
KEY: R = revised; U = data are not available.
a Fatalities include people who were declared missing.b Figures represent the number of vessels involved in nonvessel casualties. These vessels were not part of the
accident, but the accident may have occurred on the vessel (e.g., crewmembers swept overboard by a wave).
NOTES Figures reflect the number of deaths and injuries to people on commercial vessels not resulting from a casualty
to the vessel. These injuries and fatalities result from such incidents as slips, falls, or electrocutions. Deaths and injuries from disease, homocides, suicides, fights, and diving accidents have been excluded. The data reflect deaths and injuries to people on both U.S. and foreign flag vessels within the jurisdiction of the United States (within 12 miles of U.S. coast) and on U.S. flag vessels anywhere in the world. 1992-2000 data come from the Marine Safety Management Information System. Data for prior years may not be directly comparable.
SOURCE U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, Data Administration Division (G-MRI-1), personal
communication, Dec. 12, 2001.
Water � 189
TABL
E 2-
43: R
ecre
atio
nal B
oatin
g Sa
fety
, Alc
ohol
Invo
lvem
ent,
and
Prop
erty
Dam
age
Data
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Fata
litie
s73
91,
360
1,41
81,
466
1,36
01,
116
865
829
709
821
815
734
b70
1In
juri
es92
992
778
02,
136
2,65
02,
757
3,82
24,
141
4,44
24,
555
4,61
24,
315
4,35
5A
ccid
ents
2,73
83,
752
3,80
36,
308
5,51
36,
237
6,41
18,
019
8,02
68,
047
8,06
17,
931
7,74
0V
esse
ls in
volv
eda 3
,562
a 4,7
784,
762
8,00
26,
954
8,30
58,
591
11,5
3411
,306
11,3
9611
,368
11,1
9010
,984
Nu
mb
ered
bo
ats
(th
ou
san
ds)
E2,
500
R4,
138
R5,
128
7,30
38,
577
9,58
910
,996
11,7
3411
,877
12,3
1212
,565
12,7
3812
,782
Rat
es p
er 1
00,0
00 n
um
ber
ed b
oat
sFa
talit
ies
32.8
R32
.9R
27.7
20.1
R15
.911
.6R
7.9
7.1
R6.
06.
76.
55.
85.
5
Inju
ries
37.1
R22
.4R
15.2
R29
.2R
30.9
R28
.8R
34.8
R35
.3R
37.4
37.0
R36
.733
.9R
34.1
Acc
iden
ts10
9.5
R90
.7R
74.2
86.4
R64
.365
.058
.3R
68.3
R67
.665
.4R
64.2
62.3
R60
.6A
ccid
ent r
epo
rts
citin
g al
coho
l inv
olv
emen
tN
NN
NN
279
568
472
601
698
704
633
696
Pro
per
ty d
amag
e (c
urr
ent
$ m
illio
ns)
3.2
4.7
8.2
10.4
16.4
20.0
23.8
a 21.
523
.229
.031
.028
.934
.7
KE
Y: E
= e
stim
ate;
N =
dat
a do
not
exi
st; R
= r
evis
ed.
aU
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
U.S
. Coa
st G
uard
(C
G),
Off
ice
of B
oati
ng S
afet
y, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n, M
ay 1
5, 2
002.
bT
he n
umbe
rs f
or r
ecre
atio
nal b
oati
ng s
afet
y fa
talit
ies
are
raw
num
bers
—C
G r
epor
ts a
6%
add
itio
n as
inst
ruct
ed b
y th
e D
OT
Ins
pect
or G
ener
al b
ecau
se it
fo
und
a di
scre
panc
y in
a r
evie
w o
f th
e Se
arch
and
Res
cue
Man
agem
ent
Info
rmat
ion
Syst
em (
SAR
MIS
) an
d B
AR
D d
ata.
(Se
e th
e di
scus
sion
fou
nd in
the
DO
T
FY20
03 P
erfo
rman
ce P
lan/
Rep
ort
on p
g. 1
35 u
nder
dat
a de
tails
of
recr
eati
onal
boa
ting
fat
alit
ies)
.
NO
TE
Onl
y a
smal
l fra
ctio
n of
pro
pert
y da
mag
es a
nd n
onfa
tal a
ccid
ents
are
rep
orte
d to
the
U.S
. Coa
st G
uard
.
SOU
RC
EU
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
U.S
. Coa
st G
uard
, Off
ice
of B
oati
ng S
afet
y, B
oati
ng S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
and
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion.
190 � Chapter 2: Transportation Safety
TABLE 2-44: Personal Watercraft Safety Data
1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001Fatalities 28 68 57 84 78 66 68 U
Injured persons 532 1,617 1,837 1,812 1,743 1,614 1,580 U
Accidentsa 1,162 3,986 4,099 4,070 3,607 3,374 3,268 U
Sales 72,000 200,000 191,000 176,000 130,000 106,000 92,000 83,000Number in use 241,376 760,000 900,000 1,000,000 1,100,000 1,096,000 1,078,400 1,053,560
KEY: U = data are not available.
a Total vessels involved
NOTESPersonal watercraft are less than 13 feet in length and are designed to be operated by a person or persons sitting,
standing, or kneeling on the craft rather than within the confines of the hull.Data on personal watercraft sales and number in use are estimates.
SOURCES Fatalities, injuries, and accidents: U.S. Department of Transportation, United States Coast Guard, Office of Boating Safety, Boating Statistics -
2000 (Washington, DC: 2001), Internet site http://www.uscgboating.org/saf/pdf/Boating_Statistics_2000.pdf as of Feb. 25, 2001.
Sales: 1990: Personal Watercraft Industry Association, Internet site http://www.pwia.org/ Abo_PWC.htm as of June
19, 2000.1995-2001: Ibid., Internet site http://www.nmma.org/facts/boatingstats/2001/Files/ unitsales.asp as of Sept. 10, 2002.
Use: 1990-96: National Marine Manufacturers Association, data compiled by the United States Coast Guard, per-
sonal communications.1997-98: Ibid., Internet site http://www.nmma.org/facts/boatingstats/statistic98.html as of June 19, 2000.1999-2001: Ibid., Internet site http://www.nmma.org/facts/boatingstats/2001/files/populationestimates.asp as of
Sept. 10, 2002.
Water � 191
TABLE 2-45: U.S. Coast Guard Search and Rescue Statistics, Fiscal Year
1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001Cases 60,775 53,097 49,704 43,553 41,096 37,218 39,844 40,214 39,475
Responsesa 70,237 64,971 63,679 55,710 52,141 46,602 50,622 48,226 49,344
Sortiesa 88,449 84,033 110,267 98,423 91,722 83,307 89,635 57,697 58,854
Search and Rescue resource hoursb U 108,282 93,984 85,150 80,507 80,116 84,635 80,533 85,008
Lives saved 6,497 4,407 4,453 5,047 3,897 3,194 3,743 3,400 4,009
Lives lost before notificationc 259 622 468 611 454 418 353 f779 413
Lives lost after notificationd 1,076 463 304 367 290 188 180 239 297
Total lives lost 1,335 1,085 772 978 744 606 533 1,018 710
Persons otherwise assisted 138,791 117,327 101,357 85,869 75,357 66,138 70,255 54,866 65,158
Value of property lost ($ million)e 424.3 368.5 222.6 273.8 414.8 84.3 262.3 415.2 441.0
Value of property assisted ($ million) 2,376.8 2,044.9 4,467.2 3,494.2 1,762.1 1,288.2 1,235.0 778.8 1,501.0
Property loss prevented ($ million) 905.4 1,673.4 3,882.8 3,087.3 1,353.5 996.8 1,019.0 84.3 73.0
KEY: U = data are not available.
a Responses are the number of U.S. Coast Guard units involved. Sorties are the number of trips made by boat, aircraft, or cutter.
b Search and Rescue resource hours represent the time that Coast Guard assets (i.e., aircraft, boats, and cut-ters) perform Search and Rescue operations.
c Those persons whose lives were lost before the U.S. Coast Guard was notified of an incident.d Those persons whose lives were lost in an incident to which the U.S. Coast Guard was responding, but who
were alive at the time the U.S. Coast Guard was notified of the incident. e Includes several out of the normal high cost incidents.f The Egypt Air (217 fatalities) and Alaska Air (88 fatalities) crashes account for the increase.
SOURCES All data except Search and Rescue resource hours:1985-2001: U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, Search and Rescue Management Informa-
tion Systems (SARMIS II) Database, available at http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-o/g-opr/92-01summary.htm as of Aug. 8, 2002.
Search and Rescue resource hours:1990-2001: U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Command and Control Architec-
ture, personal communication, Aug. 21, 2002.
chapter two
Section GPipeline
Pipeline � 195
TABLE 2-46: Hazardous Liquid and Natural Gas Pipeline Safety
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001FatalitiesTotal hazardous liquid 4 7 4 5 3 3 5 0 2 4 1 0Total gas 26 8 15 28 6 18 48 10 18 21 37 7
Transmission U U 1 6 0 2 1 1 1 2 15 2
Distribution U U 14 22 6 16 47 9 17 19 22 5
Injured personsTotal hazardous liquid 21 17 15 18 7 11 13 5 6 20 4 10Total gas 233 214 177 108 69 53 114 72 76 93 77 46
Transmission U U 13 12 17 10 5 5 11 8 18 3
Distribution U U 164 96 52 43 109 67 65 85 59 43
IncidentsTotal hazardous liquid 351 254 246 183 180 188 194 171 153 168 147 129Total gas 1,077 1,338 1,524 334 198 161 187 175 236 173 234 207
Transmission U U 389 129 89 64 77 73 99 54 80 85
Distribution U U 1,135 205 109 97 110 102 137 119 154 122
Property damage (current $ millions)
Total hazardous liquid 1.2 2.2 5.7 5.1 15.7 32.5 81.4 42.8 62.9 87.1 R179.5 25.3
Total gas 3.3 5.0 10.0 22.9 18.9 R20.9 R29.3 24.6 R63.5 43.6 41.3 37.2
Transmission U U 8.8 13.4 11.3 10.0 13.1 12.1 R44.5 17.7 17.9 23.1
Distribution U U 1.2 9.5 7.6 11.0 16.3 12.5 19.1 25.9 23.4 14.1
KEY: R = revised; U = data are not available.
NOTESBeginning with 1985 data, pipeline incidents are credited to the year in which they occurred, not the year in
which the report was received. Gas numbers represent sum of transmission and gathering and distribution operators.
Property damage includes, but is not limited to, damage to the operator’s facilities and to the property of oth-ers; gas lost; restoration of service and relighting; facility repair and replacement; leak locating; right-of-way cleanup; and environmental cleanup and damage.
Numbers for property damage may not add due to rounding.
SOURCES1970-85: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of Pipe-
line Safety, personal communication, 1999.1990-2001: Ibid., Internet site http://ops.dot.gov/stats.htm as of Nov. 15, 2002.
Chapter 3Transportation and
the Economy
Section ATransportation and the
Total Economy
Transportation and the Total Economy � 199
TABL
E 3-
1a: U
.S. G
ross
Dom
estic
Pro
duct
(GDP
) Attr
ibut
ed to
For
-Hire
Tra
nspo
rtatio
n Se
rvic
es (C
urre
nt $
bill
ions
)
19
9019
9119
9219
9319
9419
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
00TO
TAL
U.S
. GD
P5,
803.
25,
986.
26,
318.
96,
642.
37,
054.
37,
400.
57,
813.
28,
318.
48,
781.
59,
268.
69,
872.
9
Fo
r-h
ire
tran
spo
rtat
ion
ser
vice
s G
DP
Truc
king
and
war
ehou
sing
69.4
70.9
74.5
79.2
86.4
89.0
92.1
99.4
114.
112
2.0
126.
0A
ir45
.347
.050
.356
.462
.567
.770
.878
.685
.890
.293
.0R
ailro
ad19
.822
.021
.622
.023
.323
.623
.423
.024
.323
.222
.9
Tran
spor
tatio
n se
rvic
esa
18.2
19.5
19.9
20.8
22.6
23.5
25.7
27.1
28.0
29.9
32.3
Loca
l and
inte
rurb
an p
asse
nger
tran
sit
9.1
10.2
10.9
11.3
11.6
12.4
13.4
14.9
16.8
17.6
18.7
Wat
er10
.011
.110
.710
.711
.511
.612
.213
.113
.613
.714
.8P
ipel
ines
, exc
ept n
atur
al g
as5.
55.
55.
55.
65.
55.
55.
75.
86.
16.
16.
2To
tal
177.
418
6.1
193.
420
6.0
223.
223
3.4
243.
426
1.8
288.
730
2.7
313.
9
Per
cen
t o
f U
.S. G
DP
Truc
king
and
war
ehou
sing
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
Air
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.0
0.9
Rai
lroad
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
Tran
spor
tatio
n se
rvic
esa
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
Loca
l and
inte
rurb
an p
asse
nger
tran
sit
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
Wat
er tr
ansp
orta
tion
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
Pip
elin
es, e
xcep
t nat
ural
gas
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Tota
l3.
13.
13.
13.
13.
23.
23.
13.
13.
33.
33.
2
Per
cen
t o
f fo
r-h
ire
tran
spo
rtat
ion
ser
vice
s G
DP
Truc
king
and
war
ehou
sing
39.1
38.1
38.5
38.4
38.7
38.1
37.8
38.0
39.5
40.3
40.1
Air
25.5
25.3
26.0
27.4
28.0
29.0
29.1
30.0
29.7
29.8
29.6
Rai
lroad
11.2
11.8
11.2
10.7
10.4
10.1
9.6
8.8
8.4
7.7
7.3
Tran
spor
tatio
n se
rvic
esa
10.3
10.5
10.3
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.6
10.4
9.7
9.9
10.3
Loca
l and
inte
rurb
an p
asse
nger
tran
sit
5.1
5.5
5.6
5.5
5.2
5.3
5.5
5.7
5.8
5.8
6.0
Wat
er tr
ansp
orta
tion
5.6
6.0
5.5
5.2
5.2
5.0
5.0
5.0
4.7
4.5
4.7
Pip
elin
es, e
xcep
t nat
ural
gas
3.1
3.0
2.8
2.7
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0
2.0
Tota
l10
0.0
100.
010
0.0
100.
010
0.0
100.
010
0.0
100.
010
0.0
100.
010
0.0
aD
efin
ed a
s se
rvic
es in
cide
ntal
to
tran
spor
tati
on s
uch
as f
orw
ardi
ng a
nd p
acki
ng a
nd a
rran
ging
pas
seng
er t
rave
l and
fre
ight
tra
nspo
rtat
ion.
NO
TE
SPe
rcen
tage
s ba
sed
on t
he r
evis
ed e
stim
ates
hav
e be
en r
ecal
cula
ted
but
may
app
ear
unch
ange
d du
e to
the
num
ber
of s
igni
fica
nt d
igit
s sh
own.
Num
bers
may
not
add
to
tota
ls d
ue t
o ro
undi
ng.
SOU
RC
ES
1990
-199
5: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Com
mer
ce, B
urea
u of
Eco
nom
ic A
naly
sis,
Sur
vey
of C
urre
nt B
usin
ess
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
, Jun
e 20
00),
pp.
41-
42.
1996
: Ibi
d. (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
, Dec
embe
r 20
00),
p. 2
9.19
97-2
000:
Ibi
d. (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
, Nov
embe
r 20
01),
p. 2
6.
200 � Chapter 3: Transportation and the EconomyTA
BLE
3-1b
: U.S
. Gro
ss D
omes
tic P
rodu
ct (G
DP) A
ttrib
uted
to F
or-H
ire T
rans
porta
tion
Serv
ices
(Cha
ined
199
6 $
billi
ons)
19
9019
9119
9219
9319
9419
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
00TO
TAL
U.S
. GD
P6,
707.
96,
676.
46,
880.
07,
062.
67,
347.
77,
543.
87,
813.
28,
159.
58,
508.
98,
856.
59,
224.
0
Fo
r-h
ire
tran
spo
rtat
ion
ser
vice
s G
DP
Truc
king
and
war
ehou
sing
68.1
71.6
75.7
79.1
85.3
86.6
92.1
90.5
95.5
100.
310
5.7
Air
46.9
45.0
49.2
51.9
59.6
62.9
70.8
75.2
76.8
80.9
85.0
Rai
lroad
18.1
20.9
20.8
21.0
22.1
22.7
23.4
22.8
22.8
22.5
23.2
Tran
spor
tatio
n se
rvic
esa
19.5
19.8
19.6
20.4
22.1
23.4
25.7
26.4
27.8
29.8
30.6
Loca
l and
inte
rurb
an p
asse
nger
tran
sit
12.8
12.5
12.4
12.7
12.8
13.2
13.4
14.7
15.5
16.6
18.2
Wat
er10
.210
.510
.310
.511
.311
.312
.213
.213
.211
.811
.7P
ipel
ines
, exc
ept n
atur
al g
as5.
76.
25.
96.
05.
55.
05.
76.
26.
46.
46.
4To
tal
180.
618
5.9
193.
620
1.2
218.
622
5.1
243.
424
8.9
257.
926
8.6
281.
1
Per
cen
t o
f U
.S. G
DP
Truc
king
and
war
ehou
sing
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
Air
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
Rai
lroad
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
Tran
spor
tatio
n se
rvic
esa
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
Loca
l and
inte
rurb
an p
asse
nger
tran
sit
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
Wat
er0.
20.
20.
10.
10.
20.
10.
20.
20.
20.
10.
1P
ipel
ines
, exc
ept n
atur
al g
as0.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
10.
1To
tal
2.7
2.8
2.8
2.8
3.0
3.0
3.1
3.1
3.0
3.0
3.0
Per
cen
t o
f fo
r-h
ire
tran
spo
rtat
ion
ser
vice
s G
DP
Truc
king
and
war
ehou
sing
37.7
38.5
39.1
39.3
39.0
38.5
37.8
36.4
37.0
37.3
37.6
Air
26.0
24.2
25.4
25.8
27.3
27.9
29.1
30.2
29.8
30.1
30.2
Rai
lroad
10.0
11.2
10.7
10.4
10.1
10.1
9.6
9.2
8.8
8.4
8.3
Tran
spor
tatio
n se
rvic
esa
10.8
10.7
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.4
10.6
10.6
10.8
11.1
10.9
Loca
l and
inte
rurb
an p
asse
nger
tran
sit
7.1
6.7
6.4
6.3
5.9
5.9
5.5
5.9
6.0
6.2
6.5
Wat
er5.
65.
65.
35.
25.
25.
05.
05.
35.
14.
44.
2P
ipel
ines
, exc
ept n
atur
al g
as3.
23.
33.
03.
02.
52.
22.
32.
52.
52.
42.
3To
tal
100.
010
0.0
100.
010
0.0
100.
010
0.0
100.
010
0.0
100.
010
0.0
100.
0
aD
efin
ed a
s se
rvic
es in
cide
ntal
to
tran
spor
tati
on s
uch
as f
orw
ardi
ng a
nd p
acki
ng a
nd a
rran
ging
pas
seng
er t
rave
l and
fre
ight
tra
nspo
rtat
ion.
NO
TE
SFo
r-hi
re t
rans
port
atio
n nu
mbe
rs m
ay n
ot e
qual
tot
al d
ue t
o th
e na
ture
of
the
chai
ned
dolla
r ca
lcul
atio
ns.
Perc
enta
ges
base
d on
the
rev
ised
est
imat
es h
ave
been
rec
alcu
late
d bu
t m
ay a
ppea
r un
chan
ged
due
to t
he n
umbe
r of
sig
nifi
cant
dig
its
show
n.N
umbe
rs m
ay n
ot a
dd t
o to
tals
due
to
roun
ding
.
SOU
RC
ES
1990
-95:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of C
omm
erce
, Bur
eau
of E
cono
mic
Ana
lysi
s, S
urve
y of
Cur
rent
Bus
ines
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C, J
une
2000
), p
. 46.
1996
: Ibi
d. (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
, Dec
embe
r 20
00),
p. 3
1.19
97-2
000:
Ibi
d. (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
, Nov
embe
r 20
01),
p. 2
9.
Transportation and the Total Economy � 201
TABL
E 3-
2a: U
.S. G
ross
Dom
estic
Pro
duct
(GDP
) Attr
ibut
ed to
Tra
nspo
rtatio
n-Re
late
d Fi
nal D
eman
d (C
urre
nt $
bill
ions
)
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Per
son
al c
on
sum
pti
on
of
tran
spo
rtat
ion
Mot
or v
ehic
les
and
part
s87
.017
5.7
206.
424
9.3
256.
326
4.2
288.
8R
319.
1R
336.
636
1.3
Gas
olin
e an
d oi
l86
.797
.210
7.3
113.
312
4.2
128.
111
4.8
R12
9.3
R16
4.4
162.
1
Tran
spor
t ser
vice
s64
.710
0.0
141.
819
7.7
214.
223
4.4
246.
3R
259.
4R
267.
827
1.4
Tota
l23
8.4
372.
945
5.5
560.
359
4.7
626.
764
9.9
R70
7.8
R76
8.8
794.
8
Gro
ss p
riva
te d
om
esti
c in
vest
men
tTr
ansp
orta
tion
stru
ctur
es3.
74.
33.
04.
45.
45.
97.
06.
2R
5.3
5.0
Tran
spor
tatio
n eq
uipm
ent
48.4
69.7
75.7
126.
113
8.9
151.
416
8.2
R19
4.7
R18
9.7
165.
8
Tota
l52
.174
.078
.713
0.5
144.
315
7.3
175.
2R
200.
9R
195.
017
0.8
Exp
ort
s (+
)C
ivili
an a
ircra
ft, e
ngin
es, a
nd p
arts
14.1
13.5
32.2
26.1
30.8
41.4
53.5
52.9
48.1
52.6
Aut
omot
ive
vehi
cles
, eng
ines
, and
par
ts17
.424
.936
.561
.865
.074
.072
.4R
75.3
R80
.475
.4
Pas
seng
er fa
res
2.6
4.4
15.3
18.9
20.4
20.9
20.1
19.8
R20
.818
.0
Oth
er tr
ansp
orta
tion
11.6
14.7
22.0
26.1
26.1
27.0
25.6
26.9
R30
.128
.3
Tota
l45
.757
.510
6.0
132.
914
2.3
163.
317
1.6
R17
4.9
R17
9.4
174.
3
Imp
ort
s (-
)C
ivili
an a
ircra
ft, e
ngin
es, a
nd p
arts
3.1
5.3
10.5
10.7
12.7
16.6
21.8
23.8
26.4
31.4
Aut
omot
ive
vehi
cles
, eng
ines
, and
par
ts28
.364
.988
.512
3.8
128.
913
9.8
148.
717
9.0
195.
918
9.8
Pas
seng
er fa
res
3.6
6.4
10.5
14.7
15.8
18.1
20.0
21.3
R24
.322
.4
Oth
er tr
ansp
orta
tion
11.8
15.6
25.0
27.0
27.4
29.0
30.4
34.1
R41
.638
.8
Tota
l46
.892
.213
4.5
176.
218
4.8
203.
522
0.9
258.
2R
288.
228
2.4
Net
exp
ort
s o
f tr
ansp
ort
atio
n-r
elat
ed
go
od
s an
d s
ervi
cesa
-1.1
-34.
7-2
8.5
-43.
3-4
2.5
-40.
2-4
9.3
R-8
3.3
R-1
08.8
-108
.1
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
202 � Chapter 3: Transportation and the Economy
Gov
ern
men
t tr
ansp
ort
atio
n-r
elat
ed p
urc
has
es
Fede
ral p
urch
ases
b7.
010
.012
.916
.317
.217
.618
.318
.619
.5U
Sta
te a
nd lo
cal p
urch
ases
b48
.867
.590
.110
9.8
115.
212
3.6
130.
014
0.7
147.
6U
Def
ense
-rel
ated
pur
chas
esc
4.2
6.2
R8.
88.
48.
88.
38.
38.
9R
9.0
9.1
Tota
l60
.083
.7R
111.
813
4.5
141.
214
9.5
156.
616
8.2
R17
6.1
U
Gro
ss D
om
esti
c P
rod
uct
2,79
5.6
4,21
3.0
5,80
3.2
7,40
0.5
7,81
3.2
8,31
8.4
8,78
1.5
R9,
274.
3R
9,82
4.6
10,0
82.2
Tota
l tra
nsp
ort
atio
n-r
elat
ed f
inal
dem
and
d34
9.4
495.
9R
617.
578
2.0
837.
789
3.3
932.
4R
993.
6R
1,03
1.1
U
Tota
l tra
nsp
ort
atio
n in
GD
P (
per
cen
t)12
.5%
11.8
%10
.6%
10.6
%10
.7%
10.7
%10
.6%
R10
.7%
R10
.5%
U
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed; U
= d
ata
are
not a
vaila
ble.
aSu
m o
f ex
port
s an
d im
port
s.b
Fede
ral p
urch
ases
and
sta
te a
nd lo
cal p
urch
ases
are
the
sum
of
cons
umpt
ion
expe
ndit
ures
and
gro
ss in
vest
men
t.c
Def
ense
-rel
ated
pur
chas
es a
re t
he s
um o
f tr
ansp
orta
tion
of
mat
eria
l and
tra
vel.
dSu
m o
f to
tal p
erso
nal c
onsu
mpt
ion
of t
rans
port
atio
n, t
otal
gro
ss p
riva
te d
omes
tic
inve
stm
ent,
net
exp
orts
of
tran
spor
tati
on-r
elat
ed g
oods
and
ser
vice
s, a
nd
tota
l gov
ernm
ent
tran
spor
tati
on-r
elat
ed p
urch
ases
.
SOU
RC
ES
Fede
ral,
stat
e, a
nd lo
cal g
over
nmen
t tr
ansp
orta
tion
-rel
ated
pur
chas
es:
1980
-200
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Com
mer
ce, B
urea
u of
Eco
nom
ic A
naly
sis,
Int
erne
t si
te h
ttp:
//ww
w.b
ea.d
oc.g
ov/ a
s of
Oct
. 22,
200
1, t
able
3.1
5.
GD
P:U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Com
mer
ce, B
urea
u of
Eco
nom
ic A
naly
sis,
Int
erne
t si
te h
ttp:
//ww
w.b
ea.d
oc.g
ov/ a
s of
Aug
. 12,
200
2, t
able
1.1
.
All
othe
r da
ta:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of C
omm
erce
, Bur
eau
of E
cono
mic
Ana
lysi
s, I
nter
net
site
htt
p://w
ww
.bea
.doc
.gov
/ as
of A
ug. 1
2, 2
002,
tab
les
2.2,
3.1
0, 4
.3, 5
.4, a
nd 5
.6.
TABL
E 3-
2a: U
.S. G
ross
Dom
estic
Pro
duct
(GDP
) Attr
ibut
ed to
Tra
nspo
rtatio
n-Re
late
d Fi
nal D
eman
d (C
urre
nt $
bill
ions
) (Co
ntin
ued)
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Transportation and the Total Economy � 203
TABL
E 3-
2b: U
.S. G
ross
Dom
estic
Pro
duct
(GDP
) Attr
ibut
ed to
Tra
nspo
rtatio
n-Re
late
d Fi
nal D
eman
d (C
hain
ed 1
996
$ bi
llion
s)
e 198
0e 1
985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Per
son
al c
on
sum
pti
on
of
tran
spo
rtat
ion
Mot
or v
ehic
les
and
part
s14
2.7
236.
924
6.1
253.
425
6.3
264.
829
2.0
R32
2.1
R33
8.4
361.
9
Gas
olin
e an
d oi
lR
94.9
104.
811
3.1
120.
212
4.2
128.
113
1.8
R13
6.4
R13
5.7
138.
8
Tran
spor
t ser
vice
s12
4.7
152.
617
3.4
201.
021
4.2
226.
423
4.7
R24
6.2
R25
3.0
251.
1
Tota
lR
362.
349
4.3
532.
657
4.6
594.
761
9.3
658.
5R
704.
7R
727.
175
1.8
Gro
ss p
riva
te d
om
esti
c in
vest
men
tTr
ansp
orta
tion
stru
ctur
esR
6.4
R5.
73.
74.
65.
45.
76.
76.
15.
15.
0
Tran
spor
tatio
n eq
uipm
ent
R77
.693
.987
.412
8.2
138.
915
0.5
168.
2R
193.
2R
186.
616
3.6
Tota
lR
84.0
R99
.691
.113
2.8
144.
315
6.2
174.
9R
199.
3R
191.
716
8.6
Exp
ort
s (+
)C
ivili
an a
ircra
ft, e
ngin
es, a
nd p
arts
26.9
19.5
40.9
27.2
30.8
40.0
51.1
49.4
R43
.244
.8
Aut
omot
ive
vehi
cles
, eng
ines
, and
par
ts28
.330
.539
.862
.565
.073
.471
.7R
74.1
R78
.573
.4
Pas
seng
er fa
res
4.5
7.1
19.1
18.9
20.4
21.6
21.1
19.3
R19
.817
.0
Oth
er tr
ansp
orta
tion
16.5
18.9
23.9
26.8
26.1
26.9
26.4
27.6
R28
.026
.6
Tota
l76
.276
.012
3.7
135.
414
2.3
161.
917
0.3
R17
0.4
R16
9.5
161.
8
Imp
ort
s (-
)C
ivili
an a
ircra
ft, e
ngin
es, a
nd p
arts
6.0
7.7
13.5
11.2
12.7
16.0
20.7
22.1
23.9
27.3
Aut
omot
ive
vehi
cles
, eng
ines
, and
par
ts52
.5R
95.8
101.
612
4.6
128.
913
9.5
148.
2R
177.
119
2.5
186.
7
Pas
seng
er fa
res
5.5
9.3
12.7
14.9
15.8
17.1
18.6
19.4
R20
.917
.7
Oth
er tr
ansp
orta
tion
R17
.219
.327
.227
.827
.429
.631
.631
.8R
35.4
33.6
Tota
lR
81.2
R13
2.1
155.
017
8.5
184.
820
2.2
219.
1R
250.
4R
272.
726
5.3
Net
exp
ort
s o
f tr
ansp
ort
atio
n-r
elat
ed
go
od
s an
d s
ervi
cesa
R-5
.0R
-56.
1-3
1.3
-43.
1-4
2.5
-40.
3-4
8.8
R-8
0.0
R-1
03.2
-103
.5
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
204 � Chapter 3: Transportation and the Economy
Gov
ern
men
t tr
ansp
ort
atio
n-r
elat
ed p
urc
has
es
Fede
ral p
urch
ases
b13
.313
.916
.117
.217
.217
.918
.118
.519
.4U
Sta
te a
nd lo
cal p
urch
ases
b77
.383
.510
1.1
112.
611
5.2
119.
812
3.9
128.
713
2.8
U
Def
ense
-rel
ated
pur
chas
esc
5.8
8.1
10.3
8.7
8.8
8.3
8.2
8.8
R8.
78.
7
Tota
l96
.410
5.5
R12
7.5
138.
514
1.2
146.
015
0.2
156.
0R
160.
9U
Gro
ss D
om
esti
c P
rod
uct
4,90
0.9
5,71
7.1
6,70
7.9
7,54
3.8
7,81
3.2
8,15
9.5
8,50
8.9
R8,
859.
0R
9,19
1.4
9,21
4.5
Tota
l tra
nsp
ort
atio
n-r
elat
ed f
inal
dem
and
dR
537.
764
3.3
R71
9.9
802.
883
7.7
881.
293
4.8
R98
0.0
R97
6.5
U
Tota
l tra
nsp
ort
atio
n in
GD
P (
per
cen
t)11
.0%
11.3
%10
.7%
10.6
%10
.7%
10.8
%11
.0%
R11
.1%
R10
.6%
U
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed; U
= d
ata
are
not a
vaila
ble.
aSu
m o
f ex
port
s an
d im
port
s.b
Fede
ral a
nd s
tate
pur
chas
es a
re t
he s
um o
f co
nsum
ptio
n ex
pend
itur
es a
nd g
ross
inve
stm
ent.
Cha
ined
199
6 $
valu
e =
(yea
r n
curr
ent
dolla
r va
lue/
year
n q
uan-
tity
inde
x) x
100
.c
Def
ense
-rel
ated
pur
chas
es a
re t
he s
um o
f tr
ansp
orta
tion
of
mat
eria
l and
tra
vel.
dSu
m o
f to
tal p
erso
nal c
onsu
mpt
ion
of t
rans
port
atio
n, t
otal
gro
ss p
riva
te d
omes
tic
inve
stm
ent,
net
exp
orts
of
tran
spor
tati
on-r
elat
ed g
oods
and
ser
vice
s an
d to
tal g
over
nmen
t tr
ansp
orta
tion
-rel
ated
pur
chas
es.
eD
ata
are
esti
mat
ed u
sing
the
app
ropr
iate
cha
in-t
ype
quan
tity
inde
x.
NO
TE
Cha
ined
199
6 $
valu
e =
(Qua
ntit
y in
dex
for
year
n x
199
6 cu
rren
t $
valu
e)/1
00.
SOU
RC
ES
Fede
ral,
stat
e, a
nd lo
cal g
over
nmen
t tr
ansp
orta
tion
-rel
ated
pur
chas
es:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of C
omm
erce
, Bur
eau
of E
cono
mic
Ana
lysi
s, I
nter
net
site
htt
p://w
ww
.bea
.doc
.gov
/bea
/dn/
nipa
web
/ as
of N
ov. 1
5, 2
001,
tab
le 3
.15
and
tabl
e 7.
11 (
chai
n-ty
pe q
uant
ity
indi
ces
for
fede
ral n
onde
fens
e an
d st
ate
and
loca
l).
GD
P:U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Com
mer
ce, B
urea
u of
Eco
nom
ic A
naly
sis,
Int
erne
t si
te h
ttp:
//ww
w.b
ea.d
oc.g
ov/b
ea/d
n/ni
paw
eb/ a
s of
Aug
. 12,
200
2, t
able
1.2
.
All
othe
r da
ta:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of C
omm
erce
, Bur
eau
of E
cono
mic
Ana
lysi
s, I
nter
net
site
htt
p://w
ww
.bea
.doc
.gov
/bea
/dn/
nipa
web
/ as
of A
ug. 1
2, 2
002,
tab
les
2.3,
3.1
1, 4
.4,
5.7,
and
5.9
.C
hain
-Typ
e Q
uant
ity
Indi
ces
(for
com
puti
ng 1
980-
1985
val
ues)
:U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Com
mer
ce, B
urea
u of
Eco
nom
ic A
naly
sis,
Int
erne
t si
te h
ttp:
//ww
w.b
ea.d
oc.g
ov/b
ea/d
n/ni
paw
eb/ a
s of
Aug
. 12,
200
2, t
able
s 7.
4, 7
.7, 7
.8,
7.10
, and
7.1
2.
TABL
E 3-
2b: U
.S. G
ross
Dom
estic
Pro
duct
(GDP
) Attr
ibut
ed to
Tra
nspo
rtatio
n-Re
late
d Fi
nal D
eman
d (C
hain
ed 1
996
$ bi
llion
s) (C
ontin
ued)
e 198
0e 1
985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Transportation and the Total Economy � 205
TABL
E 3-
3a: U
.S. G
ross
Dom
estic
Dem
and
(GDD
) Attr
ibut
ed to
Tra
nspo
rtatio
n-Re
late
d Fi
nal D
eman
d (C
urre
nt $
bill
ions
)
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Gro
ss D
om
esti
c D
eman
d2,
810.
54,
327.
25,
874.
67,
484.
77,
902.
18,
407.
88,
933.
3R
9,81
6.2
R10
,506
.210
,731
.7
Tota
l dom
estic
tran
spor
tatio
n-re
late
d fin
al d
eman
da35
0.5
530.
6R
642.
482
5.3
880.
293
3.5
981.
7R
1,07
6.9
R1,
139.
9U
Tota
l tra
nsp
ort
atio
n in
GD
D (
per
cen
t)12
.5%
12.3
%R
10.9
%11
.0%
11.1
%11
.1%
11.0
%R
11.0
%R
10.8
%U
Per
son
al c
on
sum
pti
on
of
tran
spo
rtat
ion
Mot
or v
ehic
les
and
part
s87
.017
5.7
206.
424
9.3
256.
326
4.2
288.
8R
319.
1R
336.
636
1.3
Gas
olin
e an
d oi
l86
.797
.210
7.3
113.
312
4.2
128.
111
4.8
R12
9.3
R16
4.4
162.
1
Tran
spor
tatio
n se
rvic
es64
.710
0.0
141.
819
7.7
214.
223
4.4
246.
3R
259.
4R
267.
827
1.4
Tota
l23
8.4
372.
945
5.5
560.
359
4.7
626.
764
9.9
R70
7.8
R76
8.8
794.
8
Gro
ss p
riva
te d
om
esti
c in
vest
men
tTr
ansp
orta
tion
stru
ctur
es3.
74.
33.
04.
45.
45.
97.
06.
2R
5.3
5.0
Tran
spor
tatio
n eq
uipm
ent
48.4
69.7
75.7
126.
113
8.9
151.
416
8.2
R19
4.7
R18
9.7
165.
8
Tota
l52
.174
.078
.713
0.5
144.
315
7.3
175.
2R
200.
9R
195.
017
0.8
Gov
ern
men
t tr
ansp
ort
atio
n-r
elat
ed p
urc
has
es
Fede
ral p
urch
ases
b7.
010
.012
.916
.317
.217
.618
.318
.619
.5U
Sta
te a
nd lo
cal p
urch
ases
b48
.867
.590
.110
9.8
115.
212
3.6
130.
014
0.7
147.
6U
Def
ense
-rel
ated
pur
chas
esc
4.2
6.2
R5.
28.
48.
88.
38.
38.
9R
9.0
9.1
Tota
l60
.083
.7R
108.
213
4.5
141.
214
9.5
156.
616
8.2
R17
6.1
U
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed; U
= d
ata
are
not a
vaila
ble.
aSu
m o
f to
tal p
erso
nal c
onsu
mpt
ion
of t
rans
port
atio
n, t
otal
gro
ss p
riva
te d
omes
tic
inve
stm
ent,
and
tot
al g
over
nmen
t-re
late
d pu
rcha
ses.
bFe
dera
l pur
chas
es a
nd s
tate
and
loca
l pur
chas
es a
re t
he s
um o
f co
nsum
ptio
n ex
pend
itur
es a
nd g
ross
inve
stm
ent.
cD
efen
se-r
elat
ed p
urch
ases
are
the
sum
of
the
tran
spor
tati
on o
f m
ater
ial a
nd t
rave
l.
SOU
RC
ES
Gro
ss D
omes
tic
Dem
and:
U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Com
mer
ce, B
urea
u of
Eco
nom
ic A
naly
sis,
Int
erne
t si
te h
ttp:
//w
ww
.bea
.doc
.gov
/ as
of
Aug
. 12,
200
2, t
able
s 1.
1 an
d 4.
3.
Fede
ral,
stat
e, a
nd lo
cal g
over
nmen
t pu
rcha
ses:
19
80-2
000:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of C
omm
erce
, Bur
eau
of E
cono
mic
Ana
lysi
s, I
nter
net
site
htt
p://w
ww
.bea
.doc
.gov
/bea
/dn/
nipa
web
/ as
of N
ov. 1
5, 2
001,
tab
le 3
.15.
All
othe
r da
ta:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of C
omm
erce
, Bur
eau
of E
cono
mic
Ana
lysi
s, I
nter
net
site
htt
p://w
ww
.bea
.doc
.gov
/ as
of A
ug. 1
2, 2
002,
tab
les
2.2,
3.1
0, 5
.6, a
nd 5
.8.
206 � Chapter 3: Transportation and the EconomyTA
BLE
3-3b
: U.S
. Gro
ss D
omes
tic D
eman
d (G
DD) A
ttrib
uted
to T
rans
porta
tion-
Rela
ted
Fina
l Dem
and
(Cha
ined
199
6 $
billi
ons)
d19
8019
8519
9019
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
0020
01P
erso
nal
co
nsu
mp
tio
n o
f tr
ansp
ort
atio
nM
otor
veh
icle
s an
d pa
rts
142.
723
6.9
246.
125
3.4
256.
326
4.8
292.
0R
322.
1R
338.
436
1.9
Gas
olin
e an
d oi
lR
94.9
104.
811
3.1
120.
212
4.2
128.
113
1.8
R13
6.4
R13
5.7
138.
8
Tran
spor
tatio
n se
rvic
es12
4.7
152.
617
3.4
201.
021
4.2
226.
423
4.7
R24
6.2
R25
3.0
251.
1
Tota
lR
362.
349
4.3
532.
657
4.6
594.
761
9.3
658.
5R
704.
7R
727.
175
1.8
Gro
ss p
riva
te d
om
esti
c in
vest
men
tTr
ansp
orta
tion
stru
ctur
esR
6.4
R5.
73.
74.
65.
45.
76.
76.
15.
15.
0
Tran
spor
tatio
n eq
uipm
ent
R77
.693
.987
.412
8.2
138.
915
0.5
168.
2R
193.
2R
186.
616
3.6
Tota
lR
83.8
R99
.691
.113
2.8
144.
315
6.2
174.
9R
199.
3R
191.
716
8.6
Gov
ern
men
t tr
ansp
ort
atio
n-r
elat
ed p
urc
has
es
Fede
ral p
urch
ases
a13
.313
.916
.117
.217
.217
.918
.118
.519
.4U
Sta
te a
nd lo
cal p
urch
ases
77.3
83.5
101.
111
2.6
115.
211
9.8
123.
912
8.7
132.
8U
Def
ense
-rel
ated
pur
chas
esb
5.8
8.1
10.3
8.7
8.8
8.3
8.2
8.8
R8.
78.
7
Tota
l96
.410
5.5
127.
513
8.5
141.
214
6.0
150.
215
6.0
R16
0.9
U
Gro
ss D
om
esti
c D
eman
d4,
890.
95,
866.
26,
764.
47,
622.
27,
902.
18,
272.
88,
730.
0R
9,17
9.5
R9,
590.
29,
630.
4
Tota
l dom
estic
tran
spor
tatio
n-re
late
d fin
al d
eman
dcR
542.
5R
699.
475
1.2
845.
988
0.2
921.
598
3.6
1,06
0.0
1,07
9.7
U
Tota
l tra
nsp
ort
atio
n in
GD
D (
per
cen
t)11
.111
.911
.111
.111
.111
.111
.311
.511
.3U
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed; U
= d
ata
are
not a
vaila
ble.
aFe
dera
l pur
chas
es a
nd s
tate
and
loca
l pur
chas
es a
re t
he s
um o
f co
nsum
ptio
n ex
pend
itur
es a
nd g
ross
inve
stm
ents
.b
Def
ense
-rel
ated
pur
chas
es a
re t
he s
um o
f th
e tr
ansp
orta
tion
of
mat
eria
l and
tra
vel.
cSu
m o
f to
tal p
erso
nal c
onsu
mpt
ion
of t
rans
port
atio
n, t
otal
gro
ss p
riva
te d
omes
tic
inve
stm
ent,
and
tot
al g
over
nmen
t-re
late
d pu
rcha
ses.
dD
ata
are
esti
mat
ed u
sing
the
app
ropr
iate
cha
in-t
ype
quan
tity
inde
x.
NO
TE
Cha
ined
199
6 $
valu
e =
(Qua
ntit
y in
dex
for
year
n x
199
6 cu
rren
t $
valu
e)/1
00.
SOU
RC
ES
Fede
ral,
stat
e, a
nd lo
cal g
over
nmen
t tr
ansp
orta
tion
-rel
ated
pur
chas
es:
1980
-200
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Com
mer
ce, B
urea
u of
Eco
nom
ic A
naly
sis,
Int
erne
t si
te h
ttp:
//ww
w.b
ea.d
oc.g
ov/b
ea/d
n/ni
paw
eb/ a
s of
Nov
. 15,
200
1, t
able
s 3.
15 a
nd 7
.11
(cha
in-t
ype
quan
tity
indi
ces
for
fede
ral n
onde
fens
e an
d st
ate
and
loca
l).
All
othe
r da
ta:
1980
-200
1: I
bid.
, Int
erne
t si
te h
ttp:
//ww
w.b
ea.d
oc.g
ov/b
ea/d
n/ni
paw
eb/ a
s of
Aug
. 12,
200
2, t
able
s 1.
2, 2
.3, 3
.11,
4.4
, 5.7
, and
5.9
.
Cha
in-T
ype
Qua
ntit
y In
dice
s (f
or c
ompu
ting
198
0-19
85 v
alue
s):
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of C
omm
erce
, Bur
eau
of E
cono
mic
Ana
lysi
s, I
nter
net
site
htt
p://w
ww
.bea
.doc
.gov
/bea
/dn/
nipa
web
/ as
of A
ug. 1
2, 2
002,
tab
les
7.4,
7.7
, 7.8
, 7.
10, a
nd 7
.12.
Transportation and the Total Economy � 207
TABLE 3-4a: Contributions to Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Selected Industries (Current $ billions)
1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000GDP by industryServices 1,072 1,462 1,564 1,692 1,830 1,981 2,165Health care 314 433 459 472 491 516 547Education 40 56 58 61 68 72 79Finance, insurance, and real estate 1,010 1,347 1,437 1,570 1,709 1,811 1,936Manufacturing 1,041 1,289 1,316 1,380 1,432 1,497 1,567
Durable goods 587 730 748 791 831 866 902Nondurable goods 454 559 568 588 601 631 665
Government 807 990 1,020 1,065 1,103 1,152 1,216Federal 300 342 347 355 360 370 387State and local 506 647 674 710 743 782 830
Retail trade 508 647 687 741 790 835 894Wholesale trade 376 501 530 567 608 634 674Construction 249 290 316 338 381 426 464For-hire transportation 177 233 243 262 289 303 314Electric, gas, and sanitary services 165 207 208 206 205 216 230Communications 148 202 215 221 239 259 281Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 108 110 130 130 128 127 136Mining 112 96 113 119 100 103 127
Total GDP 5,803 7,401 7,813 8,318 8,782 9,269 9,873
Statistical discrepancya 31 27 33 30 -31 -73 -130
Percent of GDPServices 18% 20% 20% 20% 21% 21% 22%
Health care 5% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6%Education 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1%
Finance, insurance, and real estate 17% 18% 18% 19% 19% 20% 20%Manufacturing 18% 17% 17% 17% 16% 16% 16%
Durable goods 10% 10% 10% 10% 9% 9% 9%Nondurable goods 8% 8% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7%
Government 14% 13% 13% 13% 13% 12% 12%Federal 5% 5% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4%State and local 9% 9% 9% 9% 8% 8% 8%
Retail trade 9% 9% 9% 9% 9% 9% 9%Wholesale trade 6% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7%Construction 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 5% 5%For-hire transportation 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3%Electric, gas, and sanitary services 3% 3% 3% 2% 2% 2% 2%Communications 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3%Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 2% 1% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1%Mining 2% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1%
a Equals gross domestic product measured as the sum of expenditures less gross domestic income.
NOTESData for 1997 and 1998 have been revised by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Percentages based on the revised
estimates have been recalculated but may appear unchanged due the number of significant digits shown. Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.
SOURCE1990-2000: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of Current Business (Wash-
ington, DC: November 2001), p. 26.
208 � Chapter 3: Transportation and the Economy
TABLE 3-4b: Contributions to Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Selected Industries (Chained 1996 $ billions)
1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000GDP by industryServices 1,362 1,510 1,564 1,632 1,699 1,775 1,865Health services 423 444 459 460 461 471 485Educational services 50 59 58 59 61 62 65Finance, insurance, and real estate 1,251 1,393 1,437 1,521 1,622 1,714 1,810Manufacturing 1,102 1,285 1,316 1,387 1,444 1,532 1,595
Durable goods 585 715 748 813 893 965 1,034Nondurable goods 520 570 568 575 556 574 574
Government 1,008 1,017 1,020 1,036 1,047 1,061 1,085Federal 385 354 347 347 348 347 353State and local 624 663 674 688 700 714 732
Retail trade 560 641 687 745 800 844 906Wholesale trade 395 483 530 584 663 689 708Construction 291 300 316 325 349 370 379For-hire transportation 181 225 243 249 258 269 281Electric, gas, and sanitary services 190 207 208 202 194 213 218Communications 155 202 215 218 231 257 284Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 119 123 130 144 146 153 166Mining 106 113 113 117 120 112 95
Total GDP 6,708 7,544 7,813 8,160 8,509 8,857 9,224
Statistical discrepancya 35 27 33 29 -30 -70 -123
Percent of GDPServices 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
Health services 6% 6% 6% 6% 5% 5% 5%Educational services 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1%
Finance, insurance, and real estate 19% 18% 18% 19% 19% 19% 20%Manufacturing 16% 17% 17% 17% 17% 17% 17%
Durable goods 9% 9% 10% 10% 10% 11% 11%Nondurable goods 8% 8% 7% 7% 7% 6% 6%
Government 15% 13% 13% 13% 12% 12% 12%Federal 6% 5% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4%State and local 9% 9% 9% 8% 8% 8% 8%
Retail trade 8% 9% 9% 9% 9% 10% 10%Wholesale trade 6% 6% 7% 7% 8% 8% 8%Construction 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4%For-hire transportation 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3%Electric, gas, and sanitary services 3% 3% 3% 2% 2% 2% 2%Communications 2% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3%Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2%Mining 2% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1%
a Equals the current dollar statistical discrepancy deflated by the implicit price deflator for gross domestic business product.
NOTESData for 1997 and 1998 have been revised by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Percentages based on the revised estimates have been recalculated but may appear unchanged due to the number
of significant digits shown.Numbers may not add to totals due to rounding.
SOURCES1990-95: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of Current Business, (Washing-
ton, DC, June 2000), p. 46.1996: Ibid., (Washington, DC, December 2000), p. 31.1997-2000: Ibid., (Washington, DC, November 2001), p. 29.
Transportation and the Total Economy � 209
TABLE 3-5: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by Major Social Function (Current $ billions)
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000TOTAL GDP 5,986 6,319 6,642 7,054 7,401 7,813 8,318 8,782 9,269 9,873
Housing 1,388 1,473 1,570 1,686 1,766 1,874 1,974 2,103 2,243 2,386Percent of total 23.2 23.0 23.6 23.9 23.9 24.0 23.7 23.9 24.2 24.2
Healthcare 827 903 969 1,026 1,086 1,142 1,208 1,281 1,353 1,444Percent of total 13.8 14.3 14.6 14.5 14.7 14.6 15.0 14.6 14.6 15.0
Food 798 828 850 903 926 985 1,011 1,059 1,126 1,201Percent of total 13.3 13.1 12.8 12.8 12.5 12.6 12.2 12.1 12.2 12.2
Transportationa 613 658 701 755 788 840 898 936 1,014 1,063
Percent of total 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.7 10.6 10.8 10.8 10.7 10.9 10.8
Education 413 432 452 478 511 541 578 614 650 693Percent of total 6.9 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.9 6.9 6.9 7.0 7.0 7.0
Other 1,947 2,026 2,101 2,207 2,324 2,431 2,650 2,788 2,882 3,085Percent of total 32.5 32.1 31.6 31.0 31.4 31.1 31.9 31.8 31.0 31.3
a Transportation-related final demand.
NOTENumbers and percents may not add to totals due to rounding.
SOURCEU.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, calculated from data in the U.S.
Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of Current Business (Washington, DC: Var-ious issues from 1991 to October 2001).
210 � Chapter 3: Transportation and the EconomyTA
BLE
3-6:
Nat
iona
l Tra
nspo
rtatio
n an
d Ec
onom
ic T
rend
s
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Pas
sen
ger
-mile
s (b
illio
ns)
1,32
71,
630
2,17
02,
561
2,89
53,
326
3,94
64,
333
4,48
34,
623
4,74
94,
904
UU
Inde
x (1
980
= 1
00)
4656
7588
100
115
136
150
155
160
164
169
UU
Ton
-mile
s (b
illio
ns)
1,56
21,
854
2,20
72,
285
2,98
92,
949
3,19
63,
648
3,72
53,
682
3,71
03,
814
UU
Inde
x (1
980
= 1
00)
5262
7476
100
9910
712
212
512
312
412
8U
U
Po
pu
lati
on
a (m
illio
ns)
181
194
205
216
228
238
250
263
266
268
270
273
R28
228
5
Inde
x (1
980
= 1
00)
7985
9095
100
R10
511
011
611
711
811
912
0R
124
125
Ind
ust
rial
Pro
du
ctio
n In
dex
b
(199
2 =
100)
3750
5963
8088
9911
412
012
8R
135
R13
9R
146
P14
0
Gro
ss D
om
esti
c P
rod
uct
Cur
rent
$ (
billi
ons)
527
720
1,04
01,
635
2,79
64,
213
5,80
37,
401
7,81
38,
318
8,78
2R
9,27
4R
9,82
510
,082
Inde
x (1
980
= 1
00)
1926
3758
100
151
208
265
279
R29
7R
313
R33
2R
351
361
Cha
ined
199
6 $
(bill
ions
)2,
377
3,02
93,
578
4,08
44,
901
5,71
76,
708
7,54
47,
813
8,16
08,
509
R8,
859
R9,
191
9,21
5
KE
Y: P
= p
relim
inar
y; R
= r
evis
ed; U
= d
ata
are
not a
vaila
ble.
aA
nnua
l est
imat
es a
s of
Jul
y 1.
Inc
lude
s A
rmed
For
ces
abro
ad.
bIn
dust
rial
Pro
duct
ion
Inde
x co
vers
man
ufac
turi
ng, m
inin
g, a
nd u
tilit
ies.
SOU
RC
ES
Pass
enge
r-m
iles:
1960
-99:
Sum
mat
ion
of a
ll m
odes
fro
m t
he p
asse
nger
-mile
s ta
ble
in c
hapt
er 1
.
Ton
-mile
s:19
60-9
9: S
umm
atio
n of
all
mod
es f
rom
the
ton
-mile
s ta
ble
in c
hapt
er 1
.
Popu
lati
on:
1960
-99:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of C
omm
erce
, Cen
sus
Bur
eau,
Sta
tist
ical
Abs
trac
t of
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es, 2
000
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 200
1), t
able
2.
2000
-01:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of C
omm
erce
, Cen
sus
Bur
eau,
USA
Sta
tist
ics
in B
rief
, sup
plem
ent
to S
tati
stic
al A
bstr
act
of t
he U
nite
d St
ates
, ava
ilabl
e at
Int
erne
t si
te
http
://w
ww
.cen
sus.
gov/
stat
ab/w
ww
/par
t1.h
tml a
s of
Apr
il 20
01.
Indu
stri
al P
rodu
ctio
n In
dex:
1960
-200
1: C
ounc
il of
Eco
nom
ic A
dvis
ors,
Eco
nom
ic R
epor
t of
the
Pre
side
nt (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Feb
ruar
y 20
02),
tab
le B
-51.
Gro
ss D
omes
tic
Prod
uct:
1960
-97:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of C
omm
erce
, Bur
eau
of E
cono
mic
Ana
lysi
s, S
urve
y of
Cur
rent
Bus
ines
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
ugus
t 19
98),
tab
le 1
, pp.
147
-148
and
ta
ble
2A, p
p. 1
51-1
52.
1998
-200
1: I
bid.
, htt
p://w
ww
.bea
.gov
/bea
/dn/
gdpl
ev.x
ls a
s of
Sep
t. 2
0, 2
002.
chapter three
Section BTransportation and
Consumer Expenditures
Transportation and Consumer Expenditures � 213
TABL
E 3-
7: P
asse
nger
and
Fre
ight
Tra
nspo
rtatio
n Ex
pend
iture
s (C
urre
nt $
mill
ions
)
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
TOTA
L p
asse
ng
er a
nd
fre
igh
t tr
ansp
ort
atio
n
exp
end
itu
res
107,
461
146,
523
195,
871
299,
221
569,
879
780,
232
992,
946
1,20
1,54
51,
266,
959
1,34
1,63
81,
396,
238
1,49
8,67
2
Pas
sen
ger
tra
nsp
ort
atio
nH
ighw
ay
Aut
o pu
rcha
ses
and
owne
rshi
pa51
,610
71,0
6494
,978
152,
238
297,
128
426,
796
507,
308
631,
653
672,
416
706,
064
722,
484
787,
407
Loca
l
Bus
and
tran
sitb
1,33
71,
454
1,84
14,
697
9,29
713
,548
16,7
2121
,647
21,3
1821
,932
21,4
4521
,702
Taxi
1,10
71,
113
1,74
02,
900
2,75
53,
770
4,03
04,
960
5,42
55,
735
6,35
56,
200
Sch
ool b
us48
670
71,
219
2,17
43,
833
5,72
28,
031
9,88
99,
082
10,3
5310
,326
10,3
40In
terc
ity, b
us55
962
979
91,
016
1,70
91,
989
1,75
01,
481
1,49
71,
642
1,75
71,
819
Tota
l hig
hw
ay55
,099
74,9
6710
0,57
716
3,02
531
4,72
245
1,82
553
7,84
066
9,63
070
9,73
874
5,72
676
2,36
782
7,46
8
Air
tota
lc3,
555
5,68
210
,565
18,8
5138
,135
50,3
1973
,045
81,1
5582
,331
93,2
6897
,358
101,
750
Rai
l tot
ald
759
598
464
1,21
22,
976
3,87
54,
521
6,69
35,
895
5,76
35,
691
5,61
1
Wat
er to
tal (
incl
udes
inte
rnat
iona
l)28
134
528
729
431
060
11,
391
1,71
61,
843
1,97
42,
029
2,08
8To
tal p
asse
nger
tran
spor
tatio
n ex
pend
iture
s59
,694
81,5
9211
1,89
318
3,38
235
6,14
350
6,62
064
1,99
675
9,19
379
9,80
784
6,73
286
7,44
593
6,91
7
Fre
igh
t tr
ansp
ort
atio
n e
xpen
dit
ure
sH
ighw
ayLo
cal,
truc
k14
,289
23,7
7928
,819
37,2
8760
,545
82,2
0010
8,35
012
8,35
213
2,97
313
8,72
714
4,27
615
2,06
7In
terc
ityB
us42
7012
215
623
524
512
613
013
213
414
115
1Tr
uck
17,9
5823
,628
33,5
5347
,400
94,5
5112
3,20
016
2,30
021
9,62
723
5,44
025
7,80
728
2,81
430
4,56
3To
tal h
igh
way
32,2
8947
,477
62,4
9484
,843
155,
331
205,
645
270,
776
348,
109
368,
545
396,
668
427,
231
456,
781
Air
tota
l (do
mes
tic a
nd in
tern
atio
nal)
354
708
1,17
11,
838
4,01
36,
817
13,7
0618
,755
20,4
4822
,831
24,2
2225
,277
Rai
l tot
al9,
028
9,92
311
,869
16,5
0927
,858
29,1
5030
,067
34,3
6035
,059
35,3
4935
,294
35,8
93W
ater
tota
l3,
487
3,90
35,
257
8,22
115
,498
18,4
4820
,121
22,7
0924
,564
21,0
3122
,503
24,4
94O
il pi
pelin
e to
tal
895
1,05
11,
396
2,22
07,
548
8,91
08,
506
9,07
78,
637
8,63
28,
579
9,06
7
Oth
er to
tale
1,71
41,
869
1,79
12,
208
3,48
84,
642
7,77
410
,307
9,95
010
,554
10,6
0110
,243
Tota
l fre
igh
t tr
ansp
ort
atio
n e
xpen
dit
ure
s47
,767
64,9
3183
,978
115,
839
213,
736
273,
612
350,
950
443,
317
467,
203
495,
065
528,
430
561,
755
aIn
clud
es b
usin
ess
expe
ndit
ures
for
pas
seng
er c
ars.
bIn
clud
es f
eder
al /
stat
e op
erat
ing
subs
idie
s, a
nd f
eder
al c
apit
al g
rant
s. B
egin
ning
in 1
994,
incl
udes
tax
es le
vied
dir
ectl
y by
tra
nsit
age
ncie
s an
d lo
cal s
ubsi
dies
su
ch a
s br
idge
and
tun
nel t
olls
, and
non
tran
sit
park
ing
lot
fund
s.c
Air
incl
udes
air
craf
t an
d op
erat
ing
cost
s, p
lus
dom
esti
c an
d in
tern
atio
nal a
ir p
asse
nger
fed
eral
exc
ise
taxe
s.d
Dat
a fr
om 1
980
incl
ude
fede
ral /
sta
te /
loca
l ope
rati
ng s
ubsi
dies
and
cap
ital
gra
nts.
Figu
res
also
incl
ude
fede
ral o
pera
ting
sub
sidi
es a
nd c
apit
al g
rant
s fo
r A
mtr
ak a
nd t
he N
orth
east
Cor
rido
r.e
Dom
esti
c fr
eigh
t fo
rwar
der’
s re
venu
es a
fter
pay
men
t to
live
-hau
l car
rier
s pl
us o
ther
shi
pper
cos
ts s
uch
as lo
adin
g an
d un
load
ing
frei
ght
cars
.
SOU
RC
E
Pass
enge
r an
d fr
eigh
t:19
60-9
9: E
no T
rans
port
atio
n Fo
unda
tion
, Inc
., T
rans
port
atio
n in
Am
eric
a, 2
001
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 200
0), p
p. 4
-11.
214 � Chapter 3: Transportation and the EconomyTA
BLE
3-8:
Sal
es P
rice
of T
rans
porta
tion
Fuel
to E
nd-U
sers
(Cur
rent
¢/g
allo
n)
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
P20
01A
viat
ion
fu
el (
excl
ud
ing
tax
es)
Avi
atio
n ga
solin
ea10
8.4
120.
111
2.0
100.
511
1.6
112.
897
.510
5.9
R13
0.6
132.
2
Jet f
uel k
eros
enea
86.8
79.6
76.6
54.0
65.1
61.3
45.2
54.3
R89
.977
.6
Hig
hw
ay f
uel
Gas
olin
e (in
clud
ing
taxe
s)
Pre
miu
mb
N13
4.0
134.
913
3.6
141.
314
1.6
125.
013
5.7
169.
316
5.7
Reg
ular
b12
4.5
120.
211
6.4
114.
712
3.1
123.
410
5.9
116.
515
1.0
146.
1
All
type
s12
2.1
119.
612
1.7
120.
512
8.8
129.
111
1.5
122.
115
6.3
153.
1
Die
sel n
o. 2
(ex
clud
ing
taxe
s)a
81.8
78.9
72.5
56.0
68.1
64.2
49.4
58.4
R93
.584
.2
Rai
lro
ad f
uel
Die
sel
82.6
77.8
69.2
60.0
67.7
67.8
57.0
55.5
87.5
85.4
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; P =
pre
limin
ary;
R =
rev
ised
.
aSa
les
to e
nd-u
sers
(th
ose
sale
s m
ade
dire
ctly
to
the
ulti
mat
e co
nsum
er, i
nclu
ding
bul
k cu
stom
ers
in a
gric
ultu
re, i
ndus
try,
and
uti
lity)
.b
Ave
rage
ret
ail p
rice
.
SOU
RC
ES
All
data
exc
ept
railr
oad
fuel
:U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Ene
rgy,
Ene
rgy
Info
rmat
ion
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Mon
thly
Ene
rgy
Rev
iew
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
ugus
t 20
02),
tab
les
9.4
and
9.7.
Rai
lroa
d fu
el:
Ass
ocia
tion
of
Am
eric
an R
ailr
oads
, Rai
lroa
d Fa
cts
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 200
1), p
. 61,
and
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
Aug
. 12,
200
2.
Transportation and Consumer Expenditures � 215
TABL
E 3-
9: P
rice
Tren
ds o
f Gas
olin
e v.
Oth
er C
onsu
mer
Goo
ds a
nd S
ervi
ces
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Ret
ail p
rice
of
reg
ula
r g
rad
e g
aso
line
(¢/g
allo
n)
Ser
vice
sta
tion
pric
e (e
xclu
ding
taxe
s)a
21.0
20.7
24.6
44.8
105.
389
.588
.074
.382
.482
.665
.075
.010
8.8
106.
4
Sta
te a
nd fe
dera
l tax
esb
10.1
10.5
11.1
12.4
13.8
22.0
26.9
40.4
40.7
40.8
41.0
41.5
42.2
42.0
Ser
vice
sta
tio
n p
rice
(in
clu
din
g t
axes
)Le
aded
31.1
31.2
35.7
56.7
119.
111
1.5
114.
9N
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
A
Unl
eade
dN
NN
N12
4.5
120.
211
6.4
114.
712
3.1
123.
410
6.0
116.
515
1.0
c 148
.4
Co
nsu
mer
pri
ce in
dic
es(1
982-
84 =
100
)A
ll ite
ms
3032
3954
8210
813
115
215
716
116
316
717
217
7
Food
3032
3960
8710
613
214
815
315
716
116
416
817
3S
helte
r25
2736
4981
110
140
166
171
176
182
187
193
200
App
arel
and
upk
eep
4648
5973
9110
512
413
213
213
313
313
113
012
7
Mot
or fu
el24
2528
4597
9910
110
010
610
692
101
129
125
Med
ical
car
e22
2534
4875
114
163
221
228
235
242
251
261
273
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; NA
= n
ot a
pplic
able
.
aC
alcu
late
d by
sub
trac
ting
sta
te a
nd f
eder
al t
axes
fro
m s
ervi
ce s
tati
on p
rice
(in
clud
ing
taxe
s).
bSt
ate
and
fede
ral t
axes
are
wei
ghte
d av
erag
es c
ompu
ted
by t
he A
mer
ican
Pet
role
um I
nsti
tute
, bas
ed o
n ga
solin
e so
ld in
the
50
stat
es.
cIn
clud
es o
nly
data
fro
m J
anua
ry t
o A
pril.
SOU
RC
ES
Ret
ail p
rice
of
regu
lar
grad
e ga
solin
e ex
cept
ser
vice
sta
tion
pri
ces
(inc
ludi
ng t
axes
):
1960
-65:
Am
eric
an P
etro
leum
Ins
titu
te, B
asic
Pet
role
um D
ata
Boo
k (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, sec
tion
VI,
tab
le 5
, and
sim
ilar
tabl
es in
ear
lier
edit
ions
.19
70-2
001:
Am
eric
an P
etro
leum
Ins
titu
te, H
ow M
uch
We
Pay
for
Gas
olin
e (M
ay 2
001)
tab
le 2
.
Serv
ice
stat
ion
pric
e (i
nclu
ding
tax
es):
19
60-2
001:
Am
eric
an P
etro
leum
Ins
titu
te, H
ow M
uch
We
Pay
for
Gas
olin
e (M
ay 2
001)
tab
le 3
.
Con
sum
er p
rice
indi
ces:
19
60-2
001:
Cou
ncil
of E
cono
mic
Adv
isor
s, E
cono
mic
Rep
ort
of t
he P
resi
dent
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: J
anua
ry 2
001)
, tab
les
B-6
0 an
d B
-61.
Als
o av
aila
ble
at I
nter
net
site
htt
p://w
3.ac
cess
.gpo
.gov
/eop
/.
216 � Chapter 3: Transportation and the EconomyTA
BLE
3-10
: Pro
duce
r Pric
e In
dice
s fo
r Tra
nspo
rtatio
n Se
rvic
es (B
ase
date
= 1
00)
Bas
e d
ate
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Rai
lroad
s, li
ne-h
aul o
pera
ting
(SIC
401
1)12
/84
107.
510
9.3
109.
911
0.9
111.
811
1.7
111.
511
2.1
113.
411
3.0
114.
511
6.6
Mot
or fr
eigh
t tra
nspo
rtat
ion
and
war
ehou
sing
(S
IC 4
2)06
/93
UU
U99
.910
1.9
104.
510
6.3
108.
911
1.6
114.
811
9.4
123.
1W
ater
tran
spor
tatio
n (S
IC 4
4)12
/92
UU
100.
099
.710
0.0
103.
010
3.7
104.
210
5.6
113.
012
2.6
129.
8
Air
tran
spor
tatio
n (S
IC 4
5)12
/92
UU
100.
010
5.6
108.
511
3.7
121.
112
5.3
124.
513
0.8
147.
715
7.2
Pip
elin
es, e
xcep
t nat
ural
gas
(S
IC 4
6)12
/86
95.8
96.1
96.4
96.6
102.
611
0.8
104.
698
.899
.298
.310
2.3
110.
3Tr
avel
age
ncie
s (S
IC 4
724)
12/8
910
7.3
113.
611
3.4
115.
311
5.3
111.
310
9.9
114.
511
2.1
112.
012
1.8
123.
3
Frei
ght t
rans
port
atio
n ar
rang
emen
t (S
IC 4
731)
12/9
4U
UU
U10
0.0
99.8
101.
510
1.4
99.7
99.2
100.
310
0.3
KE
Y: S
IC =
Sta
ndar
d In
dust
rial C
lass
ifica
tion;
U =
dat
a ar
e no
t ava
ilabl
e.
NO
TE
Dat
a ar
e re
port
ed m
onth
ly f
rom
Jan
uary
to
Dec
embe
r. T
he m
onth
ly in
dice
s, h
owev
er, a
re a
vaila
ble
for
few
er t
han
12 m
onth
s fo
r so
me
year
s. I
n bo
th c
ases
, a
sim
ple
aver
age
of t
he a
vaila
ble
mon
thly
indi
ces
is r
epor
ted
for
each
yea
r. D
ata
are
not
seas
onal
ly a
djus
ted.
SOU
RC
EU
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Lab
or, B
urea
u of
Lab
or S
tati
stic
s, I
nter
net
site
ww
w.b
ls.g
ov/d
ata/
sa.h
tm a
s of
Jul
y 29
, 200
2.
Transportation and Consumer Expenditures � 217
TABL
E 3-
11: P
rodu
cer P
rice
Indi
ces
for T
rans
porta
tion
Equi
pmen
t (Ba
se d
ate
= 10
0)
Bas
e d
ate
199
0 1
991
199
2 1
993
199
4 1
995
199
6 1
997
199
8 1
999
200
0 2
001
Tran
spor
tatio
n eq
uipm
ent (
SIC
37)
12/8
411
5.6
119.
812
3.0
126.
313
0.1
132.
213
4.2
134.
113
3.6
134.
513
6.8
137.
9M
otor
veh
icle
s an
d m
otor
veh
icle
equ
ipm
ent (
SIC
371
)12
/84
113.
011
7.4
120.
512
3.8
127.
512
9.1
130.
412
9.0
127.
712
8.3
129.
212
8.5
Mot
or v
ehic
les
and
pass
enge
r ca
r bo
dies
(S
IC 3
711)
06/8
211
9.9
125.
312
9.1
133.
213
8.0
139.
114
0.4
138.
713
6.8
137.
613
8.7
137.
6
Truc
k an
d bu
s bo
dies
(S
IC 3
713)
12/8
212
5.4
128.
113
1.1
132.
813
6.8
145.
514
9.9
153.
515
5.3
157.
016
0.3
163.
3M
otor
veh
icle
par
ts a
nd a
cces
sorie
s (S
IC 3
714)
12/8
210
8.9
110.
311
1.0
111.
711
2.0
113.
511
4.0
113.
111
2.6
112.
011
1.6
111.
5Tr
uck
trai
lers
(S
IC 3
715)
12/7
912
5.6
128.
113
1.2
134.
213
8.6
148.
614
7.8
147.
715
2.2
153.
615
6.6
156.
1
Mot
or h
omes
bui
lt on
pur
chas
ed c
hass
is (
SIC
371
6)06
/84
125.
812
8.7
131.
813
3.9
134.
513
7.8
141.
614
3.1
145.
014
7.6
149.
415
1.8
Airc
raft
(SIC
372
1)12
/85
116.
012
0.4
124.
312
8.6
132.
913
7.3
140.
514
2.3
142.
714
4.1
150.
515
5.7
Airc
raft
engi
nes
and
engi
ne p
arts
(S
IC 3
724)
12/8
511
2.6
117.
912
3.6
125.
712
9.0
130.
913
3.4
134.
813
5.8
136.
813
9.7
144.
0
Airc
raft
part
s an
d au
xilia
ry e
quip
men
t, N
EC
(S
IC 3
728)
06/8
511
6.3
120.
312
4.9
128.
013
0.7
131.
713
6.3
139.
014
0.8
142.
214
3.3
146.
6S
hipb
uild
ing
and
repa
iring
(S
IC 3
731)
12/8
511
4.0
116.
211
8.3
123.
312
6.8
127.
613
0.1
133.
313
4.8
135.
413
7.6
140.
1B
oatb
uild
ing
and
repa
iring
(S
IC 3
732)
12/8
113
6.0
140.
114
4.9
147.
715
0.2
154.
615
9.6
165.
016
8.6
172.
717
9.4
186.
3
Rai
lroad
equ
ipm
ent (
SIC
374
3)06
/84
114.
211
7.3
118.
711
9.8
122.
612
7.6
129.
612
7.4
127.
512
8.1
128.
612
8.2
Mot
orcy
cles
, bic
ycle
s, a
nd p
arts
(S
IC 3
751)
12/8
410
9.9
111.
811
4.4
116.
911
9.0
122.
212
3.3
123.
312
4.2
125.
512
7.7
127.
9Tr
avel
trai
lers
and
cam
pers
(S
IC 3
792)
06/8
411
8.1
120.
112
2.2
123.
212
4.7
127.
212
9.0
129.
613
0.3
132.
013
3.2
134.
2
Tran
spor
tatio
n eq
uipm
ent,
NE
C (
SIC
379
9)06
/85
112.
511
4.9
116.
111
7.2
119.
112
3.3
126.
612
8.7
131.
313
2.2
135.
513
8.1
KE
Y: N
EC
= n
ot e
lsew
here
cla
ssifi
ed; S
IC =
Sta
ndar
d In
dust
rial C
lass
ifica
tion.
NO
TE
Bur
eau
of L
abor
Sta
tist
ics
data
are
rep
orte
d m
onth
ly f
rom
Jan
uary
to
Dec
embe
r. T
he m
onth
ly in
dice
s, h
owev
er, a
re a
vaila
ble
for
few
er t
han
12 m
onth
s fo
r so
me
year
s. I
n bo
th c
ases
, a s
impl
e av
erag
e of
the
ava
ilabl
e m
onth
ly in
dice
s is
rep
orte
d fo
r ea
ch y
ear.
Dat
a ar
e no
t se
ason
ally
adj
uste
d.
SOU
RC
EU
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Lab
or, B
urea
u of
Lab
or S
tati
stic
s, P
rodu
cer
Pric
e In
dex
Rev
isio
n-C
urre
nt S
erie
s, I
nter
net
site
ww
w.b
ls.g
ov/d
ata/
sa.h
tm a
s of
Jul
y 30
, 200
2.
218 � Chapter 3: Transportation and the EconomyTA
BLE
3-12
: Per
sona
l Exp
endi
ture
s by
Cat
egor
y (C
urre
nt $
mill
ions
)
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
R20
0020
01
TOTA
L e
xpen
dit
ure
s33
2,30
044
4,30
064
8,90
01,
030,
300
1,76
2,90
02,
712,
600
3,83
1,50
04,
969,
000
5,23
7,50
05,
529,
300
5,85
6,00
0R
6,24
6,50
06,
683,
700
6,98
7,00
0
Tran
spor
tatio
n42
,900
59,1
0081
,100
130,
200
238,
400
372,
800
455,
400
560,
300
594,
600
626,
700
649,
900
R70
7,80
076
8,90
079
4,80
0
Tran
spor
tatio
n as
a
% o
f tot
al12
.913
.312
.512
.613
.513
.711
.911
.311
.411
.311
.1R
11.3
11.5
11.4
Foo
d an
d to
bacc
o89
,200
108,
800
154,
600
238,
300
376,
800
498,
500
677,
900
802,
500
834,
100
862,
000
906,
900
R96
4,70
01,
027,
200
1,06
8,70
0
Clo
thin
g, a
cces
sorie
s,
and
jew
elry
32,7
0041
,400
57,6
0085
,600
132,
300
188,
300
261,
700
317,
300
333,
300
348,
000
367,
200
R39
1,20
040
9,80
041
2,60
0
Per
sona
l car
e5,
600
8,10
011
,500
16,1
0025
,500
37,6
0053
,700
67,4
0071
,600
76,1
0079
,900
R84
,000
87,8
0089
,100
Hou
sing
48,2
0065
,400
94,0
0014
7,00
025
5,10
040
6,80
058
5,60
074
0,80
077
2,50
081
0,50
085
9,70
0R
912,
600
960,
000
1,01
4,50
0
Hou
seho
ld o
pera
tion
46,7
0062
,100
85,0
0013
6,00
023
3,80
034
4,00
043
3,60
055
5,00
058
9,20
061
7,80
064
2,90
0R
677,
700
723,
900
747,
300
Med
ical
car
e22
,100
34,1
0060
,000
107,
700
206,
500
367,
400
619,
700
888,
600
932,
300
984,
400
1,04
1,70
0R
1,09
7,90
01,
171,
100
1,27
0,20
0
Per
sona
l bus
ines
s14
,600
20,7
0032
,600
54,0
0010
3,60
018
8,10
028
4,70
040
6,80
043
5,10
048
9,00
052
9,80
0R
575,
200
632,
500
634,
300
Rec
reat
ion
18,5
0026
,900
43,1
0070
,500
116,
700
187,
600
284,
900
401,
600
429,
600
456,
600
489,
100
R52
6,50
056
4,70
059
3,90
0
Edu
catio
n an
d re
sear
ch4,
400
7,00
012
,700
20,6
0033
,500
53,8
0083
,700
114,
500
122,
300
130,
500
140,
200
R15
2,10
016
4,00
017
4,90
0
Rel
igio
us a
nd w
elfa
re
activ
ities
5,30
07,
800
12,2
0019
,800
37,2
0060
,400
97,1
0013
4,90
014
6,80
014
9,50
016
3,90
0R
172,
900
190,
100
199,
600
For
eign
trav
el a
nd o
ther
, net
2,10
02,
900
4,50
04,
400
3,50
07,
500
-6,3
00-2
0,70
0-2
4,10
0-2
1,80
0-1
5,10
0-1
6,00
0-1
6,10
0-1
2,90
0
Dis
posa
ble
Per
sona
l In
com
e (D
PI)
366,
200
498,
900
736,
500
1,18
1,40
02,
019,
800
3,08
6,50
04,
293,
600
5,42
2,60
05,
677,
700
5,96
8,20
06,
355,
600
R6,
627,
400
7,12
0,20
07,
393,
200
Tran
spor
tatio
n as
a
% o
f DP
I11
.711
.811
.011
.011
.812
.110
.610
.310
.510
.510
.2R
10.7
10.8
10.8
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed.
SOU
RC
ES
DPI
: 196
0-20
01: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Com
mer
ce, B
urea
u of
Eco
nom
ic A
naly
sis,
Nat
iona
l Inc
ome
and
Pro
duct
Acc
ount
s T
able
s, t
able
2.9
, Int
erne
t si
te h
ttp:
//w
ww
.bea
.doc
.gov
, as
of A
ug. 9
, 200
2.
All
but
DPI
: 196
0-20
01: I
bid.
, Nat
iona
l Inc
ome
and
Pro
duct
Acc
ount
s T
able
s, t
able
2.4
, Int
erne
t si
te h
ttp:
//ww
w.b
ea.d
oc.g
ov a
s of
Aug
. 9, 2
002.
Transportation and Consumer Expenditures � 219
TABL
E 3-
13: P
erso
nal C
onsu
mpt
ion
Expe
nditu
res
on T
rans
porta
tion
by S
ubca
tego
ry (C
urre
nt $
mill
ions
)
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
TOTA
L t
ran
spo
rtat
ion
42,9
0059
,100
81,1
0013
0,20
023
8,40
037
2,80
045
5,40
056
0,30
059
4,60
062
6,70
064
9,90
0R
707,
800
R76
8,90
079
4,80
0
Use
r-o
per
ated
tra
nsp
ort
atio
n
New
car
s an
d ne
t pur
chas
es
of u
sed
cars
16,6
0025
,200
R26
,700
R36
,700
57,2
0011
0,70
011
9,00
013
2,20
013
3,30
013
5,60
014
2,80
0R
156,
100
R16
4,90
016
6,50
0
New
and
use
d tr
ucks
and
RV
s61
01,
280
2,70
07,
700
11,8
0040
,800
57,5
0080
,200
84,3
0089
,000
104,
500
R11
8,70
0R
125,
900
149,
000
Tire
s, tu
bes,
acc
esso
ries,
an
d pa
rts
2,50
03,
500
6,10
010
,300
17,9
0024
,300
29,9
0036
,900
38,7
0039
,600
41,5
0044
,400
R45
,900
45,8
00
Rep
air
and
rent
al5,
500
R7,
600
12,3
0019
,800
34,0
0060
,500
84,9
0012
2,20
013
4,20
014
6,30
015
3,60
0R
165,
100
R17
5,50
018
1,60
0
Gas
olin
e an
d oi
l12
,000
14,8
0021
,900
39,7
0086
,700
97,2
0010
7,30
011
3,30
012
4,20
012
8,10
011
4,80
0R
129,
300
R16
4,40
016
2,10
0
Tolls
310
460
650
820
1,10
01,
500
2,30
03,
400
3,70
04,
000
4,00
0R
4,40
0R
4,60
04,
900
Insu
ranc
e pr
emiu
ms,
less
cl
aim
s pa
id2,
000
2,40
03,
800
3,80
09,
400
10,0
0018
,100
29,7
0031
,800
36,3
0038
,000
36,8
00R
30,7
0032
,100
Tota
l39
,500
55,1
0074
,200
118,
900
218,
300
344,
900
419,
000
517,
800
550,
200
578,
900
599,
200
R65
4,70
0R
711,
900
742,
000
Pu
rch
ased
inte
rcit
y tr
ansp
ort
atio
n
Rai
lroad
310
280
210
270
300
480
700
600
600
700
700
700
800
900
Inte
rcity
bus
290
380
530
740
1,40
01,
300
1,30
01,
600
1,80
01,
800
1,90
02,
000
R1,
500
1,50
0
Airl
ine
680
1,30
03,
100
5,90
012
,800
17,6
0022
,700
25,5
0026
,200
29,0
0030
,800
R32
,700
R36
,700
32,4
00
Oth
er35
5418
239
091
01,
700
3,30
04,
300
4,70
04,
700
4,90
05,
300
R5,
200
4,80
0
Tota
l1,
310
2,00
04,
000
7,30
015
,400
21,1
0028
,100
32,1
0033
,300
36,2
0038
,400
R40
,700
R44
,300
39,7
00
Pu
rch
ased
loca
l tra
nsp
ort
atio
n
Mas
s tr
ansi
t sys
tem
1,40
01,
400
1,80
02,
100
2,90
04,
200
5,80
07,
100
7,70
07,
800
8,30
08,
600
R9,
100
9,50
0
Taxi
600
600
1,20
02,
000
1,90
02,
600
2,60
03,
200
3,50
03,
700
4,10
03,
800
R3,
600
3,70
0
Tota
l2,
000
2,10
03,
000
R4,
000
4,80
06,
800
8,40
010
,400
11,2
0011
,600
12,3
0012
,400
R12
,700
13,2
00
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed; R
Vs
= r
ecre
atio
nal v
ehic
les.
NO
TE
Num
bers
may
not
add
to
tota
ls d
ue t
o ro
undi
ng.
SOU
RC
E19
60-2
001:
Ibi
d., N
atio
nal I
ncom
e an
d Pr
oduc
t A
ccou
nts
Tab
les,
tab
le 2
.4, I
nter
net
site
htt
p://w
ww
.bea
.doc
.gov
as
of A
ug. 9
, 200
2.
220 � Chapter 3: Transportation and the EconomyTA
BLE
3-14
: Ave
rage
Cos
t of O
wni
ng a
nd O
pera
ting
an A
utom
obile
a (A
ssum
ing
15,0
00 V
ehic
le-M
iles
per Y
ear)
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Ave
rag
e to
tal c
ost
per
mile
(cu
rren
t ¢)
14.4
21.2
23.2
33.0
41.2
42.6
44.8
46.1
49.1
51.0
50.2
Gas
and
oil
4.8
5.9
5.6
5.4
5.8
5.6
6.6
6.2
6.9
7.9
5.9
Gas
and
oil
as a
per
cent
of t
otal
cos
t33
.4%
27.8
%24
.1%
16.4
%14
.1%
13.1
%14
.7%
13.4
%14
.1%
15.5
%11
.8%
Mai
nten
ance
1.0
1.1
1.2
2.1
2.6
2.8
2.8
3.1
3.6
3.9
4.1
Tire
s0.
70.
60.
70.
91.
21.
21.
41.
41.
71.
81.
8
Ave
rag
e to
tal c
ost
per
15,
000
mile
s (c
urr
ent
$)2,
154
3,17
63,
484
4,95
46,
185
6,38
96,
723
6,90
87,
363
7,65
47,
533
Var
iabl
e co
st96
81,
143
1,11
31,
260
1,44
01,
440
1,62
01,
605
1,82
92,
040
1,77
0
Fix
ed c
ostb
1,18
62,
033
2,37
13,
694
4,74
54,
949
5,10
35,
303
5,53
45,
614
5,76
4
aA
ll fi
gure
s re
flec
t th
e av
erag
e co
st o
f op
erat
ing
a ve
hicl
e 15
,000
mile
s pe
r ye
ar in
sto
p an
d go
con
diti
ons.
bFi
xed
cost
s (o
wne
rshi
p co
sts)
incl
ude
insu
ranc
e, li
cens
e, r
egis
trat
ion,
tax
es, d
epre
ciat
ion,
and
fin
ance
cha
rges
.
NO
TE
SC
hang
es in
the
way
cos
ts w
ere
calc
ulat
ed m
ake
it d
iffi
cult
to
com
pare
pre
-198
5 da
ta w
ith
mor
e re
cent
yea
rs.
Prio
r to
198
5, t
he c
ost
figu
res
are
for
a m
id-s
ized
, cur
rent
mod
el, A
mer
ican
car
equ
ippe
d w
ith
a va
riet
y of
sta
ndar
d an
d op
tion
al a
cces
sori
es. A
fter
198
5, t
he
cost
figu
res
repr
esen
t a
com
posi
te o
f thr
ee c
urre
nt m
odel
Am
eric
an c
ars.
The
200
0 fu
el c
osts
are
bas
ed o
n a
four
th q
uart
er a
vera
ge p
rice
of
$1.5
95 p
er g
allo
n of
reg
ular
unl
eade
d ga
solin
e, w
eigh
ted
20 p
erce
nt f
ull-
serv
e an
d 80
per
cent
sel
f-se
rve.
Ins
uran
ce f
igur
es a
re b
ased
on
pers
onal
use
of
vehi
cles
dri
ven
less
tha
n 10
mile
s to
or
from
wor
k, w
ith
no d
rive
rs u
nder
25
year
s ol
d. N
orm
al d
epre
ciat
ion
cost
s ar
e ba
sed
on t
he v
ehic
le’s
tra
de-i
n va
lue
at t
he e
nd o
f 4
year
s or
60
,000
mile
s. A
mer
ican
Aut
omob
ile A
ssoc
iati
on a
naly
sis
cove
rs v
ehic
les
equi
pped
wit
h st
anda
rd a
nd o
ptio
nal a
cces
sori
es in
clud
ing
auto
mat
ic t
rans
mis
sion
, ai
r co
ndit
ioni
ng, p
ower
ste
erin
g, p
ower
dis
c br
akes
, AM
/FM
ste
reo,
dri
ver-
and
pas
seng
er-s
ide
air
bags
, ant
i-lo
ck b
rake
s, c
ruis
e co
ntro
l, ti
lt s
teer
ing
whe
el,
tint
ed g
lass
, em
issi
ons
equi
pmen
t, a
nd r
ear-
win
dow
def
ogge
r.
SOU
RC
EA
mer
ican
Aut
omob
ile A
ssoc
iati
on, Y
our
Dri
ving
Cos
ts (
Hea
thro
w, F
L: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
.
Transportation and Consumer Expenditures � 221
TABL
E 3-
15a:
Ave
rage
Pas
seng
er F
ares
(Cur
rent
$)
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Air
carr
ier,
dom
estic
, sch
edul
ed s
ervi
ce33
.01
34.1
340
.65
53.6
484
.60
92.5
310
7.86
106.
6611
0.37
114.
1011
4.34
R11
4.98
121.
27
Cla
ss I
bus,
inte
rcity
a2.
462.
733.
815.
4610
.57
11.9
820
.22
20.1
022
.85
20.7
123
.00
25.4
329
.46
Tran
sit,
all m
odes
b (u
nlin
ked)
0.14
0.16
0.22
0.27
0.30
0.53
0.67
0.88
0.93
R0.
90R
0.91
0.90
0.93
Com
mut
er r
ail
0.64
0.71
0.84
1.04
1.41
2.85
2.90
3.13
3.25
3.30
3.29
R3.
303.
33
Inte
rcity
/ A
mtr
akc
4.22
3.92
3.19
12.9
617
.72
26.1
538
.51
39.0
342
.54
44.3
143
.98
45.7
2U
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed
aR
egul
ar r
oute
inte
rcit
y se
rvic
e.b
Prio
r to
198
4, e
xclu
des
com
mut
er r
ailr
oad,
aut
omat
ed g
uide
way
, urb
an f
erry
boat
, dem
and
resp
onsi
ve, a
nd m
ost
rura
l and
sm
alle
r sy
stem
s.c
Am
trak
beg
an o
pera
tion
s in
197
1.
SOU
RC
ES
Air
car
rier
, dom
esti
c, s
ched
uled
ser
vice
:19
60: C
ivil
Aer
onau
tics
Boa
rd, H
andb
ook
of A
irlin
e St
atis
tics
, 196
9 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: F
ebru
ary
1970
), p
art
III,
tab
le 2
(en
plan
emen
ts);
par
t IV
, tab
le 2
(pa
ssen
-ge
r re
venu
e).
1965
-70:
Ibi
d. H
andb
ook
of A
irlin
e St
atis
tics
, 197
3 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: M
arch
197
4), p
art
III,
tab
le 2
(en
plan
emen
ts);
par
t IV
, tab
le 2
(pa
ssen
ger
reve
nue)
.19
75-8
0: I
bid.
Air
Car
rier
Fin
anci
al S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l Dec
embe
r is
sues
), p
. 1, l
ine
3; a
nd A
ir C
arri
er T
raff
ic S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C:
Ann
ual D
ecem
ber
issu
es),
p. 2
, lin
e 16
(pa
ssen
ger
reve
nue
/ rev
enue
pas
seng
er e
npla
nem
ents
).
1985
-200
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Bur
eau
of T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
, Off
ice
of A
irlin
e In
form
atio
n, A
ir C
arri
er F
inan
cial
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
D
C: A
nnua
l Dec
embe
r is
sues
), p
. 1, l
ine
3 (p
asse
nger
rev
enue
s); A
ir C
arri
er T
raff
ic S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l Dec
embe
r is
sues
), p
. 2, l
ine
16 (
pas-
seng
er r
even
ue /
reve
nue
pass
enge
r en
plan
emen
ts).
Cla
ss I
bus
, int
erci
ty:
1960
-90:
Int
erst
ate
Com
mer
ce C
omm
issi
on, T
rans
port
Sta
tist
ics
in t
he U
nite
d St
ates
, Mot
or C
arri
ers
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), p
art
2.19
95-2
000:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, B
urea
u of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
isti
cs, S
elec
ted
Ear
ning
s D
ata,
Cla
ss I
Mot
or C
arri
ers
of P
asse
nger
s (W
ashi
ngto
n,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s).
Tra
nsit
and
com
mut
er r
ail:
1960
-200
0: A
mer
ican
Pub
lic T
rans
it A
ssoc
iati
on, P
ublic
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Fact
Boo
k (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
(pa
ssen
ger
fare
s / p
asse
nger
tri
ps).
Inte
rcit
y /
Am
trak
:19
60-7
0: A
ssoc
iati
on o
f A
mer
ican
Rai
lroa
ds, R
ailr
oad
Fact
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
.19
75-8
0: A
mtr
ak, S
tate
and
Loc
al A
ffai
rs D
epar
tmen
t an
d Pu
blic
Aff
airs
Dep
artm
ent,
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion.
1985
-99:
Am
trak
, Am
trak
Ann
ual R
epor
t, S
tati
stic
al A
ppen
dix
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s) (
tran
spor
tati
on r
even
ues
/ Am
trak
sys
tem
pas
seng
er t
rips
).
222 � Chapter 3: Transportation and the EconomyTA
BLE
3-15
b: A
vera
ge P
asse
nger
Far
es (C
hain
ed 1
996
$)a
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Air
carr
ier,
dom
estic
, sch
edul
ed s
ervi
ce12
3.13
122.
5212
2.86
120.
0210
9.15
99.6
210
4.51
101.
6511
0.37
107.
5610
9.35
R11
1.44
110.
43
Cla
ss I
bus,
inte
rcity
b15
.62
16.3
818
.05
16.5
019
.97
14.4
420
.57
20.4
922
.85
20.6
221
.72
R23
.47
26.0
2
Tran
sit,
all m
odes
c (u
nlin
ked)
1.03
1.00
0.97
0.93
0.70
0.85
0.86
0.97
0.93
R0.
89R
0.91
R0.
910.
92
Com
mut
er r
ail
4.20
4.59
4.61
4.42
3.63
4.66
3.48
3.33
3.25
3.30
3.22
R3.
113.
04
Inte
rcity
/ A
mtr
akd
27.6
825
.33
17.5
055
.08
45.5
642
.80
46.2
141
.58
42.5
444
.36
42.9
943
.10
U
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed.
aA
ll da
ta in
thi
s ta
ble
have
bee
n re
vise
d us
ing
new
ly a
vaila
ble
chai
n-ty
pe in
dexe
s fo
r tr
ansp
orta
tion
ser
vice
s fr
om t
he B
urea
u of
Eco
nom
ic A
naly
sis.
b
Reg
ular
rou
te in
terc
ity
serv
ice.
cPr
ior
to 1
984,
exc
lude
s co
mm
uter
rai
lroa
d, a
utom
ated
gui
dew
ay, u
rban
fer
rybo
at, d
eman
d re
spon
sive
, and
mos
t ru
ral a
nd s
mal
ler
syst
ems.
dA
mtr
ak b
egan
ope
rati
ons
in 1
971.
SOU
RC
ES
Air
car
rier
, dom
esti
c, s
ched
uled
ser
vice
:19
60: C
ivil
Aer
onau
tics
Boa
rd, H
andb
ook
of A
irlin
e St
atis
tics
, 196
9 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: F
ebru
ary
1970
), p
art
III,
tab
le 2
(en
plan
emen
ts);
par
t IV
, tab
le 2
(pa
ssen
-ge
r re
venu
e).
1965
-70:
Ibi
d., H
andb
ook
of A
irlin
e St
atis
tics
, 197
3 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: M
arch
197
4), p
art
III,
tab
le 2
(en
plan
emen
ts);
par
t IV
, tab
le 2
(pa
ssen
ger
reve
nue)
.19
75-8
0: I
bid.
, Air
Car
rier
Fin
anci
al S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l Dec
embe
r is
sues
), p
. 1, l
ine
3; a
nd A
ir C
arri
er T
raff
ic S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C:
Ann
ual D
ecem
ber
issu
es),
p. 2
, lin
e 16
(pa
ssen
ger
reve
nue
/ rev
enue
pas
seng
er e
npla
nem
ents
).
1985
-200
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Bur
eau
of T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
, Off
ice
of A
irlin
e In
form
atio
n, A
ir C
arri
er F
inan
cial
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
D
C: A
nnua
l Dec
embe
r is
sues
), p
. 1, l
ine
3 (p
asse
nger
rev
enue
s); A
ir C
arri
er T
raff
ic S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l Dec
embe
r is
sues
), p
. 2, l
ine
16 (
pas-
seng
er r
even
ue /
reve
nue
pass
enge
r en
plan
emen
ts).
Cla
ss I
bus
, int
erci
ty:
1960
-90:
Int
erst
ate
Com
mer
ce C
omm
issi
on, T
rans
port
Sta
tist
ics
in t
he U
nite
d St
ates
, Mot
or C
arri
ers
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), p
art
2.19
95-2
000:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, B
urea
u of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
isti
cs, S
elec
ted
Ear
ning
s D
ata,
Cla
ss I
Mot
or C
arri
ers
of P
asse
nger
s (W
ashi
ngto
n,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s).
Tra
nsit
and
com
mut
er r
ail:
1960
-200
0: A
mer
ican
Pub
lic T
rans
it A
ssoc
iati
on, T
rans
it F
act
Boo
k (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
(pa
ssen
ger
fare
s / p
asse
nger
tri
ps).
Inte
rcit
y /
Am
trak
:19
60-7
0: A
ssoc
iati
on o
f A
mer
ican
Rai
lroa
ds, R
ailr
oad
Fact
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
.19
75-8
0: A
mtr
ak, S
tate
and
Loc
al A
ffai
rs D
epar
tmen
t an
d Pu
blic
Aff
airs
Dep
artm
ent,
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion.
1985
-99:
Am
trak
, Am
trak
Ann
ual R
epor
t, S
tati
stic
al A
ppen
dix
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s) (
tran
spor
tati
on r
even
ues
/ Am
trak
sys
tem
pas
seng
er t
rips
).
chapter three
Section CTransportation Revenues,
Employment, and Productivity
Transportation Revenues, Employment, and Productivity � 225
TABL
E 3-
16: A
vera
ge P
asse
nger
Rev
enue
per
Pas
seng
er-M
ile (C
urre
nt ¢
)
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Air
car
rier
, do
mes
tic,
sch
edu
led
ser
vice
6.1
6.1
6.0
7.7
11.5
12.2
13.4
13.5
13.8
14.0
14.1
14.0
14.6
Inde
x (1
980
= 1
00)
5353
5267
100
106
117
117
120
121
122
121
127
Cla
ss I
bus,
inte
rcit
ya2.
72.
93.
64.
97.
39.
911
.612
.212
.312
.612
.812
.8U
Inde
x (1
990
= 1
00)
2325
3142
6386
100
106
106
109
110
110
U
Co
mm
ute
r ra
il2.
93.
33.
84.
66.
712
.113
.513
.113
.714
.714
.715
.0U
Inde
x (1
990
= 1
00)
2225
2834
5090
100
9710
210
910
911
1U
Inte
rcit
y / A
mtr
akb
3.0
3.1
4.0
5.7
8.2
11.3
14.1
14.6
16.6
17.3
17.5
18.4
U
Inde
x (1
990
= 1
00)
2122
2840
5880
100
103
118
123
124
130
U
Co
nsu
mer
Pri
ce In
dex
(19
82-8
4 =
100)
3032
3954
8210
813
115
215
716
1c 1
63d16
717
2
KE
Y: U
= d
ata
are
not a
vaila
ble.
aR
egul
ar r
oute
inte
rcit
y se
rvic
e.b
Am
trak
beg
an o
pera
tion
s in
197
1.c
Beg
inni
ng in
199
8, d
ata
refl
ect
chan
ges
in s
erie
s co
mpo
siti
on a
nd r
enam
ing.
dB
egin
ning
in 1
999,
dat
a re
flec
t ch
ange
s in
the
for
mul
a us
ed f
or c
alcu
lati
ng t
he b
asic
com
pone
nts
of t
he C
onsu
mer
Pri
ce I
ndex
.
SOU
RC
ES
Air
car
rier
, dom
esti
c, s
ched
uled
ser
vice
:19
60: C
ivil
Aer
onau
tics
Boa
rd, H
andb
ook
of A
irlin
e St
atis
tics
, 196
9 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Feb
ruar
y 19
70),
par
t II
I, t
able
2 (
pass
enge
r-m
iles)
; par
t IV
, tab
le 2
(pa
s-se
nger
rev
enue
s).
1965
-70:
Ibi
d., H
andb
ook
of A
irlin
e St
atis
tics
, 197
3 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: M
arch
197
4), p
art
III,
tab
le 2
(pa
ssen
ger-
mile
s); p
art
IV, t
able
2 (
pass
enge
r re
venu
es).
1975
-80:
Ibi
d., A
ir C
arri
er F
inan
cial
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual D
ecem
ber
issu
es),
p. 2
, lin
e 3.
Ib
id.,
Air
Car
rier
Tra
ffic
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual D
ecem
ber
issu
es),
p. 4
, lin
e 9.
1985
-200
1: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Bur
eau
of T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
, Off
ice
of A
irlin
e In
form
atio
n, A
ir C
arri
er F
inan
cial
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
D
C: A
nnua
l Dec
embe
r is
sues
), p
. 1, l
ine
3.Ib
id.,
Air
Car
rier
Tra
ffic
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual D
ecem
ber
issu
es),
p. 2
, lin
e 9
(tot
al p
asse
nger
ope
rati
ng r
even
ues
/ tot
al r
even
ue p
asse
nger
-mile
s).
Inte
rcit
y cl
ass
I bu
s an
d co
mm
uter
rai
l:19
60-9
9: E
no T
rans
port
atio
n Fo
unda
tion
, Inc
., T
rans
port
atio
n in
Am
eric
a, 2
000
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 200
1), p
. 18.
Inte
rcit
y /
Am
trak
:19
60-7
0: A
ssoc
iati
on o
f A
mer
ican
Rai
lroa
ds, R
ailr
oad
Fact
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
.19
75-8
0: E
no T
rans
port
atio
n Fo
unda
tion
, Inc
., T
rans
port
atio
n in
Am
eric
a, 1
994
(Lan
sdow
ne, V
A: 1
994)
, p. 5
0.19
85-9
9: A
mtr
ak. A
mtr
ak A
nnua
l Rep
ort,
Sta
tist
ical
App
endi
x (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
(tr
ansp
orta
tion
rev
enue
s / p
asse
nger
-mile
s).
Con
sum
er P
rice
Ind
ex:
1960
-200
0: C
ounc
il of
Eco
nom
ic A
dvis
ors,
Eco
nom
ic R
epor
t of
the
Pre
side
nt, 2
002
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 2
002)
, tab
le B
-60.
226 � Chapter 3: Transportation and the EconomyTA
BLE
3-17
: Ave
rage
Fre
ight
Rev
enue
Per
Ton
-mile
(Cur
rent
¢)
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Air
car
rier
, do
mes
tic,
sch
edu
led
serv
ice
22.8
20.5
21.9
28.2
46.3
48.8
64.6
76.5
81.5
79.8
R82
.780
.978
.078
.0
Inde
x (1
980
= 1
00)
4944
4761
100
105
140
165
176
172
R17
917
516
816
8
Tru
cka
6.3
6.5
8.5
11.6
18.0
22.9
24.4
25.1
26.0
26.1
26.2
26.2
UU
Inde
x (1
990
= 1
00)
2626
3548
7494
100
103
107
107
107
107
UU
Cla
ss I
rail
1.40
1.27
1.43
2.04
2.87
3.04
2.66
2.40
2.35
2.40
2.34
2.28
2.26
UIn
dex
(199
0 =
100
)53
4854
7710
811
410
090
8890
8886
85U
Bar
ge
N0.
350.
300.
520.
770.
800.
760.
730.
730.
740.
740.
74 U
UIn
dex
(199
0 =
100
)N
4640
6810
210
610
097
9697
9898
UU
Oil
pip
elin
e0.
320.
280.
270.
37c 1
.33
1.57
1.46
1.51
1.40
1.40
1.38
1.46
UU
Inde
x (1
990
= 1
00)
2219
1925
9110
710
010
496
9695
100
UU
Pro
du
cer
Pri
ce In
dex
(19
82 =
100
)b33
3439
5888
105
119
128
131
132
131
133
138
141
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; R =
rev
ised
; U =
dat
a ar
e un
avai
labl
e.
aG
ener
al f
reig
ht c
omm
on c
arri
ers,
mos
t of
whi
ch a
re L
TL
(le
ss-t
han-
truc
kloa
d) c
arri
ers.
bTo
tal f
inis
hed
good
s.c
Ref
lect
s en
tran
ce o
f A
lask
a pi
pelin
e m
ovin
g cr
ude
petr
oleu
m t
o U
.S. r
efin
erie
s be
twee
n 19
75 a
nd 1
980.
SOU
RC
ES
Air
car
rier
, dom
esti
c, s
ched
uled
ser
vice
:19
60: C
ivil
Aer
onau
tics
Boa
rd, H
andb
ook
of A
irlin
e St
atis
tics
, 196
9 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 197
0), p
art
III,
tab
les
2 an
d 13
.19
65-7
0: I
bid.
, Han
dboo
k of
Air
line
Stat
isti
cs, 1
973
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 197
4), p
art
III,
tab
les
2 an
d 13
.19
75-8
0: I
bid.
, Air
Car
rier
Tra
ffic
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 197
6, 1
981)
, pp.
4 a
nd 1
4 (D
ecem
ber
1976
) an
d pp
. 2 a
nd 3
(D
ecem
ber
1981
).19
85-2
001:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, B
urea
u of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
isti
cs, O
ffic
e of
Air
line
Info
rmat
ion,
Air
Car
rier
Fin
anci
al S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n,
DC
: Ann
ual D
ecem
ber
issu
es),
p. 1
, lin
e 4.
Ibid
., A
ir C
arri
er T
raff
ic S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l Dec
embe
r is
sues
), p
. 2, l
ine
18 (
frei
ght
oper
atin
g re
venu
es/f
reig
ht r
even
ue t
on-m
iles)
.
Tru
ck, b
arge
, and
oil
pipe
line:
1960
-99:
Eno
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Foun
dati
on, I
nc.,
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
in A
mer
ica,
200
0 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 2
000)
, p. 1
7.
Cla
ss I
rai
l:19
60-2
000:
Ass
ocia
tion
of
Am
eric
an R
ailr
oads
, Rai
lroa
d Fa
cts
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 200
1), p
. 30.
Prod
ucer
Pri
ce I
ndex
:19
60-2
001:
Cou
ncil
of E
cono
mic
Adv
isor
s, E
cono
mic
Rep
ort
of t
he P
resi
dent
, 200
0 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Aug
ust
2002
), t
able
B-6
5.
Transportation Revenues, Employment, and Productivity � 227
TABL
E 3-
18: T
otal
Ope
ratin
g Re
venu
es (C
urre
nt $
mill
ions
)
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Air
carr
ier,
dom
estic
, all
serv
ices
2,17
83,
691
7,18
012
,020
26,4
4037
,629
57,9
6170
,885
76,8
9182
,250
86,4
9490
,931
98,8
96
Truc
king
aN
NN
NN
N12
7,31
416
1,80
617
4,74
318
3,15
319
5,70
620
9,43
822
4,46
4
Cla
ss I
bus,
inte
rcity
463
607
722
955
1,39
71,
233
943
917
912
996
999
1,26
81,
088
Tran
sitb
1,40
71,
444
1,70
73,
451
6,51
012
,195
16,0
5318
,241
19,1
5119
,515
21,0
6222
,220
P24
,243
Cla
ss I
rail
9,51
410
,208
11,9
9216
,402
28,2
5827
,586
28,3
7032
,279
32,6
9333
,118
33,1
5133
,521
34,1
02
Inte
rcity
/ A
mtr
akc
NN
N25
345
483
21,
308
1,49
01,
550
1,66
92,
244
2,01
12,
111
Wat
er tr
ansp
orta
tion
(dom
estic
)d1,
722
1,82
22,
070
3,29
37,
219
7,70
37,
940
7,71
27,
283
6,94
06,
824
6,79
5U
Oil
pipe
linee
895
1,05
11,
396
2,22
07,
548
8,91
08,
506
9,07
78,
637
8,63
28,
579
9,06
7U
Gas
pip
elin
e (in
vest
or-o
wne
d)f
8,70
011
,500
16,4
0030
,551
85,9
1810
3,94
566
,027
58,4
3572
,025
U57
,548
R59
,142
72,7
12
Tra
nsm
issi
on c
ompa
nies
3,19
04,
088
5,92
811
,898
41,6
0445
,738
21,7
5612
,092
12,0
5010
,339
9,45
0R
9,55
511
,140
Dis
trib
utio
n co
mpa
nies
NN
N5,
938
14,0
1321
,510
18,7
5019
,421
30,4
0730
,864
28,1
82R
28,1
3534
,761
Inte
grat
ed c
ompa
nies
NN
N6,
962
17,3
0017
,396
10,1
1710
,899
11,9
4112
,125
2,97
4R
3,08
63,
760
Com
bina
tion
com
pani
esN
NN
5,75
313
,001
19,3
0115
,404
16,0
2317
,627
U16
,942
R18
,366
23,0
51
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; P =
pre
limin
ary;
R =
rev
ised
; U =
dat
a ar
e no
t ava
ilabl
e.
aD
ata
from
199
0 th
roug
h 19
97 in
clud
e lo
cal t
ruck
ing
(421
2), t
ruck
ing,
exc
ept l
ocal
(421
3), l
ocal
truc
king
, wit
hout
sto
rage
(421
4), a
nd c
ouri
er s
ervi
ces,
exc
ept a
ir
(421
5) b
ased
on
SIC
(St
anda
rd I
ndus
tria
l Cla
ssif
icat
ion)
. For
199
8 an
d la
ter,
data
incl
udes
tru
ck t
rans
port
atio
n (4
84)
and
cour
iers
and
mes
seng
ers
(492
) ba
sed
on N
AIC
S (N
orth
Am
eric
an I
ndus
try
Cla
ssif
icat
ion
Syst
em).
The
refo
re, d
ata
from
199
8 on
war
d ar
e no
t di
rect
ly c
ompa
rabl
e w
ith
data
pri
or t
o 19
98.
bE
xclu
des
com
mut
er r
ail,
auto
mat
ed g
uide
way
, urb
an b
oat,
dem
and
resp
onsi
ve, a
nd m
ost
rura
l and
sm
alle
r sy
stem
s pr
ior
to 1
984.
Inc
lude
s op
erat
ing
assi
stan
ce.
cA
mtr
ak b
egan
ope
rati
ons
in 1
971.
dIn
clud
es f
orei
gn t
raff
ic m
ovin
g on
dom
esti
c in
land
wat
erw
ays.
eO
il pi
pelin
e re
venu
es a
re m
uch
smal
ler
than
gas
pip
elin
e re
venu
es b
ecau
se o
il pi
pelin
e co
mpa
nies
are
com
mon
car
rier
s th
at in
clud
e tr
ansp
orta
tion
cos
ts o
nly.
fD
ata
are
not
dire
ctly
com
para
ble
from
yea
r to
yea
r du
e to
acq
uisi
tion
and
mer
gers
. Pri
or t
o 19
75, p
ipel
ine
com
pani
es a
re n
ot c
ateg
oriz
ed b
y di
stri
buti
on,
inte
grat
ed, o
r co
mbi
nati
on. T
otal
num
bers
for
the
se c
ompa
nies
are
196
0 =
5,50
5; 1
965
= 7,
437;
197
0 =
10,5
42. I
n 19
97, t
he A
mer
ican
Gas
Ass
ocia
tion
re
vise
d th
e da
taba
se t
hat
iden
tifi
es c
ompa
nies
by
type
(di
stri
buti
on, i
nteg
rate
d, o
r tr
ansm
issi
on).
Thi
s re
clas
sifi
cati
on o
f co
mpa
nies
has
res
ulte
d in
num
erou
s ad
diti
ons
to t
he d
istr
ibut
ion
com
pany
sam
ple,
in p
arti
cula
r fr
om t
he in
tegr
ated
com
pany
sam
ple.
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
228 � Chapter 3: Transportation and the EconomyTA
BLE
3-18
: Tot
al O
pera
ting
Reve
nues
(Cur
rent
$ m
illio
ns) (
Cont
inue
d)
NO
TE
In J
anua
ry 2
000,
the
Am
eric
an P
ublic
Tra
nsit
Ass
ocia
tion
cha
nged
its
nam
e to
the
Am
eric
an P
ublic
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Ass
ocia
tion
(A
PTA
). T
he A
PTA
Tra
nsit
Fac
t B
ook
is n
ow r
efer
red
to a
s th
e Pu
blic
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Fact
Boo
k.
SOU
RC
ES
Air
car
rier
, dom
esti
c, a
ll se
rvic
es:
1960
-70:
Civ
il A
eron
auti
cs B
oard
, Han
dboo
k of
Air
line
Stat
isti
cs, 1
973
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Mar
ch 1
974)
.19
75-8
0: I
bid.
, Air
Car
rier
Fin
anci
al S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, p. 1
.19
85-2
000:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Bur
eau
of T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
, Off
ice
of A
irlin
e In
form
atio
n, A
ir C
arri
er F
inan
cial
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
D
C: A
nnua
l Dec
embe
r is
sues
), p
. 1.
Tru
ckin
g:19
90-9
7: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Com
mer
ce, B
urea
u of
the
Cen
sus,
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Ann
ual S
urve
y, 1
998
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Jan
uary
200
0), t
able
1.
1998
-200
0: I
bid.
, Ser
vice
Ann
ual S
urve
y, 2
000
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Jul
y 20
01),
tab
le 2
.2.
Inte
rcit
y C
lass
I b
us:
1960
-90:
Int
erst
ate
Com
mer
ce C
omm
issi
on, A
nnua
l Rep
ort
of t
he I
nter
stat
e C
omm
erce
Com
mis
sion
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
.19
95-2
000:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, B
urea
u of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
isti
cs, S
elec
ted
Ear
ning
s D
ata,
Cla
ss 1
Mot
or C
arri
ers
of P
asse
nger
s (W
ashi
ng-
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s).
Tra
nsit
:19
60-2
000:
Am
eric
an P
ublic
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Ass
ocia
tion
, Pub
lic T
rans
port
atio
n Fa
ct B
ook
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Feb
ruar
y 20
02),
tab
le 1
7, a
nd s
imila
r ta
bles
in
earl
ier
edit
ions
of
the
APT
A T
rans
it F
act
Boo
k.
Cla
ss I
rai
l:19
60-2
000:
Ass
ocia
tion
of
Am
eric
an R
ailr
oads
, Rai
lroa
d Fa
cts
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 200
0), p
. 12.
Inte
rcit
y/A
mtr
ak:
1975
-80:
Am
trak
, Sta
te a
nd L
ocal
Aff
airs
Dep
artm
ent
and
Publ
ic A
ffai
rs D
epar
tmen
t, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n.19
85-2
000:
Ibi
d., A
mtr
ak A
nnua
l Rep
ort,
Sta
tist
ical
App
endi
x (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
.
Wat
er t
rans
port
atio
n:19
60-9
9: E
no T
rans
port
atio
n Fo
unda
tion
, Inc
., T
rans
port
atio
n in
Am
eric
a (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 2
000)
, p. 4
-7.
Oil
pipe
line:
1960
-99:
Eno
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Foun
dati
on, I
nc.,
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
in A
mer
ica
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 200
0), p
. 4-7
.
Gas
pip
elin
e:19
60-2
000:
Am
eric
an G
as A
ssoc
iati
on, G
as F
acts
(A
rlin
gton
, VA
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
s 12
-1, 1
2-2,
12-
3, a
nd 1
2-4.
Transportation Revenues, Employment, and Productivity � 229
TABL
E 3-
19: E
mpl
oym
ent i
n Fo
r-Hi
re T
rans
porta
tion
and
Sele
cted
Tra
nspo
rtatio
n-Re
late
d In
dust
riesa
(Tho
usan
ds)
SIC
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Tota
l U.S
. lab
or
forc
eb54
,189
60,7
6370
,880
76,9
4590
,406
97,3
8710
9,40
311
7,19
111
9,60
812
2,69
012
5,86
512
8,91
6R
131,
720
131,
922
Fo
r-h
ire
tran
spo
rtat
ion
ind
ust
ry45
Air
191
229
352
363
453
522
968
1,06
81,
107
1,13
41,
181
1,22
7R
1,28
01,
266
42Tr
ucki
ng a
nd w
areh
ousi
ng85
696
41,
083
1,10
81,
280
1,36
11,
395
1,58
71,
637
1,67
71,
744
1,81
0R
1,84
71,
848
41L
oca
l an
d in
teru
rban
p
asse
ng
er t
ran
sit
413
Inte
rcity
and
rur
al b
us41
4243
4038
3526
2424
2224
24R
2525
411
Loca
l and
sub
urba
nU
UU
6979
9214
120
321
822
923
623
823
323
641
5S
choo
l bus
cN
NN
6580
9111
113
113
213
714
114
614
714
8
412
Taxi
121
110
106
8553
3832
3131
3131
3232
32
Oth
er lo
cal a
nd in
teru
rban
d12
311
813
111
1622
2831
3334
3638
R40
38
40R
ailro
ad88
573
563
454
853
235
927
923
823
122
723
123
5R
237
234
44W
ater
N22
821
219
421
118
517
717
517
417
918
118
6R
194
192
46Li
quid
pip
elin
e23
2018
1821
1919
1515
1414
13R
1415
492
Nat
ura
l gas
pip
elin
ee
Dis
trib
utio
nN
NN
5152
6265
6280
7571
R71
70U
Tran
smis
sion
3130
3237
4546
3728
3228
28R
2926
U
Inte
grat
edN
NN
5553
4340
3613
1212
66
UC
ombi
natio
nN
NN
5252
5350
R43
3931
31R
2623
U
Non
inve
stor
-ow
ned
NN
N11
1312
1211
169
12R
1111
U
47Tr
ansp
orta
tion
serv
ices
fN
8511
513
419
827
533
640
141
844
145
446
3R
470
463
Tota
l fo
r-h
ire
tran
spo
rtat
ion
2,27
12,
560
2,72
62,
841
3,17
53,
214
3,71
5R
4,08
44,
199
4,27
84,
427
R4,
555
4,65
3U
37E
qu
ipm
ent
man
ufa
ctu
rin
g37
2A
ircra
ft an
d pa
rts
605
601
644
499
633
616
712
451
458
501
525
496
R46
446
1
371
Mot
or v
ehic
les
and
equi
pmen
t72
484
379
979
278
988
381
297
196
798
699
51,
018
R1,
017
947
374
Rai
lroad
equ
ipm
ent
4356
5157
7133
3338
3634
3738
3630
373
Shi
p an
d bo
at b
uild
ing
and
repa
iring
141
160
172
194
221
187
188
160
159
158
167
167
R16
816
1
301
Tire
s an
d in
ner
tube
s10
510
211
612
411
594
8480
8078
8079
7975
Oth
erg
155
193
167
157
167
241
244
172
165
167
168
168
R16
816
1
Tota
l equ
ipm
ent m
anuf
actu
ring
1,77
31,
955
1,94
91,
824
1,99
52,
054
2,07
31,
870
1,86
41,
923
1,97
31,
967
R1,
931
1,83
5
Rel
ated
ind
ust
ries
553
Aut
omot
ive
and
hom
e su
pply
st
ores
UU
U21
226
130
433
736
938
039
239
740
4R
408
410
75A
utom
otiv
e re
pair,
ser
vice
s,
and
park
ing
UU
U43
957
173
091
41,
020
1,08
01,
120
1,14
51,
196
R1,
234
1,25
7
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
230 � Chapter 3: Transportation and the Economy
554
Gas
olin
e se
rvic
e st
atio
ns46
152
261
362
256
158
864
764
966
967
668
066
0R
652
648
161
Hig
hway
and
str
eet c
onst
ruct
ion
UU
UU
U26
423
922
823
624
325
728
0R
281
289
501
Mot
or v
ehic
les,
par
ts, a
nd
supp
lies
UU
U38
243
445
445
649
250
351
351
752
4R
517
502
551
New
and
use
d ca
r de
aler
sU
UU
731
745
856
924
996
1,03
11,
046
1,04
71,
080
R1,
112
1,12
1
Oth
er a
utom
otiv
e re
tailh
NN
N11
212
214
015
517
618
719
720
822
3R
239
246
Tota
l rel
ated
ind
ust
ries
461
522
613
2,49
82,
694
3,33
63,
672
3,93
04,
086
4,18
64,
251
4,36
8R
4,44
24,
473
Gov
ern
men
t em
plo
ymen
ti
U.S
. DO
Tj
NN
104
112
112
100
104
101
9998
9910
010
010
2
Sta
te a
nd lo
cal h
ighw
ayk
532
577
607
604
559
549
569
543
l N53
153
054
354
655
2
Tota
l gov
ern
men
t em
plo
ymen
t53
257
771
171
667
164
967
364
499
629
629
643
646
654
TOTA
L t
ran
spo
rtat
ion
-rel
ated
la
bo
r fo
rce
5,03
65,
614
5,99
97,
880
8,53
59,
252
10,1
33R
10,5
2810
,248
11,0
1611
,279
R11
,533
11,6
72U
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; SIC
= s
tand
ard
indu
stry
cla
ssifi
catio
n; R
= r
evis
ed; U
= d
ata
are
not a
vaila
ble.
aA
nnua
l ave
rage
s.b
Exc
lude
s fa
rm e
mpl
oym
ent.
cD
oes
not
incl
ude
driv
ers
empl
oyed
by
scho
ol d
istr
icts
.d
Dif
fere
nce
betw
een
the
tota
l of
SIC
41
and
the
sum
of
411,
412
, 413
, and
415
.e
In 1
997,
the
Am
eric
an G
as A
ssoc
iati
on r
evis
ed t
he d
atab
ase
that
iden
tifi
es c
ompa
nies
by
type
(e.
g., d
istr
ibut
ion,
inte
grat
ed, o
r tr
ansm
issi
on).
Thi
s re
clas
sifi
-ca
tion
has
res
ulte
d in
add
itio
ns to
the
dis
trib
utio
n an
d re
duct
ions
to
the
inte
grat
ed c
ompa
ny c
ateg
orie
s be
ginn
ing
wit
h th
e re
vise
d da
ta in
199
6. A
ddit
iona
lly,
data
by
com
pany
typ
e ar
e no
t di
rect
ly c
ompa
rabl
e fr
om y
ear
to y
ear
due
to a
cqui
siti
ons
and
mer
gers
.f
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
serv
ices
are
def
ined
as
serv
ices
inci
dent
al t
o tr
ansp
orta
tion
, suc
h as
for
war
ding
and
pac
king
; mot
or v
ehic
le in
spec
tion
s; a
nd f
reig
ht b
roke
r, to
ur o
pera
tor,
and
trav
el a
genc
y se
rvic
es, e
tc.
gT
he d
iffe
renc
e be
twee
n th
e to
tal o
f SI
C 3
7 an
d th
e su
m o
f 37
1, 3
72, 3
73, a
nd 3
74.
hT
he d
iffe
renc
e be
twee
n th
e to
tal o
f SI
C 5
5 an
d th
e su
m o
f 55
1, 5
53, a
nd 5
54.
iN
ot a
ll go
vern
men
t ag
enci
es a
re in
clud
ed (
e.g.
, the
Nat
iona
l Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Safe
ty B
oard
).j
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n w
as c
reat
ed in
196
6. D
ata
are
for
fisc
al y
ear
and
incl
ude
perm
anen
t ci
vilia
ns a
s w
ell a
s te
mpo
rary
em
ploy
ees
and
mili
tary
. k
Full-
tim
e eq
uiva
lent
em
ploy
men
t. D
ata
prio
r to
198
6 ar
e no
t dir
ectl
y co
mpa
rabl
e to
dat
a fr
om la
ter
year
s du
e to
a c
hang
e in
the
way
ful
l-ti
me
equi
vale
nt w
as
calc
ulat
ed. F
ull-
tim
e eq
uiva
lent
was
not
cal
cula
ted
for
1985
. l
Due
to
a ch
ange
in t
he r
efer
ence
per
iod,
fro
m O
ctob
er t
o M
arch
, the
Oct
ober
199
6 A
nnua
l Sur
vey
of G
over
nmen
t E
mpl
oym
ent
and
Payr
oll w
as n
ot
cond
ucte
d.
TABL
E 3-
19: E
mpl
oym
ent i
n Fo
r-Hi
re T
rans
porta
tion
and
Sele
cted
Tra
nspo
rtatio
n-Re
late
d In
dust
riesa
(Tho
usan
ds) (
Cont
inue
d)
SIC
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Transportation Revenues, Employment, and Productivity � 231
TABL
E 3-
19: E
mpl
oym
ent i
n Fo
r-Hi
re T
rans
porta
tion
and
Sele
cted
Tra
nspo
rtatio
n-Re
late
d In
dust
riesa
(Tho
usan
ds) (
Cont
inue
d)
NO
TE
The
em
ploy
men
t to
tals
in t
able
s 3-
19 a
nd 3
-20
diff
er. T
able
3-1
9 sh
ows
empl
oym
ent
in t
rans
port
atio
n an
d se
lect
ed t
rans
port
atio
n-re
late
d in
dust
ries
. Tab
le 3
-20
sho
ws
empl
oym
ent
by t
rans
port
atio
n oc
cupa
tion
. Som
e em
ploy
ees
of t
rans
port
atio
n in
dust
ries
hav
e no
ntra
nspo
rtat
ion
jobs
(e.
g., a
boo
kkee
per
in a
tr
ucki
ng f
irm
), a
nd s
ome
peop
le w
ith
tran
spor
tati
on o
ccup
atio
ns d
o no
t w
ork
in t
he t
rans
port
atio
n in
dust
ry (
e.g.
, a t
ruck
dri
ver
for
a co
nstr
ucti
on f
irm
).
Beg
inni
ng in
Jan
uary
199
9, d
ata
are
not
stri
ctly
com
para
ble
wit
h da
ta f
or 1
998
and
earl
ier
year
s be
caus
e of
rev
isio
ns in
the
pop
ulat
ion
cont
rols
use
d in
the
ho
useh
old
surv
ey.
SOU
RC
ES
All
data
, exc
ept
as n
oted
:19
60-8
5: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Lab
or, B
urea
u of
Lab
or S
tati
stic
s, E
mpl
oym
ent,
Hou
rs a
nd E
arni
ngs,
Uni
ted
Stat
es, 1
909-
1994
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C:
Sept
embe
r 19
94).
19
90-2
001:
Ibi
d., I
nter
net
site
ww
w.b
ls.g
ov/d
atah
ome.
htm
, dat
abas
e qu
ery
for
indi
vidu
al s
erie
s as
of
July
24,
200
2.
Nat
ural
gas
pip
elin
e:19
75-2
000:
Am
eric
an G
as A
ssoc
iati
on, G
as F
acts
(A
rlin
gton
, VA
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
14-
2 an
d si
mila
r ta
bles
in e
arlie
r ed
itio
ns.
Gov
ernm
ent
empl
oym
ent:
USD
OT
:19
70-7
5: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Com
mer
ce, B
urea
u of
the
Cen
sus,
Sta
tist
ical
Abs
trac
t of
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es, 1
976
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 197
6), t
able
409
, and
U.S
. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
U.S
. Coa
st G
uard
, G-W
PM, O
ffic
e of
Mili
tary
Per
sonn
el, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n.
1980
-85:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, O
ffic
e of
the
Sec
reta
ry o
f T
rans
port
atio
n, D
OT
Em
ploy
men
t Fa
cts,
A R
epor
t to
Man
agem
ent
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
. 19
90-2
001:
Ibi
d., D
OT
Wor
kfor
ce D
emog
raph
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s).
Stat
e an
d lo
cal h
ighw
ay:
1960
-90:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of C
omm
erce
, Bur
eau
of t
he C
ensu
s, S
tati
stic
al A
bstr
act
of t
he U
nite
d St
ates
, 199
3 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 1
993)
, tab
le 5
00 a
nd s
imila
r ta
bles
in e
arlie
r ed
itio
ns.
1995
-200
1: I
bid.
, Int
erne
t si
te h
ttp:
//ww
w.c
ensu
s.go
v/pu
b/go
vs/w
ww
/ape
sstl
.htm
l as
of J
uly
24, 2
002.
232 � Chapter 3: Transportation and the EconomyTA
BLE
3-20
: Em
ploy
men
t in
Tran
spor
tatio
n Oc
cupa
tions
(Tho
usan
ds)
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Tota
l wor
kers
, 16
year
s an
d ov
er10
7,15
011
8,79
312
4,90
012
6,70
812
9,55
813
1,46
313
3,48
813
5,20
813
5,07
3
Tota
l wor
kers
in tr
ansp
orta
tion
occu
patio
ns3,
681
4,03
94,
308
4,45
14,
534
4,49
94,
643
4,68
44,
824
Tran
spor
tatio
n oc
cupa
tion
as p
erce
nt o
f tot
alw
orke
rs, 1
6 ye
ars
and
over
3.4%
3.4%
3.4%
3.5%
3.5%
3.4%
3.5%
3.5%
3.6%
Mo
tor
veh
icle
op
erat
ors
Sup
ervi
sors
5176
8785
9588
8677
88Tr
uck
driv
ers
2,41
22,
627
2,86
03,
018
3,07
53,
012
3,11
63,
088
3,15
6
Driv
ers-
sale
s w
orke
rs21
420
115
815
615
015
916
016
716
6B
us d
river
s39
444
352
651
247
247
149
053
957
1Ta
xica
b dr
iver
s an
d ch
auffe
urs
180
213
211
203
248
273
271
280
305
Par
king
lot a
ttend
ants
4553
5046
4662
6860
61M
otor
tran
spor
tatio
n oc
cupa
tions
, NE
C2
58
44
311
119
Tota
l3,
298
3,61
83,
900
4,02
44,
090
4,06
94,
202
4,22
24,
356
Rai
l tra
nsp
ort
atio
nR
ailro
ad c
ondu
ctor
s an
d ya
rdm
aste
rs36
3633
4548
5045
4842
Loco
mot
ive
oper
atin
g oc
cupa
tions
5946
5149
5341
4563
61
Rai
lroad
bra
ke, s
igna
l, an
d sw
itch
oper
ator
s46
2817
1514
79
117
Rai
l veh
icle
ope
rato
rs, N
EC
78
37
66
75
2To
tal
148
118
104
116
121
104
106
127
112
Wat
er t
ran
spo
rtat
ion
Shi
p ca
ptai
ns a
nd m
ates
, exc
ept f
ishi
ng b
oats
3227
3332
2422
3138
34S
ailo
rs a
nd d
eckh
ands
1818
2625
2130
1614
20
Mar
ine
engi
neer
s1
23
82
35
24
Brid
ge, l
ock,
and
ligh
thou
se te
nder
s8
64
55
85
31
Tota
l59
5366
7052
6357
5659
Transportation Revenues, Employment, and Productivity � 233
Air
tra
nsp
ort
atio
nA
irpl
ane
pilo
ts a
nd n
avig
ator
s77
114
114
114
120
113
143
129
136
Air
traf
fic c
ontr
olle
rs34
3630
3236
2624
2328
Tota
l11
115
014
414
615
613
916
715
216
4
Pu
blic
tra
nsp
ort
atio
n a
tten
dan
ts65
100
9495
115
124
111
127
133
KE
Y: N
EC
= n
ot e
lsew
here
cla
ssifi
ed.
NO
TE
SB
egin
ning
in J
anua
ry 2
000,
dat
a ar
e no
t co
mpa
rabl
e w
ith
data
for
ear
lier
year
s du
e to
new
com
posi
te e
stim
atio
n pr
oced
ures
and
rev
ised
con
trol
s us
ed in
the
ho
useh
old
surv
ey f
or p
opul
atio
n. S
ee s
ourc
e fo
r ad
diti
onal
info
rmat
ion.
The
em
ploy
men
t to
tals
in t
able
s 3-
19 a
nd 3
-20
diff
er. T
able
3-1
9 sh
ows
empl
oym
ent
in t
rans
port
atio
n an
d re
late
d in
dust
ries
; tab
le 3
-20
show
s em
ploy
men
t by
tr
ansp
orta
tion
occ
upat
ion.
Som
e em
ploy
ees
of t
rans
port
atio
n in
dust
ries
hav
e no
ntra
nspo
rtat
ion
jobs
(e.
g., a
boo
kkee
per
in a
tru
ckin
g fi
rm),
and
som
e pe
ople
in
tra
nspo
rtat
ion
occu
pati
ons
do n
ot w
ork
in t
he t
rans
port
atio
n in
dust
ry (
e.g.
, a t
ruck
dri
ver
for
a co
nstr
ucti
on f
irm
).
SOU
RC
ES
All
data
exc
ept
tota
l wor
kers
, 16
year
s an
d ov
er:
1985
, 199
0-99
: U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of L
abor
, Bur
eau
of L
abor
Sta
tist
ics,
Em
ploy
men
t an
d E
arni
ngs
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual J
anua
ry is
sues
), t
able
11
of t
he
Hou
seho
ld D
ata
Ann
ual A
vera
ges
Tab
les,
Int
erne
t si
te h
ttp:
//sta
ts.b
ls.g
ov/p
df/c
psaa
tab.
htm
as
of M
ay 3
1, 2
000.
20
00: I
bid.
, per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
Aug
. 6, 2
001.
2001
: Ibi
d., p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n, A
ug. 2
3, 2
002.
Tot
al w
orke
rs, 1
6 ye
ars
and
over
: 19
85, 1
990-
2000
: U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of L
abor
, Bur
eau
of L
abor
Sta
tist
ics,
Em
ploy
men
t an
d E
arni
ngs
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Jan
uary
200
1), r
evis
ed t
otal
s, t
able
1,
Inte
rnet
sit
e ht
tp://
stat
s.bl
s.go
v/pd
f/cp
saat
1.pd
f as
of
Aug
. 3, 2
001.
2001
: Ibi
d., p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n, A
ug. 2
3, 2
002.
TABL
E 3-
20: E
mpl
oym
ent i
n Tr
ansp
orta
tion
Occu
patio
ns (T
hous
ands
) (Co
ntin
ued)
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
234 � Chapter 3: Transportation and the EconomyTA
BLE
3-21
: Ave
rage
Wag
ea a
nd S
alar
y Ac
crua
ls p
er F
ull-T
ime
Equi
vale
nt E
mpl
oyee
by
Tran
spor
tatio
n In
dust
ry (C
urre
nt $
)
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
199
819
99R
2000
2001
Wag
es, U
.S. l
abor
forc
e4,
822
5,80
77,
743
10,8
0815
,790
21,2
9326
,257
30,9
9632
,040
33,4
2935
,109
R36
,677
38,7
5939
,784
Tran
spo
rtat
ion
ind
ust
ry5,
835
6,98
99,
396
13,5
5020
,818
25,3
2428
,900
32,3
4933
,197
34,4
2935
,924
R37
,201
38,4
2939
,607
Air
6,92
98,
495
12,0
2717
,035
25,6
4932
,131
32,7
4736
,365
37,2
3838
,693
40,4
02R
42,5
2043
,817
45,7
15
Truc
king
and
war
ehou
sing
5,39
66,
623
8,67
212
,765
19,2
0422
,383
26,1
8029
,591
30,3
5131
,740
32,9
48R
33,9
7735
,014
35,7
44
Loca
l and
inte
rurb
an p
asse
nger
tr
ansi
t4,
877
5,55
36,
996
9,46
213
,530
15,7
0617
,517
20,1
1220
,811
21,2
0122
,086
R22
,785
23,6
6324
,439
Rai
lroad
6,24
17,
460
10,1
1014
,987
25,0
4936
,611
43,6
1451
,236
54,7
0656
,519
59,7
25R
60,5
5561
,766
64,4
95
Wat
er6,
212
7,40
210
,302
14,1
3622
,746
28,5
3133
,855
37,8
5638
,934
40,5
2442
,260
R43
,114
44,7
5146
,883
Pip
elin
es, e
xcep
t nat
ural
gas
6,95
78,
053
10,7
6516
,765
26,2
2737
,316
46,1
6757
,867
58,2
8659
,071
64,9
23R
65,3
8566
,538
66,0
71
Tran
spor
tatio
n se
rvic
esb
5,38
06,
239
8,23
211
,430
16,0
0520
,530
26,0
5830
,869
31,5
2332
,796
34,5
8136
,178
38,5
4939
,641
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed.
aW
ages
do
not
incl
ude
supp
lem
ents
to
wag
es a
nd s
alar
ies
such
as
pens
ion,
pro
fit-
shar
ing,
and
oth
er r
etir
emen
t pl
ans,
and
hea
lth,
life
, and
une
mpl
oym
ent
insu
ranc
e co
mpe
nsat
ion.
bE
stab
lishm
ents
furn
ishi
ng s
ervi
ces
inci
dent
al to
tran
spor
tatio
n, s
uch
as fo
rwar
ding
and
pac
king
ser
vice
s an
d th
e ar
rang
emen
t of p
asse
nger
and
frei
ght t
rans
port
atio
n.
NO
TE
SU
se c
are
in c
ompa
ring
the
dat
a in
thi
s ta
ble
wit
h th
ose
in t
able
3-2
2. T
his
tabl
e in
clud
es w
eigh
ted
part
-tim
e em
ploy
ees’
sal
arie
s. T
able
3-2
2 co
vers
onl
y fu
ll-ti
me
empl
oyee
s. 1
960-
85 d
ata
are
base
d on
the
197
2 SI
C c
odes
; 199
0-98
dat
a ar
e ba
sed
on t
he 1
987
SIC
cod
es.
Wag
e an
d sa
lary
acc
rual
s co
nsis
t of
the
mon
etar
y re
mun
erat
ion
of e
mpl
oyee
s, in
clud
ing
com
pens
atio
n of
cor
pora
te o
ffic
ers;
com
mis
sion
s, t
ips
and
bonu
ses;
vol
-un
tary
em
ploy
ee c
ontr
ibut
ions
to
cert
ain
defe
rred
com
pens
atio
n pl
ans,
suc
h as
401
(k)
plan
s; a
nd r
ecei
pts
in k
ind
that
rep
rese
nt in
com
e. I
n ot
her
wor
ds,
accr
uals
are
wag
e an
d sa
lary
ear
ned,
not
wag
e an
d sa
lary
pai
d. F
or e
xam
ple,
wag
e an
d sa
lary
ear
ned
in 1
999
but
not
paid
unt
il 20
00 a
re in
clud
ed in
acc
rual
s fo
r 19
99. H
owev
er, t
he d
iffe
renc
e be
twee
n w
age
and
sala
ry e
arne
d an
d w
age
and
sala
ry p
aid
is u
sual
ly v
ery
smal
l.
SOU
RC
E19
60-2
001:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of C
omm
erce
, Bur
eau
of E
cono
mic
Ana
lysi
s, N
atio
nal I
ncom
e an
d Pr
oduc
ts A
ccou
nts,
tab
les
6.6b
and
6.6
c, I
nter
net
site
htt
p://
ww
w.b
ea.d
oc.g
ov/b
ea/d
n1.h
tm a
s of
Aug
. 12,
200
2.
Transportation Revenues, Employment, and Productivity � 235
TABL
E 3-
22: M
edia
n W
eekl
y Ea
rnin
gs o
f Ful
l-Tim
e W
age
and
Sala
ry W
orke
rs in
Tra
nspo
rtatio
n by
Det
aile
d Oc
cupa
tion
(Cur
rent
$)
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
16 y
ears
an
d o
ver,
alla
343
412
479
490
503
523
549
576
597
Air
plan
e pi
lots
and
nav
igat
ors
738
910
956
1,13
81,
079
1,38
31,
048
1,28
31,
150
Pub
lic tr
ansp
orta
tion
atte
ndan
tsN
635
450
417
521
524
604
568
552
Mot
or v
ehic
le o
pera
tors
343
400
475
473
496
503
514
543
575
Sup
ervi
sors
, mot
or v
ehic
le o
pera
tors
N52
054
958
358
959
558
568
860
9Tr
uck
driv
ers
NN
481
481
506
516
527
564
593
Driv
ers-
sale
s w
orke
rs39
943
951
750
652
452
653
455
863
0B
us d
river
s34
435
541
939
640
542
842
846
045
7Ta
xica
b dr
iver
s an
d ch
auffe
urs
262
307
352
374
405
379
427
468
487
Non
mot
or v
ehic
le o
pera
tors
559
687
711
691
761
834
761
816
911
Rai
l tra
nspo
rtat
ion
oper
ator
s59
971
774
174
081
484
981
686
394
7
Wat
er tr
ansp
orta
tion
463
547
624
586
641
812
604
778
794
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
.
aE
arni
ngs
for
all f
ull-
tim
e w
orke
rs, n
ot ju
st t
rans
port
atio
n re
late
d.
NO
TE
SU
se c
are
in c
ompa
ring
the
fig
ures
in t
his
tabl
e w
ith
thos
e in
tab
le 3
-21.
Thi
s ta
ble
does
not
incl
ude
part
-tim
e em
ploy
ees.
Tabl
e 3-
21 in
clud
es w
eigh
ted
part
-tim
e em
ploy
ees’
sal
arie
s.
SOU
RC
ES
Wat
er t
rans
port
atio
n:19
85–2
000:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of L
abor
, Bur
eau
of L
abor
Sta
tist
ics,
unp
ublis
hed
data
, Mar
. 1, 1
999,
Mar
. 11,
199
9, a
nd A
pr. 2
5, 2
000.
20
01: I
bid.
, unp
ublis
hed
tabl
e A
-26,
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
Aug
. 23,
200
2.
Oth
er D
ata:
19
85-2
000:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of L
abor
, Bur
eau
of L
abor
Sta
tist
ics,
Em
ploy
men
t an
d E
arni
ngs
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual J
anua
ry is
sues
), t
able
39
of t
he H
ouse
-ho
ld D
ata
Ann
ual A
vera
ges
Tab
les.
Ava
ilabl
e at
htt
p://w
ww
.bls
.gov
/cps
/cps
aat3
9.pd
f.20
01: I
bid.
, unp
ublis
hed
tabl
e A
-26,
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
Aug
. 23,
200
2.
236 � Chapter 3: Transportation and the EconomyTA
BLE
3-23
: Tot
al W
agea
and
Sal
ary
Accr
uals
by
Tran
spor
tatio
n In
dust
ry (C
urre
nt $
mill
ions
)
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
R20
0020
01TO
TAL
wag
e an
d s
alar
y ac
cru
als
(All
ind
ust
ries
)R
272,
823
R36
3,70
7R
551,
472
R81
4,69
0R
1,37
7,41
6R
1,99
5,18
6R
2,75
4,60
53,
441,
060
3,63
0,14
23,
885,
977
4,19
2,10
5R
4,47
5,58
84,
836,
329
4,95
0,60
5
Tran
spor
tatio
n
Air
1,26
81,
852
4,02
95,
894
11,0
2915
,744
29,4
4036
,183
38,8
3941
,092
45,1
29R
49,2
8152
,887
54,7
21
Truc
king
and
war
ehou
sing
4,59
26,
265
9,12
313
,786
23,7
5529
,725
34,7
1544
,830
47,0
7450
,688
54,6
94R
58,6
4561
,625
62,6
23
Loca
l and
inte
rurb
an
pass
enge
r tr
ansi
t1,
307
1,42
71,
868
2,37
53,
423
4,27
25,
658
7,72
38,
366
8,86
29,
541
R10
,185
10,8
1411
,291
Rai
lroad
5,49
85,
446
6,26
88,
108
12,8
5011
,862
10,7
2911
,272
11,5
4311
,756
12,6
02R
12,6
5612
,415
12,3
83
Wat
er1,
379
1,58
42,
112
2,60
14,
572
5,05
05,
620
6,32
26,
463
6,88
97,
311
R7,
588
8,10
08,
392
Pip
elin
e, e
xcep
t nat
ural
gas
160
153
183
285
577
709
831
868
816
827
844
R85
086
592
5
Tran
spor
tatio
n se
rvic
esb
425
549
922
1,46
33,
041
5,42
08,
521
11,9
7712
,483
13,6
4314
,939
15,8
1017
,270
17,4
42
Tota
l 14
,629
17,2
7624
,505
34,5
1259
,247
72,7
8295
,514
119,
175
125,
584
133,
757
145,
060
R15
5,01
516
3,97
616
7,77
7
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed.
aW
ages
do
not
incl
ude
com
pens
atio
n (s
uppl
emen
ts t
o w
ages
and
sal
arie
s su
ch a
s pe
nsio
n, p
rofi
t-sh
arin
g, a
nd o
ther
ret
irem
ent
plan
s, a
nd h
ealt
h, li
fe, a
nd
unem
ploy
men
t in
sura
nce)
.b
Def
ined
as
serv
ices
inci
dent
al t
o tr
ansp
orta
tion
, suc
h as
for
war
ding
and
pac
king
ser
vice
s an
d ar
rang
ing
pass
enge
r tr
avel
and
fre
ight
tra
nspo
rtat
ion.
SOU
RC
E19
60-2
001:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of C
omm
erce
, Bur
eau
of E
cono
mic
Ana
lysi
s, N
atio
nal I
ncom
e an
d Pr
oduc
ts A
ccou
nts,
tab
les
6.3b
and
6.3
c, I
nter
net
site
htt
p://
ww
w.b
ea.d
oc.g
ov/b
ea/d
n1.h
tm a
s of
Aug
. 12,
200
2.
Transportation Revenues, Employment, and Productivity � 237
TABLE 3-24: Labor Productivity Indices for Selected Transportation Industries
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Output per houra worked
Airb N N N N N N 93 109 111 112 R108 R109 111
Bus, Class Ic 106 128 118 107 111 96 96 110 106 125 105 R135 112
Railroad 22 32 36 43 55 82 119 156 167 170 173 R183 196
Trucking, except localb N N N N N N 111 125 131 132 130 132 131
Petroleum pipelinesc 31 49 76 91 89 100 103 116 131 134 137 R145 141
Output per employeed
Air 22 35 45 56 71 92 93 109 111 112 R108 R109 111
Bus, Class Ic 108 129 119 103 99 93 96 105 103 121 104 R133 110
Railroad 25 36 42 46 55 79 120 162 172 177 176 182 195Trucking, except local 48 56 60 64 78 94 111 125 131 132 130 132 131
Petroleum pipelinesc 30 48 75 89 89 98 102 121 139 141 146 R150 141
KEY: N = data do not exist; R = revised.
a Based on the number of paid hours.b The average weekly hours were assumed to be constant for these industries; therefore, the output per hour
worked and the output per employee measures are identical in the years for which data are given for both measures.
c Data did not meet the publication standards for the Bureau of Labor Statistics and are considered less reli-able than the published series.
d Full-time and part-time employees are counted equally. Hence, these data do not reflect output per full-time equivalent employee.
NOTEIndex, 1987 = 100.
SOURCESU.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Industry Productivity, Internet site http://www.bls.gov/
lpc/iprdata1.htm as of Aug. 12, 2002.Ibid., personal communication, Aug. 19, 2002 (unpublished data).
chapter three
Section DGovernment Finance
Government Finance � 241
TABL
E 3-
25a:
Fed
eral
, Sta
te, a
nd L
ocal
Gov
ernm
ent T
rans
porta
tion-
Rela
ted
Reve
nues
and
Exp
endi
ture
s,
Fisc
al Y
ear (
Curr
ent $
mill
ions
)
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Tota
l go
vern
men
t re
ven
ues
32,9
77 5
2,14
069
,753
93,6
5996
,419
100,
516
111,
234
126,
895
U
Fede
ral
10,
312
18,4
0421
,384
30,1
6630
,742
31,4
4038
,934
51,9
9646
,756
Stat
e an
d lo
cal
22,
665
33,7
3548
,369
63,4
9365
,677
69,0
7672
,300
74,8
98U
Tota
l go
vern
men
t ex
pen
dit
ure
s 5
6,32
977
,230
100,
629
130,
542
133,
359
138,
361
145,
659
154,
845
U
Stat
e an
d lo
cal e
xpen
ditu
res
less
fede
ral g
rant
sa 3
1,59
248
,939
69,7
7089
,772
92,5
8596
,596
104,
355
110,
871
U
Fede
ral g
rant
s 1
4,58
118
,146
19,6
8924
,950
25,0
6126
,073
25,1
2527
,959
U
Fede
ral e
xpen
ditu
res,
less
gra
nts
Fede
ral e
xpen
ditu
res,
less
gra
nts
Fede
ral e
xpen
ditu
res,
less
gra
nts
Fede
ral e
xpen
ditu
res,
less
gra
nts
10,
156
10,1
4411
,170
15,8
1915
,712
15,6
9316
,178
16,0
1615
,885
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed; U
= d
ata
are
not a
vaila
ble.
aB
ased
on
data
fro
m t
he U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Com
mer
ce, C
ensu
s B
urea
u, w
hich
use
s di
ffer
ent
defi
niti
ons
and
acco
unti
ng m
etho
ds t
han
thos
e us
ed b
y so
me
mod
al a
dmin
istr
atio
ns o
f th
e U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion.
For
exa
mpl
e, h
ighw
ay e
xpen
ditu
res
in t
his
tabl
e do
not
incl
ude
traf
fic
cont
rol a
ctiv
itie
s by
po
lice
or p
ublic
saf
ety
acti
viti
es; w
hile
the
hig
hway
exp
endi
ture
sta
tist
ics
publ
ishe
d by
the
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
a-ti
on d
o in
clud
e th
ese
item
s.
NO
TE
N
umbe
rs m
ay n
ot a
dd t
o to
tals
due
to
roun
ding
.
SOU
RC
ES
1980
: U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, B
urea
u of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
isti
cs, u
npub
lishe
d da
ta.
1985
–200
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Bur
eau
of T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
, Gov
ernm
ent
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Fina
ncia
l Sta
tist
ics
2001
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C:
2002
), t
able
s 3-
A, 1
3-A
, and
14-
A.
242 � Chapter 3: Transportation and the EconomyTA
BLE
3-25
b: F
eder
al, S
tate
, and
Loc
al G
over
nmen
t Tra
nspo
rtatio
n-Re
late
d Re
venu
es a
nd E
xpen
ditu
res,
Fi
scal
Yea
r (Ch
aine
d 19
96 $
mill
ions
)
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Tota
l go
vern
men
t re
ven
ues
60,1
3572
,568
82,2
2995
,754
96,4
1998
,144
106,
994
118,
888
UFe
dera
l 18
,410
25,7
5826
,091
30,8
1330
,742
30,8
0537
,661
48,9
2842
,610
Sta
te a
nd lo
cal
41,7
2546
,809
56,1
3864
,941
65,6
7767
,339
69,3
3369
,959
U
Tota
l go
vern
men
t ex
pen
dit
ure
s10
2,32
4 R
107,
281
R11
7,45
8R
133,
498
R13
3,35
9R
134,
959
R13
9,81
6R
144,
745
U
Sta
te a
nd lo
cal e
xpen
ditu
res
less
fede
ral g
rant
sa58
,159
R67
,686
R79
,807
R91
,854
R92
,585
R94
,037
R99
,863
R10
3,36
5 U
Fede
ral g
rant
s26
,033
25,3
9724
,022
25,4
8525
,061
25,5
4724
,304
26,3
09 U
Fede
ral e
xpen
ditu
res,
less
gra
nts
18,1
3314
,198
13,6
2916
,159
15,7
1215
,376
15,6
4915
,071
14,4
77
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed; U
= d
ata
are
not a
vaila
ble.
aFi
gure
s fo
r st
ate
and
loca
l exp
endi
ture
s le
ss f
eder
al g
rant
s w
ere
dete
rmin
ed b
y ad
ding
the
tot
al n
umbe
r of
fed
eral
gra
nts
and
fede
ral e
xpen
ditu
res,
less
gra
nts
and
subt
ract
ing
the
sum
fro
m t
he t
otal
gov
ernm
ent
expe
ndit
ures
.
NO
TE
Num
bers
may
not
add
to
tota
ls d
ue t
o ro
undi
ng.
SOU
RC
ES
1980
: U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, B
urea
u of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
isti
cs, u
npub
lishe
d da
ta.
1985
–200
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Bur
eau
of T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
, Gov
ernm
ent
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Fina
ncia
l Sta
tist
ics
2001
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C:
2002
), 3
-b, 1
3-b,
and
14-
b.C
onst
ant
dolla
r de
flat
or: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Com
mer
ce, B
urea
u of
Eco
nom
ic A
naly
sis,
Nat
iona
l Inc
ome
and
Pro
duct
Acc
ount
s, W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C, t
able
7.1
, “C
hain
-Typ
e Pr
ice
Inde
x.”
Government Finance � 243
TABL
E 3-
26: S
umm
ary
of T
rans
porta
tion
Reve
nues
and
Exp
endi
ture
s fro
m O
wn
Fund
s an
d Us
er C
over
age,
Fis
cal Y
ear
(Cur
rent
and
cha
ined
199
6 $
mill
ions
)
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Fed
eral
rev
enu
esC
urre
nt
10,
312
18,
404
21,
384
30,
166
30,
742
31,
440
38,
934
51,
996
46,
756
Cha
ined
18,
410
25,
758
26,
091
30,
813
30,
742
30,
805
37,
661
48,
928
42,
610
Fed
eral
exp
end
itu
res
Cur
rent
2
4,73
7 2
8,29
1 3
0,85
9 4
0,76
9 4
0,77
4 4
1,76
6 4
1,30
3 4
3,97
5 4
8,40
1C
hain
ed 4
4,16
5 3
9,59
5 3
7,65
1 4
1,64
4 4
0,77
4 4
0,92
3 3
9,95
3 4
1,38
0 4
4,10
9
Fed
eral
use
r co
vera
ge
(per
cen
t)42
%65
%69
%74
%75
%75
%94
%11
8%97
%
Sta
te a
nd
loca
l rev
enu
esC
urre
nt
22,
665
33,
735
48,
369
63,
493
65,
677
69,
076
72,
300
74,
898
UC
hain
ed 4
1,72
5 4
6,80
9 5
6,13
8 6
4,94
1 6
5,67
7 6
7,33
9 6
9,33
3 6
9,95
9 U
Sta
te a
nd
loca
l exp
end
itu
res
Cur
rent
3
1,59
2 4
8,93
9 6
9,77
0 8
9,77
2 9
2,58
5 9
6,59
6 1
04,3
55 1
10,8
71 U
Cha
ined
58,
966
67,
905
80,
978
91,
820
92,
585
94,
166
100
,072
103
,559
U
Sta
te a
nd
loca
l use
r co
vera
ge
(per
cen
t)72
%69
%69
%71
%71
%72
%69
%68
% U
KE
Y: U
= d
ata
are
not a
vaila
ble.
NO
TE
N
umbe
rs m
ay n
ot a
dd t
o to
tals
due
to
roun
ding
.
SOU
RC
ES
1980
: U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, B
urea
u of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
isti
cs, u
npub
lishe
d da
ta.
1985
–200
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Bur
eau
of T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
, Gov
ernm
ent
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Fina
ncia
l Sta
tist
ics
2001
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C:
2002
), t
able
s 2-
a, 2
-b, 4
-a, a
nd 4
-b.
Con
stan
t do
llar
defl
ator
: U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of C
omm
erce
, Bur
eau
of E
cono
mic
Ana
lysi
s, N
atio
nal I
ncom
e an
d P
rodu
ct A
ccou
nts,
Was
hing
ton,
DC
, tab
le 7
.1,
“Cha
in-T
ype
Pric
e In
dex.
”
244 � Chapter 3: Transportation and the EconomyTA
BLE
3-27
a: T
rans
porta
tion
Reve
nues
by
Mod
e an
d Le
vel o
f Gov
ernm
ent,
Fisc
al Y
ear (
Curr
ent $
mill
ions
)
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
TOTA
L, a
ll m
od
es 3
2,97
752
,140
69,7
5393
,659
96,4
1910
0,51
611
1,23
412
6,89
5U
Fede
ral
10,3
1218
,404
21,3
8430
,166
30,7
4231
,440
38,9
3451
,996
46,7
56S
tate
17,0
8824
,442
34,6
2944
,846
45,9
6647
,729
50,0
0951
,584
ULo
cal
5,57
79,
294
13,7
4018
,647
19,7
1121
,348
22,2
9123
,315
U
Hig
hw
ay, t
ota
l25
,268
38,1
6649
,945
66,7
4371
,179
71,8
1477
,299
88,6
68U
Fede
ral:
Hig
hway
Tru
st F
und-
Hig
hway
Acc
ount
a7,
647
12,9
0613
,453
19,3
7722
,692
21,3
1424
,307
33,8
2330
,347
Sta
te16
,287
22,9
6032
,644
42,4
1543
,353
45,0
3447
,214
48,7
84U
Loca
l1,
334
2,30
03,
848
4,95
25,
133
5,46
65,
779
6,06
1U
Air
, to
tal
4,10
06,
711
10,1
1913
,954
11,2
9813
,544
18,1
7621
,079
UFe
dera
l: A
irpo
rt a
nd A
irway
s Tr
ust F
undb
2,27
43,
593
4,94
56,
291
3,12
84,
488
8,65
411
,089
10,5
44
Sta
te19
029
955
669
570
576
576
874
4U
Loca
l1,
636
2,81
84,
617
6,96
87,
465
8,29
18,
754
9,24
6U
Tran
sit,
to
tal
2,39
75,
636
7,19
39,
352
10,1
7111
,417
11,8
7213
,186
UFe
dera
l: H
ighw
ay T
rust
Fun
d- M
ass
Tran
sit A
ccou
ntR
Z1,
420
1,97
72,
813
3,28
23,
996
4,32
65,
478
4,62
5S
tate
362
847
1,07
41,
257
1,30
81,
339
1,38
41,
404
ULo
cal
2,03
53,
369
4,14
25,
283
5,58
16,
082
6,16
26,
304
U
Wat
er, t
ota
l1,
211
1,62
62,
487
3,56
73,
733
3,70
43,
850
3,92
3U
Fede
ral:
Wat
er R
ecei
ptsc
391
485
999
1,64
41,
602
1,60
51,
611
1,56
81,
175
Sta
te24
933
535
547
960
059
064
365
1U
Loca
l57
280
71,
133
1,44
41,
531
1,50
91,
597
1,70
4U
Pip
elin
e, t
ota
lR
ZR
Z10
3531
3029
3040
Fede
ral:
Pip
elin
e S
afet
y F
und
RZ
RZ
1035
3130
2930
40
Gen
eral
su
pp
ort
, to
tal
RZ
RZ
RZ
77
78
825
Fede
ral:
Em
erge
ncy
Pre
pare
dnes
s F
und
RZ
RZ
RZ
77
78
825
KE
Y: R
Z =
no
activ
ity o
r a
valu
e of
zer
o; U
= d
ata
are
not a
vaila
ble.
aB
egin
ning
in 1
983,
a p
orti
on o
f th
e fu
el t
ax c
redi
ted
to t
he H
ighw
ay T
rust
Fun
d is
ear
mar
ked
for
tran
sit.
bT
he t
ax r
equi
rem
ent
that
allo
ws
for
the
10%
pas
seng
er t
icke
t ta
x an
d ce
rtai
n ot
her
taxe
s pa
id b
y ai
rpor
t an
d ai
rway
use
rs t
o be
tra
nsfe
rred
to
the
Air
port
an
d A
irw
ay T
rust
Fun
d ex
pire
d on
Dec
. 31,
199
5; it
was
ree
nact
ed in
Aug
ust
1996
; but
exp
ired
aga
in in
Dec
embe
r 19
96.
cW
ater
rec
eipt
s in
clud
e th
e H
arbo
r M
aint
enan
ce T
rust
Fun
d, S
t. L
awre
nce
Seaw
ay t
olls
, the
Inl
and
Wat
erw
ay T
rust
Fun
d, P
anam
a C
anal
rec
eipt
s, O
il Sp
ill
Lia
bilit
y T
rust
Fun
d, O
ffsh
ore
Oil
Pollu
tion
Fun
d, D
eep
Wat
er P
ort
Lia
bilit
y Fu
nd, a
nd e
xcis
e ta
xes
of t
he B
oat
Safe
ty P
rogr
am.
NO
TE
Num
bers
may
not
add
to
tota
ls d
ue t
o ro
undi
ng.
SOU
RC
ES
1980
: U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, B
urea
u of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
isti
cs, u
npub
lishe
d da
ta.
1985
–200
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Bur
eau
of T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
, Gov
ernm
ent
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Fina
ncia
l Sta
tist
ics
2001
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C:
2002
), t
able
2-a
.
Government Finance � 245
TABL
E 3-
27b:
Tra
nspo
rtatio
n Re
venu
es b
y M
ode
and
Leve
l of G
over
nmen
t, Fi
scal
Yea
r (Ch
aine
d 19
96 $
mill
ions
)
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
TOTA
L, a
ll m
od
es 6
0,13
5 7
2,56
8 8
2,22
9 9
5,75
4 9
6,41
9 9
8,14
4 1
06,9
94 1
18,8
88 U
Fede
ral
18,
410
25,
758
26,
091
30,
813
30,
742
30,
805
37,
661
48,
928
42,
610
Sta
te 3
1,45
8 3
3,91
4 4
0,19
2 4
5,86
8 4
5,96
6 4
6,52
8 4
7,95
6 4
8,18
2 U
Loca
l 1
0,26
6 1
2,89
5 1
5,94
7 1
9,07
2 1
9,71
1 2
0,81
1 2
1,37
6 2
1,77
7 U
Hig
hw
ay, t
ota
l 4
6,09
3 5
3,11
2 5
8,76
8 6
8,23
9 7
1,17
9 7
0,11
4 7
4,32
9 8
3,05
6 U
Fede
ral:
Hig
hway
Tru
st F
und-
Hig
hway
Acc
ount
a 1
3,65
3 1
8,06
4 1
6,41
4 1
9,79
2 2
2,69
2 2
0,88
4 2
3,51
2 3
1,82
8 2
7,65
6S
tate
29,
984
31,
858
37,
888
43,
382
43,
353
43,
902
45,
276
45,
567
ULo
cal
2,4
55 3
,191
4,4
66 5
,065
5,1
33 5
,328
5,5
42 5
,661
U
Air
, to
tal
7,4
21 9
,355
12,
038
14,
264
11,
298
13,
225
17,
502
19,
766
UFe
dera
l: A
irpo
rt a
nd A
irway
s Tr
ust F
undb
4,0
60 5
,029
6,0
34 6
,426
3,1
28 4
,397
8,3
71 1
0,43
5 9
,609
Sta
te 3
49 4
16 6
46 7
11 7
05 7
45 7
37 6
95 U
Loca
l 3
,012
3,9
10 5
,359
7,1
27 7
,465
8,0
83 8
,395
8,6
36 U
Tran
sit,
to
tal
4,4
13 7
,838
8,4
66 9
,562
10,
171
11,
150
11,
421
12,
354
UFe
dera
l: H
ighw
ay T
rust
Fun
d- M
ass
Tran
sit A
ccou
nt R
Z 1
,987
2,4
12 2
,873
3,2
82 3
,915
4,1
85 5
,155
4,2
15S
tate
667
1,1
76 1
,247
1,2
85 1
,308
1,3
06 1
,327
1,3
12 U
Loca
l 3
,746
4,6
75 4
,807
5,4
03 5
,581
5,9
29 5
,909
5,8
88 U
Wat
er, t
ota
l 2
,209
2,2
63 2
,946
3,6
46 3
,733
3,6
19 3
,706
3,6
75 U
Fede
ral:
Wat
er R
ecei
ptsc
697
678
1,2
19 1
,679
1,6
02 1
,573
1,5
58 1
,475
1,0
71S
tate
458
465
412
490
600
576
616
608
ULo
cal
1,0
53 1
,119
1,3
15 1
,477
1,5
31 1
,471
1,5
31 1
,592
U
Pip
elin
e, t
ota
l R
Z R
Z 1
2 3
6 3
1 2
9 2
8 2
8 3
6Fe
dera
l: P
ipel
ine
Saf
ety
Fun
d R
Z R
Z 1
2 3
6 3
1 2
9 2
8 2
8 3
6
Gen
eral
su
pp
ort
, to
tal
RZ
RZ
RZ
7 7
7 8
8 2
3Fe
dera
l: E
mer
genc
y P
repa
redn
ess
Fun
d R
Z R
Z R
Z 7
7 7
8 8
23
KE
Y: E
= e
stim
ate;
RZ
= n
o ac
tivity
or
a va
lue
of z
ero;
U =
dat
a ar
e no
t ava
ilabl
e.
aB
egin
ning
in 1
983,
a p
orti
on o
f th
e fu
el t
ax c
redi
ted
to t
he H
ighw
ay T
rust
Fun
d is
ear
mar
ked
for
tran
sit.
bT
he t
ax r
equi
rem
ent
that
allo
ws
for
the
10%
pas
seng
er t
icke
t ta
x an
d ce
rtai
n ot
her
taxe
s pa
id b
y ai
rpor
t an
d ai
rway
use
rs t
o be
tra
nsfe
rred
to
the
Air
port
an
d A
irw
ay T
rust
Fun
d ex
pire
d on
Dec
. 31,
199
5; it
was
ree
nact
ed in
Aug
ust
1996
; but
exp
ired
aga
in in
Dec
embe
r 19
96.
cW
ater
rec
eipt
s in
clud
e th
e H
arbo
r M
aint
enan
ce T
rust
Fun
d, S
t. L
awre
nce
Seaw
ay t
olls
, the
Inl
and
Wat
erw
ay T
rust
Fun
d, P
anam
a C
anal
rec
eipt
s, O
il Sp
ill
Lia
bilit
y T
rust
Fun
d, O
ffsh
ore
Oil
Pollu
tion
Fun
d, D
eep
Wat
er P
ort
Lia
bilit
y Fu
nd, a
nd e
xcis
e ta
xes
of t
he B
oat
Safe
ty P
rogr
am.
NO
TE
Num
bers
may
not
add
to
tota
ls d
ue t
o ro
undi
ng.
SOU
RC
ES
1980
: U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, B
urea
u of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
isti
cs, u
npub
lishe
d da
ta.
1985
–200
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Bur
eau
of T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
,Gov
ernm
ent
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Fina
ncia
l Sta
tist
ics
2001
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C:
2002
), t
able
2-b
.C
onst
ant
dolla
r de
flat
or: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Com
mer
ce, B
urea
u of
Eco
nom
ic A
naly
sis,
Nat
iona
l Inc
ome
and
Pro
duct
Acc
ount
s,W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C, t
able
7.1
, “C
hain
-Typ
e Pr
ice
Inde
x.”
246 � Chapter 3: Transportation and the EconomyTA
BLE
3-28
: Cas
h Ba
lanc
es o
f the
Tra
nspo
rtatio
n-Re
late
d Fe
dera
l Tru
st F
unds
, Fis
cal Y
ear (
$ m
illio
ns)
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Air
po
rt /
Air
way
Tru
st F
un
dC
urre
nt $
5,44
27,
426
14,3
5511
,365
7,69
26,
358
9,41
112
,446
13,9
3414
,485
Cha
ined
199
6 $
9,47
39,
814
17,1
3311
,691
7,69
26,
256
9,17
0R
11,8
4412
,874
13,1
57
Hig
hw
ay T
rust
Fu
nd
Hig
hway
acc
ount
Cur
rent
$10
,999
10,3
619,
629
9,42
111
,658
12,5
758,
519
19,2
2622
,553
20,3
72
Cha
ined
199
6 $
19,1
4613
,692
11,4
939,
691
11,6
5812
,374
8,30
1R
18,2
9720
,838
18,5
05
Tran
sit a
ccou
ntC
urre
nt $
N2,
524
7,15
59,
579
9,52
59,
857
10,0
519,
753
8,54
77,
368
Cha
ined
199
6 $
N3,
336
8,54
09,
854
9,52
59,
699
9,79
39,
281
7,89
76,
693
Har
bo
r M
ain
ten
ance
Tru
st F
un
dC
urre
nt $
NN
3062
186
51,
106
1,24
61,
736
1,62
11,
777
Cha
ined
199
6 $
NN
3663
986
51,
088
1,21
41,
652
1,49
81,
614
Inla
nd
Wat
erw
ay T
rust
Fu
nd
Cur
rent
$N
172
281
238
275
300
327
357
364
389
Cha
ined
199
6 $
N22
733
524
527
529
531
934
033
635
3
Oil
Sp
ill L
iab
ility
Tru
st F
un
dC
urre
nt $
NN
345
1,12
11,
124
1,11
01,
083
1,01
71,
156
1,14
3C
hain
ed 1
996
$N
N41
21,
153
1,12
41,
092
1,05
596
81,
068
1,03
8
TOTA
L a
ll fu
nd
sC
urr
ent
$16
,441
20,4
8331
,795
32,3
4531
,139
31,3
0630
,637
44,5
3548
,175
45,5
34C
hai
ned
199
6 $
28,6
1927
,069
37,9
4933
,273
31,1
3930
,805
29,8
52R
42,3
8244
,512
41,3
61
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; R =
rev
ised
.
SOU
RC
ES
1980
-90:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, B
urea
u of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
isti
cs, T
rans
port
atio
n R
ecei
pts
and
Out
lays
in t
he F
eder
al B
udge
t, F
isca
l Yea
rs
1977
-94
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Apr
il 19
97),
tab
le 1
-3.
1995
-99:
U.S
. Exe
cuti
ve O
ffic
e of
the
Pre
side
nt, O
ffic
e of
Man
agem
ent
and
Bud
get,
Bud
get
of t
he U
nite
d St
ates
Gov
ernm
ent,
App
endi
x (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C:
Ann
ual i
ssue
s).
Con
stan
t do
llar
defl
ator
1980
-97:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of C
omm
erce
, Bur
eau
of E
cono
mic
Ana
lysi
s, H
isto
rica
l dat
a fo
r ch
ain-
type
inde
xes
accu
rate
to 3
dec
imal
pla
ces,
tab
le 7
-11,
“C
hain
Ty
pe P
rice
Ind
exes
-Fed
eral
,” I
nter
net
site
htt
p://w
ww
.bea
.doc
.gov
/bea
/dn1
.htm
as
of S
ept.
20,
200
2.19
98-2
001:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of C
omm
erce
, Bur
eau
of E
cono
mic
Ana
lysi
s, I
nter
acti
ve A
cces
s to
Nat
iona
l Inc
ome
and
Pro
duct
Acc
ount
s T
able
s, t
able
7-1
1,
“Cha
in T
ype
Pric
e In
dexe
s-Fe
dera
l,” I
nter
net
site
htt
p://w
ww
.bea
.doc
.gov
/bea
/dn/
nipa
web
as
of S
ept.
20,
200
2.
Government Finance � 247
TABL
E 3-
29a:
Tra
nspo
rtatio
n Ex
pend
iture
s by
Mod
e an
d Le
vel o
f Gov
ernm
ent f
rom
Ow
n Fu
nds,
Fis
cal Y
ear (
Curr
ent $
mill
ions
)a
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
TOTA
L, a
ll m
od
es 5
6,32
977
,230
100,
629
130,
542
133,
359
138,
361
145,
659
154,
845
UFe
dera
l24
,737
28,2
9130
,859
40,7
6940
,774
41,7
6641
,303
43,9
7548
,401
Sta
te a
nd lo
cal
31,5
9248
,939
69,7
7089
,772
92,5
8596
,596
104,
355
110,
871
U
Hig
hw
ays,
to
tal
34,5
5346
,604
62,5
6379
,309
81,5
5084
,212
89,4
5495
,494
UFe
dera
l11
,706
15,0
3015
,452
20,0
7820
,622
21,3
4720
,652
23,5
8927
,657
Sta
te a
nd lo
cal
22,8
4731
,574
47,1
1259
,232
60,9
2762
,865
68,8
0271
,905
U
Air
, to
tal
5,67
37,
903
12,5
6816
,960
17,2
7318
,776
19,5
9321
,789
UFe
dera
l3,
762
4,94
77,
305
10,3
8910
,135
10,1
3710
,622
10,7
229,
556
Sta
te a
nd lo
cal
1,91
12,
955
5,26
36,
571
7,13
88,
639
8,97
111
,067
U
Tran
sit,
to
tal
8,94
916
,333
19,2
6126
,162
26,3
4626
,875
28,1
0829
,027
UFe
dera
l3,
307
3,42
73,
832
4,47
44,
375
4,58
34,
302
4,26
55,
337
Sta
te a
nd lo
cal
5,64
212
,906
15,4
2921
,688
21,9
7122
,292
23,8
0624
,762
U
Wat
er, t
ota
l4,
477
5,12
45,
480
6,62
86,
775
6,99
67,
137
7,68
2U
Fede
ral
3,30
83,
642
3,53
74,
380
4,23
84,
212
4,38
44,
565
4,81
0
Sta
te a
nd lo
cal
1,16
81,
481
1,94
32,
247
2,53
82,
783
2,75
33,
117
U
Rai
l, to
tal
2,41
91,
072
541
1,04
31,
015
1,14
81,
099
565
UFe
dera
l2,
395
1,05
753
41,
034
1,00
41,
131
1,07
654
675
5
Sta
te a
nd lo
cal
2315
79
1117
2319
U
Pip
elin
e, t
ota
lbR
Z8
2643
UU
UU
U
Fede
ral
RZ
RZ
919
3329
3230
27S
tate
and
loca
lR
Z8
1724
UU
UU
U
Fed
eral
-gen
eral
su
pp
ort
, to
talc
259
187
191
396
367
327
236
258
259
KE
Y: E
= e
stim
ate;
RZ
= n
o ac
tivity
or
a va
lue
of z
ero;
U =
dat
a ar
e no
t ava
ilabl
e.
a A
ll da
ta h
ave
been
rev
ised
.b
Incl
udes
gas
and
liqu
id p
ipel
ine.
cG
ener
al s
uppo
rt r
epre
sent
s ad
min
istr
ativ
e an
d op
erat
ing
expe
ndit
ures
of
the
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, t
he I
nter
stat
e C
omm
erce
Com
mis
sion
(te
r-m
inat
ed a
t th
e en
d 19
95),
and
the
Nat
iona
l Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Safe
ty B
oard
.
NO
TE
Num
bers
may
not
add
to
tota
ls d
ue t
o ro
undi
ng.
SOU
RC
ES
1980
: U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, B
urea
u of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
isti
cs, u
npub
lishe
d da
ta.
1985
–200
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of T
rans
port
atio
n, B
urea
u of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
istic
s, G
over
nmen
t T
rans
port
atio
n Fi
nanc
ial S
tatis
tics
200
1 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 2
002)
.
248 � Chapter 3: Transportation and the EconomyTA
BLE
3-29
b: T
rans
porta
tion
Expe
nditu
res
by M
ode
and
Leve
l of G
over
nmen
t fro
m O
wn
Fund
s, F
isca
l Yea
r (Ch
aine
d 19
96 $
mill
ions
)a
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
TOTA
L, a
ll m
od
es 1
02,3
24 1
07,5
00 1
18,6
29 1
33,4
64 1
33,3
59 1
35,0
89 1
40,0
25 1
44,9
39 U
Fede
ral
44,
165
39,
595
37,
651
41,
644
40,
774
40,
923
39,
953
41,
380
44,
109
Stat
e an
d lo
cal
58,
159
67,
905
80,
978
91,
820
92,
585
94,
166
100
,072
103
,559
U
Hig
hw
ays,
to
tal
62,
960
64,
845
73,
532
81,
091
81,
550
82,
200
85,
955
89,
361
UFe
dera
l 2
0,89
9 2
1,03
5 1
8,85
3 2
0,50
8 2
0,62
2 2
0,91
6 1
9,97
6 2
2,19
7 2
5,20
4
Stat
e an
d lo
cal
42,
060
43,
810
54,
680
60,
583
60,
927
61,
284
65,
978
67,
164
U
Air
, to
tal
10,
234
11,
025
15,
021
17,
333
17,
273
18,
354
18,
878
20,
427
UFe
dera
l 6
,717
6,9
24 8
,912
10,
612
10,
135
9,9
32 1
0,27
5 1
0,08
9 8
,709
Stat
e an
d lo
cal
3,5
17 4
,100
6,1
09 6
,721
7,1
38 8
,422
8,6
03 1
0,33
7 U
Tran
sit,
to
tal
16,
291
22,
704
22,
583
26,
753
26,
346
26,
221
26,
990
27,
143
UFe
dera
l 5
,903
4,7
96 4
,675
4,5
70 4
,375
4,4
90 4
,161
4,0
13 4
,864
Stat
e an
d lo
cal
10,
387
17,
908
17,
908
22,
183
21,
971
21,
731
22,
829
23,
129
U
Wat
er, t
ota
l 8
,058
7,1
53 6
,570
6,7
73 6
,775
6,8
41 6
,881
7,2
07 U
Fede
ral
5,9
07 5
,098
4,3
16 4
,474
4,2
38 4
,127
4,2
41 4
,296
4,3
84
Stat
e an
d lo
cal
2,1
51 2
,055
2,2
55 2
,299
2,5
38 2
,713
2,6
40 2
,911
U
Rai
l, to
tal
4,3
20 1
,501
659
1,0
66 1
,015
1,1
24 1
,063
531
UFe
dera
l 4
,277
1,4
80 6
52 1
,056
1,0
04 1
,108
1,0
41 5
14 6
88
Stat
e an
d lo
cal
43
21
8 1
0 1
1 1
6 2
2 1
8 U
Pip
elin
e, t
ota
lb R
Z 1
1 3
1 4
4 U
U U
U U
Fede
ral
RZ
RZ
11
19
33
28
31
28
25
Stat
e an
d lo
cal
RZ
11
19
25
U U
U U
U
Fed
eral
-gen
eral
su
pp
ort
, to
talc
462
261
233
404
367
320
228
243
236
KE
Y: R
Z =
no
activ
ity o
r a
valu
e of
zer
o; U
= d
ata
are
not a
vaila
ble.
aA
ll da
ta h
ave
been
rev
ised
.b
Incl
udes
gas
and
liqu
id p
ipel
ine.
cG
ener
al s
uppo
rt r
epre
sent
s ad
min
istr
ativ
e an
d op
erat
ing
expe
ndit
ures
of
the
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, t
he I
nter
stat
e C
omm
erce
Com
mis
sion
(te
r-m
inat
ed a
t th
e en
d 19
95),
and
the
Nat
iona
l Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Safe
ty B
oard
.
NO
TE
Num
bers
may
not
add
to
tota
ls d
ue t
o ro
undi
ng.
SOU
RC
ES
1980
: U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, B
urea
u of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
isti
cs, u
npub
lishe
d da
ta.
1985
–200
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of T
rans
port
atio
n, B
urea
u of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
istic
s, G
over
nmen
t T
rans
port
atio
n Fi
nanc
ial S
tatis
tics
200
1 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 2
002)
. C
onst
ant
dolla
r de
flat
or: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Com
mer
ce, B
urea
u of
Eco
nom
ic A
naly
sis,
Nat
iona
l Inc
ome
and
Pro
duct
Acc
ount
s, W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C, t
able
7.1
, “C
hain
-Typ
e Pr
ice
Inde
x.”
Government Finance � 249
TABLE 3-30a: Federal Transportation Grants to State and Local Governments by Mode, Fiscal Year (Current $ millions)a
1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000Total 14,581 18,146 19,689 24,950 25,061 26,073 25,125 27,959 32,516Highway 10,807 14,007 14,695 18,677 19,039 20,008 19,294 22,127 26,061Air 590 789 1,220 1,826 1,655 1,489 1,511 1,565 1,896Transit 3,129 3,304 3,728 4,353 4,291 4,499 4,221 4,188 4,476
Waterb RZ 12 26 62 40 26 32 21 9
Rail 54 35 16 22 25 39 54 44 61
Pipeline RZ RZ 4 10 11 12 13 14 13
KEY: RZ = no activity or a value of zero.
a All data have been revised.b Includes only federal grants for Boat Safety Program.
NOTENumbers may not add to totals due to rounding.
SOURCES1980: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, unpublished data.1985-2000: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Government Transporta-
tion Financial Statistics 2001 (Washington, DC: 2002).
250 � Chapter 3: Transportation and the Economy
TABLE 3-30b: Federal Transportation Grants to State and Local Governments by Mode, Fiscal Year (Chained 1996 $ millions)a
1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000Total 26,033 25,397 24,022 25,485 25,061 25,547 24,304 26,309 29,632Highway 19,295 19,604 17,929 19,077 19,039 19,604 18,664 20,821 23,750Air 1,054 1,104 1,489 1,865 1,655 1,459 1,462 1,473 1,728Transit 5,586 4,624 4,549 4,446 4,291 4,408 4,083 3,941 4,079
Waterb RZ 17 31 63 40 25 31 20 8
Rail 97 49 19 22 25 38 52 41 56
Pipeline RZ RZ 5 10 11 12 13 13 12
KEY: RZ = no activity or a value of zero.
a All data have been revised.b Includes only federal grants for Boat Safety Program.
NOTENumbers may not add to totals due to rounding.
SOURCES1980: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, unpublished data. 1985–2000: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Government Transporta-
tion Financial Statistics 2001 (Washington, DC: 2002). Constant dollar deflator: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and
Product Accounts, Washington, DC, table 7.1, “Chain-Type Price Index.”
Chapter 4Transportation, Energy,
and the Environment
Section AU.S. and Transportation Section
Energy Consumption
U.S. and Transportation Section Energy Consumption � 253
TABL
E 4-
1: O
verv
iew
of U
.S. P
etro
leum
Pro
duct
ion,
Impo
rts, E
xpor
ts, a
nd C
onsu
mpt
ion
(Mill
ion
barr
els
per d
ay)
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
P20
01D
om
esti
c p
rod
uct
ion
Cru
de o
ila7.
047.
809.
64R
8.38
8.60
8.97
7.36
6.56
R6.
476.
456.
255.
88R
5.82
5.80
Nat
ural
gas
pla
nt li
quid
s0.
931.
211.
661.
631.
571.
611.
561.
761.
831.
821.
761.
851.
911.
87
Tota
lb7.
969.
0111
.30
10.0
510
.21
10.6
48.
998.
638.
618.
618.
398.
11R
8.11
8.05
Gro
ss im
po
rts
Cru
de o
ilc1.
021.
241.
32R
4.11
5.26
3.20
5.89
7.23
7.51
8.23
8.71
8.73
R9.
079.
33
Pet
role
um p
rodu
ctsd
0.80
1.23
2.10
1.95
1.65
1.87
2.12
1.61
1.97
1.94
2.00
2.12
R2.
392.
54To
tal
1.81
2.47
3.42
6.06
6.91
5.07
8.02
R8.
849.
4810
.16
10.7
110
.85
R11
.46
11.8
7
Exp
ort
s0.
200.
190.
260.
210.
540.
780.
860.
950.
981.
00R
0.95
0.94
1.04
0.97
U.S
. net
imp
ort
se1.
612.
283.
165.
856.
374.
297.
167.
898.
509.
169.
769.
91R
10.4
210
.90
U.S
. pet
role
um
co
nsu
mp
tio
n9.
8011
.51
14.7
016
.32
17.0
615
.73
16.9
9R
17.7
318
.31
18.6
218
.92
19.5
219
.70
19.6
5B
y th
e tr
ansp
orta
tion
sect
or5.
146.
047.
788.
959.
559.
8510
.97
11.7
311
.96
12.1
312
.48
12.8
912
.99
UTr
ansp
orta
tion
petr
oleu
m u
se a
sP
erce
nt o
f dom
estic
pet
role
um p
rodu
ctio
n64
.667
.068
.889
.193
.592
.612
2.0
R13
6.0
R13
9.0
140.
914
8.7
R15
9.0
R16
0.2
U
Tran
spor
tatio
n pe
trol
eum
use
as
Per
cent
of d
omes
tic p
etro
leum
con
sum
ptio
n52
.452
.552
.954
.856
.062
.664
.666
.265
.365
.166
.066
.065
.9U
Wo
rld
pet
role
um
co
nsu
mp
tio
n21
.34
31.1
446
.81
56.2
063
.07
R60
.09
R66
.09
R70
.04
R71
.60
73.0
6R
73.7
9R
75.3
0R
76.0
276
.01
U.S
. pet
role
um c
onsu
mpt
ion
asP
erce
nt o
f wor
ld p
etro
leum
con
sum
ptio
n45
.937
.031
.429
.0R
27.0
26.2
R25
.7R
25.3
25.6
25.5
R25
.6R
25.9
R25
.925
.9
KE
Y: P
= p
relim
inar
y; R
= r
evis
ed; U
= d
ata
are
not a
vaila
ble.
aIn
clud
es le
ase
cond
ensa
te.
bIn
clud
es c
rude
oil,
nat
ural
gas
pla
nt li
quid
s, a
nd o
ther
liqu
ids.
cIn
clud
es im
port
s fo
r th
e St
rate
gic
Petr
oleu
m R
eser
ve, w
hich
beg
an in
197
7.d
Beg
inni
ng in
198
5, m
otor
gas
olin
e bl
endi
ng c
ompo
nent
s an
d av
iati
on g
asol
ine
blen
ding
com
pone
nts
are
incl
uded
.e
Net
impo
rts
= im
port
s m
inus
exp
orts
.
NO
TE
N
umbe
rs m
ay n
ot a
dd t
o to
tals
due
to
roun
ding
.
SOU
RC
ES
Dom
esti
c pr
oduc
tion
, im
port
s, e
xpor
ts, a
nd U
.S. p
etro
leum
con
sum
ptio
n:19
60-7
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Ene
rgy,
Ene
rgy
Info
rmat
ion
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Ann
ual E
nerg
y R
evie
w 2
000,
DO
E/E
IA-0
384(
2000
) (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
ugus
t 200
1),
tabl
e 5.
1.19
75-2
001:
Ibi
d., M
onth
ly E
nerg
y R
evie
w (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Aug
ust
2002
), t
able
s 3.
1a a
nd 3
.1b.
Wor
ld p
etro
leum
con
sum
ptio
n:19
60-7
0: I
bid.
, Ann
ual E
nerg
y R
evie
w 2
000,
DO
E/E
IA-0
384(
2000
) (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
ugus
t 20
01),
tab
le 1
1.9.
1975
-200
1: I
bid.
, Mon
thly
Ene
rgy
Dat
abas
e, a
vaila
ble
at h
ttp:
//ww
w.e
ia.d
oe.g
ov/e
meu
/mer
/ as
of S
ept.
3, 2
002.
U.S
. pet
role
um c
onsu
mpt
ion
by t
rans
port
atio
n se
ctor
:19
60-2
000:
Ibi
d., A
nnua
l Ene
rgy
Rev
iew
200
0, D
OE
/EIA
-038
4(20
00)
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Aug
ust
2001
), t
able
5.1
2c.
254 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the EnvironmentTA
BLE
4-2:
U.S
. Con
sum
ptio
n of
Ene
rgy
from
Prim
ary
Sour
ces
by S
ecto
r (Qu
adril
lion
Btu)
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
En
erg
y co
nsu
mp
tio
nTr
ansp
orta
tion
10.5
612
.40
16.0
618
.21
19.6
620
.02
22.4
923
.92
24.4
724
.77
25.3
4R
26.1
6R
26.9
226
.90
Per
cent
of t
otal
24.1
23.5
24.2
25.3
25.1
26.1
26.7
26.3
26.0
26.3
26.8
R27
.027
.327
.9
Indu
stria
l16
.26
19.2
421
.92
21.4
222
.64
19.5
121
.11
22.9
623
.72
23.8
9R
23.5
724
.05
R24
.39
23.6
0
Per
cent
of t
otal
37.1
36.5
33.0
29.7
28.9
25.4
25.0
25.2
25.2
25.3
24.9
R24
.924
.724
.5
Res
iden
tial a
nd c
omm
erci
al8.
7510
.00
12.1
412
.03
11.6
010
.70
10.2
411
.02
11.7
311
.29
10.3
810
.78
R11
.30
11.0
8
Per
cent
of t
otal
20.0
19.0
18.3
16.7
14.8
13.9
12.1
12.1
12.5
12.0
11.0
11.1
R11
.411
.5
Ene
rgy
inpu
t at e
lect
ric u
tiliti
es8.
1911
.01
16.2
720
.38
24.5
426
.55
30.5
033
.03
34.0
134
.39
R35
.34
35.7
7R
36.1
834
.75
Per
cent
of t
otal
18.7
20.9
24.5
28.3
31.3
34.6
36.2
36.3
36.2
36.5
R37
.3R
37.0
R36
.636
.1
To
tal
43.8
052
.68
66.4
372
.04
78.4
476
.78
84.3
490
.94
93.9
394
.34
R94
.62
R96
.77
R98
.78
96.3
2
Per
cen
tag
e o
f p
rim
ary
dem
and
met
by
pet
role
um
Tran
spor
tatio
n96
.095
.795
.396
.796
.797
.497
.097
.097
.096
.997
.4R
97.4
R97
.597
.7
Indu
stria
l35
.435
.335
.538
.042
.140
.039
.437
.538
.238
.9R
38.6
39.1
R37
.538
.3
Res
iden
tial a
nd c
omm
erci
al39
.838
.635
.431
.626
.223
.621
.218
.819
.119
.219
.219
.7R
19.6
19.8
Ele
ctric
util
ities
6.7
6.7
13.0
15.5
10.7
4.1
4.1
2.0
2.1
2.4
3.3
2.6
2.2
2.4
KE
Y: B
tu =
Brit
ish
ther
mal
uni
t; R
= r
evis
ed.
NO
TE
ST
he d
ata
for
resi
dent
ial,
com
mer
cial
, and
indu
stri
al s
ecto
rs in
clud
e on
ly f
ossi
l fue
ls c
onsu
med
dir
ectl
y. M
ost
rene
wab
le f
uels
are
not
incl
uded
. The
dat
a fo
r th
e tr
ansp
orta
tion
sec
tor
incl
udes
onl
y fo
ssil
and
rene
wab
le f
uels
con
sum
ed d
irec
tly.
The
dat
a fo
r el
ectr
ic u
tilit
ies
incl
udes
all
fuel
s (f
ossi
l, nu
clea
r, ge
othe
rmal
, hy
dro,
and
oth
er r
enew
able
s) u
sed
by e
lect
ric
utili
ties
. Due
to a
lack
of c
onsi
sten
t m
onth
ly h
isto
rica
l dat
a, s
ome
rene
wab
le e
nerg
y re
sour
ces
are
not i
nclu
ded
in t
his
tabl
e. T
he t
otal
s in
tab
le 4
-4 a
re t
he b
est
num
bers
for
tot
al U
.S. e
nerg
y co
nsum
ptio
n fr
om a
ll so
urce
s.N
umbe
rs m
ay n
ot a
dd t
o to
tals
due
to
roun
ding
.
SOU
RC
ES
1960
-70:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of E
nerg
y, E
nerg
y In
form
atio
n A
dmin
istr
atio
n, A
nnua
l Ene
rgy
Rev
iew
199
0, D
OE
/EIA
-039
4(90
) (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: M
ay 1
991)
, ta
ble
4.19
75-2
001:
Ibi
d., M
onth
ly E
nerg
y R
evie
w, D
OE
/EIA
-003
5(20
02/0
7) (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Jul
y 20
02),
tab
les
2.1,
2.2
, 2.3
, 2.4
, 2.5
, and
2.6
.
U.S. and Transportation Section Energy Consumption � 255
TABL
E 4-
3: D
omes
tic D
eman
d fo
r Ref
ined
Pet
role
um P
rodu
cts
by S
ecto
r (Qu
adril
lion
Btu)
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Tran
spor
tatio
n10
.13
11.8
715
.31
17.6
119
.01
19.5
021
.81
23.2
023
.74
23.9
924
.68
25.4
926
.25
26.2
7
Indu
stria
l5.
756.
797.
798.
159.
537.
818.
328.
629.
069.
299.
109.
409.
169.
04R
esid
entia
l and
com
mer
cial
3.49
3.87
4.31
3.81
3.04
2.52
2.17
2.08
2.24
2.16
1.99
2.13
2.22
2.20
Ele
ctric
util
ities
0.55
0.73
2.12
3.17
2.63
1.09
1.25
0.66
0.73
0.82
1.17
0.94
0.78
0.83
Tota
l pet
role
um
dem
and
19.9
223
.26
29.5
332
.73
34.2
030
.92
33.5
534
.55
35.7
636
.27
36.9
337
.96
38.4
038
.33
Tran
spor
tatio
n as
per
cent
of t
otal
50.9
51.0
51.8
53.8
55.6
63.1
65.0
67.1
66.4
R66
.266
.867
.268
.468
.5
KE
Y: B
tu =
Brit
ish
ther
mal
uni
t; R
= r
evis
ed.
NO
TE
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion’
s sh
are
of U
.S. p
etro
leum
dem
and
in t
his
tabl
e di
ffer
s sl
ight
ly f
rom
tab
le 4
-1 b
ecau
se t
his
tabl
e ta
kes
into
acc
ount
dif
fere
nces
wit
hin
sect
ors
in
the
use
of v
ario
us g
rade
s of
pet
role
um-b
ased
fue
l tha
t ha
ve d
iffe
rent
Btu
con
tent
per
uni
t vo
lum
e.
SOU
RC
ES
1960
-70:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of E
nerg
y, E
nerg
y In
form
atio
n A
dmin
istr
atio
n, A
nnua
l Ene
rgy
Rev
iew
199
7, D
OE
/EIA
-038
4(97
) (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: J
uly
1998
),
tabl
es 2
.1, 5
.12b
, and
A3.
19
75-2
001:
Ibi
d., M
onth
ly E
nerg
y R
evie
w, D
OE
/EIA
-003
5(20
02/0
7) (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Jul
y 20
02),
tab
les
1.4,
2.2
, 2.3
, 2.4
, 2.5
, and
2.6
.
chapter four
Section BTransportation Energy Consumption by Mode
Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode � 259
TABL
E 4-
4: U
.S. E
nerg
y Co
nsum
ptio
n by
the
Tran
spor
tatio
n Se
ctor
(Qua
drill
ion
Btu)
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
P20
01E
ner
gy
con
sum
pti
on
(all
sect
ors
)45
.12
54.0
267
.86
72.0
478
.44
76.7
884
.34
90.9
493
.93
94.3
4R
94.6
2R
96.7
7R
98.7
896
.34
Tota
l tra
nspo
rtat
ion
cons
umpt
iona
10.6
012
.43
16.1
018
.24
19.7
020
.07
22.5
423
.98
24.5
224
.82
25.3
9R
26.2
2R
26.9
026
.90
Per
cent
of t
otal
ene
rgy
cons
umpt
ion
23.5
23.0
23.7
25.3
25.1
26.1
26.7
26.4
26.1
26.3
26.8
R27
.1R
27.2
27.9
Tota
l prim
ary
cons
umpt
ionb
10.5
612
.40
16.0
618
.21
19.6
620
.02
22.4
923
.92
24.4
724
.77
25.3
4R
26.1
6R
26.8
426
.84
Coa
l0.
074
0.01
70.
007
0.00
1f
ff
ff
ff
ff
f
Mill
ion
shor
t ton
s3.
00.
70.
3<
0.05
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
Nat
ural
gas
c0.
360.
520.
750.
600.
650.
520.
680.
720.
730.
780.
66R
0.67
R0.
670.
63
Tril
lion
cubi
c fe
et0.
350.
500.
720.
580.
640.
500.
660.
700.
71R
0.76
0.64
R0.
65R
0.65
U
Pet
role
um p
rodu
ctsd
10.1
311
.87
15.3
117
.61
19.0
1R
19.5
021
.81
23.2
023
.74
23.9
924
.68
25.4
9R
26.1
726
.21
Mill
ion
barr
els
1,88
12,
205
2,84
03,
267
3,49
53,
595
4,00
44,
281
4,37
74,
431
E4,
552
E4,
654
E4,
754
U
Ele
ctric
ity0.
010
0.01
00.
011
0.01
00.
011
0.01
40.
016
0.01
70.
017
0.01
70.
017
0.01
70.
018
0.01
9
Ele
ctric
al s
yste
m e
nerg
y lo
sses
e0.
026
0.02
40.
026
0.02
50.
027
0.03
3R
0.03
7R
0.03
8R
0.03
7R
0.03
7R
0.03
7R
,g 0
.038
R0.
038
0.03
8
KE
Y: B
tu =
Brit
ish
ther
mal
uni
t; E
= e
stim
ated
; P =
pre
limin
ary;
R =
rev
ised
; U =
dat
a ar
e no
t ava
ilabl
e.
aSu
m o
f pr
imar
y co
nsum
ptio
n, e
lect
rici
ty, a
nd e
lect
rica
l sys
tem
ene
rgy
loss
es c
ateg
orie
s.b
Sum
of
coal
, nat
ural
gas
, and
pet
role
um c
ateg
orie
s.c
Con
sum
ed in
the
ope
rati
on o
f pi
pelin
es, p
rim
arily
in c
ompr
esso
rs, a
nd s
mal
l am
ount
s co
nsum
ed a
s ve
hicl
e fu
el.
dIn
clud
es m
ost
nonu
tilit
y us
e of
fos
sil f
uels
to
prod
uce
elec
tric
ity
and
smal
l am
ount
s (a
bout
0.1
qua
drill
ion
Btu
per
yea
r si
nce
1990
) of
ren
ewab
le e
nerg
y in
the
fo
rm o
f et
hano
l ble
nded
into
mot
or g
asol
ine.
eIn
curr
ed in
the
gen
erat
ion,
tra
nsm
issi
on, a
nd d
istr
ibut
ion
of e
lect
rici
ty p
lus
plan
t us
e an
d un
acco
unte
d fo
r el
ectr
ical
sys
tem
ene
rgy
loss
es.
fFr
om 1
980,
sm
all a
mou
nts
of c
oal c
onsu
med
for
tra
nspo
rtat
ion
are
incl
uded
in in
dust
rial
sec
tor
cons
umpt
ion.
gT
here
is a
dis
cont
inui
ty in
thi
s ti
me
seri
es b
etw
een
1998
and
199
9; b
egin
ning
in 1
999,
non
utili
ty c
onsu
mpt
ion
of f
ossi
l fue
ls is
incl
uded
in e
lect
ric
pow
er s
ec-
tor
cons
umpt
ion
and
the
calc
ulat
ion
of e
lect
rica
l sys
tem
ene
rgy
loss
es.
NO
TE
SE
nerg
y co
nsum
ptio
n (a
ll se
ctor
s) d
iffe
rs f
rom
tot
als
in t
able
4-2
for
199
0 an
d su
bseq
uent
yea
rs.
Tabl
e 4-
2 in
clud
es p
rim
ary
ener
gy c
onsu
mpt
ion
only
.O
ne q
uadr
illio
n =
1014
.
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
260 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the EnvironmentTA
BLE
4-4:
U.S
. Ene
rgy
Cons
umpt
ion
by th
e Tr
ansp
orta
tion
Sect
or (Q
uadr
illio
n Bt
u) (C
ontin
ued)
SOU
RC
ES
Ene
rgy
cons
umpt
ion
(all
sect
ors)
, tot
al t
rans
port
atio
n co
nsum
ptio
n an
d to
tal p
rim
ary
cons
umpt
ion:
19
60-7
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Ene
rgy,
Ene
rgy
Info
rmat
ion
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Ann
ual E
nerg
y R
evie
w 2
000,
DO
E/E
IA-0
384
(200
0) (
Was
hing
ton
DC
: Aug
ust
2001
) ta
ble
2.1a
.19
75-2
001:
Ibi
d., M
onth
ly E
nerg
y R
evie
w (
Was
hing
ton
DC
: Aug
ust
2002
), t
able
2.1
.
Coa
l:B
tu:
1960
-70:
Ibi
d., A
nnua
l Ene
rgy
Rev
iew
200
0, D
OE
/EIA
-038
4 (2
000)
(W
ashi
ngto
n D
C: A
ugus
t 20
01)
tabl
e 2.
1e.
1975
-200
1: I
bid.
, Mon
thly
Ene
rgy
Rev
iew
(W
ashi
ngto
n D
C: A
ugus
t 20
02),
tab
le 2
.5.
Shor
t to
ns:
1960
-70:
Ibi
d., A
nnua
l Ene
rgy
Rev
iew
200
0, D
OE
/EIA
-038
4 (2
000)
(W
ashi
ngto
n D
C: A
ugus
t 20
01)
tabl
e 7.
3.19
75-2
001:
Ibi
d., M
onth
ly E
nerg
y R
evie
w (
Was
hing
ton
DC
: Aug
ust
2002
), t
able
6.2
.
Nat
ural
gas
:B
tu:
1960
-70:
Ibi
d., A
nnua
l Ene
rgy
Rev
iew
200
0, D
OE
/EIA
-038
4 (2
000)
(W
ashi
ngto
n D
C: A
ugus
t 20
01)
tabl
e 2.
1e.
1975
-200
1: I
bid.
, Mon
thly
Ene
rgy
Rev
iew
(W
ashi
ngto
n D
C: A
ugus
t 20
02),
tab
le 2
.5.
Cub
ic f
eet:
1960
-70:
Ibi
d., A
nnua
l Ene
rgy
Rev
iew
200
0, D
OE
/EIA
-038
4 (2
000)
(W
ashi
ngto
n D
C: A
ugus
t 20
01)
tabl
e 6.
5.19
75-2
001:
Ibi
d., M
onth
ly E
nerg
y R
evie
w (
Was
hing
ton
DC
: Aug
ust
2002
), t
able
4.4
.
Petr
oleu
m p
rodu
cts:
Btu
:19
60-7
0: I
bid.
, Ann
ual E
nerg
y R
evie
w 2
000,
DO
E/E
IA-0
384
(200
0) (
Was
hing
ton
DC
: Aug
ust
2001
) ta
ble
2.1e
.19
75-2
001:
Ibi
d., M
onth
ly E
nerg
y R
evie
w (
Was
hing
ton
DC
: Aug
ust
2002
), t
able
2.5
. B
arre
ls:
1960
-200
0: I
bid.
, Ann
ual E
nerg
y R
evie
w 2
000,
DO
E/E
IA-0
384
(200
0) (
Was
hing
ton
DC
: Aug
ust
2001
) ta
ble
5.12
c. (
barr
els/
day
x 36
5 or
366
for
leap
yea
rs).
Ele
ctri
city
and
ele
ctri
cal s
yste
m e
nerg
y lo
sses
:19
60-7
0: I
bid.
, Ann
ual E
nerg
y R
evie
w 2
000,
DO
E/E
IA-0
384
(200
0) (
Was
hing
ton
DC
: Aug
ust
2001
) ta
ble
2.1e
.19
75-2
001:
Ibi
d., M
onth
ly E
nerg
y R
evie
w (
Was
hing
ton
DC
: Aug
ust
2002
), t
able
2.5
.
Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode � 261
TABL
E 4-
5: F
uel C
onsu
mpt
ion
by M
ode
of T
rans
porta
tion
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Air
Cer
tific
ated
car
riers
a
Jet f
uel (
mill
ion
gallo
ns)
1,95
43,
889
7,85
77,
558
8,51
910
,115
12,4
2912
,812
13,1
8713
,660
13,8
7714
,402
14,8
45
Gen
eral
avi
atio
nb
Avi
atio
n ga
solin
e (m
illio
n ga
llons
)24
229
255
141
252
042
135
328
728
929
231
134
533
7
Jet f
uel (
mill
ion
gallo
ns)
N56
208
453
766
691
663
560
608
642
815
967
998
Hig
hw
ay
Gas
olin
e, d
iese
l and
oth
er fu
els
(mill
ion
gallo
ns)
Pas
seng
er c
ar a
nd m
otor
cycl
e41
,171
49,7
2367
,879
74,2
5370
,186
71,7
0069
,759
68,2
6869
,419
70,0
9471
,901
73,4
9573
,125
Oth
er 2
-axl
e 4-
tire
vehi
cle
Ne
12,3
1319
,081
23,7
9627
,363
35,6
1145
,605
47,3
5449
,388
50,4
6252
,859
52,8
32
Sin
gle-
unit
2-ax
le 6
-tire
or
mor
e tr
uck
N13
,848
3,96
85,
420
6,92
37,
399
8,35
79,
216
9,40
99,
576
6,81
79,
372
9,54
8
Com
bina
tion
truc
kN
6,65
87,
348
9,17
713
,037
14,0
0516
,133
19,7
7720
,193
20,3
0225
,158
24,5
3725
,645
Bus
827
875
820
1,05
31,
018
834
895
968
990
1,02
71,
040
1,14
81,
110
Tran
sitc
Ele
ctric
ity (
mill
ion
kWh)
2,90
82,
584
2,56
12,
646
2,44
64,
216
4,83
75,
068
5,00
74,
988
5,07
35,
237
P5,
510
Mot
or fu
el (
mill
ion
gallo
ns)
Die
sel
208
248
271
365
431
609
651
678
693
717
740
763
P78
6
Gas
olin
e an
d ot
her
nond
iese
l fue
lsd
192
124
688
1146
3461
6159
5349
P48
Com
pres
sed
natu
ral g
asN
NN
NN
NN
1115
2437
44P55
Rai
l, C
lass
I (i
n f
reig
ht
serv
ice)
Dis
tilla
te /
dies
el fu
el (
mill
ion
gallo
ns)
3,46
33,
592
3,54
53,
657
3,90
43,
110
3,11
53,
480
3,57
93,
575
3,58
33,
715
3,70
0
Am
trak
Ele
ctric
ity (
mill
ion
kWh)
NN
N18
025
429
533
030
429
328
227
528
335
0
Dis
tilla
te /
dies
el fu
el (
mill
ion
gallo
ns)
NN
N63
6465
8266
7175
7574
76
Wat
er
Res
idua
l fue
l oil
(mill
ion
gallo
ns)
3,95
23,
093
3,77
44,
060
8,95
24,
590
6,32
65,
886
5,70
15,
010
5,62
05,
838
6,41
0
Dis
tilla
te /
dies
el fu
el o
il (m
illio
n ga
llons
)78
765
281
91,
098
1,47
81,
699
2,06
52,
339
2,49
12,
574
2,59
52,
419
2,26
1
Gas
olin
e (m
illio
n ga
llons
)N
N59
873
01,
052
1,05
31,
300
1,06
099
498
795
61,
098
1,12
4
Pip
elin
e
Nat
ural
gas
(m
illio
n cu
bic
feet
)34
7,07
550
0,52
472
2,16
658
2,96
363
4,62
250
3,76
665
9,81
670
0,33
571
1,44
675
1,47
063
5,47
764
5,31
964
4,44
4
KE
Y: k
Wh
= k
ilow
att-
hour
; N =
dat
a do
not
exi
st; P
= p
relim
inar
y.
aD
omes
tic
oper
atio
ns o
nly.
bIn
clud
es f
uel u
sed
in a
ir t
axi o
pera
tion
s, b
ut n
ot c
omm
uter
ope
rati
ons.
Dat
a fo
r 19
96 a
re e
stim
ated
usi
ng n
ew in
form
atio
n on
non
resp
onde
nts
and
are
ther
e-fo
re n
ot c
ompa
rabl
e to
ear
lier
year
s. S
ee t
he a
ccur
acy
stat
emen
t in
the
app
endi
x fo
r m
ore
deta
iled
info
rmat
ion.
cPr
ior
to 1
984,
exc
lude
s co
mm
uter
rai
l, au
tom
ated
gui
dew
ay, f
erry
boat
, dem
and
resp
onsi
ve v
ehic
les,
and
mos
t ru
ral a
nd s
mal
l sys
tem
s.d
Gas
olin
e an
d al
l oth
er n
ondi
esel
fue
ls s
uch
as li
quef
ied
natu
ral g
as, m
etha
nol,
and
prop
ane,
exc
ept
com
pres
sed
natu
ral g
as.
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
262 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the EnvironmentTA
BLE
4-5:
Fue
l Con
sum
ptio
n by
Mod
e of
Tra
nspo
rtatio
n (C
ontin
ued)
e I
nclu
ded
in s
ingl
e-un
it 2
-axl
e 6-
tire
or
mor
e tr
uck
cate
gory
.
SOU
RC
ES
Air
:C
erti
fica
ted
air
carr
iers
:19
60-2
000:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, B
urea
u of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
isti
cs, O
ffic
e of
Air
line
Info
rmat
ion,
Int
erne
t si
te h
ttp:
//ww
w.b
ts.g
ov/o
ai/f
uel/
fuel
year
ly.h
tml a
s of
Aug
. 1, 2
002.
Gen
eral
avi
atio
n:19
60-7
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Avi
atio
n A
dmin
istr
atio
n, F
AA
Sta
tist
ical
Han
dboo
k of
Avi
atio
n -
1972
edi
tion
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 1
973)
, ta
ble
9.12
.19
75-9
0: I
bid.
, Gen
eral
Avi
atio
n an
d A
ir T
axi A
ctiv
ity
Surv
ey (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
5.1
, and
sim
ilar
tabl
es in
ear
lier
edit
ions
.19
95-2
000:
lbid
., FA
A A
eros
pace
For
ecas
ts F
isca
l Yea
rs 2
002-
2013
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: M
arch
200
2), t
able
30.
Hig
hway
:19
60-9
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Hig
hway
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics,
Sum
mar
y to
199
5, F
HW
A-P
L-9
7-00
9 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C:
July
199
7), t
able
VM
-201
A. (
Rev
ised
dat
a ob
tain
ed f
rom
Int
erne
t si
te h
ttp:
//ww
w.f
hwa.
dot.
gov/
ohim
/ohi
mst
at.h
tm a
s of
Aug
ust
2001
).19
95-2
000:
Ibi
d., H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le V
M-1
.T
rans
it:
Ele
ctri
city
/ m
otor
fue
l / c
ompr
esse
d na
tura
l gas
:19
60-2
000:
Am
eric
an P
ublic
Tra
nsit
Ass
ocia
tion
, Pub
lic T
rans
port
atio
n Fa
ct B
ook
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Mar
ch 2
002)
, tab
les
65, 6
6, 6
7, a
nd s
imila
r ta
bles
in
earl
ier
edit
ions
. R
ail:
1960
-200
0: A
ssoc
iati
on o
f A
mer
ican
Rai
lroa
ds, R
ailr
oad
Fact
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: O
ctob
er 2
001)
, p. 4
0 an
d pe
rson
al c
omm
unic
atio
n A
ug. 1
2, 2
002.
Am
trak
:19
75-2
000:
Am
trak
, Ene
rgy
Man
agem
ent
Dep
artm
ent,
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion.
Wat
er:
Res
idua
l and
dis
tilla
te /
dies
el f
uel o
il:19
60-8
0: A
mer
ican
Pet
role
um I
nsti
tute
, Bas
ic P
etro
leum
Dat
a B
ook
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
s 10
, 10a
, 12,
and
12a
.19
85-2
000:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of E
nerg
y, E
nerg
y In
form
atio
n A
dmin
istr
atio
n, F
uel O
il an
d K
eros
ene
Sale
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
les
1, 2
, and
si
mila
r ta
bles
in e
arlie
r ed
itio
ns.
Gas
olin
e:19
70-2
000:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n, H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le M
F-24
and
sim
-ila
r ta
bles
in e
arlie
r ed
itio
ns.
Pipe
line:
1960
-200
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Ene
rgy,
Nat
ural
Gas
Ann
ual 2
000,
DO
E/E
IA-0
131(
00)
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Nov
embe
r 20
01),
tab
le 9
5.
Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode � 263
TABL
E 4-
6: E
nerg
y Co
nsum
ptio
n by
Mod
e of
Tra
nspo
rtatio
n (T
rillio
n Bt
u)
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
19
9920
00A
ir
Cer
tific
ated
car
riers
a
Jet f
uel
264
525
1,06
11,
020
1,15
01,
366
1,67
81,
730
1,78
01,
844
1,87
31,
944
2,00
4
Gen
eral
avi
atio
nb
Avi
atio
n ga
solin
e29
3566
5063
5142
3535
3537
4240
Jet f
uel
N8
2861
103
9390
7682
8711
013
113
5H
igh
way
Gas
olin
e, d
iese
l and
oth
er fu
els
Pas
seng
er c
ar a
nd m
otor
cycl
e5,
146
6,21
58,
485
9,28
28,
773
8,96
38,
720
8,53
48,
677
8,76
28,
988
9,18
79,
141
Oth
er 2
-axl
e 4-
tire
vehi
cle
Ne
1,53
92,
385
2,97
53,
420
4,45
15,
701
5,91
96,
173
6,30
86,
607
6,60
4
Sin
gle-
unit
2-ax
le 6
-tire
or
mor
e tr
uck
N1,
921
550
752
960
1,02
61,
159
1,27
81,
305
1,32
894
61,
300
1,32
4C
ombi
natio
n tr
uck
N92
31,
019
1,27
31,
808
1,94
22,
238
2,74
32,
801
2,81
63,
489
3,40
33,
557
Bus
115
121
114
146
141
116
124
134
137
142
144
159
154
Tran
sitc
Ele
ctric
ity10
99
98
1417
1717
1717
18P19
Mot
or fu
el
Die
sel
2934
3851
6084
9094
9699
103
106
P10
9
Gas
olin
e an
d ot
her
nond
iese
l fue
lsd
2416
91
16
48
87
76
P6
Com
pres
sed
natu
ral g
asN
NN
NN
NN
12
35
6P8
Rai
l, C
lass
I (
in f
reig
ht
serv
ice)
Dis
tilla
te /
dies
el fu
el48
049
849
250
754
143
143
248
349
649
649
751
551
3A
mtr
akE
lect
ricity
NN
N1
11
11
11
11
1
Dis
tilla
te /
dies
el fu
elN
NN
99
911
910
1010
1011
Wat
er
Res
idua
l fue
l oil
592
463
565
608
1,34
068
794
788
185
375
084
187
496
0
Dis
tilla
te /
dies
el fu
el o
il10
990
114
152
205
236
286
324
345
357
360
336
314
Gas
olin
e N
N75
9113
213
216
313
312
412
312
013
714
1P
ipel
ine
Nat
ural
gas
358
516
745
601
654
519
680
722
734
775
655
665
664
KE
Y: B
tu =
Brit
ish
ther
mal
uni
t; kW
h =
kilo
wat
t-ho
ur; N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; P =
pre
limin
ary.
aD
omes
tic
oper
atio
ns o
nly.
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
264 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the EnvironmentTA
BLE
4-6:
Ene
rgy
Cons
umpt
ion
by M
ode
of T
rans
porta
tion
(Tril
lion
Btu)
(Con
tinue
d)
b I
nclu
des
fuel
use
d in
air
tax
i ope
rati
ons,
but
not
com
mut
er o
pera
tion
s.c
Pri
or t
o 19
84, e
xclu
des
com
mut
er r
ail,
auto
mat
ed g
uide
way
, fer
rybo
at, d
eman
d re
spon
sive
veh
icle
s, a
nd m
ost
rura
l and
sm
alle
r sy
stem
s.d
Gas
olin
e an
d al
l oth
er n
ondi
esel
fue
ls s
uch
as li
quef
ied
natu
ral g
as, m
etha
nol,
and
prop
ane,
exc
ept
com
pres
sed
natu
ral g
as.
e I
nclu
ded
in o
ther
sin
gle-
unit
2-a
xle
6-ti
re o
r m
ore
truc
k ca
tego
ry.
NO
TE
ST
he f
ollo
win
g co
nver
sion
rat
es w
ere
used
:Je
t fu
el =
135
,000
Btu
/gal
lon
Com
pres
sed
natu
ral g
as =
138
,700
Btu
/gal
lon
Avi
atio
n ga
solin
e =
120,
200
Btu
/gal
lon
Dis
tilla
te f
uel =
138
,700
Btu
/gal
lon
Aut
omot
ive
gaso
line
= 12
5,00
0 B
tu/g
allo
nR
esid
ual f
uel =
149
,700
Btu
/gal
lon
Die
sel m
otor
fue
l = 1
38,7
00 B
tu/g
allo
nN
atur
al g
as =
1,0
31 B
tu/f
t3E
lect
rici
ty 1
kWh
= 3,
412
Btu
, neg
atin
g el
ectr
ical
sys
tem
loss
es. T
o in
clud
e ap
prox
imat
e el
ectr
ical
sys
tem
loss
es, m
ulti
ply
this
con
vers
ion
fact
or b
y 3.
SOU
RC
ES
Air
:C
erti
fica
ted
air
carr
iers
:19
60-2
000:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, B
urea
u of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
isti
cs, O
ffic
e of
Air
line
Info
rmat
ion
Inte
rnet
sit
e ht
tp://
ww
w.b
ts.g
ov/o
ai/f
uel/
fuel
year
ly.h
tml a
s of
Aug
. 1, 2
002.
G
ener
al a
viat
ion:
1960
-80:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al A
viat
ion
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Off
ice
of A
viat
ion
Polic
y, P
lans
, and
Man
agem
ent
Ana
lysi
s, F
AA
Sta
tist
ical
H
andb
ook
of A
viat
ion
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s).
1985
-90:
Ibi
d., G
ener
al A
viat
ion
and
Avi
onic
s Su
rvey
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le 5
.1 a
nd s
imila
r ta
bles
in e
arlie
r ed
itio
ns.
1995
-200
0: lb
id.,
FAA
Aer
ospa
ce F
orec
asts
Fis
cal Y
ears
200
2-20
13 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Mar
ch 2
002)
, tab
le 3
0.
Hig
hway
:19
60-9
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Hig
hway
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics,
Sum
mar
y to
199
5, F
HW
A-P
L-9
7-00
9 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C:
July
199
7), t
able
VM
-201
A (
revi
sed
data
obt
aine
d fr
om in
tern
et s
ite
http
://w
ww
.fhw
a.do
t.go
v/oh
im/o
him
stat
.htm
as
of A
ug. 2
, 200
1).
1995
-200
0: I
bid.
, Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
VM
-1.
Tra
nsit
:E
lect
rici
ty /
mot
or f
uel /
com
pres
sed
natu
ral g
as:
1960
-200
0: A
mer
ican
Pub
lic T
rans
it A
ssoc
iati
on, P
ublic
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Fact
Boo
k (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: M
arch
200
2), t
able
s 65
, 66,
67,
and
sim
ilar
tabl
es in
ea
rlie
r ed
itio
ns.
Rai
l:19
60-2
000:
Ass
ocia
tion
of
Am
eric
an R
ailr
oads
, Rai
lroa
d Fa
cts
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Oct
ober
200
1), p
. 40.
2000
: Ibi
d., p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n, A
ug. 1
2, 2
002.
Am
trak
:19
75-2
000:
Am
trak
, Ene
rgy
Man
agem
ent
Dep
artm
ent,
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion.
Wat
er:
Res
idua
l and
dis
tilla
te /
dies
el f
uel o
il:19
60-8
0: A
mer
ican
Pet
role
um I
nsti
tute
, Bas
ic P
etro
leum
Dat
a B
ook
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
s 10
, 10a
, 12,
and
12a
.19
85-2
000:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of E
nerg
y, E
nerg
y In
form
atio
n A
dmin
istr
atio
n, F
uel O
il an
d K
eros
ene
Sale
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
les
2, 4
, and
si
mila
r ta
bles
in e
arlie
r ed
itio
ns.
Gas
olin
e:19
70-2
000:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n, H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le M
F-24
and
sim
-ila
r ta
bles
in e
arlie
r ed
itio
ns.
Pipe
line:
1960
-98:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of E
nerg
y, N
atur
al G
as A
nnua
l 199
9, D
OE
/EIA
-013
1(99
) (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: O
ctob
er 2
000)
, tab
le 9
4.19
99-2
000:
Ibi
d., N
atur
al G
as A
nnua
l 200
0, D
OE
/EIA
-013
1(00
) (W
ashi
ngto
n D
C: N
ovem
ber
2001
), t
able
95.
Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode � 265
TABL
E 4-
7: D
omes
tic D
eman
d fo
r Gas
olin
e (M
illio
n ga
llons
) by
Mod
e
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
TOTA
L d
eman
d60
,761
71,1
8789
,601
102,
996
104,
838
107,
550
113,
606
120,
253
122,
595
124,
235
127,
978
131,
781
131,
891
Hig
hw
ay55
,429
66,9
7985
,598
99,3
5410
1,18
310
3,54
510
9,52
911
7,06
111
9,51
512
0,93
812
4,69
412
8,74
312
8,88
4
No
nh
igh
way
Agr
icul
ture
2,29
21,
963
1,93
21,
565
1,05
91,
081
681
927
918
984
907
703
652
Avi
atio
na1,
324
501
393
410
413
382
361
367
344
335
351
322
296
Mar
ine
6196
598
730
1,05
21,
053
1,30
01,
060
994
987
956
1,09
81,
124
Oth
erb
1,65
61,
647
1,08
093
81,
131
1,49
01,
733
838
825
990
1,07
091
593
4
Tota
l no
nh
igh
way
5,33
24,
208
4,00
33,
642
3,65
54,
005
4,07
63,
192
3,08
13,
297
3,28
43,
038
3,00
7
aD
oes
not
incl
ude
avia
tion
jet
fuel
.b
Incl
udes
sta
te, c
ount
y, a
nd m
unic
ipal
use
, ind
ustr
ial a
nd c
omm
erci
al u
se, c
onst
ruct
ion
use,
and
mis
cella
neou
s.
NO
TE
SA
ll no
nhig
hway
use
s of
gas
olin
e w
ere
esti
mat
ed b
y th
e U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Hig
hway
Adm
inis
trat
ion.
T
hese
est
imat
es m
ay n
ot b
e co
mpa
rabl
e to
dat
a fo
r pr
ior
year
s du
e to
rev
ised
est
imat
ion
proc
edur
es.
Num
bers
may
not
add
to
tota
ls d
ue t
o ro
undi
ng.
SOU
RC
ES
Hig
hway
: 19
60-9
5: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Hig
hway
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Hig
hway
Sta
tist
isti
cs, S
umm
ary
to 1
995
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 199
6), t
able
MF-
221.
1996
-200
0: I
bid.
, Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
MF-
21.
Non
high
way
:19
60-2
000:
Ibi
d., H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le M
F-24
, and
unp
ublis
hed
revi
sion
s.
266 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the EnvironmentTA
BLE
4-8:
Cer
tific
ated
Air
Carr
ier F
uel C
onsu
mpt
ion
and
Trav
ela
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
19
90
1995
19
96
1997
19
98
1999
20
00
2001
Nu
mb
er o
f ai
rcra
ft2,
135
2,12
52,
679
2,49
53,
808
4,67
86,
083
7,41
17,
478
7,61
68,
111
8,22
87,
935
UA
vera
ge
mile
s fl
ow
n p
er a
ircr
aft
(th
ou
san
ds)
487
667
949
932
768
740
776
759
783
R79
176
8R
797
875
U
Air
craf
t-m
iles
(mill
ion
s)D
omes
tic o
pera
tions
858
1,13
42,
068
1,94
82,
523
3,04
63,
963
4,62
94,
811
R4,
911
R5,
035
R5,
332
R5,
664
5,55
0
Inte
rnat
iona
l ope
ratio
ns18
228
447
537
740
141
576
099
81,
043
R1,
114
R1,
192
R1,
225
R1,
282
1,25
8
Fu
el c
on
sum
pti
on
(m
illio
n g
allo
ns)
Dom
estic
ope
ratio
ns1,
954
3,88
97,
857
7,55
8R
8,51
910
,115
12,4
2912
,812
13,1
8713
,660
13,8
7714
,402
14,8
4514
,017
Inte
rnat
iona
l ope
ratio
ns56
61,
280
2,24
31,
949
R1,
747
2,48
83,
963
4,51
14,
658
4,96
45,
186
5,25
05,
475
5,23
7
Air
craf
t-m
iles
flo
wn
per
gal
lon
Dom
estic
ope
ratio
ns0.
440.
290.
260.
26R
0.30
0.30
0.32
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.40
Inte
rnat
iona
l ope
ratio
ns0.
320.
220.
210.
19R
0.23
0.17
0.19
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.24
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed; U
= d
ata
are
unav
aila
ble.
aA
ircr
aft
oper
atin
g un
der
14 C
FR 1
21 a
nd 1
4 C
FR 1
35.
SOU
RC
ES
Num
ber
of a
ircr
aft:
1960
-65:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al A
viat
ion
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
FA
A S
tati
stic
al H
andb
ook
of A
viat
ion,
197
0 ed
itio
n (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 1
970)
, ta
ble
5.3.
1970
-75:
Ibi
d., F
AA
Sta
tist
ical
Han
dboo
k of
Avi
atio
n, C
alen
dar
Yea
r 19
79 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 197
9), t
able
5.1
.19
80-8
5: I
bid.
, FA
A S
tati
stic
al H
andb
ook
of A
viat
ion,
Cal
enda
r Y
ear
1986
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 1
986)
, tab
le 5
.1.
1990
-97:
Ibi
d., F
AA
Sta
tist
ical
Han
dboo
k of
Avi
atio
n, C
alen
dar
Yea
r 19
97 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: unp
ublis
hed)
, per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
Mar
. 19,
199
9.19
98-2
001:
Aer
ospa
ce I
ndus
trie
s A
ssoc
iati
on, A
eros
pace
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
es (
Was
hing
ton
DC
: Ann
ual I
ssue
s), “
Act
ive
U.S
. Air
Car
rier
Fle
et.”
Air
craf
t-m
iles
flow
n:19
60: C
ivil
Aer
onau
tics
Boa
rd, H
andb
ook
of A
irlin
e St
atis
tics
196
9 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 1
970)
, par
t II
I, t
able
s 2
and
13.
1965
-70:
Ibi
d., H
andb
ook
of A
irlin
e St
atis
tics
197
3 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 1
974)
, par
t II
I, t
able
s 2
and
13.
1975
-80:
Ibi
d., A
ir C
arri
er T
raff
ic S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: D
ecem
ber
1976
), p
p. 4
and
14;
and
(D
ecem
ber
1981
), p
p. 2
and
3.
1985
-200
1: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Bur
eau
of T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
, Off
ice
of A
irlin
e In
form
atio
n, A
ir C
arri
er T
raff
ic S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s, D
ecem
ber)
, pp.
2 a
nd 3
, lin
e 27
plu
s lin
e 50
.
Fuel
con
sum
ptio
n:19
60-2
001:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, B
urea
u of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
isti
cs, O
ffic
e of
Air
line
Info
rmat
ion,
Int
erne
t si
te h
ttp:
//ww
w.b
ts.g
ov/p
rogr
ams/
oai/f
uel/f
uely
earl
y.ht
ml a
s of
Aug
. 1, 2
002.
Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode � 267
TABL
E 4-
9: M
otor
Veh
icle
Fue
l Con
sum
ptio
n an
d Tr
avel
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Veh
icle
s re
gist
ered
(th
ousa
nds)
a73
,858
90,3
5811
1,24
213
7,91
316
1,49
017
7,13
319
3,05
720
5,42
721
0,44
121
1,58
021
5,49
622
0,46
122
5,82
1
Veh
icle
-mile
s tr
avel
ed (
mill
ions
)R
718,
762
R88
7,81
2R1,
109,
724
R1,
327,
664
R1,
527,
295
R1,
774,
826
R2,
144,
362
R2,
422,
696
R2,
485,
848
2,56
1,69
5R2,
631,
522
2,69
1,05
62,
749,
803
Fue
l con
sum
ed (
mill
ion
gallo
ns)
57,8
8071
,104
92,3
2910
8,98
411
4,96
012
1,30
113
0,75
514
3,83
414
7,36
515
0,38
6R
155,
379
161,
411
162,
260
Ave
rage
mile
s tr
avel
ed p
er v
ehic
le (
thou
sand
s)9.
79.
810
.09.
69.
510
.011
.111
.811
.812
.112
.212
.212
.2
Ave
rage
mile
s tr
avel
ed p
er g
allo
n12
.412
.512
.012
.213
.314
.616
.416
.816
.917
.0R
16.9
16.7
16.9
Ave
rage
fuel
con
sum
ed p
er v
ehic
le (
gallo
ns)
784
787
830
790
712
685
677
700
700
711
R72
173
271
9
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed.
a I
nclu
des
pers
onal
pas
seng
er v
ehic
les,
bus
es, a
nd t
ruck
s.
NO
TE
See
tabl
es 4
-11,
4-1
2, 4
-13,
4-1
4, a
nd 4
-15
for
indi
vidu
al h
ighw
ay v
ehic
les.
SOU
RC
ES
1960
-90:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n, H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s Su
mm
ary
to 1
995,
FH
WA
-PL
-97-
009
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Jul
y 19
97),
tab
le V
M-2
01A
.19
95-2
000:
Ibi
d., H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le V
M-1
.
268 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the EnvironmentTA
BLE
4-10
: Est
imat
ed C
onsu
mpt
ion
of A
ltern
ativ
e an
d Re
plac
emen
t Fue
ls fo
r Hig
hway
Veh
icle
s (T
hous
and
gaso
line-
equi
vale
nt g
allo
ns)
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
PP20
01
Tota
l fu
el c
on
sum
pti
on
a13
4,23
0,63
113
5,91
3,33
414
0,71
8,15
214
4,77
4,64
314
8,17
9,61
615
1,59
7,85
915
6,83
9,18
616
1,24
7,14
016
1,78
4,10
016
4,23
1,34
1
Alt
ern
ativ
e fu
els
Liqu
efie
d pe
trol
eum
gas
es20
8,14
226
4,65
524
8,46
723
2,70
123
9,15
823
8,35
624
1,58
324
2,14
124
2,69
524
3,19
6
Com
pres
sed
natu
ral g
as16
,823
21,6
0324
,160
35,1
6246
,923
65,1
9273
,251
86,2
8697
,568
107,
476
Liqu
efie
d na
tura
l gas
585
1,90
12,
345
2,75
93,
247
3,71
45,
343
5,82
86,
847
7,56
6
Met
hano
l, 85
%b
1,06
91,
593
2,34
02,
023
1,77
51,
554
1,21
21,
073
996
918
Met
hano
l, ne
at2,
547
3,16
63,
190
2,15
034
734
744
944
743
740
6
Eth
anol
, 85%
b21
4880
190
694
1,28
01,
727
2,07
53,
344
4,57
5
Met
hano
l, 95
%b
8580
140
995
2,69
91,
136
5959
5451
Ele
ctric
ity35
928
843
066
377
31,
010
1,20
21,
431
1,81
92,
143
Tota
l22
9,63
129
3,33
428
1,15
227
6,64
329
5,61
631
2, 5
8932
4,82
633
9,34
035
3,76
036
6,33
1
Oxy
gen
ates
Met
hyl-t
ertia
ry-b
utyl
-eth
erc
1,17
5,00
02,
069,
200
2,01
8,80
02,
691,
200
2,74
9,70
03,
104,
200
2,91
5,60
03,
331,
000
3,10
4,20
02,
937,
500
Eth
anol
in g
asoh
ol70
1,00
076
0,00
084
5,90
091
0,70
066
0,20
083
0,70
091
6,00
095
6,90
01,
011,
800
1,06
6,00
0
Trad
itio
nal
fu
els
Gas
olin
ed11
0,13
5,00
011
1,32
3,00
011
3,14
4,00
011
5,94
3,00
011
7,78
3,00
011
9,33
6,00
012
2,84
9,00
012
5,11
1,00
012
4,65
1,00
012
6,28
4,00
0
Die
sel
23,8
66,0
0024
,296
,630
27,2
93,3
7028
,555
,040
30,1
01,4
3031
,949
,270
33,6
65,3
6035
,796
,800
36,7
79,3
4037
,581
,010
Tota
l13
4,00
1,00
013
5,62
0,00
014
0,43
7,00
014
4,49
8,00
014
7,88
4,00
015
1,28
5,27
015
6,51
4,36
016
0,90
7,80
016
1,43
0,34
016
3,86
5,01
0
KE
Y: P
P =
bas
ed o
n pl
ans
or p
roje
ctio
ns.
aTo
tal f
uel c
onsu
mpt
ion
is t
he s
um o
f al
tern
ativ
e fu
els,
gas
olin
e, a
nd d
iese
l. O
xyge
nate
con
sum
ptio
n is
incl
uded
in g
asol
ine
cons
umpt
ion.
bT
he r
emai
ning
por
tion
of
85%
met
hano
l, 85
% e
than
ol, a
nd 9
5% e
than
ol f
uels
is g
asol
ine.
Con
sum
ptio
n da
ta in
clud
e th
e ga
solin
e po
rtio
n of
the
fue
l.c
Inc
lude
s a
very
sm
all a
mou
nt o
f ot
her
ethe
rs, p
rim
arily
ter
tiar
y-am
yl-m
ethy
l-et
her
and
ethy
l-te
rtia
ry-b
utyl
-eth
er.
dG
asol
ine
cons
umpt
ion
incl
udes
eth
anol
in g
asoh
ol a
nd m
ethy
l-te
rtia
ry-b
utyl
-eth
er.
NO
TE
Num
bers
may
not
add
to
tota
ls d
ue t
o ro
undi
ng.
SOU
RC
EU
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Ene
rgy,
Ene
rgy
Info
rmat
ion
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Alt
erna
tive
s to
Tra
diti
onal
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Fuel
s 19
99, a
vaila
ble
at w
ww
.eia
.doe
.gov
as
of S
ept.
20
, 200
2.
Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode � 269
TABL
E 4-
11:
Pass
enge
r Car
and
Mot
orcy
cle
Fuel
Con
sum
ptio
n an
d Tr
avel
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Veh
icle
s re
gis
tere
d (
tho
usa
nd
s)P
asse
nger
car
s61
,671
75,2
5889
,244
106,
706
121,
601
127,
885
133,
700
128,
387
129,
728
129,
749
131,
839
132,
432
133,
621
Mot
orcy
cles
574
1,38
22,
824
4,96
45,
694
5,44
44,
259
3,89
73,
872
3,82
63,
879
4,15
24,
346
Veh
icle
-mile
s tr
avel
ed (
mill
ion
s)P
asse
nger
car
s58
7,00
072
3,00
091
7,00
01,
034,
000
1,11
2,00
01,
247,
000
1,40
8,00
01,
438,
000
1,47
0,00
01,
502,
556
R1,
549,
577
1,56
9,10
01,
601,
914
Mot
orcy
cles
aa
3,00
05,
600
10,2
009,
100
9,60
09,
800
9,90
010
,081
R10
,283
10,5
8410
,479
Fu
el c
on
sum
ed (
mill
ion
gal
lon
s)P
asse
nger
car
s41
,171
49,7
2367
,819
74,1
4069
,982
71,5
1869
,568
68,0
7269
,221
69,8
92R
71,6
9573
,283
72,9
16
Mot
orcy
cles
aa
6011
320
418
219
119
619
820
2R
206
212
210
Ave
rag
e m
iles
trav
eled
per
veh
icle
(th
ou
san
ds)
Pas
seng
er c
ars
9.5
9.6
10.3
9.7
9.1
9.8
10.5
11.2
11.3
11.6
11.7
11.8
12.0
Mot
orcy
cles
aa
1.1
1.1
1.8
1.7
2.2
2.5
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.4
Ave
rag
e m
iles
trav
eled
per
gal
lon
Pas
seng
er c
ars
14.3
14.5
13.5
13.9
15.9
17.4
20.2
21.1
21.2
21.5
R21
.621
.422
Mot
orcy
cles
aa
5050
5050
5050
5050
5050
50
Ave
rag
e fu
el c
on
sum
ed p
er v
ehic
le (
gal
lon
s)P
asse
nger
car
s66
866
176
069
557
655
952
053
053
453
9R
544
553
546
Mot
orcy
cles
aa
2123
3633
4550
5153
5351
48
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed.
aIn
clud
ed in
pas
seng
er c
ar.
NO
TE
See
tabl
e 4-
12 f
or o
ther
2-a
xle
4-ti
re v
ehic
les.
SOU
RC
ES
Pass
enge
r ca
r:N
umbe
r re
gist
ered
:19
60-9
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Hig
hway
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
Sum
mar
y to
199
5, F
HW
A-P
L-9
7-00
9 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: J
uly
1997
), t
able
MV
-201
. 19
95-2
000:
Ibi
d., H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le V
M-1
.A
ll ot
her
cate
gori
es:
1960
-90:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n, H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s Su
mm
ary
to 1
995,
FH
WA
-PL
-97-
009
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Jul
y 19
97),
tab
le V
M-2
01A
. For
197
0-94
, the
unr
evis
ed m
otor
cycl
e ve
hicl
e-m
iles
and
fuel
con
sum
ed a
re s
ubtr
acte
d fr
om t
he c
ombi
ned
pass
enge
r ca
r an
d m
otor
-cy
cle
vehi
cle-
mile
s an
d fu
el c
onsu
med
fro
m V
M-2
01A
. 19
95-2
000:
Ibi
d., H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le V
M-1
.M
otor
cycl
e:N
umbe
r re
gist
ered
:19
60-9
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Hig
hway
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
Sum
mar
y to
199
5, F
HW
A-P
L-9
7-00
9 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: J
uly
1997
), t
able
MV
-201
. 19
95-2
000:
Ibi
d., H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le V
M-1
. A
ll ot
her
cate
gori
es:
1970
-85:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n, H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s Su
mm
ary
to 1
985,
tab
le V
M-2
01A
.19
90-2
000:
Ibi
d., H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le V
M-1
.A
vera
ge m
iles
trav
eled
per
veh
icle
, ave
rage
mile
s tr
avel
ed p
er g
allo
n, a
vera
ge f
uel c
onsu
med
per
veh
icle
: der
ived
by
calc
ulat
ion.
270 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the EnvironmentTA
BLE
4-12
: Oth
er 2
-Axl
e 4-
Tire
Veh
icle
Fue
l Con
sum
ptio
n an
d Tr
avel
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
R19
9920
00N
umbe
r re
gist
ered
(th
ousa
nds)
14,2
1120
,418
27,8
7637
,214
48,2
7565
,738
69,1
3470
,224
71,3
3075
,356
79,0
85V
ehic
le-m
iles
trav
eled
(m
illio
ns)
123,
000
201,
000
291,
000
391,
000
575,
000
790,
000
817,
000
850,
000
868,
275
901,
022
924,
018
Fue
l con
sum
ed (
mill
ion
gallo
ns)
12,3
1319
,081
23,7
9627
,363
35,6
1145
,605
47,3
5449
,370
50,4
6252
,859
52,8
32
Ave
rage
mile
s tr
avel
ed p
er v
ehic
le (
thou
sand
s)8.
79.
810
.410
.511
.912
.011
.812
.112
.212
.011
.7A
vera
ge m
iles
trav
eled
per
gal
lon
10.0
10.5
12.2
14.3
16.1
17.3
17.2
17.2
17.2
17.0
17.5
Ave
rage
fuel
con
sum
ed p
er v
ehic
le (
gallo
ns)
866
934
854
735
738
694
685
703
707
701
668
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed.
NO
TE
Nea
rly
all v
ehic
les
in t
his
cate
gory
are
ligh
t tr
ucks
, whi
ch in
clud
e va
ns, p
icku
p tr
ucks
, and
spo
rt u
tilit
y ve
hicl
es. I
n 19
95, t
he U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fe
dera
l Hig
hway
Adm
inis
trat
ion
revi
sed
its
vehi
cle
cate
gori
es b
egin
ning
wit
h 19
93 d
ata.
The
y ar
e pa
ssen
ger
car,
othe
r 2-
axle
4-t
ire
vehi
cle,
sin
gle-
unit
2-a
xle
6-ti
re o
r m
ore
truc
k, a
nd c
ombi
nati
on t
ruck
. Pri
or t
o 19
93, s
ome
min
ivan
s an
d sp
ort
utili
ty v
ehic
les
wer
e in
clud
ed u
nder
the
pas
seng
er c
ar c
ateg
ory.
SOU
RC
ES
1970
-90:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n, H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s Su
mm
ary
to 1
995,
FH
WA
-PL
-97-
009
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ju
ly 1
997)
, tab
le V
M-2
01A
. 19
95-2
000:
Ibi
d., H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le V
M-1
.
Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode � 271
TABL
E 4-
13: S
ingl
e-Un
it 2-
Axle
6-T
ire o
r Mor
e Tr
uck
Fuel
Con
sum
ptio
n an
d Tr
avel
a
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
R19
9819
9920
00N
umbe
r re
gist
ered
(th
ousa
nds)
3,68
14,
232
4,37
44,
593
4,48
75,
024
R5,
266
5,29
35,
735
5,76
35,
926
Veh
icle
-mile
s (m
illio
ns)
27,1
0034
,600
39,8
0045
,400
51,9
0062
,705
R64
,072
66,8
9368
,021
70,3
0470
,583
Fue
l con
sum
ed (
mill
ion
gallo
ns)
3,96
85,
420
6,92
37,
399
8,35
79,
216
R9,
408
9,57
66,
817
9,37
29,
548
Ave
rage
mile
s tr
avel
ed p
er v
ehic
le (
thou
sand
s)7.
48.
29.
19.
911
.612
.512
.212
.611
.912
.211
.9A
vera
ge m
iles
trav
eled
per
gal
lon
6.8
6.4
5.8
6.1
6.2
6.8
6.8
7.0
10.0
7.5
7.4
Ave
rage
fuel
con
sum
ed p
er v
ehic
le (
gallo
ns)
1,07
81,
281
1,58
31,
611
1,86
21,
835
R1,
787
1,80
91,
189
1,62
61,
611
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed.
aB
egin
ning
in 1
998,
the
Fed
eral
Hig
hway
Adm
inis
trat
ion
(FH
WA
) us
ed t
he C
ensu
s B
urea
u’s
1997
Veh
icle
Inv
ento
ry a
nd U
se S
urve
y (V
IUS)
for
its
base
line
esti
mat
e of
sin
gle-
unit
2-a
xle
6-ti
re o
r m
ore
truc
ks. P
rior
to 1
998,
the
FH
WA
use
d th
e C
ensu
s B
urea
u’s
1992
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Inve
ntor
y an
d U
se S
urve
y (T
IUS)
fo
r it
s ba
selin
e es
tim
ates
. The
refo
re, p
ost-
1997
dat
a m
ay n
ot b
e co
mpa
rabl
e to
199
7 an
d ea
rlie
r ye
ars.
NO
TE
In 1
995,
the
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n re
vise
d it
s ve
hicl
e ca
tego
ries
beg
inni
ng w
ith
1993
dat
a to
incl
ude
pass
enge
r ca
rs, o
ther
2-a
xle
4-ti
re v
ehic
les,
sin
gle-
unit
2-a
xle
6-ti
re o
r m
ore
truc
ks, a
nd c
ombi
nati
on t
ruck
s. S
ingl
e-un
it 2
-axl
e 6-
tire
or
mor
e tr
ucks
are
on
a si
ngle
fr
ame
wit
h at
leas
t 2
axle
s an
d 6
tire
s. P
re-1
993
data
hav
e be
en r
eass
igne
d to
the
mos
t ap
prop
riat
e ca
tego
ry.
SOU
RC
ES
1970
-90:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n, H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s Su
mm
ary
to 1
995,
FH
WA
-PL
-97-
009
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Jul
y 19
97),
tab
le V
M-2
01A
. 19
95-2
000:
Ibi
d., H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le V
M-1
.
272 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the EnvironmentTA
BLE
4-14
: Com
bina
tion
Truc
k Fu
el C
onsu
mpt
ion
and
Trav
ela
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
R19
9819
9920
00N
umbe
r re
gist
ered
(th
ousa
nds)
787
905
1,13
11,
417
1,40
31,
709
1,69
61,
747
1,79
01,
997
2,02
92,
097
Veh
icle
-mile
s tr
avel
ed (
mill
ions
)31
,700
35,1
0046
,700
68,7
0078
,100
94,3
0011
5,50
011
8,90
012
4,58
412
8,35
913
2,38
413
5,20
8F
uel c
onsu
med
(m
illio
n ga
llons
)6,
658
7,34
89,
177
13,0
3714
,005
16,1
3319
,777
20,1
93R
20,3
0125
,158
24,5
3725
,645
Ave
rage
mile
s tr
avel
ed p
er v
ehic
le (
thou
sand
s)40
.338
.841
.348
.555
.755
.268
.168
.169
.664
.365
.364
.5A
vera
ge m
iles
trav
eled
per
gal
lon
4.8
4.8
5.1
5.3
5.6
5.8
5.8
5.9
6.1
5.1
5.4
5.3
Ave
rage
fuel
con
sum
ed p
er v
ehic
le (
gallo
ns)
8,46
58,
119
8,11
69,
201
9,98
09,
441
11,6
6311
,561
R11
,342
12,5
9612
,096
12,2
32
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed.
aB
egin
ning
in 1
998,
the
Fed
eral
Hig
hway
Adm
inis
trat
ion
(FH
WA
) us
ed t
he C
ensu
s B
urea
u’s
1997
Veh
icle
Inv
ento
ry a
nd U
se S
urve
y (V
IUS)
for
its
base
line
esti
mat
e of
com
bina
tion
tru
cks.
Pri
or t
o 19
98, t
he F
HW
A u
sed
the
Cen
sus
Bur
eau’
s 19
92 T
rans
port
atio
n In
vent
ory
and
Use
Sur
vey
(TIU
S) f
or it
s ba
selin
e es
tim
ates
. The
refo
re, p
ost-
1997
dat
a m
ay n
ot b
e co
mpa
rabl
e to
199
7 an
d ea
rlie
r ye
ars.
SOU
RC
ES
1965
-90:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n, H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s Su
mm
ary
to 1
995,
FH
WA
-PL
-97-
009
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Jul
y 19
97),
tab
le V
M-2
01A
. 19
95-2
000:
Ibi
d., H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le V
M-1
.
Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode � 273
TABL
E 4-
15: B
us F
uel C
onsu
mpt
ion
and
Trav
el
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
19
9920
00N
umbe
r re
gist
ered
(th
ousa
nds)
272
314
378
462
529
593
627
686
695
698
716
729
746
Veh
icle
-mile
s tr
avel
ed (
mill
ions
)4,
300
4,70
04,
500
6,10
06,
100
4,50
05,
700
6,40
06,
600
6,84
2R
7,00
77,
662
7,60
1
Fue
l con
sum
ed (
mill
ion
gallo
ns)
827
875
820
1,05
31,
018
834
895
968
990
1,02
7R
1,04
01,
148
1,11
0
Ave
rage
mile
s tr
avel
ed p
er v
ehic
le (
thou
sand
s)16
.014
.912
.013
.111
.57.
59.
19.
49.
49.
89.
810
.510
Ave
rage
mile
s tr
avel
ed p
er g
allo
n5.
35.
35.
55.
86.
05.
46.
46.
66.
66.
76.
76.
77
Ave
rage
fuel
con
sum
ed p
er v
ehic
le (
gallo
ns)
3,03
92,
784
2,17
22,
279
1,92
61,
405
1,42
81,
412
1,42
51,
471
R1,
454
1,57
61,
488
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed.
NO
TE
Incl
udes
bot
h pu
blic
ly a
nd p
riva
tely
ow
ned
scho
ol, t
rans
it, a
nd o
ther
com
mer
cial
bus
es.
SOU
RC
ES
1960
-90:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n, H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s Su
mm
ary
to 1
995,
FH
WA
-PL
-97-
009
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ju
ly 1
997)
, tab
le V
M-2
01A
.19
95-2
000:
Ibi
d., H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le V
M-1
.
274 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the EnvironmentTA
BLE
4-16
: Tra
nsit
Indu
stry
Ele
ctric
Pow
er a
nd P
rimar
y En
ergy
Con
sum
ptio
na a
nd T
rave
l
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
P20
00N
umbe
r of
veh
icle
s65
,292
61,7
1761
,298
62,1
8375
,388
94,3
6892
,961
115,
874
122,
362
126,
360
123,
855
128,
516
131,
493
Veh
icle
-mile
s tr
avel
ed2,
143
2,00
81,
883
2,17
62,
287
2,79
13,
242
3,55
03,
650
3,74
63,
794
3,97
24,
081
Ele
ctric
pow
er c
onsu
med
(m
illio
n kW
h ho
urs)
2,90
82,
584
2,56
12,
646
2,44
64,
216
4,83
75,
068
5,00
74,
988
5,07
35,
237
5,51
0
Pri
mar
y en
erg
y co
nsu
med
(th
ou
san
d g
allo
ns)
Die
sel
208,
100
248,
400
270,
600
365,
060
431,
400
608,
738
651,
030
678,
286
692,
714
716,
952
739,
621
763,
369
786,
025
Gas
olin
e an
d ot
her
nond
iese
l fue
lsb
191,
900
124,
200
68,2
007,
576
11,4
0045
,704
33,9
0660
,730
61,2
1359
,463
52,6
1548
,694
48,2
84
Com
pres
sed
natu
ral g
asN
NN
NN
NN
10,7
4015
,092
23,9
0637
,268
44,3
9854
,794
KE
Y: B
tu =
Brit
ish
ther
mal
uni
t; kW
h =
kilo
wat
t hou
r; N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; P =
pre
limin
ary.
aPr
ior
to 1
985,
exc
lude
s co
mm
uter
rai
l, au
tom
ated
gui
dew
ay, u
rban
fer
rybo
at, d
eman
d re
spon
sive
veh
icle
s, a
nd m
ost
rura
l and
sm
alle
r sy
stem
s.b
For
1995
-96,
incl
udes
pro
pane
, liq
uid
petr
oleu
m g
as, l
ique
fied
nat
ural
gas
, ker
osen
e, a
nd a
ll ot
her
nond
iese
l fue
ls e
xcep
t co
mpr
esse
d na
tura
l gas
. 196
0 to
19
90 d
ata
incl
ude
prop
ane.
Ser
ies
not
cont
inuo
us b
etw
een
1991
and
199
2.
NO
TE
ST
he h
eat
equi
vale
nt f
acto
rs u
sed
in B
tu c
onve
rsio
ns a
re: d
iese
l = 1
38,7
00 B
tu/g
allo
n; e
lect
ric
= 3,
412
Btu
/kW
h, n
egat
ing
elec
tric
al s
yste
m lo
ses
(to
incl
ude
elec
tri-
cal s
yste
m lo
ses,
mul
tipl
y th
is c
onve
rsio
n fa
ctor
by
appr
oxim
atel
y th
ree)
gas
olin
e =
125,
000
Btu
/gal
lon.
In
Jan
uary
200
0, t
he A
mer
ican
Pub
lic T
rans
it A
ssoc
iati
on c
hang
ed it
s na
me
to th
e A
mer
ican
Pub
lic T
rans
port
atio
n A
ssoc
iati
on (
APT
A).
The
Tra
nsit
Fac
t B
ook
is
now
ref
erre
d to
as
the
Pub
lic T
rans
port
atio
n Fa
ct B
ook
.
SOU
RC
EA
mer
ican
Pub
lic T
rans
port
atio
n A
ssoc
iati
on, P
ublic
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Fact
Boo
k (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: F
ebru
ary
2002
), t
able
s 42
, 46,
65,
66,
67,
and
sim
ilar
tabl
es in
ea
rlie
r ed
itio
ns o
f th
e A
PTA
Tra
nsit
Fac
t B
ook.
Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode � 275
TABL
E 4-
17: C
lass
I Ra
il Fr
eigh
t Fue
l Con
sum
ptio
n an
d Tr
avel
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Nu
mb
er in
use
Loco
mot
ives
a29
,031
27,7
8027
,077
27,8
4628
,094
22,5
4818
,835
18,8
1219
,269
19,6
8420
,261
20,2
5620
,028
Car
sb1,
965,
486
1,80
0,96
21,
784,
181
1,72
3,60
51,
710,
827
1,42
1,68
61,
212,
261
1,21
8,92
71,
240,
573
1,27
0,41
91,
315,
667
1,36
8,83
61,
380,
796
Mile
s tr
avel
ed (
mill
ion
s)
Frei
ght t
rain
-mile
sc40
442
142
740
342
834
738
045
846
947
547
549
050
4
Loco
mot
ive
unit-
mile
sN
NN
1,47
91,
531
1,22
81,
280
1,44
51,
465
1,42
31,
440
1,50
41,
503
Car
-mile
s28
,170
29,3
3629
,890
27,6
5629
,277
24,9
2026
,159
30,3
8331
,715
31,6
6032
,657
33,8
5134
,590
Ave
rag
e m
iles
trav
eled
per
veh
icle
(th
ou
san
ds)
Loco
mot
ives
NN
N53
.154
.554
.568
.076
.876
.072
.371
.174
.275
.0
Car
s14
.316
.316
.816
.017
.117
.521
.624
.925
.624
.924
.824
.725
.1
Ave
rag
e m
iles
trav
eled
per
gal
lon
Trai
ns0.
120.
120.
120.
110.
110.
110.
120.
130.
130.
130.
130.
130.
14
Car
s8.
138.
178.
437.
567.
508.
018.
408.
738.
868.
869.
119.
119.
35
Fu
el c
on
sum
ed (
mill
ion
gal
lon
s)3,
463
3,59
23,
545
3,65
73,
904
3,11
03,
115
3,48
03,
579
3,57
53,
583
3,71
53,
700
Ave
rag
e fu
el c
on
sum
ed p
erlo
com
oti
vea
(th
ou
san
d g
allo
ns)
119.
312
9.3
130.
913
1.3
139.
013
7.9
165.
418
5.0
185.
718
1.6
176.
818
3.4
184.
7
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; U =
dat
a ar
e no
t ava
ilabl
e.
aFo
r 19
60-8
0, t
he t
otal
incl
udes
a s
mal
l num
ber
of s
team
and
ele
ctri
c un
its,
whi
ch a
re n
ot in
clud
ed in
the
per
loco
mot
ive
fuel
con
sum
ptio
n fi
gure
.b
Incl
udes
car
s ow
ned
by C
lass
I r
ailr
oads
, oth
er r
ailr
oads
, and
car
com
pani
es a
nd s
hipp
ers.
cB
ased
on
the
dist
ance
run
bet
wee
n te
rmin
als
and
/ or
stat
ions
; doe
s no
t in
clud
e ya
rd o
r pa
ssen
ger
trai
n-m
iles.
SOU
RC
ES
All
data
exc
ept
for
loco
mot
ive
unit
-mile
s:A
ssoc
iati
on o
f A
mer
ican
Rai
lroa
ds, R
ailr
oad
Fact
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: O
ctob
er 2
000)
, pp.
33,
34,
40,
49,
and
51.
Loc
omot
ive
unit
-mile
s:19
75-9
0: I
bid.
, Rai
lroa
d T
en-Y
ear
Tre
nds
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s).
1995
-200
0: I
bid.
, Ana
lysi
s of
Cla
ss I
Rai
lroa
ds (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), p
. 29.
276 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the EnvironmentTA
BLE
4-18
: Am
trak
Fuel
Con
sum
ptio
n an
d Tr
avel
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Nu
mb
er in
use
Loco
mot
ives
355
419
291
318
313
299
332
345
329
378
Car
s1,
913
2,12
81,
854
1,86
31,
722
1,73
01,
728
1,96
21,
992
1,89
4
Mile
s tr
avel
ed (
mill
ion
s)Tr
ain-
mile
s30
3030
3332
3032
3334
35C
ar-m
iles
253
235
251
301
292
276
288
312
342
368
Lo
com
oti
ve f
uel
co
nsu
med
Ele
ctric
(m
illio
n of
kW
h ho
urs)
180
254
295
330
304
293
282
275
283
350
Die
sel (
mill
ion
gallo
ns)
6364
6582
6671
7575
7476
Ave
rag
e m
iles
trav
eled
per
car
132,
000
110,
000
135,
000
162,
000
170,
000
160,
000
167,
000
159,
000
172,
000
194,
000
KE
Y: B
tu =
Brit
ish
ther
mal
uni
t; kW
h =
kilo
wat
t hou
r.
NO
TE
The
hea
t eq
uiva
lent
fac
tors
use
d in
Btu
con
vers
ions
are
: die
sel =
138
,700
Btu
/gal
lon;
ele
ctri
c =
3,41
2 B
tu/k
Wh,
neg
atin
g el
ectr
ical
sys
tem
lose
s (t
o in
clud
e el
ec-
tric
al s
yste
m lo
ses,
mul
tipl
y th
is c
onve
rsio
n fa
ctor
by
appr
oxim
atel
y th
ree)
.
SOU
RC
ES
Num
ber
of lo
com
otiv
es a
nd c
ars:
1975
–80:
Am
trak
, Sta
te a
nd L
ocal
Aff
airs
Dep
artm
ent,
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion.
1985
–200
0: I
bid.
, Am
trak
Ann
ual R
epor
t, S
tati
stic
al A
ppen
dix
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s).
Mile
s tr
avel
ed:
Tra
in-m
iles:
19
75–2
000:
Am
trak
, Am
trak
Ann
ual R
epor
t, S
tati
stic
al A
ppen
dix
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s).
Car
-mile
s:19
75: A
ssoc
iati
on o
f A
mer
ican
Rai
lroa
ds, Y
earb
ook
of R
ailr
oad
Fact
s 19
75 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 197
6), p
. 40.
1980
–85:
Am
trak
, Sta
te a
nd L
ocal
Aff
airs
Dep
artm
ent
and
Publ
ic A
ffai
rs D
epar
tmen
t, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n.
1990
–200
0: I
bid.
, Am
trak
Cor
pora
te R
epor
ting
, Rou
te P
rofi
tabi
lity
Syst
em, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n, A
ug. 2
2, 2
001.
Loc
omot
ive
fuel
con
sum
ed:
1975
–200
0: A
mtr
ak, S
tate
and
Loc
al A
ffai
rs D
epar
tmen
t, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n.
Transportation Energy Consumption by Mode � 277
TABL
E 4-
19: U
.S. G
over
nmen
t Ene
rgy
Cons
umpt
ion
by A
genc
y an
d So
urce
(Tril
lion
Btu)
Pet
role
um
Mo
tor
gas
olin
e D
istil
late
and
re
sid
ual f
uel o
ilJe
t fu
el a
nd
av
iati
on
gas
Oth
erc
Tota
lE
lect
rici
tyN
atu
ral
gas
Co
al a
nd
o
ther
dTo
tal
FY
199
0A
gric
ultu
re4.
60.
80.
10.
25.
72.
01.
70.
19.
5D
efen
se12
.521
8.0
723.
94.
495
8.9
120.
611
4.5
47.7
1,24
1.7
Ene
rgy
1.2
2.9
0.4
0.2
4.8
19.1
9.6
10.0
43.5
GS
A0.
10.
70.
00.
00.
89.
12.
41.
914
.2H
ealth
and
Hum
an S
ervi
ces
0.0
2.1
0.0
0.0
2.1
3.4
2.2
0.2
8.0
Inte
rior
2.1
1.2
0.3
1.1
4.6
1.4
1.2
0.2
7.4
Just
ice
1.8
0.4
0.2
0.0
2.5
1.9
2.2
0.4
7.0
NA
SA
0.2
0.9
1.5
0.0
2.6
6.6
2.8
0.3
12.3
Pos
tal S
ervi
ce8.
94.
50.
00.
213
.611
.84.
60.
630
.6
Tran
spor
tatio
n1.
86.
55.
50.
113
.83.
91.
10.
119
.0V
eter
ans
Affa
irs0.
42.
30.
00.
02.
77.
913
.01.
224
.9
Oth
era
3.5
4.2
1.0
0.0
8.7
8.1
2.4
0.5
19.6
Tota
l37
.224
4.5
732.
96.
31,
020.
919
5.8
157.
863
.11,
437.
6
FY
200
0P
Agr
icul
ture
3.3
0.2
0.0
0.1
3.6
2.0
1.9
0.3
7.8
Def
ense
13.5
154.
443
9.1
1.6
608.
610
3.2
81.7
30.9
824.
4
Ene
rgy
1.0
1.2
0.2
0.1
2.6
15.9
5.9
4.3
28.7
GS
A0.
10.
10.
00.
00.
29.
86.
11.
517
.6H
ealth
and
Hum
an S
ervi
ces
0.4
0.6
0.0
0.1
1.2
2.9
3.3
0.4
7.8
Inte
rior
2.8
0.9
0.2
1.1
5.0
1.7
1.3
0.1
8.1
Just
ice
4.8
0.4
1.5
0.0
6.7
4.3
5.3
0.5
16.7
NA
SA
0.2
0.4
1.1
0.0
1.8
6.0
3.1
0.3
11.1
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
278 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the Environment
Pos
tal S
ervi
ce10
.45.
00.
00.
015
.418
.67.
40.
441
.9
Tran
spor
tatio
n0.
87.
34.
00.
112
.18.
00.
90.
021
.1V
eter
ans
Affa
irs1.
21.
20.
00.
02.
49.
314
.21.
527
.5
Oth
erb
2.4
2.8
0.9
0.0
6.2
10.2
3.9
0.6
20.9
Tota
l 41
.117
4.4
447.
13.
366
5.9
191.
813
4.9
40.9
1,03
3.5
KE
Y: B
tu =
Brit
ish
ther
mal
uni
t; F
Y =
fisc
al y
ear;
GS
A =
Gen
eral
Ser
vice
s A
dmin
istr
atio
n; N
AS
A =
Nat
iona
l Aer
onau
tics
and
Spa
ce A
dmin
istr
atio
n; P
= p
relim
inar
y.
aIn
clud
es U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Com
mer
ce, P
anam
a C
anal
Com
mis
sion
, Ten
ness
ee V
alle
y A
utho
rity
, U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of L
abor
, U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of H
ousi
ng
and
Urb
an D
evel
opm
ent,
Fed
eral
Com
mun
icat
ions
Com
mis
sion
, Off
ice
of P
erso
nnel
Man
agem
ent,
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of S
tate
, Sm
all B
usin
ess
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
N
atio
nal S
cien
ce F
ound
atio
n, U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tre
asur
y, a
nd E
nvir
onm
enta
l Pro
tect
ion
Age
ncy.
b
Incl
udes
Nat
iona
l Arc
hive
s an
d R
ecor
ds A
dmin
istr
atio
n, U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Com
mer
ce, U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Lab
or, U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Sta
te, E
nvir
onm
enta
l Pr
otec
tion
Age
ncy,
Fed
eral
Com
mun
icat
ions
Com
mis
sion
, Fed
eral
Tra
de C
omm
issi
on, P
anam
a C
anal
Com
mis
sion
, Equ
al E
mpl
oym
ent
Opp
ortu
nity
Com
-m
issi
on, N
ucle
ar R
egul
ator
y C
omm
issi
on, O
ffic
e of
Per
sonn
el M
anag
emen
t, U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Hou
sing
and
Urb
an D
evel
opm
ent,
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rea-
sury
, Ten
ness
ee V
alle
y A
utho
rity
, Rai
lroa
d R
etir
emen
t B
oard
, U.S
. Inf
orm
atio
n A
genc
y, a
nd F
eder
al E
mer
genc
y M
anag
emen
t A
genc
y.c
Incl
udes
liqu
efie
d pe
trol
eum
gas
es.
dIn
clud
es p
urch
ased
ste
am, c
oal,
and
othe
r.
NO
TE
SN
umbe
rs m
ay n
ot a
dd t
o to
tals
due
to
roun
ding
.The
se d
ata
incl
ude
ener
gy c
onsu
med
at
fore
ign
inst
alla
tion
s an
d in
for
eign
ope
rati
ons,
incl
udin
g av
iati
on a
nd
ocea
n bu
nker
ing,
pri
mar
ily b
y th
e U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Def
ense
. U.S
. gov
ernm
ent
ener
gy u
se f
or e
lect
rici
ty g
ener
atio
n an
d ur
aniu
m e
nric
hmen
t is
exc
lude
d.
Oth
er e
nerg
y us
ed b
y U
.S. a
genc
ies
that
pro
duce
ele
ctri
city
or
enri
ched
ura
nium
is in
clud
ed. T
he U
.S. g
over
nmen
t’s f
isca
l yea
r ru
ns f
rom
Oct
ober
1 t
hrou
gh
Sept
embe
r 30
. T
his
tabl
e us
es a
con
vers
ion
fact
or f
or e
lect
rici
ty o
f 3,
412
Btu
per
kilo
wat
t-ho
ur, a
nd a
con
vers
ion
fact
or f
or p
urch
ased
ste
am o
f 1,
000
Btu
per
pou
nd.
SOU
RC
EU
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Ene
rgy,
Ene
rgy
Info
rmat
ion
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Ann
ual E
nerg
y R
evie
w 2
000,
DO
E/E
IA-0
384(
2000
) (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
ugus
t 20
01),
tab
le
1.13
. Int
erne
t si
te h
ttp:
//ww
w.e
ia.d
oe.g
ov/e
meu
/aer
/ as
of A
ug. 3
0, 2
002.
TABL
E 4-
19: U
.S. G
over
nmen
t Ene
rgy
Cons
umpt
ion
by A
genc
y an
d So
urce
(Tril
lion
Btu)
(Con
tinue
d)
Pet
role
um
Mo
tor
gas
olin
e D
istil
late
and
re
sid
ual f
uel o
ilJe
t fu
el a
nd
av
iati
on
gas
Oth
erc
Tota
lE
lect
rici
tyN
atu
ral
gas
Co
al a
nd
o
ther
dTo
tal
chapter four
Section CTransportation Energy
Intensity and Fuel Efficiency
Transportation Energy Intensity and Fuel Efficiency � 281
TABL
E 4-
20: E
nerg
y In
tens
ity o
f Pas
seng
er M
odes
(Btu
per
pas
seng
er-m
ile)
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Air
, cer
tifi
cate
d c
arri
erD
omes
tic o
pera
tions
8,63
310
,118
10,1
857,
746
5,72
75,
047
4,93
24,
382
4,18
34,
166
4,12
34,
049
R3,
942
Inte
rnat
iona
l ope
ratio
ns9,
199
10,2
9210
,986
8,46
54,
339
5,10
34,
546
4,17
34,
108
4,16
84,
278
4,12
34,
009
Hig
hw
aya
Pas
seng
er c
ar4,
495
4,45
54,
841
4,74
34,
348
4,26
73,
812
3,72
13,
688
3,65
73,
637
3,67
23,
578
Oth
er 2
-axl
e 4-
tire
vehi
cle
NN
6,81
06,
571
5,70
94,
971
4,45
14,
538
4,54
14,
564
4,56
94,
612
4,49
5M
otor
cycl
eb
b2,
500
2,35
42,
125
1,89
61,
990
2,27
42,
271
2,27
32,
273
2,27
32,
273
Tran
sit
mo
tor
bu
sN
NN
N2,
742
3,39
63,
723
4,15
54,
196
4,22
84,
133
4,04
4P4,
147
Am
trak
NN
N2,
383
2,16
42,
094
2,06
41,
838
2,14
82,
200
2,13
82,
107
2,13
4
KE
Y: B
tu =
Brit
ish
ther
mal
uni
t; N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; P =
pre
limin
ary;
R =
rev
ised
; U =
dat
a ar
e no
t ava
ilabl
e.
aFo
r 19
95 a
nd s
ubse
quen
t ye
ars,
hig
hway
pas
seng
er-m
iles
wer
e ta
ken
dire
ctly
fro
m H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s ra
ther
tha
n de
rive
d fr
om v
ehic
le-m
iles
and
aver
age
occu
panc
y, a
s is
the
cas
e fo
r 19
60-1
994.
bIn
clud
ed in
pas
seng
er c
ar.
NO
TE
STo
cal
cula
te t
otal
Btu
, mul
tipl
y fu
el c
onsu
med
(se
e ta
bles
4-2
1, 4
-22,
4-2
4, 4
-25)
by
135,
000
Btu
/gal
lon
for
air
carr
ier,
125,
000
Btu
/gal
lon
for
pass
enge
r ca
r, ot
her
2-ax
le 4
-tir
e ve
hicl
e, a
nd m
otor
cycl
e, 1
38,7
00 B
tu/g
allo
n fo
r tr
ansi
t m
otor
bus
and
Am
trak
die
sel c
onsu
mpt
ion,
and
3,4
12 B
tu/K
wH
for
Am
trak
ele
c-tr
ic c
onsu
mpt
ion.
SOU
RC
ES
Air
:C
erti
fica
ted
air
carr
iers
:Pa
ssen
ger-
mile
s:A
ir T
rans
port
Ass
ocia
tion
, Int
erne
t si
te h
ttp:
//ww
w.a
ir-t
rans
port
.org
/pub
lic/in
dust
ry a
s of
Aug
. 30,
200
2.Fu
el c
onsu
med
:U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Bur
eau
of T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
, Off
ice
of A
irlin
e In
form
atio
n, I
nter
net s
ite
http
://w
ww
.bts
.gov
/oai
/fue
l/fue
lyea
rly.
htm
l as
of A
ug. 3
0, 2
002.
Hig
hway
:P
asse
nger
car
:19
60-9
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Hig
hway
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
Sum
mar
y to
199
5, F
HW
A-P
L-9
7-00
9 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: J
uly
1997
), t
able
VM
-201
A.
1995
-200
0: I
bid.
, Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
VM
-1.
Oth
er 2
-axl
e 4-
tire
veh
icle
:19
70-9
0: I
bid.
, Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
Sum
mar
y to
199
5, F
HW
A-P
L-9
7-00
9 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: J
uly
1997
), t
able
VM
-201
A.
1995
-200
0: I
bid.
, Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
VM
-1.
Mot
orcy
cle:
1970
-85:
Ibi
d., H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s Su
mm
ary
to 1
985,
FH
WA
-PL
-97-
009
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Jul
y 19
97),
tab
le V
M-2
01A
.19
90-2
000:
Ibi
d., H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le V
M-1
.
Tra
nsit
mot
or b
us:
Am
eric
an P
ublic
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Ass
ocia
tion
, Pub
lic T
rans
port
atio
n Fa
ct B
ook
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Feb
ruar
y 20
02),
tab
les
30 a
nd 6
5.
Am
trak
:A
mtr
ak, S
tate
and
Loc
al A
ffai
rs D
epar
tmen
t, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n.
282 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the EnvironmentTA
BLE
4-21
: Ene
rgy
Inte
nsity
of C
ertif
icat
ed A
ir Ca
rrie
rs, A
ll Se
rvic
esa
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Air
craf
t-m
iles
(mill
ion
s)D
omes
tic o
pera
tions
858
1,13
42,
068
1,94
82,
523
3,04
63,
963
4,62
94,
811
R4,
911
R5,
035
R5,
332
R5,
664
5,55
0
Inte
rnat
iona
l ope
ratio
ns18
228
447
537
740
141
576
099
81,
043
1,11
4R
1,19
2R
1,22
5R
1,28
21,
258
Ava
ilab
le s
eat-
mile
s (m
illio
ns)
Dom
estic
ope
ratio
ns52
,220
94,7
8721
3,16
024
1,28
234
6,02
844
5,82
656
3,06
560
3,91
762
6,38
9R
651,
918
R66
2,31
3R
699,
330
R72
7,03
370
4,75
6
Inte
rnat
iona
l ope
ratio
ns13
,347
29,5
3351
,960
61,7
2486
,507
101,
963
170,
310
203,
160
208,
682
R22
8,68
9R
237,
538
R24
2,98
1R
254,
048
245,
776
Pas
sen
ger
-mile
s (m
illio
ns)
Dom
estic
ope
ratio
ns30
,557
51,8
8710
4,14
713
1,72
820
0,28
927
0,58
434
0,23
139
4,70
842
5,59
6R
450,
612
R46
3,26
2R
488,
357
R51
6,12
948
6,45
9
Inte
rnat
iona
l ope
ratio
ns8,
306
16,7
8927
,563
31,0
8254
,363
65,8
1911
7,69
514
5,94
815
3,06
7R
169,
356
R17
2,25
5R
180,
269
R19
2,79
817
8,38
2
Fu
el c
on
sum
ed (
mill
ion
gal
lon
s)D
omes
tic o
pera
tions
1,95
43,
889
7,85
77,
558
8,51
910
,115
12,4
2912
,812
13,1
8713
,660
13,8
7714
,402
14,8
4514
,017
Inte
rnat
iona
l ope
ratio
ns56
61,
280
2,24
31,
949
1,74
72,
488
3,96
34,
511
4,65
84,
964
5,18
65,
250
5,47
55,
237
Sea
ts p
er a
ircr
aft
Dom
estic
ope
ratio
ns60
.983
.610
3.1
123.
913
7.1
146.
414
2.1
130.
513
0.2
R13
2.7
R13
1.5
R13
1.1
R12
8.4
127.
0
Inte
rnat
iona
l ope
ratio
ns73
.310
4.0
109.
416
3.7
215.
724
5.7
224.
120
3.6
200.
1R
205.
3R
199.
2R
198.
3R
198.
219
5.4
Sea
t-m
iles
per
gal
lon
Dom
estic
ope
ratio
ns27
2427
3241
4445
4748
R48
R48
R49
R49
50
Inte
rnat
iona
l ope
ratio
ns24
2323
3250
4143
4545
R46
R46
R46
R46
47
En
erg
y in
ten
sity
(B
tu/p
asse
ng
er-m
ile)b
Dom
estic
ope
ratio
ns8,
633
10,1
1810
,185
7,74
65,
742
5,04
74,
932
4,38
24,
183
R4,
092
R4,
044
R3,
981
R3,
883
3,89
0
Inte
rnat
iona
l ope
ratio
ns9,
199
10,2
9210
,986
8,46
54,
339
5,10
34,
546
4,17
34,
108
R3,
957
R4,
064
R3,
932
R3,
833
3,96
4
Lo
ad f
acto
r (%
)D
omes
tic o
pera
tions
58.5
54.7
48.9
54.6
58.0
60.7
60.4
65.4
67.9
69.1
R69
.969
.8R
71.0
69.0
Inte
rnat
iona
l ope
ratio
ns62
.256
.853
.0R
50.4
62.8
64.6
69.1
71.8
73.3
74.1
R72
.5R
74.2
R75
.972
.6
KE
Y: B
tu =
Brit
ish
ther
mal
uni
t; R
= r
evis
ed.
aU
.S. o
wne
d ca
rrie
rs o
nly.
Ope
rati
on o
f fo
reig
n-ow
ned
carr
iers
in o
r ou
t of
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es n
ot in
clud
ed.
bC
alcu
lati
on b
ased
on
unro
unde
d fi
gure
s no
t sh
own
here
.
Transportation Energy Intensity and Fuel Efficiency � 283
TABL
E 4-
21: E
nerg
y In
tens
ity o
f Cer
tific
ated
Air
Carr
iers
, All
Serv
ices
a (C
ontin
ued)
NO
TE
SA
ircr
aft-
mile
s in
clud
es a
ll fo
ur a
ir-c
arri
er g
roup
s (m
ajor
s, n
atio
nals
, lar
ge r
egio
nals
, and
med
ium
reg
iona
ls),
sch
edul
ed a
nd c
hart
er, p
asse
nger
, and
all-
carg
o.
Fuel
con
sum
ed in
clud
es m
ajor
s, n
atio
nals
, and
larg
e re
gion
als,
sch
edul
ed a
nd c
hart
er, p
asse
nger
, and
all-
carg
o.Pa
ssen
ger-
mile
s in
clud
es a
ll fo
ur a
ir-c
arri
er g
roup
s, s
ched
uled
and
cha
rter
, pas
seng
er s
ervi
ce o
nly.
Inte
rnat
iona
l ope
rati
ons
incl
ude
oper
atio
ns o
utsi
de t
he U
nite
d St
ates
, inc
ludi
ng th
ose
betw
een
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es a
nd f
orei
gn c
ount
ries
and
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es a
nd
its
terr
itor
ies
or p
osse
ssio
ns.
Hea
t eq
uiva
lent
fac
tor
used
for
Btu
con
vers
ion
is 1
35,0
00 B
tu/g
allo
n.
SOU
RC
ES
Air
craf
t-m
iles,
ava
ilabl
e se
at-m
iles,
pas
seng
er-m
iles,
and
load
fac
tor:
1960
-80:
Air
Tra
nspo
rt A
ssoc
iati
on, I
nter
net
site
htt
p://w
ww
.air
-tra
nspo
rt.o
rg/p
ublic
/indu
stry
, as
of J
uly
31, 2
002.
1985
-200
1: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Bur
eau
of T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
, Off
ice
of A
irlin
e In
form
atio
n, A
ir C
arri
er T
raff
ic S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n D
C: A
nnua
l Dec
embe
r is
sues
).Fu
el c
onsu
med
:19
60-2
000:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, B
urea
u of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
isti
cs, O
ffic
e of
Air
line
Info
rmat
ion,
Int
erne
t si
te h
ttp:
//ww
w.b
ts.g
ov/o
ai/f
uel/
fuel
year
ly.h
tml a
s of
Aug
. 12,
200
2.Se
ats
per
airc
raft
, sea
t-m
iles
per
gallo
n, a
nd e
nerg
y in
tens
iven
ess:
Der
ived
by
calc
ulat
ion.
284 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the EnvironmentTA
BLE
4-22
: Ene
rgy
Inte
nsity
of P
asse
nger
Car
s, O
ther
2-A
xle
4-Ti
re V
ehic
les,
and
Mot
orcy
cles
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Veh
icle
-mile
s (m
illio
ns)
Pas
seng
er c
ar58
7,00
072
3,00
091
7,00
01,
034,
000
1,11
2,00
01,
247,
000
1,40
8,00
01,
438,
000
1,47
0,00
01,
503,
000
R1,
550,
000
1,56
9,00
01,
602,
000
Oth
er 2
-axl
e 4-
tire
vehi
cle
NN
123,
000
201,
000
291,
000
391,
000
575,
000
790,
000
817,
000
851,
000
R86
8,00
090
1,00
092
4,00
0
Mot
orcy
cle
cc
3,00
05,
600
10,2
009,
100
9,60
09,
800
9,90
010
,100
R10
,300
10,6
0010
,500
Pas
sen
ger
-mile
s (m
illio
ns)
a
Pas
seng
er c
ar1,
145,
000
1,39
5,00
01,
751,
000
1,95
4,00
02,
012,
000
2,09
4,00
02,
282,
000
2,28
7,00
02,
337,
000
2,38
9,00
0R
2,46
4,00
02,
495,
000
2,54
7,00
0
Oth
er 2
-axl
e 4-
tire
vehi
cle
NN
226,
000
363,
000
521,
000
688,
000
1,00
0,00
01,
256,
000
1,29
8,00
01,
353,
000
R1,
381,
000
1,43
3,00
01,
469,
000
Mot
orcy
cle
cc
3,00
06,
000
12,0
0012
,000
12,0
0011
,000
11,0
0011
,000
11,0
0012
,000
12,0
00
Fu
el c
on
sum
ed (
mill
ion
gal
lon
s)
Pas
seng
er c
ar41
,171
49,7
2367
,819
74,1
4069
,982
71,5
1869
,568
68,0
7269
,221
69,8
92R
71,6
9573
,283
72,9
16
Oth
er 2
-axl
e 4-
tire
vehi
cle
NN
12,3
1319
,081
23,7
9627
,363
35,6
1145
,605
47,3
5449
,388
R50
,462
52,8
5952
,832
Mot
orcy
cle
cc
6011
320
418
219
119
619
820
2R
206
212
210
En
erg
y in
ten
sity
(B
tu/p
asse
ng
er-m
ile)b
Pas
seng
er c
ar4,
495
4,45
54,
841
4,74
34,
348
4,26
93,
811
3,72
13,
702
3,65
7R
3,63
73,
671
3,57
9
Oth
er 2
-axl
e 4-
tire
vehi
cle
NN
6,81
06,
571
5,70
94,
971
4,45
14,
539
4,56
04,
563
R4,
568
4,61
14,
496
Mot
orcy
cle
aa
2,50
02,
354
2,12
51,
896
1,99
02,
227
2,25
02,
295
R2,
341
2,20
52,
188
KE
Y: B
tu =
Brit
ish
ther
mal
uni
t; N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; R =
rev
ised
.
aPa
ssen
ger-
mile
s ar
e de
rive
d by
mul
tipl
ying
veh
icle
-mile
s by
an
aver
age
occu
panc
y ra
te f
or t
hat
vehi
cle
type
bas
ed o
n da
ta p
rovi
ded
by t
he F
eder
al H
ighw
ay
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Nat
ionw
ide
Pers
onal
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Surv
ey, 1
977,
198
3, 1
995.
Ave
rage
veh
icle
occ
upan
cy r
ates
are
as
follo
ws:
pass
enge
r ca
r (1
960-
97):
1.9
5, 1
.93,
1.9
1, 1
.89,
1.8
1, 1
.68,
1.6
2, 1
.62,
1.6
1, 1
.61,
1.6
0, 1
.59,
1.5
9, 1
.59;
ot
her
2-ax
le 4
-tir
e ve
hicl
e (1
960-
97):
1.8
7, 1
.85,
1.8
3, 1
.81,
1.7
9, 1
.76,
1.7
4, 1
.72,
1.7
0, 1
.68,
1.6
6, 1
.64,
1.6
4, 1
.64;
mot
orcy
cle
(196
0-97
): 1
.1, 1
.1, 1
.1, 1
.1, 1
.2, 1
.3, 1
.3, 1
.27,
1.2
5, 1
.23,
1.2
1, 1
.18,
1.1
8, 1
.18.
b
Ene
rgy
Inte
nsit
y (B
tu/p
asse
nger
-mile
) is
cal
cula
ted
by c
onve
rtin
g th
e fu
el c
onsu
mpt
ion
in g
allo
ns t
o th
e en
ergy
equ
ival
ent
Btu
uni
ts a
nd d
ivid
ing
by t
he p
asse
n-ge
r-m
iles.
The
hea
t eq
uiva
lent
fac
tor
used
for
Btu
con
vers
ion
is 1
25,0
00 B
tus/
gallo
n.c
Incl
uded
in p
asse
nger
car
.
NO
TE
SIn
199
5, t
he U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Hig
hway
Adm
inis
trat
ion
revi
sed
its
vehi
cle
type
cat
egor
ies
for
1993
and
late
r da
ta.
The
se n
ew c
ateg
orie
s in
clud
e pa
ssen
ger
car,
othe
r 2-
axle
4-t
ire
vehi
cle,
sin
gle-
unit
2-a
xle
6-ti
re o
r m
ore
truc
k, a
nd c
ombi
nati
on t
ruck
. O
ther
2-a
xle
4-ti
re v
ehic
le in
clud
es v
ans,
pic
kup
truc
ks, a
nd s
port
uti
lity
vehi
cles
. In
prev
ious
yea
rs, s
ome
min
ivan
s an
d sp
ort
utili
ty v
ehic
les
wer
e in
clud
ed in
the
pa
ssen
ger
car
cate
gory
. Sin
gle-
unit
2-a
xle
6-ti
re o
r m
ore
truc
ks a
re o
n a
sing
le fr
ame
wit
h at
leas
t 2 a
xles
and
6 ti
res.
Pre
-199
3 da
ta h
ave
been
rea
ssig
ned
to t
he
clos
est
avai
labl
e ca
tego
ry.
Dat
a fo
r ve
hicl
e-m
iles
and
pass
enge
r-m
iles
have
bee
n ro
unde
d to
the
nea
rest
bill
ion
mile
s to
acc
omm
odat
e th
e un
cert
aint
ies
asso
ciat
ed w
ith
thes
e es
tim
ates
.
SOU
RC
ES
Veh
icle
-mile
s:P
asse
nger
car
:19
60-9
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Hig
hway
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
Sum
mar
y to
199
5, F
HW
A-P
L-9
7-00
9 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: J
uly
1997
), t
able
VM
-201
A.
1995
-200
0: I
bid.
, Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
VM
-1.
Transportation Energy Intensity and Fuel Efficiency � 285
TABL
E 4-
22: E
nerg
y In
tens
ity o
f Pas
seng
er C
ars,
Oth
er 2
-Axl
e 4-
Tire
Veh
icle
s, a
nd M
otor
cycl
es (C
ontin
ued)
Oth
er 2
-axl
e 4-
tire
veh
icle
:19
60-9
0: I
bid.
, Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics,
Sum
mar
y to
199
5, F
HW
A-P
L-9
7-00
9 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: J
uly
1997
), t
able
VM
-201
A.
1995
-200
0: I
bid.
, Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
VM
-1.
Mot
orcy
cle:
1970
-85:
Ibi
d., H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s, S
umm
ary
to 1
985
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 198
6), t
able
VM
-201
A.
For
1970
-90,
the
unr
evis
ed m
otor
cycl
e ve
hicl
e-m
iles
are
subt
ract
ed f
rom
the
com
bine
d pa
ssen
ger
car
and
mot
orcy
cle
vehi
cle-
mile
s fr
om V
M-2
01A
.19
90-2
000:
Ibi
d., H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le V
M-1
.
Pass
enge
r-m
iles:
19
60-9
7: V
ehic
le-m
iles
mul
tipl
ied
by v
ehic
le o
ccup
ancy
rat
es.
1998
-200
0: I
bid.
, Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
VM
-1.
Fuel
con
sum
ed:
1960
-90:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n, H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s Su
mm
ary
to 1
995,
FH
WA
-PL
-97-
009
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ju
ly 1
997)
, tab
le V
M-2
01A
.Fo
r 19
70-9
0, t
he u
nrev
ised
mot
orcy
cle
fuel
con
sum
ed is
sub
trac
ted
from
the
com
bine
d pa
ssen
ger
car
and
mot
orcy
cle
fuel
con
sum
ed f
rom
VM
-201
A.
1995
-200
0: I
bid.
, Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
VM
-1.
286 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the EnvironmentTA
BLE
4-23
: Ave
rage
Fue
l Effi
cien
cy o
f U.S
. Pas
seng
er C
ars
and
Ligh
t Tru
cks
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Ave
rag
e U
.S. p
asse
ng
er c
ar f
uel
eff
icie
ncy
(m
pg
) (c
alen
dar
yea
r)
Pas
seng
er c
ara
16.0
17.5
20.3
21.1
21.2
21.5
21.6
21.4
22.0
Oth
er 2
-axl
e 4-
tire
vehi
cle
12.2
14.3
16.1
17.3
17.2
17.2
17.2
R17
.017
.5
New
veh
icle
fu
el e
ffic
ien
cy (
mp
g)b
(m
od
el y
ear)
Ligh
t-du
ty v
ehic
le
Pas
seng
er c
ar24
.327
.628
.028
.628
.528
.728
.828
.328
.5D
omes
tic22
.626
.326
.927
.728
.127
.828
.628
.028
.5Im
port
ed29
.631
.529
.930
.329
.630
.129
.229
.028
.3
Ligh
t tru
ck (
<8,5
00 lb
s G
VW
R)c
18.5
20.7
20.8
20.5
20.8
20.6
21.1
20.9
21.2
CA
FE
sta
nd
ard
s (m
pg
)b (
mo
del
yea
r)P
asse
nger
car
20.0
27.5
27.5
27.5
27.5
27.5
27.5
27.5
27.5
Ligh
t tru
ckd 1
6.0/
14.0
19.5
20.0
20.6
20.7
20.7
20.7
20.7
20.7
KE
Y: C
AF
E =
Cor
pora
te A
vera
ge F
uel E
cono
my;
GV
WR
= g
ross
veh
icle
wei
ght r
atin
g; m
pg =
mile
s pe
r ga
llon;
N =
dat
a do
not
exi
st; R
= r
evis
ed.
aFr
om 1
980
to 1
994,
pas
seng
er c
ar f
uel e
ffic
ienc
y in
clud
es m
otor
cycl
es.
bA
ssum
es 5
5% c
ity
and
45%
hig
hway
-mile
s. T
he s
ourc
e ca
lcul
ated
ave
rage
mile
s pe
r ga
llon
for
light
-dut
y ve
hicl
es b
y ta
king
the
rec
ipro
cal o
f th
e sa
les-
wei
ghte
d av
erag
e of
gal
lons
per
mile
. Thi
s is
cal
led
the
harm
onic
ave
rage
. c
Beg
inni
ng w
ith
FY 1
999,
the
tot
al li
ght
truc
k fl
eet
ceas
ed t
o be
cat
egor
ized
by
eith
er d
omes
tic
or im
port
fle
ets.
d2
Whe
el D
rive
/4 W
heel
Dri
ve. N
o co
mbi
ned
figu
re a
vaila
ble
for
this
yea
r.
NO
TE
The
fue
l eff
icie
ncy
figu
res
for
light
dut
y ve
hicl
es r
epre
sent
the
sal
es-w
eigh
ted
harm
onic
ave
rage
of
the
com
bine
d pa
ssen
ger
car
and
light
tru
ck f
uel e
cono
mie
s.
SOU
RC
ES
Ave
rage
U.S
. pas
seng
er c
ar f
uel e
ffic
ienc
y:19
80-9
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Hig
hway
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
Sum
mar
y to
199
5, F
HW
A-P
L-9
7-00
9 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: J
uly
1997
), t
able
VM
-201
A (
Rev
ised
dat
a ob
tain
ed f
rom
Int
erne
t si
te h
ttp:
//ww
w.f
hwa.
dot.
gov/
ohim
/ohi
mst
at.h
tm a
s of
Aug
. 2, 2
001)
.19
95-2
000:
Ibi
d., H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le V
M-1
.
New
veh
icle
fue
l eff
icie
ncy
(bas
ed o
n m
odel
yea
r pr
oduc
tion
):19
80-2
000:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, N
atio
nal H
ighw
ay T
raff
ic S
afet
y A
dmin
istr
atio
n, A
utom
otiv
e Fu
el E
cono
my
Pro
gram
, Ann
ual U
pdat
e C
alen
-da
r Y
ear
2000
, tab
le I
I-6,
Int
erne
t si
te w
ww
.nht
sa.d
ot.g
ov/c
ars/
prob
lem
s/st
udie
s/fu
elec
on/in
dex.
htm
l as
of A
ug. 2
, 200
2.
CA
FE s
tand
ards
:19
80-2
000:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, N
atio
nal H
ighw
ay T
raff
ic S
afet
y A
dmin
istr
atio
n, A
utom
otiv
e Fu
el E
cono
my
Pro
gram
, Ann
ual U
pdat
e C
alen
-da
r Y
ear
2000
, tab
le I
-1, I
nter
net
site
ww
w.n
htsa
.dot
.gov
/car
s/pr
oble
ms/
stud
ies/
fuel
econ
/inde
x.ht
ml a
s of
Aug
. 2, 2
002.
Transportation Energy Intensity and Fuel Efficiency � 287
TABL
E 4-
24: E
nerg
y In
tens
ity o
f Tra
nsit
Mot
or B
uses
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
P20
00V
ehic
le-m
iles
(mill
ions
)1,
576
1,52
81,
409
1,52
61,
677
1,86
32,
130
2,18
4R
2,22
1R
2,24
5R
2,17
52,
276
2,31
5
Pas
seng
er-m
iles
(mill
ions
)N
NN
N21
,800
21,2
00R
20,9
81R
18,8
18R
19,0
96R
19,6
04R
20,3
6021
,205
21,2
41
Fue
l con
sum
ed (
mill
ion
gallo
ns d
iese
l)20
824
827
136
543
151
856
356
457
8R
598
607
618
635
Ene
rgy
inte
nsity
(B
tu/p
asse
nger
-mile
)N
NN
N2,
742
3,38
9R
3,72
3R
4,15
5R
4,19
6R
4,22
8R
4,13
3R
4,04
44,
147
KE
Y: B
tu =
Brit
ish
ther
mal
uni
t; N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; P =
pre
limin
ary;
R =
rev
ised
.
NO
TE
SH
eat
equi
vale
nt f
acto
r us
ed f
or B
tu c
onve
rsio
n is
138
,700
Btu
/gal
lon.
In J
anua
ry 2
000,
the
Am
eric
an P
ublic
Tra
nsit
Ass
ocia
tion
cha
nged
its
nam
e to
the
Am
eric
an P
ublic
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Ass
ocia
tion
. The
Tra
nsit
Fac
t B
ook
is n
ow
refe
rred
to
as t
he P
ublic
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Fact
Boo
k.
SOU
RC
EA
mer
ican
Pub
lic T
rans
port
atio
n A
ssoc
iati
on, P
ublic
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Fact
Boo
k (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: F
ebru
ary
2001
), t
able
s 30
, 42
and
65, a
nd s
imila
r ta
bles
in
earl
ier
edit
ions
of
the
Tra
nsit
Fac
t B
ook.
288 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the EnvironmentTA
BLE
4-25
: Ene
rgy
Inte
nsity
of C
lass
I Ra
ilroa
da F
reig
ht S
ervi
ce
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
P
Rev
enue
frei
ght t
on-m
iles
(mill
ions
)57
2,30
969
7,87
876
4,80
975
4,25
291
8,95
887
6,98
41,
033,
969
1,30
5,68
81,
355,
975
1,34
8,92
61,
376,
802
1,43
3,46
11,
465,
960
1,47
3,95
7
Car
-mile
s (m
illio
ns)
28,1
7029
,336
29,8
9027
,656
29,2
7724
,920
26,1
5930
,383
31,7
1531
,660
32,6
5733
,851
34,5
9034
,243
Tons
per
car
load
4449
5561
6768
6765
6763
6463
63U
Fue
l con
sum
ed (
mill
ion
gallo
ns)
3,46
33,
592
3,54
53,
657
3,90
43,
110
3,11
53,
480
3,57
93,
575
3,58
33,
715
3,70
03,
633
Ene
rgy
inte
nsity
(B
tu/r
even
uefr
eigh
t ton
-mile
)83
971
464
367
258
949
241
837
036
636
836
135
935
034
2
Ene
rgy
inte
nsity
(B
tu/c
ar-m
ile)
17,0
5116
,983
16,4
5018
,341
18,4
9517
,310
16,5
1615
,886
15,6
5215
,662
15,2
1815
,222
14,8
3614
,715
KE
Y: B
tu =
Brit
ish
ther
mal
uni
t; P
= p
relim
inar
y; U
= d
ata
are
not a
vaila
ble.
aC
lass
I r
ailr
oads
are
tho
se t
hat
have
ope
rati
ng r
even
ues
of $
267
mill
ion
or m
ore.
NO
TE
The
hea
t eq
uiva
lent
fac
tor
used
for
Btu
con
vers
ion
is 1
38,7
00 B
tu/g
allo
n.
SOU
RC
EA
ssoc
iati
on o
f A
mer
ican
Rai
lroa
ds, R
ailr
oad
Fact
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: N
ovem
ber
2001
), p
p. 3
4, 3
7, a
nd 4
0, a
nd p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n, A
ug. 1
2, 2
002.
Transportation Energy Intensity and Fuel Efficiency � 289
TABL
E 4-
26: E
nerg
y In
tens
ity o
f Am
trak
Serv
ices
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Rev
enu
e p
asse
ng
er-m
iles
(mill
ion
s)3,
931
4,50
34,
785
6,05
75,
545
5,05
05,
166
5,30
45,
330
5,49
8U
Lo
com
oti
ve f
uel
co
nsu
med
Tota
l fue
l con
sum
ed (
billi
on B
tu)a
9,36
79,
673
9,99
512
,512
10,1
9110
,875
11,3
6511
,341
11,2
2911
,735
11,6
74
Ele
ctric
(m
illio
ns o
f kW
h)a
180
254
295
330
304
293
282
275
283
350
377
Die
sel (
mill
ion
gallo
ns)
6364
6582
6671
7575
7476
75
En
erg
y in
ten
sity
(B
tu/r
even
ue
pas
sen
ger
-mile
)a2,
383
2,14
82,
089
2,06
61,
838
2,15
32,
200
2,13
82,
107
2,13
4U
KE
Y: B
tu =
Brit
ish
ther
mal
uni
t; kW
h =
kilo
wat
t hou
r; U
= d
ata
are
not a
vaila
ble.
aD
oes
not
incl
ude
elec
tric
pow
er g
ener
atio
n an
d di
stri
buti
on lo
sses
, whi
ch, i
f in
clud
ed, w
ould
tri
ple
the
elec
tric
con
vers
ion
fact
or g
iven
bel
ow a
nd in
crea
se t
he
num
bers
in t
his
row
by
abou
t 20
per
cent
.
NO
TE
The
hea
t eq
uiva
lent
fac
tors
use
d in
Btu
con
vers
ion
are:
die
sel =
138
,700
Btu
/gal
lon;
ele
ctri
c =
3,41
2 B
tu/k
Wh.
SOU
RC
ES
Rev
enue
pas
seng
er-m
iles:
Am
trak
, Am
trak
Ann
ual R
epor
t, S
tati
stic
al A
ppen
dix
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s).
Loc
omot
ive
fuel
con
sum
ed:
1975
-200
1: I
bid.
, Sta
te a
nd L
ocal
Aff
airs
Dep
artm
ent,
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion.
290 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the EnvironmentTA
BLE
4-27
: Ann
ual W
aste
d Fu
el D
ue to
Con
gest
iona
Per
cen
t ch
ang
e
Gal
lon
s w
aste
d (
mill
ion
s)S
ho
rt-t
erm
1994
-200
0L
on
g-t
erm
1982
-200
0P
op
ula
tio
nG
rou
pU
rban
are
a19
8219
8519
9019
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
00P
erce
nt
Ran
kP
erce
nt
Ran
k
Med
ium
Alb
any-
Sch
enec
tady
-Tro
y, N
YR
0R
0R
24
R4
R4
R4
R5
567
33N
M57
Med
ium
Alb
uque
rque
, NM
2R
4R
6R
14R
17R
20R
21R
2319
5835
850
21
Sm
all
Anc
hora
ge, A
K0
00
00
00
00
NM
68N
M57
Larg
eA
tlant
a, G
AR
16R
28R
42R
111
R12
5R
138
R15
6R
144
166
7129
938
19
Med
ium
Aus
tin, T
XR
3R
7R
8R
17R
22R
29R
25R
3035
133
61,
067
13S
mal
lB
aker
sfie
ld, C
A0
0R
0R
1R
2R
2R
2R
23
NM
68N
M57
Larg
eB
altim
ore,
MD
R11
R18
R49
R61
R65
R69
R64
R67
7532
5158
228
Sm
all
Bea
umon
t, T
X0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R1
R1
1N
M68
NM
57M
ediu
mB
irm
ingh
am, A
L2
35
1012
1315
1517
7031
750
24V
ery
larg
eB
osto
n, M
AR
40R
54R
90R
111
R11
5R
122
R12
3R
130
136
2358
240
50S
mal
lB
ould
er, C
O0
00
00
00
00
NM
68N
M57
Sm
all
Bro
wns
ville
, TX
00
00
00
00
0N
M68
NM
57La
rge
Buf
falo
-Nia
gara
Fal
ls, N
YR
2R
2R
5R
5R
5R
5R
5R
79
8024
350
39S
mal
lC
harle
ston
, SC
24
66
66
78
950
4235
039
Med
ium
Cha
rlotte
, NC
R2
R5
R7
R12
R13
R17
R18
R20
2411
88
1,10
012
Ver
y la
rge
Chi
cago
, IL-
Nor
thw
este
rn, I
NR
76R
130
R22
0R
261
R34
1R
321
R35
1R
347
345
5338
354
38
Larg
eC
inci
nnat
i, O
H-K
YR
3R
6R
15R
26R
31R
38R
39R
4044
6334
1,36
78
Larg
eC
leve
land
, OH
R2
R2
R9
R27
R33
R38
R30
R31
2953
401,
350
9S
mal
lC
olor
ado
Spr
ings
, CO
0R
0R
0R
4R
5R
5R
7R
89
200
3N
M57
Larg
eC
olum
bus,
OH
R2
R4
R13
R26
R28
R33
R33
R36
3135
501,
450
6S
mal
lC
orpu
s C
hris
ti, T
XR
0R
0R
0R
0R
0R
1R
1R
11
NM
68N
M57
Ver
y la
rge
Dal
las-
Fort
Wor
th, T
XR
24R
59R
93R
137
R14
6R
143
R17
5R
242
228
8422
850
21La
rge
Den
ver,
CO
R16
R20
R31
R64
R74
R84
R92
R96
105
106
955
631
Ver
y la
rge
Det
roit,
MI
R40
R46
R12
7R
168
R16
8R
174
R17
6R
171
166
-665
315
44
Med
ium
El P
aso,
TX
-NM
R0
R0
R2
R5
R4
R5
R6
R7
1010
010
NM
57S
mal
lE
ugen
e-S
prin
gfie
ld, O
R0
00
R0
R0
R0
R0
R2
2N
M68
NM
57La
rge
Fort
Lau
derd
ale-
Hol
lyw
ood-
Pom
pano
Bch
, FL
R6
R7
R18
R31
R37
R43
R44
R53
6815
24
1,03
315
Sm
all
Fort
Mye
rs-C
ape
Cor
al, F
L0
00
22
33
44
100
10N
M57
Med
ium
Fres
no, C
A2
R2
R6
R5
R5
R6
R7
R8
1015
05
400
35
Med
ium
Har
tford
-Mid
dlet
own,
CT
R3
R7
R7
R6
R7
R8
R9
R11
1210
010
300
47M
ediu
mH
onol
ulu,
HI
R5
R6
R16
R17
R17
R15
R17
R17
13-2
467
160
54
Transportation Energy Intensity and Fuel Efficiency � 291
Ver
y la
rge
Hou
ston
, TX
R78
R13
2R
115
R13
4R
151
R18
7R
182
R21
419
952
4115
555
Larg
eIn
dian
apol
is, I
NR
2R
3R
6R
32R
38R
41R
33R
3235
2554
1,65
04
Med
ium
Jack
sonv
ille,
FL
R4
R5
R11
R24
R24
R25
R21
R21
2111
6342
533
Larg
eK
ansa
s C
ity, M
O-K
SR
1R
3R
7R
15R
17R
19R
21R
2623
3549
2,20
02
Sm
all
Lare
do, T
X0
00
00
0R
0R
00
NM
68N
M57
Larg
eLa
s V
egas
, NV
R2
R4
R13
R19
R23
R26
R29
R31
3489
191,
600
5V
ery
larg
eLo
s A
ngel
es, C
AR
355
R47
4R
1,07
8R
1,01
8R
1,13
0R
1,09
6R
1,18
2R
1,16
61,
188
2557
235
51M
ediu
mLo
uisv
ille,
KY-
INR
5R
6R
7R
17R
24R
26R
27R
3131
4844
520
32
Med
ium
Mem
phis
, TN
-AR
-MS
R2
R2
R7
R17
R17
R21
R21
R22
2579
261,
150
11La
rge
Mia
mi-H
iale
ah, F
LR
24R
31R
62R
86R
88R
95R
92R
9511
531
5237
937
Larg
eM
ilwau
kee,
WI
R5
R7
R12
R24
R25
R26
R29
R32
3479
2558
029
Larg
eM
inne
apol
is-S
t. P
aul,
MN
R5
R10
R29
R63
R65
R90
R94
R10
410
893
172,
060
3M
ediu
mN
ashv
ille,
TN
R5
R6
R9
R15
R17
R19
R18
R22
2485
2138
036
Larg
eN
ew O
rlean
s, L
AR
7R
9R
12R
20R
20R
20R
20R
2019
-14
6617
153
Ver
y la
rge
New
Yor
k, N
Y-N
orth
east
ern,
NJ
R15
7R
180
R47
2R
484
R50
7R
558
R58
4R
631
658
5339
319
42La
rge
Nor
folk
-New
port
New
s-V
irgin
ia B
each
, VA
R9
R14
R20
R27
R31
R31
R35
R37
3020
6023
352
Larg
eO
klah
oma
City
, OK
R1
R2
R3
R7
R8
R10
R12
R14
1112
07
1,00
017
Med
ium
Om
aha,
NE
-IA
R1
R2
R5
R6
R8
R8
R10
R11
1183
231,
000
17
Larg
eO
rland
o, F
LR
6R
11R
16R
32R
36R
40R
47R
4758
8720
867
20S
mal
lP
ensa
cola
, FL
00
24
44
44
525
54N
M57
Ver
y la
rge
Phi
lade
lphi
a, P
A-N
JR
31R
40R
61R
91R
94R
98R
112
R11
611
540
4727
148
Larg
eP
hoen
ix, A
ZR
17R
20R
43R
57R
75R
84R
79R
105
115
9218
576
30
Larg
eP
ittsb
urgh
, PA
R11
R12
R18
R21
R21
R21
R22
R24
2018
6182
56La
rge
Por
tland
-Van
couv
er, O
R-W
AR
5R
6R
17R
36R
43R
48R
49R
5357
7827
1,04
014
Med
ium
Pro
vide
nce-
Paw
tuck
et, R
I-MA
R2
R6
R12
R16
R20
R17
R22
R26
2993
161,
350
9
Med
ium
Ric
hmon
d, V
A0
25
1011
1112
1211
5737
NM
57M
ediu
mR
oche
ster
, NY
R0
R0
R1
R3
R4
R4
R3
R4
410
010
NM
57La
rge
Sac
ram
ento
, CA
R6
R10
R27
R30
R37
R34
R36
R38
4639
4866
725
Sm
all
Sal
em, O
R0
0R
0R
0R
1R
2R
2R
22
100
10N
M57
Med
ium
Sal
t Lak
e C
ity, U
TR
1R
2R
6R
13R
13R
12R
12R
1315
2554
1,40
07
Larg
eS
an A
nton
io, T
XR
6R
12R
12R
20R
20R
22R
28R
3842
250
260
026
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
TABL
E 4-
27: A
nnua
l Was
ted
Fuel
Due
to C
onge
stio
na (C
ontin
ued)
Per
cen
t ch
ang
e
Gal
lon
s w
aste
d (
mill
ion
s)S
ho
rt-t
erm
1994
-200
0L
on
g-t
erm
1982
-200
0P
op
ula
tio
nG
rou
pU
rban
are
a19
8219
8519
9019
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
00P
erce
nt
Ran
kP
erce
nt
Ran
k
292 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the Environment
Larg
eS
an B
erna
rdin
o-R
iver
side
, CA
R6
R12
R39
R46
R50
R53
R62
R60
6858
361,
033
15La
rge
San
Die
go, C
AR
12R
23R
68R
64R
68R
81R
78R
9611
278
2883
323
Ver
y la
rge
San
Fra
ncis
co-O
akla
nd, C
AR
67R
130
R22
0R
198
R20
1R
186
R21
3R
223
270
7130
303
46La
rge
San
Jos
e, C
AR
22R
45R
93R
67R
67R
63R
72R
8389
4645
305
45La
rge
Sea
ttle-
Eve
rett,
WA
R22
R38
R72
R97
R10
9R
115
R11
5R
121
112
2059
409
34
Sm
all
Spo
kane
, WA
R0
R0
R0
R2
R2
R2
R3
R3
350
42N
M57
Larg
eS
t. Lo
uis,
MO
-IL
R17
R25
R29
R56
R56
R61
R63
R66
7142
4631
843
Med
ium
Taco
ma,
WA
R2
R2
R8
R12
R12
R12
R12
R16
1417
6260
026
Larg
eTa
mpa
-St P
eter
sbur
g-C
lear
wat
er, F
LR
17R
21R
37R
61R
61R
59R
58R
6362
064
265
49
Med
ium
Tucs
on, A
ZR
0R
2R
4R
7R
9R
11R
12R
1212
100
10N
M57
Med
ium
Tuls
a, O
K0
24
55
67
811
267
1N
M57
Larg
eW
Pal
m B
ch-B
oca
Rat
on-
Del
ray
Bch
, FL
13
1020
2322
2932
3470
313,
300
1
Ver
y la
rge
Was
hing
ton,
DC
-MD
-VA
R46
R67
R11
3R
162
R17
7R
175
R20
2R
211
198
2953
330
41
75-A
rea
Ave
rage
R16
R24
R47
R57
R63
R65
R69
R73
a 75
4336
1
Ver
y La
rge
Are
a A
vera
geR
91R
131
R25
9R
276
R30
3R
306
R33
0R
345
a 350
3828
3La
rge
Are
a A
vera
geR
9R
14R
28R
42R
46R
50R
52R
56a 6
157
595
Med
ium
Are
a A
vera
geR
2R
3R
7R
11R
13R
14R
14R
16a 1
766
761
Sm
all A
rea
Ave
rage
0R
01
R1
2R
2R
2R
3a 3
117
1,85
0
KE
Y: N
M =
not
mea
ning
ful;
R =
rev
ised
. Ver
y la
rge
urba
n ar
eas
- ov
er 3
mill
ion
popu
latio
n. L
arge
urb
an a
reas
- o
ver
1 m
illio
n an
d le
ss th
an 3
mill
ion
popu
latio
n.
Med
ium
urb
an a
reas
- o
ver
500,
000
and
less
than
1 m
illio
n po
pula
tion.
Sm
all u
rban
are
as -
less
than
500
,000
pop
ulat
ion.
aT
he w
aste
d fu
el f
or e
ach
urba
n ar
ea c
ateg
ory
for
2000
was
obt
aine
d fr
om t
able
A-6
of
TT
I’s T
he 2
002
Ann
ual U
rban
Mob
ility
Rep
ort
refe
renc
ed b
elow
. The
w
aste
d fu
el f
or a
ll ot
her
year
s w
as c
alcu
late
d us
ing
raw
dat
a ob
tain
ed f
rom
inte
rnet
sit
e ht
tp://
mob
ility
.tam
u.ed
u as
of
Aug
. 5, 2
002,
whe
re t
he t
otal
ann
ual
was
ted
fuel
for
eac
h ye
ar a
nd u
rban
are
a w
as d
ivid
ed b
y th
e nu
mbe
r of
cit
ies
in t
hat
part
icul
ar u
rban
are
a.
NO
TE
S“W
aste
d” f
uel i
s th
e di
ffer
ence
bet
wee
n th
e fu
el c
onsu
med
und
er e
stim
ated
exi
stin
g co
ndit
ions
and
the
fue
l con
sum
ed if
all
traf
fic
was
mov
ing
at f
ree-
flow
con
di-
tion
s. C
alcu
lati
ons
are
mad
e fo
r pe
ak p
erio
d sp
eeds
and
for
fre
e-fl
ow s
peed
s on
bot
h th
e fr
eew
ay a
nd p
rinc
ipal
art
eria
l sys
tem
s.
For
a m
ore
deta
iled
desc
ript
ion
of t
he f
orm
ulas
use
d, s
ee t
he s
ourc
e do
cum
ent.
The
cit
ies
show
n re
pres
ent
the
50 la
rges
t m
etro
polit
an a
reas
, as
wel
l as
othe
rs c
hose
n by
the
sta
tes
spon
sori
ng t
he s
tudy
.Pe
rcen
t ch
ange
s fo
r ar
ea a
vera
ges
wer
e ca
lcul
ated
bef
ore
roun
ding
.
SOU
RC
E19
82-2
000:
Tex
as T
rans
port
atio
n In
stit
ute,
The
200
2 A
nnua
l Urb
an M
obili
ty R
epor
t (C
olle
ge S
tati
on, T
X: 2
002)
.
TABL
E 4-
27: A
nnua
l Was
ted
Fuel
Due
to C
onge
stio
na (C
ontin
ued)
Per
cen
t ch
ang
e
Gal
lon
s w
aste
d (
mill
ion
s)S
ho
rt-t
erm
1994
-200
0L
on
g-t
erm
1982
-200
0P
op
ula
tio
nG
rou
pU
rban
are
a19
8219
8519
9019
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
00P
erce
nt
Ran
kP
erce
nt
Ran
k
Transportation Energy Intensity and Fuel Efficiency � 293
TABL
E 4-
28: W
aste
d Fu
el P
er P
erso
n
P
erce
nt
chan
ge
Gal
lon
s w
aste
dS
ho
rt-t
erm
1994
-200
0L
on
g-t
erm
1982
-200
0P
op
ula
tio
ng
rou
pU
rban
are
a19
8219
8519
9019
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
00P
erce
nt
Ran
kP
erce
nt
Ran
k
Med
ium
Alb
any-
Sch
enec
tady
-Tro
y, N
YR
0R
0R
48
R8
R8
R8
R10
1067
16N
M57
Med
ium
Alb
uque
rque
, NM
5R
9R
12R
25R
30R
35R
36R
3932
4537
540
18S
mal
lA
ncho
rage
, AK
00
00
00
00
0N
M68
NM
57La
rge
Atla
nta,
GA
R10
R17
R20
R45
R51
R53
R56
R50
5640
4246
026
Med
ium
Aus
tin, T
XR
7R
15R
15R
28R
35R
43R
36R
4348
927
586
16S
mal
lB
aker
sfie
ld, C
A0
0R
0R
3R
5R
5R
5R
57
NM
68N
M57
Larg
eB
altim
ore,
MD
R6
R10
R25
R29
R30
R32
R30
R31
3530
4948
324
Sm
all
Bea
umon
t, T
X0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R7
R7
7N
M68
NM
57M
ediu
mB
irmin
gham
, AL
35
815
1820
2323
2556
2873
313
Ver
y la
rge
Bos
ton,
MA
R14
R20
R30
R37
R38
R40
R41
R43
4522
5322
146
Sm
all
Bou
lder
, CO
00
00
00
00
0N
M68
NM
57S
mal
lB
row
nsvi
lle, T
X0
00
00
00
00
NM
68N
M57
Larg
eB
uffa
lo-N
iaga
ra F
alls
, NY
R2
R2
R5
R5
R5
R5
R5
R6
860
2530
033
Sm
all
Cha
rlest
on, S
C6
1115
1414
1416
1820
4340
233
44M
ediu
mC
harlo
tte, N
CR
6R
14R
16R
22R
23R
29R
29R
3237
7612
517
20
Ver
y la
rge
Chi
cago
, IL-
Nor
thw
este
rn, I
NR
11R
18R
29R
34R
43R
40R
44R
4343
4835
291
34La
rge
Cin
cinn
ati,
OH
-KY
R3
R5
R13
R21
R25
R30
R31
R31
3455
301,
033
9
Larg
eC
leve
land
, OH
R1
R1
R5
R15
R18
R20
R16
R16
1550
321,
400
6S
mal
lC
olor
ado
Spr
ings
, CO
0R
0R
0R
10R
13R
12R
16R
1819
138
3N
M57
Larg
eC
olum
bus,
OH
R2
R5
R15
R26
R27
R32
R32
R35
3030
481,
400
6
Sm
all
Cor
pus
Chr
isti,
TX
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R3
R3
R3
3N
M68
NM
57V
ery
larg
eD
alla
s-F
ort W
orth
, TX
R10
R21
R30
R42
R41
R40
R48
R65
6058
2650
022
Larg
eD
enve
r, C
OR
12R
13R
20R
37R
42R
47R
50R
5255
8310
358
31
Ver
y la
rge
Det
roit,
MI
R10
R12
R32
R42
R42
R43
R44
R43
41-7
6431
032
Med
ium
El P
aso,
TX
-NM
R0
R0
R4
R8
R7
R8
R9
R11
1567
16N
M57
Sm
all
Eug
ene-
Spr
ingf
ield
, OR
00
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R9
9N
M68
NM
57
Larg
eF
ort L
aude
rdal
e-H
olly
woo
d-P
ompa
no B
ch, F
LR
6R
6R
14R
22R
26R
29R
30R
3544
120
563
314
Sm
all
For
t Mye
rs-C
ape
Cor
al, F
L0
00
88
1111
1514
7513
NM
57M
ediu
mFr
esno
, CA
6R
5R
13R
10R
9R
11R
13R
1518
125
420
049
Med
ium
Har
tford
-Mid
dlet
own,
CT
R5
R12
R11
R10
R11
R13
R14
R17
1990
828
037
Med
ium
Hon
olul
u, H
IR
9R
10R
24R
24R
24R
21R
24R
2419
-21
6711
154
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
294 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the Environment
Ver
y la
rge
Hou
ston
, TX
R33
R55
R40
R45
R49
R60
R57
R65
5931
4779
56
Larg
eIn
dian
apol
is, I
NR
2R
3R
6R
32R
38R
40R
33R
3134
1755
1,60
01
Med
ium
Jack
sonv
ille,
FL
R7
R8
R15
R30
R29
R30
R25
R25
240
6324
341
Larg
eK
ansa
s C
ity, M
O-K
SR
1R
3R
6R
11R
13R
14R
15R
1916
2351
1,50
04
Sm
all
Lare
do, T
X0
00
00
0R
0R
00
NM
68N
M57
Larg
eLa
s V
egas
, NV
R4
R8
R19
R20
R23
R25
R26
R27
2840
4260
015
Ver
y la
rge
Los
Ang
eles
, CA
R36
R45
R94
R84
R92
R89
R95
R93
9418
5416
151
Med
ium
Loui
svill
e, K
Y-IN
R6
R8
R9
R21
R29
R31
R33
R37
3748
3651
720
Med
ium
Mem
phis
, TN
-AR
-MS
3R
3R
8R
18R
18R
22R
22R
2326
7314
767
12La
rge
Mia
mi-H
iale
ah, F
LR
14R
17R
34R
43R
43R
46R
44R
4551
1357
264
40
Larg
eM
ilwau
kee,
WI
R4
R6
R10
R19
R20
R20
R22
R24
2567
1652
519
Larg
eM
inne
apol
is-S
t. P
aul,
MN
R3
R6
R14
R28
R29
R39
R41
R45
4469
151,
367
8M
ediu
mN
ashv
ille,
TN
R10
R11
R16
R24
R26
R29
R27
R32
3462
2424
042
Larg
eN
ew O
rlean
s, L
AR
7R
9R
11R
18R
18R
18R
18R
1817
-15
6614
353
Ver
y la
rge
New
Yor
k, N
Y-N
orth
east
ern,
NJ
R10
R12
R30
R30
R31
R34
R36
R38
3944
3829
035
Larg
eN
orfo
lk-N
ewpo
rt N
ews-
Virg
inia
B
each
, VA
R8
R12
R15
R19
R22
R22
R24
R25
2011
5915
052
Larg
eO
klah
oma
City
, OK
R2
R3
R4
R8
R8
R10
R12
R13
1067
1640
027
Med
ium
Om
aha,
NE
-IA
R2
R4
R9
R11
R14
R14
R17
R18
1864
2280
011
Larg
eO
rland
o, F
LR
10R
16R
19R
31R
34R
36R
42R
4148
5529
380
28S
mal
lP
ensa
cola
, FL
00
814
1414
1413
167
62N
M57
Ver
y la
rge
Phi
lade
lphi
a, P
A-N
JR
8R
10R
14R
20R
21R
22R
25R
2525
3945
213
47
Larg
eP
hoen
ix, A
ZR
12R
12R
23R
26R
32R
35R
32R
4144
5727
267
39La
rge
Pitt
sbur
gh, P
AR
6R
7R
10R
12R
12R
12R
12R
1311
1060
8355
Larg
eP
ortla
nd-V
anco
uver
, OR
-WA
R4
R5
R14
R27
R32
R33
R33
R36
3852
3185
010
Med
ium
Pro
vide
nce-
Paw
tuck
et, R
I-M
AR
2R
7R
14R
18R
22R
19R
24R
2932
889
1,50
04
Med
ium
Ric
hmon
d, V
A0
49
1618
1819
1917
4241
NM
57M
ediu
mR
oche
ster
, NY
R0
R0
R2
R5
R6
R6
R5
R6
610
06
NM
57La
rge
Sac
ram
ento
, CA
R7
R11
R25
R24
R29
R26
R27
R28
3322
5237
129
Sm
all
Sal
em, O
R0
0R
0R
0R
6R
11R
11R
1110
6716
NM
57M
ediu
mS
alt L
ake
City
, UT
R1
R3
R8
R16
R15
R14
R13
R15
1713
571,
600
1La
rge
San
Ant
onio
, TX
R6
R12
R10
R16
R16
R18
R23
R31
3424
02
467
25
TABL
E 4-
28: W
aste
d Fu
el P
er P
erso
n (C
ontin
ued)
P
erce
nt
chan
ge
Gal
lon
s w
aste
dS
ho
rt-t
erm
1994
-200
0L
on
g-t
erm
1982
-200
0P
op
ula
tio
ng
rou
pU
rban
are
a19
8219
8519
9019
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
00P
erce
nt
Ran
kP
erce
nt
Ran
k
Transportation Energy Intensity and Fuel Efficiency � 295
Larg
eS
an B
erna
rdin
o-R
iver
side
, CA
R7
R13
R32
R34
R37
R39
R44
R43
4850
3258
616
Larg
eS
an D
iego
, CA
R7
R12
R30
R25
R27
R31
R29
R36
4164
2148
623
Ver
y la
rge
San
Fra
ncis
co-O
akla
nd, C
AR
20R
39R
60R
51R
52R
47R
53R
5567
6323
235
43La
rge
San
Jos
e, C
AR
17R
34R
66R
43R
42R
39R
44R
5053
3346
212
48
Larg
eS
eattl
e-E
vere
tt, W
AR
15R
25R
42R
50R
56R
59R
58R
6156
1456
273
38S
mal
lS
poka
ne, W
AR
0R
0R
0R
6R
6R
6R
9R
99
5032
NM
57La
rge
St.
Loui
s, M
O-I
LR
9R
13R
15R
28R
28R
31R
32R
3335
4042
289
36
Med
ium
Taco
ma,
WA
R5
R4
R15
R21
R20
R20
R20
R27
2310
6136
030
Larg
eTa
mpa
-St P
eter
sbur
g-C
lear
wat
er, F
LR
12R
14R
22R
33R
33R
32R
31R
3332
-965
167
50M
ediu
mTu
cson
, AZ
R0
R4
R8
R11
R14
R17
R18
R18
1880
11N
M57
Med
ium
Tuls
a, O
K0
46
77
89
1014
250
1N
M57
Larg
eW
Pal
m B
ch-B
oca
Rat
on-
Del
ray
Bch
, FL
24
1323
2624
3032
3343
391,
550
3
Ver
y la
rge
Was
hing
ton,
DC
-MD
-VA
R17
R23
R36
R47
R51
R50
R58
R60
5627
5022
945
75-A
rea
Ave
rage
R6
R9
R16
R21
R23
R25
R26
R28
a 43
114
612
Ver
y La
rge
Are
a A
vera
geR
17R
26R
40R
43R
46R
47R
50R
53a5
536
225
Larg
e A
rea
Ave
rage
R7
R10
R19
R26
R28
R30
R31
R33
a37
5245
2M
ediu
m A
rea
Ave
rage
R4
R6
R11
R17
R18
R20
R20
R23
a24
5855
5S
mal
l Are
a A
vera
geR
0R
1R
2R
4R
5R
5R
7R
8a1
014
62,
233
KE
Y: N
M =
not
mea
ning
ful;
R =
rev
ised
. Ver
y la
rge
urba
n ar
eas
- ov
er 3
mill
ion
popu
latio
n. L
arge
urb
an a
reas
- o
ver
1 m
illio
n an
d le
ss th
an 3
mill
ion
popu
latio
n.
Med
ium
urb
an a
reas
- o
ver
500,
000
and
less
than
1 m
illio
n po
pula
tion.
Sm
all u
rban
are
as -
less
than
500
,000
pop
ulat
ion.
aT
he a
vera
ge o
f th
e w
aste
d fu
el p
er p
erso
n fo
r ea
ch u
rban
are
a ca
tego
ry f
or 2
000
was
obt
aine
d fr
om t
able
A-6
of
TT
I’s T
he 2
002
Ann
ual U
rban
Mob
ility
R
epor
t re
fere
nced
bel
ow. F
or a
ll ot
her
year
s it
was
cal
cula
ted
usin
g ra
w d
ata
obta
ined
fro
m in
tern
et s
ite
http
://m
obili
ty.t
amu.
edu
as o
f A
ug. 5
, 200
2, w
here
th
e to
tal a
nnua
l was
ted
fuel
per
per
son
for
each
yea
r an
d ur
ban
area
was
div
ided
by
the
num
ber
of c
itie
s in
tha
t pa
rtic
ular
urb
an a
rea.
NO
TE
S“W
aste
d” f
uel i
s th
e di
ffer
ence
bet
wee
n th
e fu
el c
onsu
med
und
er e
stim
ated
exi
stin
g co
ndit
ions
and
the
fue
l con
sum
ed if
all
traf
fic
was
mov
ing
at f
ree-
flow
co
ndit
ions
.C
alcu
lati
ons
are
mad
e fo
r pe
ak p
erio
d sp
eeds
and
for
fre
e-fl
ow s
peed
s on
bot
h th
e fr
eew
ay a
nd p
rinc
ipal
art
eria
l sys
tem
.Fo
r a
mor
e de
taile
d de
scri
ptio
n of
the
for
mul
as u
sed,
see
the
sou
rce
docu
men
t.T
he c
itie
s sh
own
repr
esen
t th
e 50
larg
est
met
ropo
litan
are
as, a
s w
ell a
s ot
hers
cho
sen
by t
he s
tate
s sp
onso
ring
the
stu
dy.
Perc
ent
chan
ges
for
area
ave
rage
s w
ere
calc
ulat
ed b
efor
e ro
undi
ng.
SOU
RC
E19
82 -
200
0: T
exas
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Inst
itut
e, T
he 2
001
Ann
ual U
rban
Mob
ility
Rep
ort
(Col
lege
Sta
tion
, TX
: 200
1) f
rom
Int
erne
t si
te h
ttp:
//mob
ility
.tam
u.ed
u as
of
Aug
. 5, 2
002.
TABL
E 4-
28: W
aste
d Fu
el P
er P
erso
n (C
ontin
ued)
P
erce
nt
chan
ge
Gal
lon
s w
aste
dS
ho
rt-t
erm
1994
-200
0L
on
g-t
erm
1982
-200
0P
op
ula
tio
ng
rou
pU
rban
are
a19
8219
8519
9019
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
00P
erce
nt
Ran
kP
erce
nt
Ran
k
chapter four
Section DAir Pollution
Air Pollution � 299
TABL
E 4-
29: F
eder
al E
xhau
st E
mis
sion
Cer
tific
atio
n St
anda
rds
for N
ewly
Man
ufac
ture
d Ga
solin
e- a
nd D
iese
l-Pow
ered
Li
ght-D
uty
Vehi
cles
a,b
(Gra
ms
per m
ile)
En
gin
e ty
pe
and
po
lluta
nt
Pri
or
to
con
tro
le19
68-
1969
1970
-19
7119
7219
73-
1974
1975
-19
7619
77-
1979
1980
1981
1982
-19
8619
87-
1993
Tie
r 1i
1994
-200
3bIn
teri
m T
ier
2i20
04-2
006
Tie
r 2i
2007
+G
aso
line
HC
(to
tal)
11g
2.2
3.4
1.5
0.41
0.41
(h)
h
NM
HC
fh
0.25
(0.3
1)h
NM
OG
fh
0.12
5(0
.156
)0.
100
(0.1
25)
CO
80g
2339
157.
03.
43.
4(4
.2)
Col
d-te
mp.
CO
cf
h10
(h)
NO
x4
h3.
03.
12.
01.
00.
4(0
.6)
0.14
(0.2
0)
Par
ticul
ates
fh
0.08
(0.1
0)0.
08(0
.08)
0.02
(0.0
2)Fo
rmal
dehy
def
h0.
015
(0.0
18)
Die
sel
HC
(to
tal)
11h
1.5
0.41
0.41
(h)
h
NM
HC
fh
0.25
(0.3
1)h
NM
OG
fh
h(0
.156
)0.
100
(0.1
25)
CO
80h
157.
03.
43.
4(4
.2)
h(4
.2)
3.4
(4.2
)
NO
x4
h3.
12.
01.
01.
0(1
.25)
h(0
.6)
0.14
(0.2
0)
Par
ticul
ates
fh
0.60
0.20
0.08
(0.1
0)h
(0.1
0)0.
02(0
.02)
Form
alde
hyde
fh
h(0
.018
)0.
015
(0.0
18)
Test
pro
ced
ure
7-m
ode
CV
S-7
2C
VS
-75
Use
ful l
ife (i
nter
med
iate
)b,d
h5
year
s/50
,000
mile
s
(fu
ll)5
year
s/50
,000
mile
s10
yea
rs/1
00,0
00 m
iles
10 y
ears
/12
0,00
0 m
iles
KE
Y: C
O =
car
bon
mon
oxid
e; C
VS
= c
onst
ant v
olum
e sa
mpl
er; H
C =
hyd
roca
rbon
s; N
MH
C =
non
met
hane
hyd
roca
rbon
s; N
MO
G =
non
met
hane
org
anic
gas
es;
NO
x =
nitr
ogen
oxi
des.
aT
he t
est
proc
edur
e fo
r m
easu
ring
exh
aust
em
issi
ons
has
chan
ged
seve
ral t
imes
ove
r th
e co
urse
of
vehi
cle
emis
sion
s re
gula
tion
s. T
he 7
-mod
e pr
oced
ure
was
us
ed t
hrou
gh m
odel
yea
r 19
71 a
nd w
as r
epla
ced
by t
he C
VS-
72 p
roce
dure
beg
inni
ng in
mod
el y
ear
1972
. The
CV
S-75
pro
cedu
re b
ecam
e th
e te
st p
roce
dure
as
of
mod
el y
ear
1975
. Whi
le it
may
app
ear
that
the
tot
al H
C a
nd C
O s
tand
ards
wer
e re
laxe
d in
197
2-74
, the
se s
tand
ards
wer
e ac
tual
ly m
ore
stri
ngen
t du
e to
the
mor
e st
ring
ent
natu
re o
fthe
CV
S-72
tes
t pr
oced
ure.
Add
itio
nal s
tand
ards
for
CO
and
com
posi
te s
tand
ards
for
NM
HC
and
NO
x te
sted
und
er t
he n
ew
Supp
lem
enta
l Fed
eral
Tes
t Pr
oced
ure
will
be
phas
ed-i
n be
ginn
ing
wit
h m
odel
yea
r 20
00; t
hese
sta
ndar
ds a
re n
ot s
how
n in
thi
s ta
ble.
bA
ll em
issi
ons
stan
dard
s m
ust
be m
et f
or a
use
ful l
ife
of 5
yea
rs/5
0,00
0 m
iles.
Beg
inni
ng w
ith
mod
el y
ear
1994
, a s
econ
d se
t of
em
issi
ons
stan
dard
s m
ust
also
be
met
for
a f
ull u
sefu
l lif
e of
10
year
s/10
0,00
0 m
iles;
the
se s
tand
ards
are
sho
wn
in p
aren
thes
es. T
ier
1 ex
haus
t st
anda
rds
wer
e ph
ased
-in
duri
ng 1
994-
96 a
t a
rate
of
40%
, 80%
, and
100
%, r
espe
ctiv
ely.
cT
he c
old
CO
em
issi
ons
stan
dard
is m
easu
red
at 2
0 °F
(ra
ther
tha
n 75
°F)
and
is a
pplic
able
for
a 5
-yea
r/50
,000
-mile
use
ful l
ife.
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
300 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the Environment
dM
anuf
actu
rers
can
opt
to
cert
ify
vehi
cles
for
a f
ull u
sefu
l lif
e of
15
year
s/15
0,00
0 m
iles
and
have
eit
her
1) in
term
edia
te u
sefu
l lif
e st
anda
rds
wai
ved
or 2
) re
ceiv
e ad
diti
onal
NO
x cr
edit
s.
eT
he “
Prio
r to
con
trol
” co
lum
n re
port
s em
issi
ons
esti
mat
es o
f a
typi
cal n
ewly
man
ufac
ture
d ca
r in
the
yea
rs b
efor
e ex
haus
t em
issi
ons
cert
ific
atio
n st
anda
rds
wer
e im
plem
ente
d.f
No
esti
mat
e av
aila
ble.
gIn
196
8-69
, exh
aust
em
issi
ons
stan
dard
s w
ere
issu
ed in
par
ts p
er m
illio
n ra
ther
tha
n gr
ams
per
mile
and
are
, the
refo
re, i
ncom
pati
ble
wit
h th
is t
able
.h
No
stan
dard
has
bee
n se
t.i
The
ter
m “
tier
” re
fers
to
a le
vel o
f st
anda
rds
and
is a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith
spec
ific
yea
rs. I
nter
im T
ier
2 re
fers
to
an in
term
edia
te le
vel o
f st
anda
rds
that
mov
e m
anu-
fact
urer
s to
war
d co
mpl
ianc
e w
ith
Tie
r 2
stan
dard
s. I
nter
im T
ier
2 an
d T
ier
2 st
anda
rds
are
esta
blis
hed
as “
bins
.” E
ach
bin
is a
set
of
stan
dard
s fo
r N
Ox,
CO
, N
MO
G, f
orm
alde
hyde
, and
par
ticu
late
mat
ter;
HC
and
NM
HC
sta
ndar
ds a
re d
ropp
ed f
or T
ier
2 an
d In
teri
m T
ier
2. M
anuf
actu
rers
may
cer
tify
any
giv
en
vehi
cle
fam
ily t
o an
y of
the
bin
s av
aila
ble
for
that
veh
icle
cla
ss a
s lo
ng a
s th
e re
sult
ing
sale
s-w
eigh
t co
rpor
ate
aver
age
NO
x st
anda
rd is
met
for
the
ful
l use
ful
life
of t
he v
ehic
le. T
he T
ier
2 co
rpor
ate
aver
age
NO
x st
anda
rd is
0.0
7 gr
ams/
mile
. Int
erim
cor
pora
te-b
ased
ave
rage
NO
x st
anda
rds
are
base
d on
veh
icle
typ
e.
The
inte
rim
sal
es-w
eigh
ted
aver
age
for
light
-dut
y ve
hicl
es (
LD
Vs)
is 9
.3 g
ram
s/m
ile. F
or L
DV
s, T
ier
2 st
anda
rds
will
be
phas
ed in
at
a ra
te o
f 25
% in
200
4,
50%
in 2
005,
75%
in 2
006,
and
100
% in
200
7. D
urin
g th
is p
erio
d, a
ll L
DV
s no
t m
eeti
ng t
he T
ier
2 st
anda
rds
mus
t m
eet
Inte
rim
Tie
r 2
stan
dard
s.
SOU
RC
ES
40 C
FR 8
6, S
ubpa
rt A
(Ju
ly 1
, 200
0).
Fede
ral R
egis
ter,
Vol
. 65,
No.
28,
pp.
685
1-68
58.
TABL
E 4-
29: F
eder
al E
xhau
st E
mis
sion
Cer
tific
atio
n St
anda
rds
for N
ewly
Man
ufac
ture
d Ga
solin
e- a
nd D
iese
l-Pow
ered
Li
ght-D
uty
Vehi
cles
a,b
(Gra
ms
per m
ile) (
Cont
inue
d)
Air Pollution � 301
TABL
E 4-
30a:
Fed
eral
Exh
aust
Em
issi
on C
ertif
icat
ion
Stan
dard
s fo
r New
ly M
anuf
actu
red
Gaso
line-
and
Die
sel-P
ower
ed
Ligh
t-Dut
y Tr
ucks
(Cat
egor
y LD
T1)a
,b,c
(Gra
ms
per m
ile)
En
gin
e ty
pe
and
po
lluta
nt
Pri
or to
co
ntro
lg19
68-
1969
1970
-19
7119
7219
73-
1974
1975
1976
-19
7819
79-
1981
1982
-19
8319
8419
85-
1986
1987
1988
-19
93Ti
er 1
k 19
9419
95-2
003
Inte
rim
Tie
r 2k
20
04-2
006
Tie
r 2k
2007
+
Gas
olin
e
HC
(to
tal)
11i
2.2
3.4
2.0
1.7
0.80
j
R(0
.80)
j
NM
HC
hj
0.25
(0.3
1)j
NM
OG
hj
0.12
5(0
.156
)0.
100
(0.1
25)
CO
80i
2339
2018
103.
4(4
.2)
Col
d-te
mp.
CO
de
j10
j
NO
x4
j3.
03.
12.
31.
20.
4(0
.6)
0.14
(0.2
0)
Par
ticul
ates
hj
0.08
(0.1
0)0.
08(0
.08)
0.02
(0.0
2)
Form
alde
hyde
hj
0.01
5(0
.018
)
Die
sel
HC
(to
tal)
11j
2.0
1.7
0.80
j
(0.8
0)j
NM
HC
hj
0.25
(0.3
1)j
NM
OG
hj
j(0
.156
)0.
100
(0.1
25)
CO
80j
2018
103.
4(4
.2)
j(4
.2)
3.4
(4.2
)
NO
x4
j3.
12.
31.
21.
0(1
.25)
j(0
.6)
0.14
(0.2
0)
Par
ticul
ates
hj
0.60
0.
260.
08(0
.10)
j(0
.10)
0.02
(0.0
2)
Form
alde
hyde
hj
j(0
.018
)0.
015
(0.0
18)
LD
T1
wei
gh
t cr
iter
aeG
VW
R u
p th
roug
h 6,
000
poun
dsG
VW
R u
p th
roug
h 8,
500
poun
dsG
VW
R u
p th
roug
h 6,
000
lbs;
LV
W u
p th
roug
h 3,
750
poun
ds
Test
pro
ced
ure
b7-
mod
eC
VS
-72
CV
S-7
5
Use
ful l
ife (i
nter
med
iate
)c,f
j5
year
s/50
,000
mile
s5
year
s/50
,000
mile
s
(fu
ll)5
year
s/50
,000
mile
s11
yea
rs/1
20,0
00
mile
s10
yea
rs/1
00,0
00 m
iles
10 y
ears
/ 20
,000
mile
s
KE
Y: C
O =
car
bon
mon
oxid
e; C
VS
= c
onst
ant v
olum
e sa
mpl
er; G
VW
R =
gro
ss v
ehic
le w
eigh
t rat
ing;
HC
= h
ydro
carb
ons;
LV
W =
load
ed v
ehic
le w
eigh
t; N
MH
C =
non
met
hane
hyd
roca
r-bo
ns; N
MO
G =
non
met
hane
org
anic
gas
es; N
Ox
= n
itrog
en o
xide
s.
aL
ight
-dut
y tr
uck
cate
gori
es L
DT
1-L
DT
4 w
ere
not
crea
ted
unti
l 199
4. F
rom
196
8 to
197
8, a
ll tr
ucks
wit
h a
GV
WR
up
to 6
,000
pou
nds
wer
e cl
assi
fied
as
light
-dut
y tr
ucks
and
wer
e re
quir
ed t
o m
eet
the
sam
e st
anda
rds.
As
of 1
979,
the
max
imum
wei
ght
was
rai
sed
to 8
,500
pou
nds
GV
WR
. Dur
ing
1988
-93,
ligh
t du
ty t
ruck
s w
ere
divi
ded
into
tw
o su
bcat
egor
ies
that
coi
ncid
e w
ith
the
curr
ent
LD
T1-
LD
T4
cate
gori
es. T
he s
tand
ards
for
LD
T2,
LD
T3,
and
LD
T4
are
show
n in
tab
les
4-30
b th
roug
h 4-
30d.
bT
he t
est
proc
edur
e fo
r m
easu
ring
exh
aust
em
issi
ons
has
chan
ged
seve
ral t
imes
ove
r th
e co
urse
of
vehi
cle
emis
sion
s re
gula
tion
. The
7-m
ode
proc
edur
e w
as
used
thr
ough
mod
el y
ear
1971
and
was
rep
lace
d by
the
CV
S-72
pro
cedu
re b
egin
ning
in m
odel
yea
r 19
72. T
he C
VS-
75 p
roce
dure
bec
ame
the
test
pro
cedu
re
as o
f m
odel
yea
r 19
75. W
hile
it m
ay a
ppea
r th
at to
tal H
C a
nd C
O s
tand
ards
wer
e re
laxe
d in
197
2-74
, the
se s
tand
ards
wer
e ac
tual
ly m
ore
stri
ngen
t due
to
the
mor
e st
ring
ent
natu
re o
f th
e C
VS-
72 t
est
proc
edur
e. A
ddit
iona
l sta
ndar
ds f
or C
O a
nd c
ompo
site
sta
ndar
ds f
or N
MH
C a
nd N
Ox
test
ed o
ver
the
new
Sup
ple-
men
tal F
eder
al T
est
Proc
edur
e w
ill b
e ph
ased
-in
begi
nnin
g w
ith
mod
el y
ear
2000
. The
se s
tand
ards
are
not
sho
wn
in t
his
tabl
e.C
ontin
ued
next
pag
e
302 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the Environment
cE
mis
sion
s st
anda
rds
had
to b
e m
et f
or a
use
ful l
ife
of 5
yea
rs/5
0,00
0 m
iles
thro
ugh
mod
el y
ear
1983
, and
a f
ull u
sefu
l lif
e of
11
year
s/12
0,00
0 m
iles
was
de
fine
d fo
r 19
85-9
3 (s
ever
al u
sefu
l lif
e op
tion
s w
ere
avai
labl
e fo
r 19
84).
Beg
inni
ng in
mod
el y
ear
1994
, em
issi
ons
stan
dard
s w
ere
esta
blis
hed
for
an in
term
e-di
ate
usef
ul li
fe o
f 5
year
s/50
,000
mile
s as
wel
l as
a fu
ll us
eful
life
(fu
ll us
eful
life
sta
ndar
ds a
re s
how
n in
par
enth
eses
). H
C s
tand
ards
, how
ever
, wer
e es
tab-
lishe
d on
ly f
or f
ull u
sefu
l lif
e. T
ier
1 ex
haus
t st
anda
rds,
exc
ept
part
icul
ates
sta
ndar
ds, w
ere
phas
ed in
dur
ing
1994
-96
at a
rat
e of
40%
, 80%
, and
100
%,
resp
ecti
vely
. Par
ticu
late
mat
ter
stan
dard
s w
ere
phas
ed-i
n at
a r
ate
of 4
0%, 8
0%, a
nd 1
00%
dur
ing
1995
-97.
dT
he c
old
CO
em
issi
ons
stan
dard
is m
easu
red
at 2
0 °F
(ra
ther
tha
n 75
°F)
and
is a
pplic
able
for
a 5
-yea
r/50
,000
-mile
use
ful l
ife.
eG
VW
R is
the
max
imum
des
ign
load
ed w
eigh
t. L
VW
is t
he c
urb
wei
ght
(nom
inal
veh
icle
wei
ght)
plu
s 30
0 po
unds
.f
Man
ufac
ture
rs c
an o
pt t
o ce
rtif
y ve
hicl
es f
or a
ful
l use
ful l
ife
of 1
5 ye
ars/
150,
000
mile
s an
d ei
ther
hav
e (1
) in
term
edia
te u
sefu
l lif
e st
anda
rds
wai
ved
or (
2)
rece
ive
addi
tion
al N
Ox
cred
its.
gT
he “
Prio
r to
con
trol
s” c
olum
n re
port
s em
issi
ons
esti
mat
es o
f a
typi
cal n
ewly
man
ufac
ture
d ca
r in
the
yea
rs b
efor
e ex
haus
t em
issi
ons
cert
ific
atio
n st
anda
rd
wer
e im
plem
ente
d.h
No
esti
mat
e av
aila
ble.
iIn
196
8-69
, exh
aust
em
issi
ons
stan
dard
s w
ere
issu
ed in
par
ts p
er m
illio
n ra
ther
tha
n gr
ams
per
mile
and
are
, the
refo
re, i
ncom
pati
ble
wit
h th
is t
able
.j
No
stan
dard
has
bee
n se
t.k
The
ter
m “
tier
” re
fers
to
a le
vel o
f st
anda
rds
for
spec
ific
yea
rs. I
nter
im T
ier
2 re
fers
to
an in
term
edia
te le
vel o
f st
anda
rds
that
mov
e m
anuf
actu
rers
tow
ard
com
plia
nce
wit
h T
ier
2 st
anda
rds.
Int
erim
Tie
r 2
and
Tie
r 2
stan
dard
s ar
e es
tabl
ishe
d as
“bi
ns.”
Eac
h bi
n is
a s
et o
f st
anda
rds
for
NO
x, C
O, N
MO
G, f
orm
al-
dehy
de, a
nd p
arti
cula
tes
(HC
and
NM
HC
sta
ndar
ds a
re d
ropp
ed f
or T
ier
2 an
d In
teri
m T
ier
2). M
anuf
actu
rers
may
cer
tify
any
giv
en v
ehic
le f
amily
to
any
of
the
bins
ava
ilabl
e fo
r th
at v
ehic
le c
lass
as
long
as
the
resu
ltin
g sa
les-
wei
ghte
d co
rpor
ate
aver
age
NO
x st
anda
rd is
met
for
the
ful
l use
ful l
ife.
The
Tie
r 2
corp
o-ra
te a
vera
ge N
Ox
stan
dard
is 0
.07
gram
s/m
ile. I
nter
im c
orpo
rate
-bas
ed a
vera
ge N
Ox
stan
dard
s ar
e ba
sed
on v
ehic
le t
ype.
The
inte
rim
cor
pora
te s
ales
-w
eigh
ted
aver
age
for
LD
T1
vehi
cles
is 0
.3 g
ram
s/m
ile. T
ier
2 st
anda
rds
will
be
phas
ed in
at
a ra
te o
f 25
% in
200
4, 5
0% in
200
5, 7
5% in
200
6, a
nd 1
00%
in
2007
. Dur
ing
this
per
iod,
all
LD
T1
vehi
cles
not
mee
ting
the
Tie
r 2
stan
dard
s m
ust
mee
t In
teri
m T
ier
2 st
anda
rds.
SOU
RC
ES
40 C
FR 8
6, S
ubpa
rt A
(Ju
ly 1
, 200
0).
Fede
ral R
egis
ter,
Vol
. 65,
No.
28,
pp.
685
1-68
58.
TABL
E 4-
30a:
Fed
eral
Exh
aust
Em
issi
on C
ertif
icat
ion
Stan
dard
s fo
r New
ly M
anuf
actu
red
Gaso
line-
and
Die
sel-P
ower
ed
Ligh
t-Dut
y Tr
ucks
(Cat
egor
y LD
T1)a
,b,c
(Gra
ms
per m
ile) (
Cont
inue
d)
Air Pollution � 303
TABL
E 4-
30b:
Fed
eral
Exh
aust
Em
issi
on C
ertif
icat
ion
Stan
dard
s fo
r New
ly M
anuf
actu
red
Gaso
line-
and
Die
sel-P
ower
ed
Ligh
t-Dut
y Tr
ucks
(Cat
egor
y LD
T1)a
,b,c
(Gra
ms
per m
ile)
En
gin
e ty
pe
and
po
lluta
nt
Pri
or to
co
ntro
lg19
68-
1969
1970
-19
7119
7219
73-
1974
1975
1976
-19
7819
79-
1981
1982
-19
8319
8419
85-
1986
1987
1988
-19
9019
91-
1993
Tier
1k
1994
1995
-200
3In
teri
m T
ier
2k
2004
-200
6T
ier
2k20
07+
Gas
olin
e
HC
(to
tal)
11i
2.2
3.4
2.0
1.7
0.80
j
(0.8
0)j
NM
HC
hj
j(0
.40)
j
NM
OG
hj
0.12
5(0
.156
)0.
100
(0.1
25)
CO
80i
2339
2018
104.
4(5
.5)
3.4
(4.2
)
Col
d-te
mp.
CO
dh
j12
.5(j )
NO
x4
j3.
03.
12.
31.
70.
7(0
.97)
0.4
(0.6
)0.
14(0
.20)
Par
ticul
ates
hj
0.08
(0.1
0)0.
08(0
.08)
0.02
(0.0
2)
Form
alde
hyde
hj
0.01
5(0
.018
)
Die
sel
HC
(to
tal)
11j
2.0
1.7
0.80
j
(0.8
0)j
NM
HC
hj
0.32
(0.4
0)j
NM
OG
hj
j(0
.156
)0.
100
(0.1
25)
CO
80j
2018
104.
4(5
.5)
j(4
.2)
3.4
(4.2
)
NO
x4
j3.
12.
31.
7j
(0.9
7)j
(0.6
)0.
14(0
.20)
Par
ticul
ates
hj
0.60
0.
50
0.45
0.13
0.08
(0.1
0)j
(0.1
0)0.
02(0
.02)
Form
alde
hyde
hj
j(0
.018
)0.
015
(0.0
18)
LD
T2
wei
gh
t cr
iter
iae
GV
WR
up
thro
ugh
6,00
0 po
unds
GV
WR
up
thro
ugh
8,50
0 po
unds
GV
WR
up
thro
ugh
6,00
0 po
unds
; LV
W o
ver
3,75
0 po
unds
Test
pro
ced
ure
b7-
mod
eC
VS
-72
CV
S-7
5
Use
ful l
ife
(in
term
edia
te)c
,fj
5 ye
ars/
50,0
00 m
iles
5 ye
ars/
50,0
00 m
iles
(fu
ll)5
year
s/50
,000
mile
s11
yea
rs/1
20,0
00 m
iles
10 y
ears
/100
,000
mile
s10
yea
rs/
120,
000
mile
s
KE
Y: C
O =
car
bon
mon
oxid
e; G
VW
R =
gro
ss v
ehic
le w
eigh
t rat
ing;
HC
= h
ydro
carb
ons;
LV
W =
load
ed v
ehic
le w
eigh
t; N
MH
C =
non
met
hane
hyd
roca
rbon
s; N
MO
G =
non
met
hane
org
anic
ga
ses;
NO
x =
nitr
ogen
oxi
des.
aL
ight
-dut
y tr
uck
cate
gori
es L
DT
1-L
DT
4 w
ere
not
crea
ted
unti
l 199
4. F
rom
196
8 to
197
8 al
l tru
cks
wit
h a
GV
WR
up
to 6
,000
pou
nds
wer
e cl
assi
fied
as
light
-dut
y tr
ucks
and
wer
e re
quir
ed t
o m
eet
the
sam
e st
anda
rds.
As
of 1
979,
the
max
imum
wei
ght
was
rai
sed
to 8
,500
pou
nds
GV
WR
. Dur
ing
1988
-93,
ligh
t-du
ty t
ruck
s w
ere
divi
ded
into
tw
o su
bcat
egor
ies
that
coi
ncid
e w
ith
the
curr
ent
LD
T1-
LD
T4
cate
gori
es. T
he s
tand
ards
for
LD
T1,
LD
T2,
and
LD
T4
are
give
n in
tab
les
4-30
a, 4
-40b
, and
4-3
0d.
bT
he t
est
proc
edur
e fo
r m
easu
ring
exh
aust
em
issi
ons
has
chan
ged
seve
ral t
imes
ove
r th
e co
urse
of
vehi
cle
emis
sion
s re
gula
tion
. The
7-m
ode
proc
edur
e w
as
used
thr
ough
mod
el y
ear
1971
and
was
rep
lace
d by
the
CV
S-72
pro
cedu
re b
egin
ning
in m
odel
yea
r 19
72. T
he C
VS-
75 p
roce
dure
bec
ame
the
test
pro
cedu
re
as o
f m
odel
yea
r 19
75. W
hile
it m
ay a
ppea
r th
at t
he t
otal
HC
and
CO
sta
ndar
ds w
ere
rela
xed
in 1
972-
74, t
hese
sta
ndar
ds w
ere
actu
ally
mor
e st
ring
ent
due
to t
he m
ore
stri
ngen
t na
ture
of
the
CV
S-72
tes
t pr
oced
ure.
Add
itio
nal s
tand
ards
for
CO
and
com
posi
te s
tand
ards
for
NM
HC
and
NO
x te
sted
ove
r th
e ne
w
Supp
lem
enta
l Fed
eral
Tes
t Pr
oced
ure
will
be
phas
ed-i
n be
ginn
ing
wit
h m
odel
yea
r 20
00. T
hese
sta
ndar
ds a
re n
ot s
how
n in
thi
s ta
ble.
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
304 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the Environment
cE
mis
sion
s st
anda
rds
had
to b
e m
et f
or a
use
ful l
ife
of 5
yea
rs/5
0,00
0 m
iles
thro
ugh
mod
el y
ear
1983
, and
a f
ull u
sefu
l lif
e of
11
year
s/12
0,00
0 m
iles
was
de
fine
d fo
r 19
85-9
3 (s
ever
al u
sefu
l lif
e op
tion
s w
ere
avai
labl
e fo
r 19
84).
Beg
inni
ng in
mod
el y
ear
1994
, em
issi
ons
stan
dard
s w
ere
esta
blis
hed
for
an in
term
e-di
ate
usef
ul li
fe o
f 5
year
s/50
,000
mile
s as
wel
l as
a fu
ll us
eful
life
(fu
ll us
eful
life
sta
ndar
ds a
re s
how
n in
par
enth
eses
). H
C s
tand
ards
, how
ever
, wer
e es
tab-
lishe
d on
ly f
or f
ull u
sefu
l lif
e. T
ier
1 ex
haus
t st
anda
rds,
exc
ept
part
icul
ates
sta
ndar
ds, w
ere
phas
ed-i
n du
ring
199
4-96
at
a ra
te o
f 40
%, 8
0%, a
nd 1
00%
, re
spec
tive
ly. P
arti
cula
tes
stan
dard
s w
ere
phas
ed-i
n at
a r
ate
of 4
0%, 8
0%, a
nd 1
00%
dur
ing
1995
-97.
d
The
col
d C
O e
mis
sion
s st
anda
rd is
mea
sure
d at
20
°F (
rath
er t
han
75 °
F) a
nd is
app
licab
le f
or a
5-y
ear/
50,0
00-m
ile u
sefu
l lif
e.e
GV
WR
is t
he m
axim
um d
esig
n lo
aded
wei
ght.
LV
W is
the
cur
b w
eigh
t (n
omin
al v
ehic
le w
eigh
t) p
lus
300
poun
ds.
fM
anuf
actu
rers
can
opt
to
cert
ify
vehi
cles
for
a f
ull u
sefu
l lif
e of
15
year
s/15
0,00
0 m
iles
and
eith
er h
ave
(1)
inte
rmed
iate
use
ful l
ife
stan
dard
s w
aive
d or
(2)
re
ceiv
e ad
diti
onal
NO
x cr
edit
s.
gT
he “
Prio
r to
con
trol
s” r
epor
ts e
mis
sion
s es
tim
ates
of
a ty
pica
l new
ly m
anuf
actu
red
car
in t
he y
ears
bef
ore
exha
ust
emis
sion
s ce
rtif
icat
ion
stan
dard
s w
ere
impl
emen
ted.
hN
o es
tim
ate
avai
labl
e.i
In 1
968-
69, e
xhau
st e
mis
sion
s st
anda
rds
wer
e is
sued
in p
arts
per
mill
ion
rath
er t
han
gram
s pe
r m
ile a
nd a
re, t
here
fore
, inc
ompa
tibl
e w
ith
this
tab
le.
jN
o st
anda
rd h
as b
een
set.
kT
he t
erm
“ti
er”
refe
rs t
o a
leve
l of
stan
dard
s fo
r sp
ecif
ic y
ears
. Int
erim
2 r
efer
s to
an
inte
rmed
iate
leve
l of
stan
dard
s th
at m
ove
man
ufac
ture
rs t
owar
d co
mpl
i-an
ce w
ith
Tie
r 2
stan
dard
s. I
nter
im T
ier
2 an
d T
ier
2 st
anda
rds
are
esta
blis
hed
as “
bins
.” E
ach
bin
is a
set
of
stan
dard
s fo
r N
Ox,
CO
, NM
OG
, for
mal
dehy
de,
and
part
icul
ates
(H
C a
nd N
MH
C s
tand
ards
are
dro
pped
for
Tie
r 2
and
Inte
rim
Tie
r 2)
. Man
ufac
ture
rs m
ay c
erti
fy a
ny g
iven
veh
icle
fam
ily t
o an
y of
the
bin
s av
aila
ble
for
that
veh
icle
cla
ss a
s lo
ng a
s th
e re
sult
ing
sale
s-w
eigh
ted
corp
orat
e av
erag
e N
Ox
stan
dard
is m
et f
or t
he f
ull u
sefu
l lif
e. T
he T
ier
2 co
rpor
ate
aver
-ag
e N
Ox
stan
dard
is 0
.07
gram
s/m
ile. I
nter
im c
orpo
rate
-bas
ed a
vera
ge N
Ox
stan
dard
s ar
e ba
sed
on v
ehic
le t
ype.
The
inte
rim
cor
pora
te s
ales
-wei
ghte
d av
er-
age
for
LD
T2
vehi
cles
is 0
.3 g
ram
s/m
ile. T
ier
2 st
anda
rds
will
be
phas
ed in
at
a ra
te o
f 25
% in
200
4, 5
0% in
200
5, 7
5% in
200
6, a
nd 1
00%
in 2
007.
Dur
ing
this
per
iod
all L
DT
2 ve
hicl
es n
ot m
eeti
ng t
he T
ier
2 st
anda
rds
mus
t m
eet
Inte
rim
Tie
r 2
stan
dard
s.
SOU
RC
ES
40 C
FR 8
6, S
ubpa
rt A
(Ju
ly 1
, 200
0).
Fede
ral R
egis
ter,
Vol
. 65,
No.
28,
pp.
685
1-68
58.
TABL
E 4-
30b:
Fed
eral
Exh
aust
Em
issi
on C
ertif
icat
ion
Stan
dard
s fo
r New
ly M
anuf
actu
red
Gaso
line-
and
Die
sel-P
ower
ed
Ligh
t-Dut
y Tr
ucks
(Cat
egor
y LD
T1)a
,b,c
(Gra
ms
per m
ile) (
Cont
inue
d)
Air Pollution � 305
TABL
E 4-
30c:
Fed
eral
Exh
aust
Em
issi
on C
ertif
icat
ion
Stan
dard
s fo
r New
ly M
anuf
actu
red
Gaso
line-
and
Die
sel-P
ower
ed
Ligh
t-Dut
y Tr
ucks
(Cat
egor
y LD
T1)a
,b,c
(Gra
ms
per m
ile)
En
gin
e ty
pe
and
p
ollu
tan
tP
rior
to
cont
rolg
1968
-19
6919
70-
1971
1972
1973
-19
7419
7519
76-
1978
1979
-19
8119
82-
1983
1984
1985
-19
8619
8719
88-
1989
1990
1991
-19
95Ti
er 1
k 19
96-2
007
Inte
rim
Tie
r 2k
2008
Tie
r 2k
2009
+
Gas
olin
e
HC
(to
tal)
11i
2.2
3.4
2.0
1.7
0.80
j
(0.8
0)j
NM
HC
hj
0.32
(0.4
6)j
NM
OG
hj
0.16
0(0
.230
)0.
125
(0.1
56)
CO
80i
2339
2018
104.
4(6
.4)
3.4
4.2
Col
d-te
mp.
CO
dh
j12
.5(j )
NO
x4
j3.
03.
12.
32.
31.
70.
7(0
.98)
0.4
(0.6
)0.
14(0
.20)
Par
ticul
ates
hj
j(0
.10)
0.08
(0.0
8)0.
02(0
.02)
Form
alde
hyde
hj
0.01
8(0
.027
)0.
015
(0.0
18)
Die
sel
HC
(to
tal)
11j
2.0
1.7
0.80
j
(0.8
0)j
NM
HC
hj
0.32
(0.4
6)j
NM
OG
hj
j(0
.230
)0.
125
(0.1
56)
CO
80j
2018
104.
4(6
.4)
j3.
4 4
.2
NO
x4
j3.
12.
32.
31.
7j
(0.9
8)j
(0.6
)0.
14(0
.20)
Par
ticul
ates
hj
0.60
0.
50
0.45
0.13
j(0
.10)
j(0
.08)
0.02
(0.0
2)
Form
alde
hyde
hj
j(0
.027
)0.
015
(0.0
18)
LD
T3
wei
gh
t cr
iter
iae
GV
WR
up
thro
ugh
6,00
0 po
unds
GV
WR
up
thro
ugh
8,50
0 po
unds
Any
ALV
WA
LVW
up
thro
ugh
5,75
0 po
unds
GV
WR
6,0
01-8
,500
pou
nds
Test
pro
ced
ure
b7-
mod
eC
VS
-72
CV
S-7
5
Use
ful l
ife
(in
term
edia
te)c
,f
(fu
ll)j
5 ye
ars/
50,0
00 m
iles
5 ye
ars/
50,0
00 m
iles
11 y
ears
/120
,000
mile
s
KE
Y: C
O =
car
bon
mon
oxid
e; G
VW
R =
gro
ss v
ehic
le w
eigh
t rat
ing;
HC
= h
ydro
carb
ons;
LV
W =
load
ed v
ehic
le w
eigh
t; N
MH
C =
non
met
hane
hyd
roca
rbon
s; N
MO
G n
onm
etha
ne o
rgan
ic
gase
s; N
Ox
= n
itrog
en o
xide
s.
aL
ight
-dut
y tr
uck
cate
gori
es L
DT
1-L
DT
4 w
ere
not
crea
ted
unti
l 199
4. F
rom
196
8 to
197
8 al
l tru
cks
wit
h a
GV
WR
up
to 6
,000
pou
nds
wer
e cl
assi
fied
as
light
-dut
y tr
ucks
and
wer
e re
quir
ed t
o m
eet
the
sam
e st
anda
rds.
As
of 1
979,
the
max
imum
wei
ght
was
rai
sed
to 8
,500
pou
nds
GV
WR
. Dur
ing
1988
-93,
lig
ht-d
uty
truc
ks w
ere
divi
ded
into
tw
o su
bcat
egor
ies
that
coi
ncid
e w
ith
the
curr
ent
LD
T1-
LD
T4
cate
gori
es. T
he s
tand
ards
for
LD
T1,
LD
T2,
and
LD
T4
are
give
n in
tab
les
4-30
a, 4
-40b
, and
4-3
0d.
bT
he t
est
proc
edur
e fo
r m
easu
ring
exh
aust
em
issi
ons
has
chan
ged
seve
ral t
imes
ove
r th
e co
urse
of
vehi
cle
emis
sion
s re
gula
tion
. The
7-m
ode
proc
edur
e w
as
used
thr
ough
mod
el y
ear
1971
and
was
rep
lace
d by
the
CV
S-72
pro
cedu
re b
egin
ning
in m
odel
yea
r 19
72. T
he C
VS-
75 p
roce
dure
bec
ame
the
test
pro
cedu
re
as o
f m
odel
yea
r 19
75. W
hile
it m
ay a
ppea
r th
at t
he t
otal
HC
and
CO
sta
ndar
ds w
ere
rela
xed
in 1
972-
74, t
hese
sta
ndar
ds w
ere
actu
ally
mor
e st
ring
ent
due
to t
he m
ore
stri
ngen
t na
ture
of
the
CV
S-72
tes
t pr
oced
ure.
Add
itio
nal s
tand
ards
for
CO
and
com
posi
te s
tand
ards
for
NM
HC
and
NO
x te
sted
ove
r th
e ne
w
Supp
lem
enta
l Fed
eral
Tes
t Pr
oced
ure
will
be
phas
ed-i
n be
ginn
ing
wit
h m
odel
yea
r 20
02. T
hese
sta
ndar
ds a
re n
ot s
how
n in
thi
s ta
ble.
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
306 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the Environment
cE
mis
sion
s st
anda
rds
had
to b
e m
et f
or a
ful
l use
ful l
ife
of 5
yea
rs/5
0,00
0 m
iles
thro
ugh
mod
el y
ear
1983
, and
a f
ull u
sefu
l lif
e of
11
year
s/12
0,00
0 m
iles
was
de
fine
d fo
r 19
85-9
3 (s
ever
al u
sefu
l lif
e op
tion
s w
ere
avai
labl
e fo
r 19
84).
Beg
inni
ng in
mod
el y
ear
1996
, em
issi
ons
stan
dard
s w
ere
esta
blis
hed
for
an in
term
e-di
ate
usef
ul li
fe o
f 5
year
s/50
,000
mile
s as
wel
l as
a fu
ll us
eful
life
of
11 y
ears
/120
,000
mile
s (i
nter
med
iate
and
ful
l use
ful l
ife
stan
dard
s ar
e sh
own
in p
aren
-th
eses
). T
his
appl
ied
to a
ll po
lluta
nts
exce
pt H
C a
nd p
arti
cula
tes
for
all L
DT
3 ve
hicl
es a
nd N
Ox
for
dies
el-p
ower
ed L
DT
3 ve
hicl
es, w
hich
wer
e on
ly r
equi
red
to m
eet
full
usef
ul li
fe s
tand
ards
. Tie
r 1
exha
ust
stan
dard
s w
ere
phas
ed-i
n du
ring
199
6-97
at
a ra
te o
f 50
% a
nd 1
00%
, res
pect
ivel
y.
dT
he c
old
CO
em
issi
ons
stan
dard
is m
easu
red
at 2
0 °F
(ra
ther
tha
n 75
°F)
and
is a
pplic
able
for
a 5
-yea
r/50
,000
-mile
use
ful l
ife.
eG
VW
R is
the
max
imum
des
ign
load
ed w
eigh
t. A
LVW
is t
he n
umer
ical
ave
rage
of
the
GV
WR
and
the
cur
b w
eigh
t.f
Man
ufac
ture
rs c
an o
pt t
o ce
rtif
y ve
hicl
es f
or a
ful
l use
ful l
ife
of 1
5 ye
ars/
150,
000
mile
s an
d ei
ther
hav
e (1
) in
term
edia
te u
sefu
l lif
e st
anda
rds
wai
ved
or (
2)
rece
ive
addi
tion
al N
Ox
cred
its.
gT
he “
Prio
r to
con
trol
s” c
olum
n re
port
s em
issi
ons
esti
mat
es o
f a
typi
cal n
ewly
man
ufac
ture
d ca
r in
the
yea
rs b
efor
e ex
haus
t em
issi
ons
cert
ifca
tion
sta
ndar
ds
wer
e im
plem
ente
d.h
No
esti
mat
e av
aila
ble.
iIn
196
8-69
, exh
aust
em
issi
ons
stan
dard
s w
ere
issu
ed in
par
ts p
er m
illio
n ra
ther
tha
n gr
ams
per
mile
and
are
, the
refo
re, i
ncom
pati
ble
wit
h th
is t
able
.j
No
stan
dard
has
bee
n se
t.k
The
ter
m “
tier
” re
fers
to
a le
vel o
f st
anda
rds
for
spec
ific
yea
rs. I
nter
im 2
ref
ers
to a
n in
term
edia
te le
vel o
f st
anda
rds
that
mov
es m
anuf
actu
rers
tow
ard
com
-pl
ianc
e w
ith
Tie
r 2
stan
dard
s. I
nter
im T
ier
2 an
d T
ier
2 st
anda
rds
are
esta
blis
hed
as “
bins
.” E
ach
bin
is a
set
of
stan
dard
s fo
r N
Ox,
CO
, NM
OG
, for
mal
de-
hyde
, and
par
ticu
late
s (H
C a
nd N
MH
C s
tand
ards
are
dro
pped
for
Tie
r 2
and
Inte
rim
Tie
r 2)
. Man
ufac
ture
rs m
ay c
erti
fy a
ny g
iven
veh
icle
fam
ily t
o an
y of
th
e bi
ns a
vaila
ble
for
that
veh
icle
cla
ss a
s lo
ng a
s th
e re
sult
ing
sale
s-w
eigh
ted
corp
orat
e av
erag
e N
Ox
stan
dard
is m
et f
or f
ull u
sefu
l lif
e. T
he T
ier
2 co
rpor
ate
aver
age
NO
x st
anda
rd is
0.0
7 gr
ams/
mile
. Int
erim
cor
pora
te-b
ased
ave
rage
NO
x st
anda
rds
are
base
d on
veh
icle
typ
e. T
he in
teri
m c
orpo
rate
sal
es-w
eigh
ted
aver
age
for
LD
T3
vehi
cles
is 0
.6 g
ram
s/m
ile. T
ier
2 L
DT
3 st
anda
rds
will
be
phas
ed in
dur
ing
2008
and
200
9. I
n 20
08, 5
0% o
f L
DT
3 ve
hicl
es m
ust
mee
t T
ier
2 st
anda
rds;
the
oth
ers
mus
t m
eet
Inte
rim
Tie
r 2
stan
dard
s. B
egin
ning
in 2
009,
all
LD
T3
vehi
cles
mus
t m
eet
Tie
r 2
stan
dard
s.
SOU
RC
ES
40 C
FR 8
6, S
ubpa
rt A
(Ju
ly 1
, 200
0).
Fede
ral R
egis
ter,
Vol
. 65,
No.
28,
pp.
685
1-68
58.
TABL
E 4-
30c:
Fed
eral
Exh
aust
Em
issi
on C
ertif
icat
ion
Stan
dard
s fo
r New
ly M
anuf
actu
red
Gaso
line-
and
Die
sel-P
ower
ed
Ligh
t-Dut
y Tr
ucks
(Cat
egor
y LD
T1)a
,b,c
(Gra
ms
per m
ile) (
Cont
inue
d)
Air Pollution � 307
TABL
E 4-
30d:
Fed
eral
Exh
aust
Em
issi
on C
ertif
icat
ion
Stan
dard
s fo
r New
ly M
anuf
actu
red
Gaso
line-
and
Die
sel-P
ower
ed
Ligh
t-Dut
y Tr
ucks
(Cat
egor
y LD
T1)a
,b,c
(Gra
ms
per m
ile)
En
gin
e ty
pe
and
p
ollu
tan
tP
rior
to
cont
rolg
1968
-19
6919
70-
1971
1972
1973
-19
7419
7519
76-
1978
1979
-19
8119
82-
1983
1984
1985
-19
8619
8719
88-
1989
1990
1991
-19
95Ti
er 1
k 19
96-2
007
Inte
rim
Tie
r 2k
20
08T
ier
2k20
09+
Gas
olin
e
HC
(to
tal)
11i
2.2
3.4
2.0
1.7
0.80
j
(0.8
0)j
NM
HC
hj
0.39
(0.5
6)j
NM
OG
hj
0.16
0(0
.230
)0.
125
(0.1
56)
CO
80i
2339
2018
105.
0(7
.3)
4.4
(6.4
)3.
4(4
.2)
Col
d-te
mp.
CO
dh
j12
.5(j )
NO
x4
j3.
03.
12.
32.
31.
71.
1(1
.53)
0.4
(0.6
)0.
14(0
.20)
Par
ticul
ates
hj
j(0
.12)
0.08
(0.0
8)0.
02(0
.02)
Form
alde
hyde
hj
0.01
8(0
.027
)0.
015
(0.0
18)
Die
sel
HC
(to
tal)
11j
2.0
1.7
0.80
j
(0.8
0)j
NM
HC
hj
0.39
(0.5
6)j
NM
OG
hj
j(0
.230
)0.
125
(0.1
56)
CO
80j
2018
105.
0(7
.3)
j(6
.4)
3.4
(4.2
)
NO
x4
j3.
12.
32.
31.
7(1
.53)
j(0
.6)
0.14
(0.2
0)
Par
ticul
ates
hj
0.60
0.
50
0.45
0.13
(0.1
2)j
(0.0
8)0.
02(0
.02)
Form
alde
hyde
hj
j(0
.027
)0.
015
(0.0
18)
LD
T4
wei
gh
t cr
iter
iae
GV
WR
up
thro
ugh
6,00
0 po
unds
GV
WR
up
thro
ugh
8,50
0 po
unds
Any
ALV
WA
LVW
ove
r 5,
750
poun
ds
GV
WR
6,0
01-8
,500
pou
nds
Test
pro
ced
ure
b7-
mod
eC
VS
-72
CV
S-7
5
Use
ful l
ife
(in
term
edia
te)c
,f
(fu
ll)j
5 ye
ars/
50,0
00 m
iles
5 ye
ars/
50,0
00 m
iles
11 y
ears
/120
,000
yea
rs
KE
Y: A
LVW
= a
djus
ted
load
ed v
ehic
le w
eigh
t; C
O =
car
bon
mon
oxid
e; G
VW
R =
gro
ss v
ehic
le w
eigh
t rat
ing;
HC
= h
ydro
carb
ons;
NM
HC
= n
onm
etha
ne h
ydro
carb
ons;
NM
OG
= n
on-
met
hane
org
anic
gas
es; N
Ox
= n
itrog
en o
xide
s.
aL
ight
-dut
y tr
uck
cate
gori
es L
DT
1-L
DT
4 w
ere
not
crea
ted
unti
l 199
4. F
rom
196
8 to
197
8 al
l tru
cks
wit
h a
GV
WR
up
to 6
,000
pou
nds
wer
e cl
assi
fied
as
light
-dut
y tr
ucks
and
wer
e re
quir
ed t
o m
eet
the
sam
e st
anda
rds.
As
of 1
979,
the
max
imum
wei
ght
was
rai
sed
to 8
,500
pou
nds
GV
WR
. Dur
ing
1988
-93,
lig
ht-d
uty
truc
ks w
ere
divi
ded
into
tw
o su
bcat
egor
ies
that
coi
ncid
e w
ith
the
curr
ent
LD
T1-
LD
T4
cate
gori
es. T
he s
tand
ards
for
LD
T1,
LD
T2,
and
LD
T3
are
give
n in
tab
les
4-30
a, 4
-40b
, and
4-3
0c.
bT
he t
est
proc
edur
e fo
r m
easu
ring
exh
aust
em
issi
ons
has
chan
ged
seve
ral t
imes
ove
r th
e co
urse
of
vehi
cle
emis
sion
s re
gula
tion
. The
7-m
ode
proc
edur
e w
as
used
thr
ough
mod
el y
ear
1971
and
was
rep
lace
d by
the
CV
S-72
pro
cedu
re b
egin
ning
in m
odel
yea
r 19
72. T
he C
VS-
75 p
roce
dure
bec
ame
the
test
pro
cedu
re
as o
f m
odel
yea
r 19
75. W
hile
it m
ay a
ppea
r th
at t
he t
otal
HC
and
CO
sta
ndar
ds w
ere
rela
xed
in 1
972-
74, t
hese
sta
ndar
ds w
ere
actu
ally
mor
e st
ring
ent
due
to t
he m
ore
stri
ngen
t na
ture
of
the
CV
S-72
tes
t pr
oced
ure.
Add
itio
nal s
tand
ards
for
CO
and
com
posi
te s
tand
ards
for
NM
HC
and
NO
x te
sted
ove
r th
e ne
w S
uppl
emen
tal F
eder
al T
est
Proc
edur
e w
ill b
e ph
ased
-in
begi
nnin
g w
ith
mod
el y
ear
2002
. The
se s
tand
ards
are
not
sho
wn
in t
his
tabl
e.C
ontin
ued
next
pag
e
308 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the Environment
cE
mis
sion
s st
anda
rds
had
to b
e m
et f
or a
ful
l use
ful l
ife
of 5
yea
rs/5
0,00
0 m
iles
thro
ugh
mod
el y
ear
1983
, and
a f
ull u
sefu
l lif
e of
11
year
s/12
0,00
0 m
iles
was
de
fine
d fo
r 19
85-9
3 (s
ever
al u
sefu
l lif
e op
tion
s w
ere
avai
labl
e fo
r 19
84).
Beg
inni
ng in
mod
el y
ear
1996
, em
issi
ons
stan
dard
s w
ere
esta
blis
hed
for
an in
term
e-di
ate
usef
ul li
fe o
f 5
year
s/50
,000
mile
s as
wel
l as
a fu
ll us
eful
life
of
11 y
ears
/120
,000
mile
s (i
nter
med
iate
and
ful
l use
ful l
ife
stan
dard
s ar
e sh
own
in p
aren
-th
eses
). T
his
appl
ied
to a
ll po
lluta
nts
exce
pt H
C a
nd p
arti
cula
tes
for
all L
DT
4 ve
hicl
es a
nd N
Ox
for
dies
el-p
ower
ed L
DT
4 ve
hicl
es, w
hich
wer
e on
ly r
equi
red
to m
eet
full
usef
ul li
fe s
tand
ards
. Tie
r 1
exha
ust
stan
dard
s w
ere
phas
ed-i
n du
ring
199
6-97
at
a ra
te o
f 50
% a
nd 1
00%
, res
pect
ivel
y.
dT
he c
old
CO
em
issi
ons
stan
dard
is m
easu
red
at 2
0 °F
(ra
ther
tha
n 75
°F)
and
is a
pplic
able
for
a 5
-yea
r/50
,000
-mile
use
ful l
ife.
eG
VW
R is
the
max
imum
des
ign
load
ed w
eigh
t. A
LVW
is t
he n
umer
ical
ave
rage
of
the
GV
WR
and
the
cur
b w
eigh
t.f
Man
ufac
ture
rs c
an o
pt t
o ce
rtif
y ve
hicl
es f
or a
ful
l use
ful l
ife
of 1
5 ye
ars/
150,
000
mile
s an
d ei
ther
hav
e (1
) in
term
edia
te u
sefu
l lif
e st
anda
rds
wai
ved
or (
2)
rece
ive
addi
tion
al N
Ox
cred
its.
gT
he “
Prio
r to
con
trol
” co
lum
n re
port
s em
issi
ons
esti
mat
es o
f a
typi
cal n
ewly
man
ufac
ture
d ca
r in
the
yea
rs b
efor
e ex
haus
t em
issi
ons
cert
ific
atio
n st
anda
rds
wer
e im
plem
ente
d.h
No
esti
mat
e av
aila
ble.
iIn
196
8-69
, exh
aust
em
issi
ons
stan
dard
s w
ere
issu
ed in
par
ts p
er m
illio
n ra
ther
tha
n gr
ams
per
mile
and
are
, the
refo
re, i
ncom
pati
ble
wit
h th
is t
able
.j
No
stan
dard
has
bee
n se
t.k
The
ter
m “
tier
” re
fers
to
a le
vel o
f st
anda
rds
for
spec
ific
yea
rs. I
nter
im 2
ref
ers
to a
n in
term
edia
te le
vel o
f st
anda
rds
that
mov
es m
anuf
actu
rers
tow
ard
com
-pl
ianc
e w
ith
Tie
r 2
stan
dard
s. I
nter
im T
ier
2 an
d T
ier
2 st
anda
rds
are
esta
blis
hed
as “
bins
.” E
ach
bin
is a
set
of
stan
dard
s fo
r N
Ox,
CO
, NM
OG
, for
mal
de-
hyde
, and
par
ticu
late
mat
ter
(HC
and
non
-met
hane
HC
sta
ndar
ds a
re d
ropp
ed f
or T
ier
2 an
d in
teri
m T
ier
2). M
anuf
actu
rers
may
cer
tify
any
giv
en v
ehic
le
fam
ily t
o an
y of
the
bin
s av
aila
ble
for
that
veh
icle
cla
ss a
s lo
ng a
s th
e re
sult
ing
sale
s-w
eigh
ted
corp
orat
e av
erag
e N
Ox
stan
dard
is m
et f
or f
ull u
sefu
l lif
e. T
he
Tie
r 2
corp
orat
e av
erag
e N
Ox
stan
dard
is 0
.07
gram
s/m
ile. I
nter
im c
orpo
rate
-bas
ed a
vera
ge N
Ox
stan
dard
s ar
e ba
sed
on v
ehic
le t
ype.
The
inte
rim
cor
pora
te
sale
s-w
eigh
ted
aver
age
for
LD
T4
vehi
cles
is 0
.6 g
ram
s/m
ile. T
ier
2 st
anda
rds
will
be
phas
ed in
dur
ing
2008
and
200
9. I
n 20
08, 5
0% o
f L
DT
4 ve
hicl
es m
ust
mee
t T
ier
2 st
anda
rds;
the
oth
ers
mus
t m
eet
Inte
rim
Tie
r 2
stan
dard
s. B
egin
ning
in 2
009,
all
LD
T4
vehi
cles
mus
t m
eet
Tie
r 2
stan
dard
s.
SOU
RC
ES
40 C
FR 8
6, S
ubpa
rt A
(Ju
ly 1
, 200
0).
Fede
ral R
egis
ter,
Vol
. 65,
No.
28,
pp.
685
1-68
58.
TABL
E 4-
30d:
Fed
eral
Exh
aust
Em
issi
on C
ertif
icat
ion
Stan
dard
s fo
r New
ly M
anuf
actu
red
Gaso
line-
and
Die
sel-P
ower
ed
Ligh
t-Dut
y Tr
ucks
(Cat
egor
y LD
T1)a
,b,c
(Gra
ms
per m
ile) (
Cont
inue
d)
Air Pollution � 309
TABLE 4-31: Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicles (MDPV)a,b (Grams per mile)
Interim Tier 2f Tier 2f
Engine type and pollutant 2004 2008 2009+GasolineNMOG 0.195 (0.280) 0.125 (0.156)
CO 5.0 (7.3) 3.4 (4.2)
Cold-temp. COc 12.5
NOx 0.6 (0.9) 0.14 (0.20)
Particulates 0.12 (0.12) 0.02 (0.02)Formaldehyde 0.022 (0.032) 0.015 (0.018)Diesel
HC 1.3 g/bhp-hrNMHC + NOx 2.4 g/bhp-hr
NMOG g (0.280) 0.125 (0.156)CO 15.5 g/bhp-hr g (7.3) 3.4 (4.2)
NOx 4.0 g/bhp-hr g (0.9) 0.14 (0.20)
Particulates 0.10 g/bhp-hr g (0.12) 0.02 (0.02)
Formaldehyde g (0.032) 0.015 (0.018)Smoke opacity (acceleration/lugging/peak)d
20/15/50
Weight Criteria Greater than 8,500 pounds GVWR; less than 10,000 pounds GVWR
Test procedure-gasoline CVS-75-diesel EPA Transient CVS-75
Useful life-gasoline (intermediate)b,e 5 years/50,000 miles
(full) 11 years/120,000 miles
Useful life-diesel (intermediate)b,e g 5 years/50,000 miles
(full) 8 years/110,000 miles 11 years/120,000 miles
KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; g/bhp-hr = grams per brake horsepower/hour; GVWR = gross vehicle weight rating; HC = hydrocarbons; NMHC = nonmethane hydrocarbon; NMOG = nonmethane organic gases; NOx = nitrogen oxides.
a The MDPV category was created for the Interim Tier 2 and Tier 2 vehicle emissions standards. This category was specifically designed to help bring passenger vehicles (such as large sport utility vehicles and passenger vans) over 8,500 pounds GVWR into the Tier 2 program. MDPVs are defined as any complete heavy-duty vehicle less than 10,000 pounds GVWR designed primarily for transportation of persons, including conver-sion vans (i.e., vans which are intended to be converted to vans used primarily for transporting people). This does not include vehicles that have 1) a capacity of more than 12 persons total, or 2) are designed to accom-modate more than 9 persons seated rearward of the driver’s seat, or 3) have a cargo box (i.e., a pickup-bed or box) of six feet or more in interior length. Prior to Tier 2 standards, these vehicles would have been regu-lated as light heavy-duty trucks.
b Diesel MDPVs can continue to use light heavy-duty truck standards for new vehicle certification until 2008. Note that these standards are measured in grams per brake horsepower-hour (g/bhp-hr). Beginning in 2008, MDPVs must use the same on-chassis testing procedure as heavy light-duty trucks (catgories LDT3 and LDT4) and must meet standards for MDPVs. Beginning in 2009, MDPVs must meet the same standards as light heavy-duty trucks, except MDPVs are not required to meet Supplemental Federal Test Procedure standards.
c The cold CO emissions standard is measured at 20 °F (rather than 75 °F) and is applicable for a full useful life of 5-years/50,000-miles.
d Smoke opacity is expressed as a percentage for acceleration, lugging, and peak operation modes. Lugging occurs when a vehicle is carrying a load.
e Manufacturers can opt to certify vehicles for a useful life of 15 years/150,000 miles and have either 1) inter-mediate useful life standards waived or 2) receive additional NOx credits.
Continued next page
310 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the Environment
f The term “tier” refers to a level of standards for specific years. Interim 2 refers to an intermediate level of stndards that moves manufacturers toward compliance with Tier 2 standards. Tier 2 and interim Tier 2 stan-dards are established as “bins.” Each bin is a set of standards for NOx, CO, NMOG, formaldehyde, and particulates (HC and NMHC standards are dropped for Tier 2 and Interim Tier 2). Manufacturers may cer-tify any given vehicle family to any of the bins available for that vehicle class as long as the resulting sales-weighted corporate average NOx standard is met for full useful life. The Tier 2 corporate average NOx stan-dard is 0.07 grams/mile. Interim corporate-based average NOx standards are based on vehicle type. The interim corporate sales-weighted average for MDPVs is 0.6 grams/mile. Tier 2 MDPV standards will be phased in during 2008 and 2009. In 2008, 50% of MDPVs must meet Tier 2 standards; the other 50% of MDPVs must meet interim Tier 2 standards. Beginning in 2009, all MDPVs must meet Tier 2 standards.
g Diesel MDPVs are not required to meet intermediate life standards during this time period.
SOURCE40 CFR 86, Subpart A (July 1, 2000) Federal Register, Vol. 65, No. 28, pp. 6851-6858.
TABLE 4-31: Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicles (MDPV)a,b (Grams per mile) (Continued)
Air Pollution � 311
TABL
E 4-
32a:
Fed
eral
Exh
aust
Em
issi
ons
Certi
ficat
ion
Stan
dard
s fo
r New
ly M
anuf
actu
red
Gaso
line-
and
Die
sel-P
ower
ed
Ligh
t Hea
vy-D
uty
Truc
ks (G
ram
s pe
r bra
ke h
orse
pow
er-h
our)
En
gin
e ty
pe
and
po
lluta
nt
1970
-73
1974
-78
1979
-83
1984
1985
-86
1987
1988
-89
1990
1991
-93
1994
-97
1998
-20
0320
0420
05-
0620
0720
08+
Gas
olin
eH
C +
NO
xj
1610
j
NO
x +
NM
HC
j1.
0j
NM
HC
j0.
14H
Ck
j1.
51.
91.
1j
NO
xj
10.6
6.0
5.0
4.0
j0.
20
CO
k40
2537
.114
.4P
artic
ulat
esj
0.01
Die
sel
HC
+ N
Ox
j16
10j
HC
kj
1.5
1.3
j
NO
xj
10.7
6.0
5.0
4.0
j0.
20
NO
x +
NM
HC
j
2.4l
j
NM
HC
j
0.14
CO
k40
2515
.5P
artic
ulat
esj
0.60
0.
250.
10
0.01
Sm
oke
opac
ity (a
ccel
erat
ion/
lu
ggin
g/pe
ak)a
40/2
0/j
20/1
5/50
Wei
gh
t cr
iter
ia f
or
ligh
t h
eavy
-du
ty t
ruck
sbG
VW
R o
ver 6
,000
lbs
GV
WR
ove
r 8,
500
lbs
GV
WR
8,5
01 th
roug
h 14
,000
lbs
Test
pro
ced
ure
(g
aso
line)
c9-
mod
e st
eady
-sta
teM
VM
A tr
ansi
ent
(die
sel)
c13
-mod
e st
eady
-sta
teE
PA tr
ansi
ent
Use
ful l
ife
(gas
olin
e)d
5 ye
ars/
50,0
00 m
iles
8 ye
ars/
110,
000
mile
s10
yea
rs/1
10,0
00 m
iles
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
312 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the Environment
Co
mp
lete
Veh
icle
s -
(Gra
ms
per
mile
)e,f
Wei
ght r
ang
e an
d po
lluta
nt20
05-0
620
0720
08+
GV
WR
8,5
00 t
hro
ug
h 1
0,00
0 lb
s
NM
OG
g0.
28j
NM
HC
hj
0.19
5
CO
7.3
NO
x0.
90.
2
Par
ticul
ates
j0.
02H
CH
Oj
0.03
2G
VW
R 1
0,00
1 lb
s th
rou
gh
14,
000
lbs
NM
OG
g0.
33j
NM
HC
hj
0.23
0
CO
8.
1
NO
x1.
00.
4
Par
ticul
ates
j0.
02
HC
HO
j0.
040
Test
pro
cedu
rei
EPA
HD
-UD
DS
KE
Y: C
O =
car
bon
mon
oxid
e; H
C =
hyd
roca
rbon
; NO
x =
nitr
ogen
oxi
des;
NM
HC
= n
onm
etha
ne h
ydro
carb
ons;
NM
OG
= n
onm
etha
ne o
rgan
ic g
as;
HC
HO
= fo
rmal
deyh
yde.
aSm
oke
opac
ity
is e
xpre
ssed
in p
erce
ntag
e fo
r ac
cele
rati
on, l
uggi
ng, a
nd p
eak
mod
es (
acce
lera
tion
/lugg
ing/
peak
). L
uggi
ng is
whe
n a
vehi
cle
is c
arry
ing
a lo
ad.
bG
ross
veh
icle
wei
ght
rati
ng (
GV
WR
) is
the
max
imum
des
ign
load
ed w
eigh
t.c
Seve
ral t
esti
ng p
roce
dure
s ha
ve b
een
used
dur
ing
the
cour
se o
f ex
haus
t em
issi
ons
cont
rol.
A s
tead
y-st
ate
9-m
ode
test
pro
cedu
re (
13-m
ode
for
dies
el)
was
use
d fo
r 19
70-8
3 st
anda
rds.
For
198
4, e
ithe
r th
e st
eady
-sta
te t
ests
or
the
U.S
. Env
iron
men
tal P
rote
ctio
n A
genc
y (E
PA)
tran
sien
t te
st p
roce
dure
cou
ld b
e us
ed. F
or
dies
els,
the
EPA
tra
nsie
nt t
est
was
req
uire
d fr
om 1
985
to t
he p
rese
nt. F
or g
asol
ine-
pow
ered
veh
icle
s, e
ithe
r th
e E
PA o
r th
e M
otor
Veh
icle
Man
ufac
ture
rs
Ass
ocia
tion
(M
VM
A)
tran
sien
t te
st p
roce
dure
cou
ld b
e us
ed d
urin
g 19
85-8
6, a
nd t
he M
VM
A p
roce
dure
was
req
uire
d th
erea
fter
. d
Em
issi
ons
stan
dard
s ap
ply
to t
he u
sefu
l lif
e of
the
veh
icle
. Use
ful l
ife
was
5 y
ears
/50,
000
mile
s th
roug
h 19
83 a
nd b
ecam
e 8
year
s/11
0,00
0 m
iles
begi
nnin
g in
m
odel
yea
r 19
85. 1
984
was
a t
rans
itio
nal y
ear
in w
hich
veh
icle
s co
uld
mee
t th
e ol
der
stan
dard
(an
d te
st p
roce
dure
) or
the
new
er o
ne. U
sefu
l lif
e re
quir
emen
t fo
r ga
solin
e-po
wer
ed t
ruck
s m
eeti
ng N
Ox
stan
dard
s fo
r 19
98 a
nd a
fter
is 1
0 ye
ars/
110,
000
mile
s. S
tart
ing
in 2
004,
the
use
ful l
ife
will
be
10 y
ears
/110
,000
m
iles.
The
use
ful l
ife
requ
irem
ents
for
hea
vy-d
uty
dies
el t
ruck
sta
ndar
ds a
re m
ore
com
plex
and
var
y by
veh
icle
wei
ght,
pol
luta
nt, t
est
proc
edur
e, a
nd y
ear.
Con
sult
the
U.S
. Cod
e of
Fed
eral
Reg
ulat
ions
for
fur
ther
info
rmat
ion.
eSt
arti
ng in
200
5, c
ompl
ete
gaso
line
heav
y-du
ty v
ehic
les
of 1
4,00
0 lb
s G
VW
R o
r be
low
will
hav
e to
be
chas
sis
cert
ifie
d.
fR
equi
red
for
com
plet
e ga
solin
e he
avy-
duty
veh
icle
s on
ly.
gT
he m
anuf
actu
rer
has
the
opti
on o
f sa
tisf
ying
thi
s st
anda
rd b
y m
easu
rem
ent
of n
onm
etha
ne h
ydro
carb
ons
or t
otal
hyd
roca
rbon
s.h
The
man
ufac
ture
r ha
s th
e op
tion
of
sati
sfyi
ng t
his
stan
dard
by
mea
sure
men
t of
non
met
hane
org
anic
gas
or
tota
l hyd
roca
rbon
s.i
Thi
s te
st p
roce
dure
cur
rent
ly e
xist
s to
tes
t co
mpl
ete
vehi
cles
tha
t ha
ve b
een
opti
onal
ly c
hass
is c
erti
fied
. How
ever
, cha
ssis
cer
tifi
cati
on is
not
req
uire
d un
til 2
005.
TABL
E 4-
32a:
Fed
eral
Exh
aust
Em
issi
ons
Certi
ficat
ion
Stan
dard
s fo
r New
ly M
anuf
actu
red
Gaso
line-
and
Die
sel-P
ower
ed
Ligh
t Hea
vy-D
uty
Truc
ks (G
ram
s pe
r bra
ke h
orse
pow
er-h
our)
(Con
tinue
d)
Air Pollution � 313
jN
o st
anda
rd s
et.
kA
ltho
ugh
emis
sion
s st
anda
rds
for
HC
and
CO
wer
e in
eff
ect
for
thes
e ye
ars,
the
y w
ere
not
mea
sure
d in
gra
ms
per
brak
e ho
rsep
ower
-hou
r an
d ar
e, t
here
fore
, in
com
pati
ble
wit
h th
e en
gine
cer
tifi
cati
on s
ecti
on o
f th
is t
able
.l
Veh
icle
s ca
n m
eet
a N
MH
C +
NO
x st
anda
rd o
f 2.
5 g/
bhp-
h, g
iven
the
y m
eet
a N
MH
C s
tand
ard
of n
o m
ore
than
0.5
g/b
hp-h
.
NO
TE
Tabl
es 4
-32a
and
4-3
2b a
re id
enti
cal f
or h
eavy
-dut
y di
esel
eng
ines
.
SOU
RC
ES
40 C
FR 8
6, E
lect
roni
c C
ode
of F
eder
al R
egul
atio
ns, I
nter
net
site
at
http
://w
ww
.acc
ess.
gpo.
gov/
nara
/cfr
/cfr
htm
l_00
/Tit
le_4
0/40
cfr8
6_00
.htm
l as
of O
ct. 9
, 200
1.U
.S. E
nvir
onm
enta
l Pro
tect
ion
Age
ncy,
Off
ice
of T
rans
port
atio
n an
d A
ir Q
ualit
y, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n, O
ctob
er 2
001.
TABL
E 4-
32a:
Fed
eral
Exh
aust
Em
issi
ons
Certi
ficat
ion
Stan
dard
s fo
r New
ly M
anuf
actu
red
Gaso
line-
and
Die
sel-P
ower
ed
Ligh
t Hea
vy-D
uty
Truc
ks (G
ram
s pe
r bra
ke h
orse
pow
er-h
our)
(Con
tinue
d)
314 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the EnvironmentTA
BLE
4-32
b: F
eder
al E
xhau
st E
mis
sion
s Ce
rtific
atio
n St
anda
rds
for N
ewly
Man
ufac
ture
d Ga
solin
e- a
nd D
iese
l-Pow
ered
Hea
vy-D
uty
Truc
ks (G
ram
s pe
r bra
ke h
orse
pow
er-h
our)
En
gin
e ty
pe
and
po
lluta
nt
1970
-73
19
74-
7819
79-
8319
84
1985
-86
19
8719
88-
8919
9019
91-
9319
94-
9719
98-
2003
2004
20
05-
2006
2007
2008
+G
asol
ine
HC
+ N
Ox
e16
10e
NO
x +
NM
HC
e1.
0e
NM
HC
e0.
14H
Cf
e1.
51.
9e
NO
xe
10.6
6.0
5.0
4.0
e0.
20
CO
f40
2537
.114
.4P
artic
ulat
ese
0.01
Die
sel
HC
+ N
Ox
e16
10e
HC
fe
1.5
1.3
e
NO
xe
10.7
6.0
5.0
4.0
e0.
20
NO
x +
NM
HC
e2.
4ge
NM
HC
0.14
CO
f40
2515
.5P
artic
ulat
ese
0.60
0.
250.
10
0.01
Sm
oke
opac
ity (a
ccel
erat
ion/
lugg
ing/
peak
)a40
/20e
20/1
5/50
Wei
gh
t cr
iter
ia f
or
hea
vy
hea
vy-d
uty
tru
cksb
GV
WR
ove
r 6,
000
lbs
GV
WR
ove
r 8,
500
lbs
GV
WR
ove
r 14
,000
lbs
Test
pro
ced
ure
(g
aso
line)
c13
-mod
e st
eady
-sta
teM
VM
A tr
ansi
ent
(die
sel)
c13
-mod
e st
eady
-sta
teE
PA tr
ansi
ent
Use
ful l
ife
(gas
olin
e)d
5 ye
ars/
50,0
00 m
iles
8 ye
ars/
110,
000
mile
s 10
yea
rs/1
10,0
00 m
iles
KE
Y: C
O =
car
bon
mon
oxid
e; H
C =
hyd
roca
rbon
; NO
x =
nitr
ogen
oxi
des;
NM
HC
= n
onm
etha
ne h
ydro
carb
ons.
aSm
oke
opac
ity
is e
xpre
ssed
in p
erce
ntag
e fo
r ac
cele
rati
on, l
uggi
ng, a
nd p
eak
mod
es (
acce
lera
tion
/lugg
ing/
peak
). L
uggi
ng is
whe
n a
vehi
cle
is c
arry
ing
a lo
adb
Gro
ss v
ehic
le w
eigh
t ra
ting
(G
VW
R)
is t
he m
axim
um d
esig
n lo
aded
wei
ght.
cSe
vera
l tes
ting
pro
cedu
res
have
bee
n us
ed d
urin
g th
e co
urse
of
exha
ust
emis
sion
s co
ntro
l. A
ste
ady-
stat
e 9-
mod
e te
st p
roce
dure
(13
-mod
e fo
r di
esel
) was
use
d fo
r 19
70-8
3 st
anda
rds.
For
198
4, e
ithe
r th
e st
eady
-sta
te t
ests
or
the
U.S
. Env
iron
men
tal P
rote
ctio
n A
genc
y (E
PA)
tran
sien
t te
st p
roce
dure
cou
ld b
e us
ed. F
or
dies
els,
the
EPA
tra
nsie
nt t
est
was
req
uire
d fr
om 1
985
to t
he p
rese
nt. F
or g
asol
ine-
pow
ered
veh
icle
s, e
ithe
r th
e E
PA o
r th
e M
otor
Veh
icle
Man
ufac
ture
rs
Ass
ocia
tion
(M
VM
A)
tran
sien
t te
st p
roce
dure
cou
ld b
e us
ed d
urin
g 19
85-8
6, a
nd t
he M
VM
A p
roce
dure
was
req
uire
d th
erea
fter
.
Air Pollution � 315
dE
mis
sion
s st
anda
rds
appl
y to
the
use
ful l
ife
of t
he v
ehic
le. U
sefu
l lif
e w
as 5
yea
rs/5
0,00
0 m
iles
thro
ugh
1983
and
bec
ame
8 ye
ars/
110,
000
mile
s be
ginn
ing
in
mod
el y
ear
1985
. 198
4 w
as a
tra
nsit
iona
l yea
r in
whi
ch v
ehic
les
coul
d m
eet
the
olde
r st
anda
rd (
and
test
pro
cedu
re)
or t
he n
ewer
one
. Use
ful l
ife
requ
irem
ent
for
gaso
line-
pow
ered
tru
cks
mee
ting
NO
x st
anda
rds
for
1998
and
aft
er is
10
year
s/11
0,00
0 m
iles.
Sta
rtin
g in
200
4, t
he u
sefu
l lif
e w
ill b
e 10
yea
rs/1
10,0
00
mile
s. T
he u
sefu
l lif
e re
quir
emen
ts f
or h
eavy
-dut
y di
esel
tru
ck s
tand
ards
are
mor
e co
mpl
ex a
nd v
ary
by v
ehic
le w
eigh
t, p
ollu
tant
, tes
t pr
oced
ure,
and
yea
r. C
onsu
lt t
he U
.S. C
ode
of F
eder
al R
egul
atio
ns f
or f
urth
er in
form
atio
n.
eN
o st
anda
rd s
et.
fA
ltho
ugh
emis
sion
s st
anda
rds
for
HC
and
CO
wer
e in
eff
ect
for
thes
e ye
ars,
the
y w
ere
not
mea
sure
d in
gra
ms
per
brak
e ho
rsep
ower
-hou
r an
d ar
e, t
here
fore
, in
com
pati
ble
wit
h th
is t
able
. g
Veh
icle
s ca
n m
eet
a N
MH
C +
NO
x st
anda
rd o
f 2.
5 g/
bhp-
h, g
iven
the
y m
eet
a N
MH
C s
tand
ard
of n
o m
ore
than
0.5
g/b
hp-h
.
NO
TE
STa
bles
4-3
2a a
nd 4
-32b
are
iden
tica
l for
hea
vy-d
uty
dies
el e
ngin
es.
SOU
RC
ES
40 C
FR 8
6, E
lect
roni
c C
ode
of F
eder
al R
egul
atio
ns, i
nter
net
site
at
http
://w
ww
.acc
ess.
gpo.
gov/
nara
/cfr
/cfr
htm
l_00
/Tit
le_4
0/40
cfr8
6_00
.htm
l as
of O
ct. 9
, 200
1.
U.S
. Env
iron
men
tal P
rote
ctio
n A
genc
y, O
ffic
e of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
and
Air
Qua
lity,
per
sonn
al c
omm
unic
atio
n, O
ct. 2
001.
TABL
E 4-
32b:
Fed
eral
Exh
aust
Em
issi
ons
Certi
ficat
ion
Stan
dard
s fo
r New
ly M
anuf
actu
red
Gaso
line-
and
Die
sel-P
ower
ed
Heav
y-Du
ty T
ruck
s (G
ram
s pe
r bra
ke h
orse
pow
er-h
our)
(Con
tinue
d)
316 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the EnvironmentTA
BLE
4-33
: Fe
dera
l Exh
aust
Em
issi
ons
Stan
dard
s fo
r New
ly M
anuf
actu
red
Mot
orcy
cles
a (g
/km
)b
Po
lluta
nt
En
gin
e d
isp
lace
men
tE
mis
sio
ns
pri
or
to c
on
tro
lsc
1978
-79
1980
-89
1990
-96
1997
+G
asol
ine-
pow
ered
HC
50-1
69 c
c1.
0-13
.85
170-
749
cc5
+ 0.
0155
(D-1
70)
5.0
750
cc a
nd g
reat
er14
5.0
CO
50 c
c an
d gr
eate
r11
.0-3
1.0
1712
Met
hano
l-pow
ered
Tota
l HC
equ
ival
ent
50 c
c an
d gr
eate
r5.
0C
O50
cc
and
grea
ter
12N
atur
al g
as a
nd L
PG
-pow
ered
HC
50 c
c an
d gr
eate
r5.
0C
O50
cc
and
grea
ter
12U
sefu
l life
(Cla
ss 1
)50
-169
cc
5 ye
ars
or 1
2,00
0 km
(7,
456
mi),
whi
chev
er c
omes
firs
t
(C
lass
2)
170-
279
cc5
year
s or
18,
000
km (
11,1
85 m
i), w
hich
ever
com
es fi
rst
(C
lass
3)
280
cc a
nd g
reat
er5
year
s or
30,
000
km (
18,6
41 m
i), w
hich
ever
com
es fi
rst
KE
Y: c
c =
cubi
c ce
ntim
eter
s; D
= e
ngin
e di
spla
cem
ent i
n cu
bic
cent
imet
ers
(cc)
; g =
gra
m; h
= h
our;
HC
= h
ydro
carb
on; k
g =
kilo
gram
; km
= k
ilom
eter
; lb
= p
ound
; LP
G =
liqu
efie
d pe
trol
eum
gas
; mi =
mile
s; m
ph =
mile
s pe
r ho
ur.
aA
mot
orcy
cle
is a
ny m
otor
veh
icle
wit
h a
head
light
, tai
lligh
t, a
nd s
topl
ight
, and
hav
ing
two
or t
hree
whe
els
and
a cu
rb m
ass
less
tha
n or
equ
al t
o 79
3 kg
(1
,749
lb).
(T
he li
mit
was
680
kg,
or
1,49
9 lb
pri
or t
o th
e 19
98 m
odel
yea
r.) A
mot
orcy
cle
is e
xclu
ded
from
the
sta
ndar
ds if
it h
as a
dis
plac
emen
t of
less
tha
n 50
cc
(3.1
cub
ic in
ches
) or
if w
ith
a 80
kg
(176
lb)
driv
er it
can
not
star
t fr
om a
dea
d st
op u
sing
onl
y th
e en
gine
or
exce
ed a
spe
ed o
f 40
km
/h (
25 m
ph)
on a
le
vel,
pave
d su
rfac
e.
bR
eade
rs w
ho w
ish
to c
ompa
re m
otor
cycl
e re
gula
tion
s w
ith
pass
enge
r ca
r an
d tr
uck
regu
lati
ons
shou
ld n
ote
that
5.0
g/k
m =
8.0
g/m
i and
12
g/km
= 1
9 g/
mi.
The
for
mul
a fo
r 19
78-7
9 H
C e
mis
sion
s by
mot
orcy
cles
170
-749
cc
beco
mes
, in
g/m
i., a
ppro
xim
atel
y 8.
0 +
0.02
5(D
-170
).
cEs
timat
es o
f em
issi
ons
rate
s pr
ior
to c
ontr
ols
are
rang
es o
f em
issi
ons
for
all e
ngin
e di
spla
cem
ents
. Not
ava
ilabl
e fo
r m
otor
cycl
es p
ower
ed b
y fu
els
othe
r th
an g
asol
ine.
SOU
RC
E40
CFR
86
Subp
art
E (
July
1, 2
000)
. U.S
. Env
iron
men
tal P
rote
ctio
n A
genc
y, O
ffic
e of
Air
and
Rad
iati
on, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n, A
ug. 2
8, 2
001.
Air Pollution � 317
TABL
E 4-
34: F
eder
al E
xhau
st E
mis
sion
s St
anda
rds
for N
ewly
Man
ufac
ture
d an
d In
-Use
Airc
raft
Engi
nesa
,b
En
gin
e ty
pec
Po
lluta
nt
Year
of
eng
ine
man
ufa
ctu
re
1974
-75
1976
-77
1978
-82
1983
1984
-96
1997
-99
2000
+Tu
rbop
rop
Sm
oke
g 187
(rO
)-0.
168
Cla
ss T
3 tu
rboj
et
CO
(g/
kN)d
118
HC
(g/
kN)d
19.6
NO
x (g
/kN
)di 4
0 +
2(r
PR
) j 3
2 +
1.6
(rP
R)
Sm
oke
25h 8
3.6(
rO)-
0.27
4
Cla
ss T
8 tu
rboj
et
CO
(g/
kN)d
118
HC
(g/
kN)d
19.6
NO
x (g
/kN
)di 4
0 +
2(r
PR
)j 3
2 +
1.6
(rP
R)
Sm
oke
30h 8
3.6(
rO)-
0.27
4
Turb
ofan
and
turb
ojet
eng
ines
oth
er th
an C
lass
es T
3, T
8, a
nd T
SS
CO
(g/
kN)d
118
HC
(g/
kN)d
19.6
NO
x (g
/kN
)di 4
0 +
2(r
PR
) j 3
2 +
1.6
(rP
R)
Sm
oke
e 83.
6(rO
)-0.
274
f 83.
6(rO
)-0.
274
h 83.
6(rO
)-0.
274
TS
S e
ngin
es (
supe
rson
ic a
ircra
ft en
gine
s)H
C (
g/kN
)14
0(0.
92)r
PR
Sm
oke
h 83.
6(rO
)-0.
274
KE
Y: C
O =
car
bon
mon
oxid
e; g
= g
ram
; g/k
N =
gra
ms
of p
ollu
tant
per
kilo
new
tons
of t
hrus
t; H
C =
hyd
roca
rbon
, kN
= k
ilone
wto
ns; k
W =
kilo
wat
t; N
Ox
= n
itrog
en
oxid
es; r
O =
rat
ed o
utpu
t, w
hich
is th
e m
axim
um p
ower
or
thru
st a
vaila
ble
for
take
off;
rPR
= r
ated
pre
ssur
e ra
tio.
aFe
dera
l sta
ndar
ds a
pply
to
all p
lane
s op
erat
ing
in t
he U
nite
d St
ates
, reg
ardl
ess
of w
here
the
y w
ere
man
ufac
ture
d. T
his
tabl
e pr
imar
ily d
ispl
ays
exha
ust
emis
-si
ons
stan
dard
s fo
r ne
wly
man
ufac
ture
d ai
rcra
ft e
ngin
es. U
nles
s ot
herw
ised
not
ed, e
mis
sion
s in
thi
s ta
ble
appl
y to
new
air
craf
t en
gine
s on
ly.
bH
C, C
O, a
nd N
Ox
are
mea
sure
d us
ing
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l Civ
il A
viat
ion
Org
aniz
atio
n (I
CA
O) G
aseo
us E
mis
sion
s Te
st P
roce
dure
. Sm
oke
is m
easu
red
usin
g th
e IC
AO
Sm
oke
Em
issi
on T
est
Proc
edur
e. T
here
is n
o us
eful
life
or
war
rant
y pe
riod
for
pur
pose
s of
com
plia
nce
wit
h em
issi
ons
stan
dard
s.c
Exa
mpl
es o
f co
mm
erci
al a
ircr
aft
that
use
eac
h en
gine
typ
e in
clud
e th
e fo
llow
ing:
Cla
ss T
3 tu
rboj
et–B
oein
g 70
7-32
0s (
Cla
ss T
3 en
gine
s ar
e cu
rren
tly
out
of p
rodu
ctio
n, t
houg
h so
me
are
still
in u
se).
Cla
ss T
8 tu
rboj
et–B
oein
g 72
7s a
nd 7
37-2
00s,
and
McD
onne
ll-D
ougl
as M
D-8
0s a
nd D
C-9
s.Tu
rbof
ans
and
turb
ojet
s ot
her
than
T3,
T8,
and
TSS
–Boe
ing
747-
400s
, 757
s, 7
67-2
00s
and
777s
, and
McD
onne
ll-D
ougl
as M
D-1
1s; C
anad
air
Reg
iona
l Jet
s.Tu
rbop
rops
–Use
d m
ostl
y in
reg
iona
l air
liner
s su
ch a
s A
TR
72,
Dor
nier
328
, and
Saa
b SF
340
.T
SS–B
riti
sh A
ircr
aft
Cor
p./A
eros
pati
ale
Con
cord
e (t
he o
nly
supe
rson
ic a
ircr
aft
curr
entl
y us
ed in
com
mer
cial
civ
il av
iati
on).
dA
pplie
s to
eng
ines
wit
h rO
>26.
7 kN
.C
ontin
ued
next
pag
e
318 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the Environment
eE
ngin
es w
ith
rate
d ou
tput
rO
>=12
9 kN
. Thi
s is
als
o th
e in
-use
sta
ndar
d fo
r al
l suc
h ai
rcra
ft e
ngin
es.
fE
ngin
es w
ith
rO>=
1,00
0 kW
.g
Eng
ines
wit
h rO
<26.
7 kN
. Sm
oke
num
ber
may
not
exc
eed
50.
hE
ngin
es m
anuf
actu
red
on o
r af
ter
Jan.
1, 1
984
and
wit
h rO
>=26
.7 k
N. S
mok
e nu
mbe
r m
ay n
ot e
xcee
d 50
.i
Eff
ecti
ve a
s of
Jul
y 7,
199
7. T
his
stan
dard
app
lies
only
to
thos
e en
gine
s of
a t
ype
or m
odel
for
whi
ch t
he d
ate
of m
anuf
actu
re o
f th
e fi
rst
indi
vidu
al p
rodu
c-ti
on m
odel
was
on
or b
efor
e D
ec. 3
1, 1
995
and
for
whi
ch t
he d
ate
of m
anuf
actu
re o
f th
e in
divi
dual
eng
ine
was
on
or b
efor
e D
ec. 3
1, 1
999.
jE
ffec
tive
as
of J
uly
7, 1
997.
Thi
s st
anda
rd a
lso
appl
ies
to e
ngin
es o
f a
type
or
mod
el f
or w
hich
the
dat
e of
man
ufac
ture
of
the
firs
t in
divi
dual
pro
duct
ion
mod
el w
as a
fter
Dec
. 31,
199
5 an
d fo
r w
hich
the
dat
e of
man
ufac
ture
of
the
indi
vidu
al e
ngin
e w
as a
fter
Dec
. 31,
199
9.
SOU
RC
E40
CFR
87,
Sub
part
s A
-D (
July
1, 2
000)
, and
U.S
. Env
iron
men
tal P
rote
ctio
n A
genc
y, O
ffic
e of
Air
and
Rad
iati
on, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n, A
ug. 2
8, 2
001.
TABL
E 4-
34: F
eder
al E
xhau
st E
mis
sion
s St
anda
rds
for N
ewly
Man
ufac
ture
d an
d In
-Use
Airc
raft
Engi
nesa
,b (C
ontin
ued)
Air Pollution � 319
TABL
E 4-
35: F
eder
al E
xhau
st E
mis
sion
s St
anda
rds
for L
ocom
otiv
esa
(g/b
hph
exce
pt w
here
not
ed)
Po
lluta
nt
Du
ty-c
ycle
f
Tie
r 0
Tie
r 1
Tie
r 2
1973
-200
1h
2002
-200
420
05+
Tota
l HC
bLi
ne-h
aul
Sw
itch
1.00
2.
10
0.55
1.
20
0.30
0.
60
Non
met
hane
HC
cLi
ne-h
aul
Sw
itch
1.00
2.
10
0.55
1.
20
0.30
0.
60
Tota
l HC
equ
ival
entd
Line
-hau
lS
witc
h1.
00
2.10
0.
55
1.20
0.
30
0.60
C
OLi
ne-h
aul
Sw
itch
5.0
8.0
2.2
2.5
1.5
2.4
Line
-hau
l (op
tiona
l sta
ndar
d)g
Sw
itch
(opt
iona
l sta
ndar
d)g
10.0
12
.0
10.0
12
.0
10.0
12
.0
NO
xLi
ne-h
aul
Sw
itch
9.5
14.0
7.
4 11
.0
5.5
8.1
Par
ticul
ates
Line
-hau
lS
witc
h0.
60
0.72
0.
45
0.54
0.
20
0.24
Line
-hau
l (op
tiona
l sta
ndar
d)g
Sw
itch
(opt
iona
l sta
ndar
d)g
0.30
0.
36
0.22
0.
27
0.10
0.
12
Sm
oke
opac
ity(%
opa
city
-nor
mal
ized
)eS
tead
y-st
ate
30-s
econ
d pe
ak3-
seco
nd p
eak
30%
40%
50%
25%
40%
50%
20%
40%
50%
Use
ful l
ife7.
5 M
Wh
per
hp o
r 10
yea
rsi,j
KE
Y: b
hp =
bra
ke h
orse
pow
er; b
hph
= br
ake
hors
epow
er h
our;
CO
= c
arbo
n m
onox
ide;
g =
gra
m; h
= h
our;
HC
= h
ydro
carb
on; M
W =
meg
awat
t; M
Wh
= m
egaw
att
hour
; NO
x =
nitr
ogen
oxi
des;
PM
= p
artic
ulat
e m
atte
r.
aL
ocom
otiv
e st
anda
rds
appl
y to
bot
h ne
w a
nd r
eman
ufac
ture
d lo
com
otiv
es, e
xcep
t as
not
edb
Tota
l HC
sta
ndar
ds a
pply
to
loco
mot
ives
pow
ered
by
any
fuel
exc
ept
alco
hol o
r na
tura
l gas
or
fuel
s pr
imar
ily c
ompo
sed
of a
lcoh
ol o
r na
tura
l gas
.c
Non
met
hane
HC
sta
ndar
ds a
pply
to
loco
mot
ives
pow
ered
by
natu
ral g
as o
r fu
els
that
are
pri
mar
ily c
ompo
sed
of n
atur
al g
as.
dTo
tal H
C e
quiv
alen
t st
anda
rds
appl
y to
loco
mot
ives
pow
ered
by
alco
hol o
r fu
els
that
are
pri
mar
ily c
ompo
sed
of a
lcoh
ol.
eSm
oke
opac
ity
valu
es a
re n
orm
aliz
ed t
o be
equ
ival
ent
to a
1 m
eter
pat
h le
ngth
fT
he li
ne-h
aul d
uty-
cycl
e is
wei
ghte
d to
war
d op
erat
ion
in t
he h
ighe
r po
wer
not
ches
and
is t
ypic
al o
f lin
e-ha
ul a
pplic
atio
ns. T
he s
wit
ch d
uty-
cycl
e is
typ
ical
of
swit
ch o
pera
tion
s, w
ith
mor
e em
phas
is o
n id
le a
nd lo
w p
ower
not
ch e
mis
sion
s. L
ocom
otiv
es g
ener
ally
are
req
uire
d to
mee
t th
e st
anda
rds
for
both
dut
y-cy
cles
. How
ever
, Tie
r 0
dedi
cate
d sw
itch
loco
mot
ives
rat
ed a
t 2,
300
hp o
r le
ss a
re o
nly
requ
ired
to
mee
t th
e sw
itch
dut
y-cy
cle
stan
dard
.g
Man
ufac
ture
rs a
nd r
eman
ufac
ture
rs c
an e
lect
to
com
ply
wit
h th
e al
tern
ate
CO
and
PM
sta
ndar
ds. H
owev
er, a
man
ufac
ture
r or
rem
anuf
actu
rer
usin
g th
e al
tern
ate
stan
dard
s m
ust
mee
t bo
th t
he C
O a
nd t
he P
M s
tand
ards
. Thi
s al
low
s lo
com
otiv
es t
o ha
ve h
ighe
r C
O e
mis
sion
s in
exc
hang
e fo
r m
eeti
ng m
ore
stri
n-ge
nt P
M s
tand
ards
. h
Tie
r 0
stan
dard
s ap
ply
to a
ll ne
w p
rodu
ctio
n lo
com
otiv
es in
the
200
1 m
odel
yea
r, as
wel
l as
for
any
1994
thr
ough
200
1 m
odel
yea
r fr
eigh
t lo
com
otiv
es
rem
anuf
actu
red
on o
r af
ter
Jan.
1, 2
001.
The
y al
so a
pply
to
all o
ther
197
3 th
roug
h 20
01 m
odel
yea
r lo
com
otiv
es r
eman
ufac
ture
d on
or
afte
r Ja
n. 1
, 200
2.
Oth
er p
hase
-in
opti
ons
are
also
ava
ilabl
e fo
r m
anuf
actu
rers
(se
e 40
CFR
92
for
mor
e de
tail
on p
hase
-in
opti
ons)
.i
For
Tie
r 0
loco
mot
ives
not
equ
ippe
d w
ith
MW
/h m
eter
s, t
he m
inim
um u
sefu
l lif
e is
750
,000
mile
s or
10
year
s, w
hich
ever
com
es f
irst
. j
Thi
s is
a m
inim
um s
tand
ard.
The
cer
tify
ing
man
ufac
ture
r or
rem
anuf
actu
rer
mus
t sp
ecif
y a
long
er u
sefu
l lif
e if
the
loco
mot
ive
or lo
com
otiv
e en
gine
is
desi
gned
to
last
long
er t
han
the
appl
icab
le m
inim
um u
sefu
l lif
e.
SOU
RC
E40
CFR
92,
Jul
y 1,
200
0, a
nd U
.S. E
nvir
onm
enta
l Pro
tect
ion
Age
ncy,
Off
ice
of A
ir a
nd R
adia
tion
, per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
Aug
. 28,
200
1.
320 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the EnvironmentTA
BLE
4-36
: Fed
eral
Exh
aust
Em
issi
ons
Stan
dard
s fo
r New
ly M
anuf
actu
red
Mar
ine
Spar
k-Ig
nitio
n Ou
tboa
rd, P
erso
nal W
ater
craf
t,a
and
Jet-B
oat E
ngin
esb
(g/k
Wh)
Year
HC
+ N
Ox
(g/k
Wh
)
War
ran
ty p
erio
dU
sefu
l lif
ecR
ated
po
wer
< 4
.3 k
WR
ated
pow
er >
= 4.
3 kW
c,d
1998
278.
00
(0.9
17 x
(15
1 +
557
/P0.
9 ))
+ 2
.44
1 yr
for
all e
mis
sion
s-re
late
d co
mpo
nent
s
Out
boar
d en
gine
s:35
0 hr
/10
yr
Per
sona
l wat
ercr
aft:
350
hr/5
yr
1999
253.
00
(0.8
33 x
(15
1 +
557
/P0.
9 ))
+ 2
.89
2000
228.
00
(0.7
50 x
(15
1 +
557
/P0.
9 ))
+ 3
.33
2001
204.
00
(0.6
67 x
(15
1 +
557
/P0.
9 ))
+ 3
.78
1 yr
for
all e
mis
sion
-rel
ated
com
pone
nts;
3 yr
/200
hr
for
spec
ified
maj
orem
issi
ons
cont
rol c
ompo
nent
s20
0217
9.00
(0
.583
x (
151
+ 5
57/P
0.9 )
) +
4.2
220
0315
5.00
(0
.500
x (
151
+ 5
57/P
0.9 )
) +
4.6
720
0413
0.00
(0
.417
x (
151
+ 5
57/P
0.9 )
) +
5.1
12
yr/2
00 h
r fo
r al
l em
issi
ons-
rela
ted
com
pone
nts;
3 y
r/20
0 hr
for
spec
ified
maj
or e
mis
sion
s co
ntro
l com
pone
nts
2005
105.
00
(0.3
33 x
(15
1 +
557
/P0.
9 ))
+ 5
.56
2006
+81
.00
(0.2
50 x
(15
1 +
557
/P0.
9 ))
+ 6
.00
KE
Y: g
= g
ram
; hr
= h
our;
HC
= h
ydro
carb
on; h
p =
hors
epow
er; k
W =
kilo
wat
t; kW
h =
kilo
wat
t hou
r; N
Ox
= n
itrog
en o
xide
; P =
ave
rage
pow
er; y
r =
year
.
aT
he s
tand
ards
for
per
sona
l wat
ercr
aft
did
not
go in
to e
ffec
t un
til 1
999,
alt
houg
h th
e st
anda
rd w
ent
into
eff
ect
for
outb
oard
eng
ines
in 1
998.
bT
he s
tand
ards
app
ly t
o m
arin
e sp
ark-
igni
tion
out
boar
d, p
erso
nal w
ater
craf
t, a
nd je
t-bo
at e
ngin
es o
nly.
The
re a
re c
urre
ntly
no
fede
ral s
tand
ards
for
mar
ine
spar
k-ig
niti
on s
tern
driv
e/in
boar
d en
gine
s (p
revi
ousl
y pr
opos
ed s
tand
ards
hav
e no
t be
en f
inal
ized
). M
arin
e co
mpr
essi
on-i
gnit
ion
engi
nes
unde
r 50
hp
are
cov-
ered
und
er t
he p
ropo
sed
nonr
oad
com
pres
sion
-ign
itio
n en
gine
sta
ndar
ds. F
eder
al s
tand
ards
are
in d
evel
opm
ent
for
mar
ine
com
pres
sion
-ign
itio
n en
gine
s ov
er
50 h
p.
cA
s an
exa
mpl
e, t
he s
tand
ards
for
an
outb
oard
eng
ine
of 1
25 h
p (j
ust
over
93
kW)
wou
ld b
e 14
9.53
g/k
Wh
in 1
998,
123
.63
g/kW
h in
200
0, 9
7.74
g/k
Wh
in
2002
, 72.
00 g
/kW
h in
200
4, a
nd 4
6.10
g/k
Wh
in 2
006.
dA
ll em
issi
ons
stan
dard
s m
ust
be m
et f
or t
he u
sefu
l lif
e of
the
eng
ine.
NO
TE
P =
the
aver
age
pow
er o
f th
e en
gine
fam
ily in
kilo
wat
ts (
sale
s-w
eigh
ted)
.
SOU
RC
E40
CFR
91
July
1, 2
000
editi
on, p
p. 3
01-3
02, 3
98, a
nd U
.S. E
nvir
onm
enta
l Pro
tect
ion
Age
ncy,
Off
ice
of A
ir a
nd R
adia
tion,
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
Aug
. 28,
200
1.
Air Pollution � 321
TABL
E 4-
37: T
ier 2
Fed
eral
Exh
aust
Em
issi
ons
Stan
dard
s fo
r New
ly M
anuf
actu
red
Com
mer
cial
Mar
ine
Com
pres
sion
-Igni
tion
Engi
nesa
,b
En
gin
eca
teg
ory
cD
isp
lace
men
t(l
iter
s/cy
lind
er)
Rat
ed p
ow
er(k
W)
Year
NO
x +
TH
C(g
/kW
-hr)
PM
(g/k
W-h
r)C
O(g
/kW
-hr)
Use
ful l
ifed
War
ran
ty p
erio
d1
< 0
.90.
9 to
< 1
.21.
2 to
< 2
.52.
5 to
< 5
.037
kW
and
abo
ve
2005
2004
2004
2007
7.5
7.2
7.2
7.2
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.20
5.0
10 y
rs o
r 10
,000
hrs
op
erat
ion
5 yr
s or
5,0
00 h
rs
oper
atio
n
25.
0 to
< 1
5.0
15.0
to <
20.
015
.0 to
< 2
0.0
20.0
to <
25.
025
.0 to
< 3
0.0
37 k
W a
nd a
bove
37 k
W to
< 3
,300
kW
3,30
0 kW
and
abo
ve37
kW
and
abo
ve37
kW
and
abo
ve
2007
7.8
8.7
9.8
9.8
11.0
0.27
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
5.0
10 y
rs o
r 20
,000
hrs
op
erat
ion
5 yr
s or
10,
000
hrs
oper
atio
n
330
and
abo
ve37
kW
and
abo
veN
o T
ier
2 em
issi
ons
stan
dard
s ha
ve b
een
set f
or C
ateg
ory
3 co
mm
erci
al m
arin
e ve
ssel
s.
KE
Y: C
O =
car
bon
mon
oxid
e; g
/kW
-hr
= g
ram
per
kilo
wat
t-ho
ur; h
rs =
hou
rs; k
W =
kilo
wat
t; N
Ox
= n
itrog
en o
xide
s; P
M =
par
ticul
ate
mat
ter;
TH
C =
tota
l hyd
roca
rbon
s;
yrs
= y
ears
.
aT
ier
2 em
issi
ons
stan
dard
s es
tabl
ishe
d by
Con
gres
s ap
ply
to c
omm
erci
al c
ompr
essi
on-i
gnit
ion
(die
sel)
eng
ines
wit
h a
pow
er r
atin
g of
at
leas
t 37
kW
. Bot
h pr
o-pu
lsio
n an
d au
xilia
ry e
ngin
es a
re c
over
ed u
nder
the
se s
tand
ards
, but
land
-bas
ed e
ngin
es u
sed
in p
orta
ble
auxi
liary
equ
ipm
ent
mus
t m
eet
stan
dard
s fo
r la
nd-
base
d en
gine
s. S
mal
ler
com
pres
sion
-ign
itio
n en
gine
s ar
e co
vere
d un
der
a se
para
te r
ule.
The
U.S
. Env
iron
men
tal P
rote
ctio
n A
genc
y (E
PA)
also
inte
nds
to r
egu-
late
rec
reat
iona
l mar
ine
dies
el e
ngin
e em
issi
ons
unde
r a
sepa
rate
rul
e an
d is
est
ablis
hing
pro
visi
ons
to a
llow
exe
mpt
ions
for
cat
egor
y 1
and
2 en
gine
s us
ed a
s au
xilia
ry e
ngin
es in
U.S
.-fl
agge
d ve
ssel
s en
gage
d in
for
eign
tra
de o
r ov
erse
as o
pera
tion
s at
leas
t 75
per
cent
of
the
tim
e (i
.e.,
oper
atio
n w
ill o
ccur
mor
e th
an
320
naut
ical
kilo
met
ers
outs
ide
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es, n
ot in
clud
ing
trip
s be
twee
n U
.S. p
orts
in A
lask
a, H
awai
i, th
e co
ntin
enta
l Uni
ted
Stat
es, o
r it
s te
rrit
orie
s).
bM
AR
POL
Ann
ex V
I ni
trog
en o
xide
(N
Ox)
sta
ndar
ds (
inte
rnat
iona
l sta
ndar
ds a
dopt
ed b
y th
e In
tern
atio
nal M
arit
ime
Con
vent
ion
on t
he P
reve
ntio
n of
Pol
lu-
tion
fro
m S
hips
) ar
e re
ferr
ed t
o as
Tie
r 1
emis
sion
s st
anda
rds.
The
se s
tand
ards
app
ly t
o an
y di
esel
eng
ine
over
130
kW
inst
alle
d on
a v
esse
l con
stru
cted
on
or
afte
r Ja
n. 1
, 200
0 an
d to
any
eng
ine
that
und
ergo
es m
ajor
con
vers
ion
afte
r th
at d
ate.
MA
RPO
L s
tand
ards
are
cur
rent
ly v
olun
tary
for
shi
ps e
ngag
ed in
dom
es-
tic
trav
el b
ut w
ill b
e re
quir
ed fo
r sh
ips
enga
ged
in f
orei
gn t
rade
wit
h co
untr
ies
that
rat
ify
MA
RPO
L s
tand
ards
. Alt
houg
h th
ey h
ave
not
yet b
een
rati
fied
by
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es, t
he E
PA e
ncou
rage
s en
gine
man
ufac
ture
rs t
o m
ake
com
plia
nt e
ngin
es a
nd e
ncou
rage
s ow
ners
to
purc
hase
the
m. I
f ra
tifi
ed b
y th
e U
nite
d St
ates
, M
AR
POL
Ann
ex V
I N
O s
tand
ards
will
be
retr
oact
ivel
y ef
fect
ive
Jan.
1, 2
000.
cE
mis
sion
s st
anda
rds
are
base
d on
dis
plac
emen
t/cy
linde
r an
d ra
ted
pow
er. T
he t
hree
sta
ndar
ds c
ateg
orie
s ar
e as
fol
low
s:C
ateg
ory
1 (<
5 li
ters
dis
plac
emen
t/cy
linde
r an
d ra
ted
pow
er >
=37
kW):
The
se e
ngin
es a
re ty
pica
lly u
sed
as p
ropu
lsio
n en
gine
s on
rel
ativ
ely
smal
l com
mer
cial
ve
ssel
s (f
ishi
ng v
esse
ls, t
ugbo
ats,
cre
wbo
ats,
etc
.). T
hey
are
also
use
d as
aux
iliar
y en
gine
s on
ves
sels
of
all s
izes
and
app
licat
ions
.C
ateg
ory
2 (>
= 5
liter
s di
spla
cem
ent/
cylin
der
to <
30
liter
s di
spla
cem
ent/
cylin
der
and
rate
d po
wer
>=3
7 kW
): T
he la
rges
t en
gine
s th
at a
re w
idel
y us
ed a
s pr
o-pu
lsio
n en
gine
s in
har
bor
and
coas
tal v
esse
ls in
U.S
. wat
ers.
The
se e
ngin
es a
lso
prov
ide
auxi
liary
pow
er o
n ve
ry la
rge
vess
els.
Man
y of
the
se e
ngin
es a
re o
f si
mila
r si
ze a
nd c
onfi
gura
tion
as
loco
mot
ive
engi
nes
or u
se c
ompa
rabl
e em
issi
ons
cont
rol t
echn
olog
ies.
Cat
egor
y 3
(>=
30 li
ters
dis
plac
emen
t/cy
linde
r an
d ra
ted
pow
er .=
37kW
): T
hese
are
ver
y la
rge
high
-pow
er e
ngin
es t
hat
are
used
alm
ost
excl
usiv
ely
for
prop
ul-
sion
on
vess
els
enga
ged
in in
tern
atio
nal t
rade
.d
Man
ufac
ture
rs m
ust
dem
onst
rate
tha
t th
e en
gine
or
engi
ne f
amily
will
mee
t al
l sta
ndar
ds f
or it
s us
eful
life
. Cer
tifi
cati
on f
or u
sefu
l lif
e is
acc
ompl
ishe
d by
tes
t-in
g a
sam
ple
of e
ngin
es. T
he w
arra
nty
peri
od a
pplie
s to
eac
h en
gine
man
ufac
ture
d. T
he m
anuf
actu
rer
of e
ach
engi
ne m
ust
prov
ide
a w
arra
nty
to t
he u
ltim
ate
purc
hase
r or
ow
ner
(and
eac
h su
bseq
uent
pur
chas
er o
r ow
ner)
tha
t th
e en
gine
is d
esig
ned,
bui
lt, a
nd e
quip
ped
so a
s to
con
form
at
the
tim
e of
sal
e w
ith
Tie
r 2
stan
dard
s an
d is
fre
e fr
om d
efec
ts in
mat
eria
ls a
nd w
orkm
ansh
ip t
hat
wou
ld c
ause
the
eng
ine
to f
ail t
o co
nfor
m t
o th
ese
stan
dard
s fo
r th
e w
arra
nty
peri
od.
Furt
herm
ore,
thi
s w
arra
nty
cann
ot b
e sh
orte
r th
an a
ny m
echa
nica
l war
rant
y on
the
eng
ine
and
mus
t be
at
leas
t on
e ha
lf o
f th
e us
eful
life
per
iod.
SOU
RC
EFe
dera
l Reg
iste
r, V
ol. 6
4, N
o. 2
49, D
ec. 2
9, 1
999,
pp
73,2
99 t
o 73
,373
, and
U.S
. Env
iron
men
tal P
rote
ctio
n A
genc
y, O
ffic
e of
Air
and
Rad
iati
on, p
erso
nal c
om-
mun
icat
ion,
Aug
. 28,
200
1.
322 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the Environment
TABLE 4-38: Estimated National Average Vehicle Emissions Rates by Vehicle Type and Fuel (Grams per mile)R
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002GASOLINE (assuming zero RFG)Light-duty vehiclesExhaust HC 2.79 2.50 2.23 1.98 1.77 1.57 1.39 1.25 1.14 1.05 0.97 0.89 0.81Nonexhaust HC 1.21 1.16 1.12 1.09 1.07 1.05 1.03 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.92 0.88 0.84
Total HC 3.99 3.66 3.35 3.07 2.84 2.62 2.41 2.26 2.12 2.00 1.89 1.77 1.65Exhaust CO 42.89 39.15 35.54 32.23 29.32 26.60 24.18 22.38 20.86 19.54 18.53 18.03 17.58Exhaust NOx 2.70 2.47 2.27 2.09 1.94 1.78 1.64 1.55 1.46 1.35 1.29 1.25 1.20
Light-duty trucksExhaust HC 3.68 3.33 3.00 2.71 2.45 2.21 1.96 1.80 1.65 1.54 1.45 1.35 1.24Nonexhaust HC 1.36 1.29 1.20 1.16 1.12 1.10 1.07 1.04 1.02 0.99 0.97 0.94 0.89Total HC 5.04 4.62 4.20 3.87 3.58 3.31 3.03 2.85 2.67 2.53 2.42 2.29 2.13
Exhaust CO 56.23 51.99 47.93 44.34 40.77 37.51 34.47 32.20 30.23 28.28 26.81 25.61 24.32Exhaust NOx 2.62 2.42 2.26 2.11 1.98 1.84 1.73 1.65 1.59 1.55 1.54 1.53 1.50
Heavy-duty vehiclesExhaust HC 3.66 3.34 3.03 2.76 2.39 2.16 1.94 1.73 1.51 1.35 1.22 1.09 0.98Nonexhaust HC 2.74 2.60 2.34 2.25 2.16 2.07 1.97 1.87 1.79 1.69 1.62 1.54 1.48
Total HC 6.40 5.94 5.37 5.00 4.55 4.24 3.91 3.60 3.29 3.04 2.84 2.63 2.46
Exhaust CO 85.61 78.64 72.12 65.92 60.01 54.16 48.52 43.26 38.82 34.54 31.08 27.59 24.73Exhaust NOx 7.19 6.96 6.72 6.52 6.35 6.11 5.89 5.73 5.56 5.40 5.26 5.13 5.01
MotorcyclesExhaust HC 2.01 1.88 1.82 1.75 1.72 1.69 1.63 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61Nonexhaust HC 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.71 0.70 0.69 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70Total HC 2.74 2.60 2.54 2.46 2.43 2.40 2.34 2.32 2.32 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31
Exhaust CO 15.15 14.78 14.77 14.76 14.76 14.67 14.59 14.59 14.59 14.59 14.59 14.59 14.59Exhaust NOx 1.26 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.26 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25
DIESELLight-duty vehiclesExhaust HC 0.68 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.80 0.76 0.73Exhaust CO 1.49 1.52 1.56 1.60 1.64 1.69 1.73 1.76 1.78 1.79 1.78 1.75 1.73Exhaust NOx 1.83 1.85 1.86 1.87 1.89 1.89 1.89 1.88 1.86 1.85 1.81 1.72 1.62
Light-duty trucks
Exhaust HC 1.59 1.60 1.64 1.64 1.68 1.67 1.69 1.63 1.51 1.42 1.02 0.88 0.96Exhaust CO 2.67 2.70 2.76 2.77 2.85 2.85 2.89 2.79 2.60 2.44 1.77 1.54 1.66Exhaust NOx 2.71 2.66 2.62 2.56 2.53 2.46 2.42 2.31 2.17 2.07 1.76 1.64 1.67
Heavy-duty vehiclesExhaust HC 2.21 1.97 1.74 1.55 1.38 1.23 1.10 1.00 0.92 0.85 0.79 0.74 0.69
Exhaust CO 10.06 9.22 8.43 7.71 7.00 6.32 5.73 5.23 4.80 4.43 4.10 3.82 3.58Exhaust NOx 23.34 22.14 21.47 21.10 20.75 20.49 20.24 20.04 19.84 19.14 18.05 16.68 15.52
Air Pollution � 323
AVERAGE OF ALL VEHICLES, GASOLINE AND DIESELExhaust HC 2.98 2.70 2.42 2.18 1.96 1.76 1.56 1.43 1.32 1.23 1.15 1.08 0.99Nonexhaust HC 1.21 1.15 1.09 1.06 1.03 1.01 0.99 0.96 0.94 0.91 0.88 0.85 0.81
Total HC 4.19 3.85 3.52 3.24 2.99 2.77 2.55 2.40 2.25 2.14 2.04 1.93 1.80
Exhaust CO 45.07 41.43 37.93 34.76 31.84 29.12 26.65 24.90 23.40 22.00 20.94 20.20 19.42Exhaust NOx 4.15 3.92 3.75 3.61 3.49 3.36 3.24 3.18 3.12 3.02 2.91 2.78 2.65
KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; HC = hydrocarbon; NOx = nitrogen oxide; R = revised; RFG = reformulated gasoline.
NOTESAs of July 1 of each year, vehicle types are defined as follows: light-duty vehicles (passenger cars up to 6,000 lb
gross vehicle weight rating GVWR); light-duty trucks (pickups and minivans up to 8,500 lb GVWR); heavy-duty vehicles (8,501 lbs or more GVWR); motorcycle (highway only). This table is based on MOBILE6, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) latest highway vehicle emissions factor model. Interested readers can learn more about the MOBILE6 model at the following USEPA Internet site http://www.epa.gov/otaq/m6.htm.
Emissions factors are national averages based on the following assumptions: ambient temperature 75 ºF, daily temperature range 60-84 ºF, average traffic speed 27.6 mph (representative of overall traffic in urban areas), standard operating mode (cold-start, hot-start, stabilized), vehicle-miles traveled fractions, no inspection/maintenance or antitampering programs, and gasoline volatility 9.0 per square inch RVP (Reid vapor pressure).
See Table 4-39 for emissions from vehicles operating on reformulated gasoline.Data for nonexhaust HC is negligible for diesel light-duty vehicles, light-duty trucks, and heavy-duty vehicles.
SOURCEU.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory, personal communi-
cation, July 31, 2002.
TABLE 4-38: Estimated National Average Vehicle Emissions Rates by Vehicle Type and Fuel (Grams per mile)R (Continued)
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
324 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the Environment
TABLE 4-39: Estimated National Average Vehicle Emissions Rates by Vehicle Type Using Reformulated Gasoline (Grams per mile)
R1995 R1996 R1997 R1998 R1999 R2000 R2001 2002Light-duty vehiclesExhaust HC 1.45 1.28 1.15 1.04 0.97 0.84 0.76 0.68Nonexhaust HC 0.89 0.87 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.65 0.63 0.61
Total HC 2.34 2.15 2.01 1.88 1.78 1.48 1.39 1.29
Exhaust CO 22.78 20.84 19.43 18.25 17.21 15.36 14.85 14.31Exhaust NOx 1.78 1.64 1.55 1.46 1.35 1.24 1.19 1.12
Light-duty trucksExhaust HC 2.09 1.85 1.69 1.55 1.44 1.28 1.18 1.07Nonexhaust HC 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.67 0.66 0.63
Total HC 3.01 2.74 2.58 2.41 2.28 1.95 1.84 1.71
Exhaust CO 31.86 29.46 27.70 26.19 24.63 22.25 21.23 20.08Exhaust NOx 1.84 1.73 1.65 1.59 1.55 1.47 1.45 1.41
Heavy-duty vehiclesExhaust HC 2.14 1.91 1.70 1.48 1.32 1.16 1.03 0.92Nonexhaust HC 1.72 1.64 1.56 1.50 1.43 1.12 1.07 1.03
Total HC 3.86 3.55 3.26 2.98 2.75 2.28 2.10 1.96
Exhaust CO 46.02 41.15 36.62 32.80 29.12 25.87 22.88 20.41Exhaust NOx 6.13 5.90 5.74 5.57 5.41 5.18 5.01 4.86
MotorcyclesExhaust HC 1.69 1.63 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61Nonexhaust HC 0.55 0.54 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.43 0.43 0.43
Total HC 2.24 2.17 2.16 2.16 2.14 2.04 2.04 2.04
Exhaust CO 12.64 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56Exhaust NOx 1.26 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25
Air Pollution � 325
Average of all RFG and diesel vehiclesExhaust HC 1.65 1.46 1.34 1.23 1.15 1.02 0.94 0.86Nonexhaust HC 0.85 0.84 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.62 0.60 0.58
Total HC 2.50 2.30 2.16 2.03 1.93 1.64 1.54 1.44
Exhaust CO 24.92 22.93 21.56 20.38 19.27 17.44 16.76 15.99Exhaust NOx 3.36 3.24 3.18 3.12 3.02 2.85 2.71 2.58
KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; HC = hydrocarbon; NOx = nitrogen oxide; R = revised; RFG = reformulated gasoline.
NOTESAs of July 1 of each year, vehicle types are defined as follows: light-duty vehicles (passenger cars up to
6,000 lb gross vehicle weight rating GVWR) ; light-duty trucks (pickups and minivans up to 8,500 lb GVWR); heavy-duty vehicles (8,501 lb or more GVWR); motorcycle (on-highway only). The data in this table are based on MOBILE6, and reflect the introduction of RFG starting in 1995. Emissions fac-tors are national averages based on the following assumptions: ambient temperature 75 ºF, daily tem-perature range 60 -84 ºF, average traffic speed 27.6 mph (representative of overall traffic in urban areas), standard operating mode (cold-start, hot-start, stabilized), vehicle-miles traveled fractions, and no inspection/maintenance or antitampering programs.
Emissions estimates in this table assume 100% RFG.
SOURCEU.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory, personal commu-
nication, July 31, 2002.
TABLE 4-39: Estimated National Average Vehicle Emissions Rates by Vehicle Type Using Reformulated Gasoline (Grams per mile) (Continued)
R1995 R1996 R1997 R1998 R1999 R2000 R2001 2002
326 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the EnvironmentTA
BLE
4-40
: Est
imat
ed N
atio
nal E
mis
sion
s of
Car
bon
Mon
oxid
e (M
illio
n sh
ort t
ons)
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
TOTA
L a
ll so
urc
es12
9.44
116.
7611
7.43
117.
0199
.12
94.0
6R
104.
64R
105.
51R
101.
29R
102.
4010
9.34
Tran
spo
rtat
ion
On-
road
veh
icle
s88
.03
83.1
378
.05
77.3
958
.44
54.8
154
.39
53.3
252
.36
R49
.74
48.4
7
Off-
road
Airc
raft
0.51
0.60
0.74
0.83
0.90
0.94
R0.
36R
0.36
R0.
36R
0.36
0.37
Rai
lroad
s0.
070.
080.
100.
110.
120.
110.
120.
120.
120.
120.
12
Mar
ine
vess
els
0.02
0.03
0.06
0.07
0.13
0.13
R0.
140.
140.
140.
140.
14
Oth
er o
ff-ro
ada
2.04
2.17
2.30
2.43
2.50
2.56
R7.
05R
7.06
R7.
08R
6.98
6.96
Tota
l tra
nsp
ort
atio
n90
.67
86.0
181
.25
80.8
362
.10
58.5
5R
62.0
5R
61.0
0R
60.0
6R
57.3
456
.06
No
ntr
ansp
ort
atio
nF
uel c
ombu
stio
n4.
634.
487.
308.
495.
515.
93R
4.35
R4.
34R
4.34
R4.
354.
59
Indu
stria
l pro
cess
esb
9.84
7.54
6.95
5.28
4.77
R4.
613.
643.
803.
81R
3.79
3.91
Was
te d
ispo
sal a
nd r
ecyc
ling
7.06
3.23
2.30
1.94
1.08
1.19
R3.
54R
3.55
R3.
55R
3.55
3.61
Mis
cella
neou
sc17
.25
15.5
019
.63
20.4
925
.66
23.7
8R
31.0
6R
32.8
3R
29.5
3R
33.3
841
.18
Tota
l no
ntr
ansp
ort
atio
n38
.78
30.7
536
.18
36.2
037
.02
35.5
1R
42.5
9R
44.5
1R
41.2
3R
45.0
7R
53.2
9
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed.
aO
ther
off
-roa
d co
mpr
ises
non
road
gas
olin
e- a
nd d
iese
l-po
wer
ed r
ecre
atio
nal,
airp
ort
serv
ice
and
railw
ay m
aint
enan
ce v
ehic
les,
and
rec
reat
iona
l mar
ine
vess
els.
bIn
dust
rial
pro
cess
es c
ompr
ise
chem
ical
and
alli
ed p
rodu
ct m
anuf
actu
ring
, met
als
proc
essi
ng, p
etro
leum
and
rel
ated
indu
stri
es, a
nd o
ther
indu
stri
al p
roce
sses
; an
d so
lven
t ut
iliza
tion
, sto
rage
, and
tra
nspo
rt.
cM
isce
llane
ous
com
pris
es n
onro
ad g
asol
ine-
and
die
sel-
pow
ered
con
stru
ctio
n, in
dust
rial
, law
n an
d ga
rden
, far
m, l
ight
-com
mer
cial
, log
ging
veh
icle
s an
d ot
her
nonr
oad
sour
ces;
hea
lth
serv
ices
, coo
ling
tow
ers,
fug
itiv
e du
st; a
nd o
ther
com
bust
ion
sour
ces
that
cou
ld n
ot b
e ac
cura
tely
allo
cate
d to
spe
cifi
c so
urce
cat
egor
ies.
NO
TE
ST
he m
etho
dolo
gies
use
d to
est
imat
e em
issi
ons
cons
tant
ly e
volv
e an
d un
derg
o m
ajor
cha
nges
. The
se im
prov
ed m
etho
ds a
re o
ften
use
d to
rev
ise
esti
mat
es f
or p
re-
viou
s ye
ars.
The
refo
re, s
ome
esti
mat
es in
thi
s ta
ble
may
not
mat
ch e
stim
ates
pro
duce
d in
pre
viou
s re
port
s, a
nd s
ome
tren
ds m
ay n
ot b
e co
nsis
tent
acr
oss
year
s in
whi
ch m
ajor
cha
nges
in m
etho
dolo
gy h
ave
occu
rred
. N
umbe
rs m
ay n
ot a
dd t
o to
tals
due
to
roun
ding
.
SOU
RC
ES
1970
and
197
5: U
.S. E
nvir
onm
enta
l Pro
tect
ion
Age
ncy,
Nat
iona
l Air
Qua
lity
and
Em
issi
ons
Tre
nds
Rep
ort:
199
9 (E
PA-4
54/R
-01-
004)
(R
esea
rch
Tri
angl
e Pa
rk,
NC
: Mar
ch 2
001)
, tab
le A
-2; a
vaila
ble
at I
nter
net
web
site
htt
p://w
ww
.epa
.gov
/oar
/aqt
rnd9
9/to
c.ht
ml a
s of
Sep
t. 5
, 200
1.19
80, 1
985
and
1989
-200
0: I
bid,
Cur
rent
Em
issi
on T
rend
s Su
mm
arie
s, a
vaila
ble
at in
tern
et w
ebsi
te h
ttp:
//ww
w.e
pa.g
ov/t
tn/c
hief
/tre
nds/
tren
ds00
/tr
ends
2000
as
of O
ct. 1
7, 2
002.
1986
-87:
Ibi
d, N
atio
nal E
mis
sion
Tre
nds
Sour
ce R
epor
ts D
atab
ase,
ava
ilabl
e at
Int
erne
t w
ebsi
te w
ww
.epa
.gov
/air
/dat
a/ne
ttie
r.htm
l as
of S
ept.
5, 2
001.
1988
: Ibi
d, N
atio
nal A
ir P
ollu
tant
Em
issi
on T
rend
s: 1
900-
1998
(EPA
-454
/R-0
0-00
2) (
Res
earc
h T
rian
gle
Park
, NC
: Mar
ch 2
000)
, tab
le A
-1; a
vaila
ble
at In
tern
et
web
site
htt
p://w
ww
.epa
.gov
/ttn
/chi
ef/t
rend
s/tr
ends
98/b
row
se.h
tml a
s of
Sep
t. 5
, 200
1.
Air Pollution � 327
TABL
E 4-
41: E
stim
ated
Nat
iona
l Em
issi
ons
of N
itrog
en O
xide
s (M
illio
n sh
ort t
ons)
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
TOTA
L a
ll so
urc
es20
.93
22.6
324
.38
23.2
024
.17
25.0
5R
26.0
7R
26.3
6R
26.0
1R
25.4
424
.90
Tran
spo
rtat
ion
On-
road
veh
icle
s7.
398.
658.
628.
097.
217.
968.
798.
928.
82R
8.61
8.15
Off-
road
Airc
raft
0.07
0.09
0.11
0.12
0.16
R0.
17R
0.08
R0.
08R
0.08
R0.
080.
08
Rai
lroad
s0.
500.
590.
730.
810.
930.
991.
181.
221.
22R
1.24
1.23
Mar
ine
vess
els
0.17
0.21
0.47
0.56
0.94
0.94
R1.
08R
1.08
R1.
08R
1.08
1.09
Oth
er o
ff-ro
ada
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.08
R0.
11R
0.11
R0.
12R
0.11
0.11
Tota
l tra
nsp
ort
atio
n8.
179.
589.
979.
649.
32R
10.1
3R
11.2
5R
11.4
3R
11.3
1R
11.1
310
.66
No
ntr
ansp
ort
atio
nF
uel c
ombu
stio
n10
.06
10.4
911
.32
10.0
510
.89
10.8
3R
10.5
0R
10.5
6R
10.3
9R
9.96
9.65
Indu
stria
l pro
cess
esb
0.78
0.54
0.56
0.80
0.80
0.77
0.80
0.84
0.85
0.85
0.88
Was
te d
ispo
sal a
nd r
ecyc
ling
0.44
0.16
0.11
0.09
0.09
0.10
R0.
09R
0.09
R0.
090.
090.
09
Mis
cella
neou
sc1.
491.
882.
432.
623.
073.
223.
423.
453.
38R
3.42
3.62
Tota
l no
ntr
ansp
ort
atio
n12
.77
13.0
714
.42
13.5
614
.85
14.9
2R
14.8
1R
14.9
3R
14.7
0R
14.3
114
.24
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed.
aO
ther
off
-roa
d co
mpr
ises
non
road
gas
olin
e- a
nd d
iese
l-po
wer
ed r
ecre
atio
nal,
airp
ort
serv
ice
and
railw
ay m
aint
enan
ce v
ehic
les,
and
rec
reat
iona
l mar
ine
vess
els.
bIn
dust
rial
pro
cess
es c
ompr
ise
chem
ical
and
alli
ed p
rodu
ct m
anuf
actu
ring
, met
als
proc
essi
ng, p
etro
leum
and
rel
ated
indu
stri
es, a
nd o
ther
indu
stri
al p
roce
sses
; an
d so
lven
t ut
iliza
tion
, sto
rage
, and
tra
nspo
rt.
cM
isce
llane
ous
com
pris
es n
onro
ad g
asol
ine-
and
die
sel-
pow
ered
con
stru
ctio
n, in
dust
rial
, law
n an
d ga
rden
, far
m, l
ight
-com
mer
cial
, log
ging
veh
icle
s, a
nd o
ther
no
nroa
d so
urce
s; h
ealt
h se
rvic
es, c
oolin
g to
wer
s, f
ugit
ive
dust
; and
oth
er c
ombu
stio
n so
urce
s th
at c
ould
not
be
accu
rate
ly a
lloca
ted
to s
peci
fic
sour
ce c
ateg
orie
s.
NO
TE
ST
he m
etho
dolo
gies
use
d to
est
imat
e em
issi
ons
cons
tant
ly e
volv
e an
d un
derg
o m
ajor
cha
nges
. The
se im
prov
ed m
etho
ds a
re o
ften
use
d to
rev
ise
esti
mat
es f
or p
re-
viou
s ye
ars.
The
refo
re, s
ome
esti
mat
es in
thi
s ta
ble
may
not
mat
ch e
stim
ates
pro
duce
d in
pre
viou
s re
port
s, a
nd s
ome
tren
ds m
ay n
ot b
e co
nsis
tent
acr
oss
year
s in
whi
ch m
ajor
cha
nges
in m
etho
dolo
gy h
ave
occu
rred
.N
umbe
rs m
ay n
ot a
dd t
o to
tals
due
to
roun
ding
.
SOU
RC
ES
1970
, 197
5: U
.S. E
nvir
onm
enta
l Pro
tect
ion
Age
ncy,
Nat
iona
l Air
Qua
lity
and
Em
issi
ons
Tre
nds
Rep
ort:
199
9 (E
PA-4
54/R
-01-
004)
(R
esea
rch
Tri
angl
e Pa
rk,
NC
: Mar
ch 2
001)
, tab
le A
-2; a
vaila
ble
at I
nter
net
web
site
htt
p://w
ww
.epa
.gov
/oar
/aqt
rnd9
9/to
c.ht
ml a
s of
Sep
t. 5
, 200
1.19
80, 1
985
and
1989
-200
0: I
bid,
Cur
rent
Em
issi
on T
rend
s Su
mm
arie
s, a
vaila
ble
at in
tern
et w
ebsi
te h
ttp:
//ww
w.e
pa.g
ov/t
tn/c
hief
/tre
nds/
tren
ds00
/tr
ends
2000
as
of O
ct. 1
7, 2
002.
1986
-87:
Ibi
d, N
atio
nal E
mis
sion
Tre
nds
sour
ce r
epor
ts d
atab
ase;
ava
ilabl
e at
Int
erne
t w
ebsi
te w
ww
.epa
.gov
/air
/dat
a/ne
ttie
r.htm
l as
of S
ept.
5, 2
001.
1988
: Ibi
d, N
atio
nal A
ir P
ollu
tant
Em
issi
on T
rend
s: 1
900-
1998
(EPA
-454
/R-0
0-00
2) (
Res
earc
h T
rian
gle
Park
, NC
: Mar
ch 2
000)
, tab
le A
-2; a
vaila
ble
at In
tern
et
web
site
htt
p://w
ww
.epa
.gov
/ttn
/chi
ef/t
rend
s/tr
ends
98/b
row
se.h
tml a
s of
Sep
t. 5
, 200
1.
328 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the EnvironmentTA
BLE
4-42
: Est
imat
ed N
atio
nal E
mis
sion
s of
Vol
atile
Org
anic
Com
poun
ds (M
illio
n sh
ort t
ons)
1970
1975
1980
19
8519
90
1995
19
96
1997
19
98
1999
2000
TOTA
L a
ll so
urc
es30
.98
26.0
8R
26.3
424
.43
R21
.05
R20
.92
R19
.92
R20
.33
R19
.28
R19
.44
20.3
8
Tran
spo
rtat
ion
On-
road
veh
icle
s12
.97
10.5
58.
989.
386.
445.
825.
545.
445.
44R
5.33
5.04
Off-
road
Airc
raft
0.10
0.12
0.15
R0.
170.
180.
18R
0.03
R0.
03R
0.03
R0.
030.
03
Rai
lroad
s0.
020.
030.
030.
040.
050.
050.
050.
050.
050.
050.
05
Mar
ine
vess
els
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
R0.
04R
0.04
R0.
04R
0.04
0.04
Oth
er o
ff-ro
ada
0.87
0.93
0.98
1.03
0.92
R0.
93R
1.53
R1.
54R
1.54
R1.
501.
49
Tota
l tra
nsp
ort
atio
n13
.97
11.6
410
.16
10.6
47.
637.
00R
7.19
R7.
09R
7.10
R6.
956.
64
No
ntr
ansp
ort
atio
nF
uel c
ombu
stio
n0.
720.
661.
051.
57R
1.01
1.07
R1.
13R
1.12
R1.
12R
1.14
1.21
Indu
stria
l pro
cess
esb
12.3
311
.10
12.1
09.
509.
019.
718.
128.
347.
88R
7.43
7.45
Was
te d
ispo
sal a
nd r
ecyc
ling
1.98
0.98
0.76
0.98
0.99
1.07
R0.
56R
0.56
R0.
57R
0.57
0.58
Mis
cella
neou
sc1.
981.
712.
261.
75R
2.42
R2.
07R
2.92
R3.
21R
2.61
R3.
354.
51
Tota
l no
ntr
ansp
ort
atio
n17
.01
14.4
516
.17
13.8
0R
13.4
3R
13.9
2R
12.7
3R
13.2
3R
12.1
8R
12.4
913
.75
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed.
aO
ther
off
-roa
d co
mpr
ises
non
road
gas
olin
e- a
nd d
iese
l-po
wer
ed r
ecre
atio
nal,
airp
ort
serv
ice
and
railw
ay m
aint
enan
ce v
ehic
les,
and
rec
reat
iona
l mar
ine
vess
els.
bIn
dust
rial
pro
cess
es c
ompr
ise
chem
ical
and
alli
ed p
rodu
ct m
anuf
actu
ring
, met
als
proc
essi
ng, p
etro
leum
and
rel
ated
indu
stri
es, a
nd o
ther
indu
stri
al p
roce
sses
; an
d so
lven
t ut
iliza
tion
, sto
rage
, and
tra
nspo
rt.
cM
isce
llane
ous
com
pris
es n
onro
ad g
asol
ine-
and
die
sel-
pow
ered
con
stru
ctio
n, in
dust
rial
, law
n an
d ga
rden
, far
m, l
ight
-com
mer
cial
, log
ging
veh
icle
s, a
nd o
ther
no
nroa
d so
urce
s; g
eoge
nic
sour
ces,
cat
astr
ophi
c an
d ac
cide
ntal
rel
ease
s, h
ealt
h se
rvic
es, c
oolin
g to
wer
s, n
ontr
ansp
orta
tion
-rel
ated
fug
itiv
e du
st, a
gric
ultu
re
and
fore
stry
, str
uctu
ral f
ires
, agr
icul
ture
fir
es, s
lash
/pre
scri
bed
burn
ing,
for
est
wild
fire
s, a
nd o
ther
com
bust
ion
sour
ces
that
cou
ld n
ot b
e ac
cura
tely
allo
cate
d to
spe
cifi
c so
urce
cat
egor
ies.
NO
TE
ST
he m
etho
dolo
gies
use
d to
est
imat
e em
issi
ons
cons
tant
ly e
volv
e an
d un
derg
o m
ajor
cha
nges
. The
se im
prov
ed m
etho
ds a
re o
ften
use
d to
rev
ise
esti
mat
es f
or p
re-
viou
s ye
ars.
The
refo
re, s
ome
esti
mat
es in
thi
s ta
ble
may
not
mat
ch e
stim
ates
pro
duce
d in
pre
viou
s re
port
s, a
nd s
ome
tren
ds m
ay n
ot b
e co
nsis
tent
acr
oss
year
s in
whi
ch m
ajor
cha
nges
in m
etho
dolo
gy h
ave
occu
rred
.N
umbe
rs m
ay n
ot a
dd t
o to
tals
due
to
roun
ding
.
SOU
RC
ES
1970
, 197
5: U
.S. E
nvir
onm
enta
l Pro
tect
ion
Age
ncy,
Nat
iona
l Air
Qua
lity
and
Em
issi
ons
Tre
nds
Rep
ort:
199
9 (E
PA-4
54/R
-01-
004)
(R
esea
rch
Tri
angl
e Pa
rk,
NC
: Mar
ch 2
001)
, tab
le A
-2; a
vaila
ble
at I
nter
net
web
site
htt
p://w
ww
.epa
.gov
/oar
/aqt
rnd9
9/to
c.ht
ml a
s of
Sep
t. 5
, 200
1.
1980
, 198
5 an
d 19
89-2
000:
Ibi
d, C
urre
nt E
mis
sion
Tre
nds
Sum
mar
ies,
ava
ilabl
e at
inte
rnet
web
site
htt
p://w
ww
.epa
.gov
/ttn
/chi
ef/t
rend
s/tr
ends
00/
tren
ds20
00.p
df a
s of
Oct
. 17,
200
2.19
86-8
7: I
bid,
Nat
iona
l Em
issi
on T
rend
s so
urce
rep
orts
dat
abas
e; a
vaila
ble
at I
nter
net
web
site
ww
w.e
pa.g
ov/a
ir/d
ata/
nett
ier.h
tml a
s of
Sep
t. 5
, 200
1.19
88: I
bid,
Nat
iona
l Air
Pol
luta
nt E
mis
sion
Tre
nds:
190
0-19
98 (E
PA-4
54/R
-00-
002)
(R
esea
rch
Tri
angl
e Pa
rk, N
C: M
arch
200
0), t
able
A-2
; ava
ilabl
e at
Inte
rnet
w
ebsi
te h
ttp:
//ww
w.e
pa.g
ov/t
tn/c
hief
/tre
nds/
tren
ds98
/bro
wse
.htm
l as
of S
ept.
5, 2
001.
Air Pollution � 329
TABL
E 4-
43: E
stim
ated
Nat
iona
l Em
issi
ons
of P
artic
ulat
e M
atte
r (PM
-10)
a (M
illio
n sh
ort t
ons)
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
19
95
1996
19
97
1998
19
9920
00TO
TAL
all
sou
rces
13.0
47.
677.
12R
41.4
0R
27.8
8R
25.9
3R
23.2
5R
24.1
0R
23.7
2R
24.0
424
.88
Tran
spo
rtat
ion
On-
road
veh
icle
s0.
440.
470.
400.
360.
350.
300.
350.
330.
310.
300.
27O
ff-ro
adA
ircra
ft0.
020.
030.
030.
040.
040.
040.
01R
0.01
R0.
01R
0.01
0.01
Rai
lroad
s0.
030.
030.
040.
040.
050.
030.
030.
030.
030.
030.
03M
arin
e ve
ssel
s0.
010.
010.
020.
030.
040.
04R
0.07
R0.
07R
0.07
R0.
070.
07
Oth
er o
ff-ro
adb
<0.0
10.
030.
030.
030.
040.
040.
050.
050.
050.
050.
05To
tal t
ran
spo
rtat
ion
-fu
el-r
elat
edR
0.49
0.57
0.52
0.50
0.53
0.45
R0.
49R
0.48
R0.
46R
0.45
0.42
Tran
spo
rtat
ion
-rel
ated
fu
git
ive
du
stU
npav
ed h
ighw
ays
NN
N11
.64
11.2
310
.36
9.07
9.46
9.33
R9.
169.
15P
aved
hig
hway
sN
NN
5.08
2.25
2.41
2.40
2.60
2.66
R2.
772.
74To
tal t
ran
spo
rtat
ion
R0.
490.
570.
5217
.22
14.0
113
.22
R11
.97
R12
.54
R12
.45
R12
.37
12.3
2
No
ntr
ansp
ort
atio
nF
uel c
ombu
stio
n2.
872.
252.
451.
541.
201.
18R
0.98
R0.
98R
0.91
R0.
951.
00
Indu
stria
l pro
cess
esc
7.67
3.70
2.75
1.06
R1.
04R
0.94
0.65
0.67
0.67
0.68
0.70
Was
te d
ispo
sal a
nd r
ecyc
ling
1.00
0.37
0.27
0.28
0.27
0.29
R0.
53R
0.53
R0.
53R
0.53
0.54
Mis
cella
neou
sd1.
000.
781.
13R
21.2
9R
11.3
7R
10.3
0R
9.13
R9.
38R
9.15
R9.
5110
.32
Tota
l no
ntr
ansp
ort
atio
n12
.54
7.10
6.60
R24
.17
R13
.87
R12
.71
R11
.29
R11
.56
R11
.27
R11
.67
12.5
6
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; R =
rev
ised
.
aFi
ne p
arti
cula
te m
atte
r le
ss t
han
10 m
icro
ns.
bO
ther
off
-roa
d co
mpr
ises
non
road
gas
olin
e- a
nd d
iese
l-po
wer
ed r
ecre
atio
nal,
airp
ort
serv
ice
and
railw
ay m
aint
enan
ce v
ehic
les,
and
rec
reat
iona
l m
arin
e ve
ssel
s.c
Indu
stri
al p
roce
sses
com
pris
e ch
emic
al a
nd a
llied
pro
duct
man
ufac
turi
ng, m
etal
s pr
oces
sing
, pet
role
um a
nd r
elat
ed in
dust
ries
, and
oth
er in
dust
rial
pr
oces
ses;
sol
vent
uti
lizat
ion;
and
sto
rage
and
tra
nspo
rt.
dM
isce
llane
ous
com
pris
es n
onro
ad g
asol
ine-
and
die
sel-
pow
ered
con
stru
ctio
n, in
dust
rial
, law
n an
d ga
rden
, far
m, l
ight
-com
mer
cial
, log
ging
veh
icle
s an
d ot
her
non-
road
sou
rces
; geo
geni
c so
urce
s; a
gric
ultu
re a
nd f
ores
try,
coo
ling
tow
ers,
non
tran
spor
tati
on-r
elat
ed f
ugit
ive
dust
, wild
fire
s, m
anag
ed
burn
ing,
and
oth
er c
ombu
stio
n so
urce
s th
at c
ould
not
be
accu
rate
ly a
lloca
ted
to s
peci
fic
sour
ce c
ateg
orie
s.
NO
TE
ST
he m
etho
dolo
gies
use
d to
est
imat
e em
issi
ons
cons
tant
ly e
volv
e an
d un
derg
o m
ajor
cha
nges
. The
se im
prov
ed m
etho
ds a
re o
ften
use
d to
rev
ise
esti
mat
es
for
prev
ious
yea
rs. T
here
fore
, som
e es
tim
ates
in t
his
tabl
e m
ay n
ot m
atch
est
imat
es p
rodu
ced
in p
revi
ous
repo
rts,
and
som
e tr
ends
may
not
be
cons
is-
tent
acr
oss
year
s in
whi
ch m
ajor
cha
nges
in m
etho
dolo
gy h
ave
occu
rred
.N
umbe
rs m
ay n
ot a
dd t
o to
tals
due
to
roun
ding
.
SOU
RC
E19
70, 1
975:
U.S
. Env
iron
men
tal P
rote
ctio
n A
genc
y, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n, S
ept.
5, 2
002.
1980
, 198
5 an
d 19
89-2
000:
Ibi
d, C
urre
nt E
mis
sion
Tre
nds
Sum
mar
ies,
ava
ilabl
e at
inte
rnet
web
site
htt
p://w
ww
.epa
.gov
/ttn
/chi
ef/t
rend
s/tr
ends
00/
tren
ds20
00.p
df a
s of
Oct
. 17,
200
2.19
86-8
7: I
bid,
Nat
iona
l Em
issi
on T
rend
s So
urce
Rep
orts
Dat
abas
e; a
vaila
ble
at I
nter
net
web
site
ww
w.e
pa.g
ov/a
ir/d
ata/
nett
ier.h
tml a
s of
Sep
t. 5
, 200
1.19
88: N
atio
nal A
ir P
ollu
tant
Em
issi
on T
rend
s: 1
900-
1998
(E
PA-4
54/R
-00-
002)
(R
esea
rch
Tri
angl
e Pa
rk, N
C: M
arch
200
0), t
able
A-2
, ava
ilabl
e at
Int
er-
net
web
site
htt
p://w
ww
.epa
.gov
/ttn
/chi
ef/t
rend
s/tr
ends
98/b
row
se.h
tml a
s of
Sep
t. 5
, 200
1.
330 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the EnvironmentTA
BLE
4-44
: Est
imat
ed N
atio
nal E
mis
sion
s of
Par
ticul
ate
Mat
ter (
PM-2
.5)a
(Mill
ion
shor
t ton
s)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
TOTA
L a
ll so
urc
esR
7.65
7.43
7.32
7.25
7.65
7.01
6.72
7.04
6.74
7.08
7.75
Tran
spo
rtat
ion
On-
road
veh
icle
s0.
290.
290.
280.
260.
260.
240.
280.
260.
250.
230.
21A
ircra
ft0.
030.
030.
030.
030.
030.
03R
<0.
01R
<0.
01R
<0.
01R
<0.
01<0
.01
Rai
lroad
s0.
050.
050.
050.
050.
05R
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
Mar
ine
vess
els
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
R0.
06R
0.06
R0.
06R
0.06
0.06
Oth
er o
ff-ro
adb
0.03
0.03
0.03
R0.
04R
0.04
R0.
04R
0.05
R0.
05R
0.05
0.04
0.04
Tran
spor
tatio
n-re
late
d fu
gitiv
e du
stU
npav
ed r
oads
1.69
1.68
1.64
1.72
1.71
1.56
1.37
1.43
1.41
R1.
381.
38
Pav
ed r
oads
0.56
0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
R0.
580.
600.
650.
67R
0.69
0.69
Tota
l tra
nsp
ort
atio
n2.
68R
2.72
R2.
68R
2.75
R2.
752.
502.
382.
482.
46R
2.44
2.41
No
ntr
ansp
ort
atio
nF
uel c
ombu
stio
n0.
910.
890.
930.
850.
840.
90R
0.74
R0.
74R
0.71
R0.
720.
76
Indu
stria
l pro
cess
esc
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.39
0.40
Was
te d
ispo
sal a
nd r
ecyc
ling
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.29
0.27
0.25
R0.
50R
0.50
R0.
50R
0.50
0.51
Mis
cella
neou
sR,d
3.27
3.00
2.89
R2.
873.
30R
2.86
2.73
R2.
942.
693.
033.
66
Tota
l no
ntr
ansp
ort
atio
n4.
974.
714.
644.
524.
914.
514.
344.
574.
294.
645.
34
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed.
aPa
rtic
ulat
e m
atte
r le
ss t
han
2.5
mic
rons
in s
ize.
bO
ther
off
-roa
d co
mpr
ises
non
road
gas
olin
e- a
nd d
iese
l-po
wer
ed r
ecre
atio
nal,
airp
ort
serv
ice
and
railw
ay m
aint
enan
ce v
ehic
les
and
recr
eati
onal
mar
ine
vess
els.
cIn
dust
rial
pro
cess
es c
ompr
ise
chem
ical
and
alli
ed p
rodu
ct m
anuf
actu
ring
, met
als
proc
essi
ng, p
etro
leum
and
rel
ated
indu
stri
es, a
nd o
ther
indu
stri
al p
roce
sses
; so
lven
t ut
iliza
tion
; and
sto
rage
and
tra
nspo
rtat
ion.
dM
isce
llane
ous
com
pris
es n
onro
ad g
asol
ine-
and
die
sel-
pow
ered
con
stru
ctio
n, in
dust
rial
, law
n an
d ga
rden
, far
m, l
ight
-com
mer
cial
, log
ging
veh
icle
s an
d ot
her
non-
road
sou
rces
; geo
geni
c so
urce
s, a
gric
ultu
re a
nd f
ores
try,
coo
ling
tow
ers,
non
tran
spor
tati
on-r
elat
ed f
ugit
ive
dust
, wild
fire
s, m
anag
ed b
urni
ng, a
nd o
ther
fu
giti
ve d
ust
and
com
bust
ion
that
cou
ld n
ot a
ccur
atel
y be
allo
cate
d to
spe
cifi
c so
urce
cat
egor
ies.
NO
TE
ST
he e
mis
sion
s es
tim
ates
sho
wn
here
are
tho
se t
hat
are
dire
ctly
em
itte
d, w
hich
rep
rese
nt o
nly
a po
rtio
n of
the
tot
al P
M-2
.5 e
mis
sion
s fo
und
in t
he a
ir. S
econ
dary
fo
rmat
ion
of f
ine
part
icul
ates
res
ulti
ng f
rom
em
issi
ons
of n
itro
gen
oxid
e, s
ulfu
r di
oxid
e, v
olat
ile o
rgan
ic c
ompo
unds
, and
oth
er s
ubst
ance
s is
als
o a
sign
ifi-
cant
sou
rce
of P
M-2
.5.
Num
bers
may
not
add
to
tota
ls d
ue t
o ro
undi
ng.
The
met
hodo
logi
es u
sed
to e
stim
ate
emis
sion
s co
nsta
ntly
evo
lve
and
unde
rgo
maj
or c
hang
es. I
mpr
oved
met
hods
are
oft
en u
sed
to r
evis
e es
tim
ates
for
pre
viou
s ye
ars.
The
refo
re, s
ome
esti
mat
es in
thi
s ta
ble
may
not
mat
ch e
stim
ates
pro
duce
d in
pre
viou
s re
port
s, a
nd s
ome
tren
ds m
ay n
ot b
e co
nsis
tent
acr
oss
year
s in
w
hich
maj
or c
hang
es in
met
hodo
logy
hav
e oc
curr
ed.
SOU
RC
E19
90-2
000:
U.S
. Env
iron
men
tal P
rote
ctio
n A
genc
y, C
urre
nt E
mis
sion
Tre
nds
Sum
mar
ies,
ava
ilabl
e at
inte
rnet
web
site
htt
p://w
ww
.epa
.gov
/ttn
/chi
ef/t
rend
s/tr
ends
00/t
rend
s200
0.pd
f as
of
Oct
. 17,
200
2.
Air Pollution � 331
TABL
E 4-
45: E
stim
ated
Nat
iona
l Em
issi
ons
of S
ulfu
r Dio
xide
(Mill
ion
shor
t ton
s)
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
TOTA
L a
ll so
urc
es31
.16
28.0
125
.91
23.6
623
.68
19.1
9R
19.4
5R
19.9
4R
20.0
6R
19.3
518
.20
Tran
spo
rtat
ion
On-
road
veh
icle
s0.
410.
500.
520.
520.
560.
310.
340.
350.
36R
0.37
0.31
Off-
road
Airc
raft
<0.
01<
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Rai
lroad
s0.
040.
040.
050.
060.
120.
11R
0.06
R0.
06R
0.06
R0.
060.
06
Mar
ine
vess
els
0.04
0.05
0.12
0.14
0.25
0.24
R0.
89R
0.89
R0.
89R
0.89
0.87
Tota
l tra
nsp
ort
atio
n0.
490.
590.
700.
730.
940.
671.
291.
301.
311.
321.
25
No
ntr
ansp
ort
atio
nF
uel c
ombu
stio
n23
.46
22.6
621
.39
20.0
220
.29
16.2
316
.23
16.6
516
.75
R16
.03
14.8
8
Indu
stria
l pro
cess
esa
7.09
4.68
3.77
2.43
1.86
1.59
1.38
1.43
1.43
R1.
421.
46
Was
te d
ispo
sal a
nd r
ecyc
ling
0.01
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.05
R0.
03R
0.03
R0.
03R
0.03
0.04
Mis
cella
neou
sb0.
110.
020.
010.
44R
0.54
R0.
640.
51R
0.52
R0.
540.
550.
57
Tota
l no
ntr
ansp
ort
atio
n30
.67
27.4
125
.20
22.9
222
.74
R18
.51
R18
.15
R18
.63
18.7
5R
18.0
316
.95
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed.
aIn
dust
rial
pro
cess
es c
ompr
ise
chem
ical
and
alli
ed p
rodu
ct m
anuf
actu
ring
, met
als
proc
essi
ng, p
etro
leum
and
rel
ated
indu
stri
es, a
nd o
ther
indu
stri
al p
roce
sses
; so
lven
t ut
iliza
tion
; and
sto
rage
and
tra
nspo
rt.
bM
isce
llane
ous
com
pris
es n
ontr
ansp
orta
tion
-rel
ated
fug
itiv
e du
st, n
onro
ad g
asol
ine,
non
road
die
sel,
othe
r no
nroa
d so
urce
s an
d ot
her
mis
cella
neou
s co
mbu
s-ti
on t
hat
coul
d no
t be
acc
urat
ely
allo
cate
d to
spe
cifi
c so
urce
cat
egor
ies.
NO
TE
ST
he m
etho
dolo
gies
use
d to
est
imat
e em
issi
ons
cons
tant
ly e
volv
e an
d un
derg
o m
ajor
cha
nges
. The
se im
prov
ed m
etho
ds a
re o
ften
use
d to
rev
ise
esti
mat
es f
or p
re-
viou
s ye
ars.
The
refo
re, s
ome
esti
mat
es in
thi
s ta
ble
may
not
mat
ch e
stim
ates
pro
duce
d in
pre
viou
s re
port
s, a
nd s
ome
tren
ds m
ay n
ot b
e co
nsis
tent
acr
oss
year
s in
whi
ch m
ajor
met
hodo
logy
cha
nges
hav
e oc
curr
ed.
Num
bers
may
not
add
to
tota
ls d
ue t
o ro
undi
ng.
SOU
RC
ES
1970
, 197
5: U
.S. E
nvir
onm
enta
l Pro
tect
ion
Age
ncy,
Nat
iona
l Air
Qua
lity
and
Em
issi
ons
Tre
nds
Rep
ort:
199
9 (E
PA-4
54/R
-01-
004)
(R
esea
rch
Tri
angl
e Pa
rk,
NC
: Mar
ch 2
001)
, tab
le A
-2; a
vaila
ble
at I
nter
net
web
site
htt
p://w
ww
.epa
.gov
/oar
/aqt
rnd9
9/to
c.ht
ml a
s of
Sep
t. 5
, 200
1.19
80, 1
985
and
1990
-200
0: I
bid,
Cur
rent
Em
issi
on T
rend
s Su
mm
arie
s, a
vaila
ble
at in
tern
et w
ebsi
te h
ttp:
//ww
w.e
pa.g
ov/t
tn/c
hief
/tre
nds/
tren
ds00
/tr
ends
2000
as
of O
ct. 1
7, 2
002.
1986
-89:
Ibi
d, N
atio
nal E
mis
sion
Tre
nds
Sour
ce R
epor
ts D
atab
ase,
ava
ilabl
e at
Int
erne
t w
ebsi
te w
ww
.epa
.gov
/air
/dat
a/ne
ttie
r.htm
l as
of S
ept.
5, 2
001.
332 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the EnvironmentTA
BLE
4-46
: Est
imat
ed N
atio
nal E
mis
sion
s of
Lea
d (T
hous
and
shor
t ton
s)
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
TOTA
L a
ll so
urc
es22
0.87
159.
6674
.15
22.8
94.
983.
934.
084.
144.
064.
204.
23Tr
ansp
ort
atio
nH
ighw
ay v
ehic
les
171.
9613
0.21
60.5
018
.05
0.42
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
Airc
raft
1.40
1.12
0.89
0.69
0.62
0.54
0.51
0.50
0.50
R0.
520.
55
Tota
l tra
nsp
ort
atio
n17
3.36
131.
3361
.39
18.7
41.
040.
56R
0.52
0.52
0.52
0.54
0.56
Fue
l com
bust
ion
10.6
210
.35
4.30
0.52
0.50
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.50
0.50
Indu
stria
l pro
cess
esa
26.3
611
.38
3.94
2.53
R2.
482.
272.
272.
32R
2.24
2.35
2.35
Was
te d
ispo
sal a
nd r
ecyc
ling
2.20
1.60
1.21
0.87
0.80
0.60
0.79
0.80
0.81
0.81
0.81
Mis
cella
neou
sb8.
345.
013.
320.
230.
16<
0.01
<0.0
1<0
.01
<0.0
1<
0.01
<0.
01
Tota
l no
ntr
ansp
ort
atio
n47
.52
28.3
412
.77
4.15
3.94
3.37
3.55
3.61
3.54
3.66
3.66
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed.
aIn
dust
rial
pro
cess
es c
ompr
ise
chem
ical
and
alli
ed p
rodu
ct m
anuf
actu
ring
, met
als
proc
essi
ng, a
nd o
ther
indu
stri
al p
roce
sses
.b
Mis
cella
neou
s co
mpr
ises
oth
er n
onro
ad g
asol
ine,
eng
ines
and
veh
icle
s th
at c
ould
not
be
accu
rate
ly a
lloca
ted
to s
peci
fic
sour
ce c
ateg
orie
s.
NO
TE
STo
tal l
ead
emis
sion
s de
crea
sed
shar
ply
from
197
0 to
199
5 as
a r
esul
t of
reg
ulat
ory
acti
ons.
The
lead
con
tent
of
lead
ed g
asol
ine
was
red
uced
dra
mat
ical
ly in
19
85. I
n ad
diti
on, u
nlea
ded
gaso
line
was
intr
oduc
ed in
197
5 fo
r us
e in
aut
omob
iles
equi
pped
wit
h ca
taly
tic
cont
rol d
evic
es. B
y 19
95, u
nlea
ded
gaso
line
sale
s ac
coun
ted
for
99 p
erce
nt o
f th
e ga
solin
e m
arke
t.T
he m
etho
dolo
gies
use
d to
est
imat
e em
issi
ons
cons
tant
ly e
volv
e an
d un
derg
o m
ajor
cha
nges
. Im
prov
ed m
etho
ds a
re o
ften
use
d to
rev
ise
esti
mat
es f
or p
revi
ous
year
s. T
here
fore
, som
e es
tim
ates
in t
his
tabl
e m
ay n
ot m
atch
est
imat
es p
rodu
ced
in p
revi
ous
repo
rts,
and
som
e tr
ends
may
not
be
cons
iste
nt a
cros
s ye
ars
in
whi
ch m
ajor
cha
nges
in m
etho
dolo
gy h
ave
occu
rred
.N
umbe
rs m
ay n
ot a
dd t
o to
tals
due
to
roun
ding
.
SOU
RC
ES
1970
, 197
5: U
.S. E
nvir
onm
enta
l Pro
tect
ion
Age
ncy,
Nat
iona
l Air
Qua
lity
and
Em
issi
ons
Tre
nds
Rep
ort:
199
9 (E
PA-4
54/R
-01-
004)
(R
esea
rch
Tri
angl
e Pa
rk,
NC
: Mar
ch 2
001)
, tab
le A
-2; a
vaila
ble
at I
nter
net
web
site
htt
p://w
ww
.epa
.gov
/oar
/aqt
rnd9
9/to
c.ht
ml a
s of
Sep
t. 5
, 200
1.
1980
, 198
5 an
d 19
89-2
000:
Ibi
d, C
urre
nt E
mis
sion
Tre
nds
Sum
mar
ies,
ava
ilabl
e at
inte
rnet
web
site
htt
p://w
ww
.epa
.gov
/ttn
/chi
ef/t
rend
s/tr
ends
00/
tren
ds20
00.p
df a
s of
Oct
. 17,
200
2.19
86-8
7: I
bid,
Nat
iona
l Em
issi
on T
rend
s so
urce
rep
orts
dat
abas
e; a
vaila
ble
at I
nter
net
web
site
ww
w.e
pa.g
ov/a
ir/d
ata/
nett
ier.h
tml a
s of
Sep
t. 5
, 200
1.19
88: I
bid,
Nat
iona
l Air
Pol
luta
nt E
mis
sion
Tre
nds:
190
0-19
98 (E
PA-4
54/R
-00-
002)
(R
esea
rch
Tri
angl
e Pa
rk, N
C: M
arch
200
0), t
able
A-2
; ava
ilabl
e at
Inte
rnet
w
ebsi
te h
ttp:
//ww
w.e
pa.g
ov/t
tn/c
hief
/tre
nds/
tren
ds98
/bro
wse
.htm
l as
of S
ept.
5, 2
001.
Air Pollution � 333
TABL
E 4-
47: A
ir Po
llutio
n Tr
ends
in S
elec
ted
Met
ropo
litan
Sta
tistic
al A
reas
(N
umbe
r of d
ays
with
AQI
val
ues
grea
ter t
han
100
at tr
end
site
s an
d al
l mon
itorin
g si
tes)
All
site
sTr
end
sit
es
Tota
l n
um
ber
o
f si
tesR
AQ
I day
s >
100
(200
1)N
um
ber
of
tren
d s
ites
R19
9219
9319
9419
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
0020
01A
kron
, OH
212
28
108
1211
614
204
12A
lban
y-S
chen
ecta
dy-T
roy,
NY
311
35
56
34
32
61
11
Alb
uque
rque
, NM
11
10
01
00
00
10
1A
llent
own-
Bet
hleh
em-E
asto
n, P
A3
152
36
39
613
1820
59
Atla
nta,
GA
1218
320
3615
3525
3150
6126
8
Aus
tin-S
an M
arco
s, T
X1
10
12
410
00
58
60
Bak
ersf
ield
, CA
833
710
097
R10
4R
107
R11
0R
5876
R94
8233
Bal
timor
e, M
D8
267
2348
R40
3628
3051
4016
26
Bat
on R
ouge
, LA
65
6R
6R
13R
10R
21R
11R
16R
16R
2329
5
Ber
gen-
Pas
saic
, NJ
25
0R
0R
0R
0R
0R
0R
0R
10
00
Birm
ingh
am, A
L6
126
1210
632
158
R22
2722
12
Bos
ton,
MA
-NH
518
3R
6R
2R
6R
7R
4R
7R
8R
81
14
Buf
falo
-Nia
gara
Fal
ls, N
Y2
132
31
46
31
138
513
Cha
rlest
on-N
orth
Cha
rlest
on, S
C0
00
02
21
33
35
40
Cha
rlotte
-Gas
toni
a-R
ock
Hill
, NC
-SC
726
611
R29
R15
R19
R23
R30
R49
R40
2223
Chi
cago
, IL
1916
19R
63
R9
R24
R7
9R
10R
140
15
Cin
cinn
ati,
OH
-KY-
IN8
125
1R
516
1910
11R
1312
46
Cle
vela
nd-L
orai
n-E
lyria
, OH
924
811
R16
R25
R27
R19
R13
R22
R21
517
Col
umbu
s, O
H7
94
5R
8R
12R
18R
19R
13R
21R
226
7
Dal
las,
TX
824
2R
8R
13R
26R
28R
1020
R26
2320
14
Day
ton-
Spr
ingf
ield
, OH
55
42
1114
1118
R10
1919
64
Den
ver,
CO
62
611
R6
R3
R5
R1
0R
9R
42
2
Det
roit,
MI
716
77
511
1413
R11
1715
316
El P
aso,
TX
48
410
7R
9R
7R
5R
36
R1
35
Fort
Lau
derd
ale,
FL
22
22
41
11
01
11
2
Fort
Wor
th-A
rling
ton,
TX
725
27
931
2814
1417
1916
17Fr
esno
, CA
785
669
5955
6170
7567
8178
85G
ary,
IN4
102
50
617
11R
119
105
9
Gra
nd R
apid
s-M
uske
gon-
Hol
land
, MI
511
4R
53
R14
R18
R9
R10
R19
R21
311
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
334 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the Environment
Gre
ensb
oro-
Win
ston
-Sal
em-H
igh
Pt.,
NC
720
42
R22
7R
13R
7R
1425
R24
1212
Gre
envi
lle-S
part
anbu
rg-A
nder
son,
SC
413
45
R8
5R
77
R9
2819
1113
Har
risbu
rg-L
eban
on-C
arlis
le, P
A3
173
115
1213
39
2217
517
Har
tford
, CT
316
315
1418
145
1610
187
16H
onol
ulu,
HI
00
00
00
00
00
00
0
Hou
ston
, TX
1637
932
R27
R41
66R
2847
R29
R52
4128
Indi
anap
olis
, IN
1110
7R
69
22R
21R
1612
19R
244
8
Jack
sonv
ille,
FL
21
22
32
11
4R
23
01
Jers
ey C
ity, N
J1
31
1119
1718
59
717
33
Kan
sas
City
, MO
-KS
44
41
R3
10R
21R
7R
16R
145
104
Kno
xvill
e, T
N7
177
725
16R
26R
21R
3754
R62
3617
Las
Veg
as, N
V-A
Z6
53
R3
R3
R3
0R
40
R3
00
1
Littl
e R
ock-
Nor
th L
ittle
Roc
k, A
R2
42
02
27
11
R3
R5
164
Los
Ang
eles
-Lon
g B
each
, CA
1436
1417
513
413
911
394
6056
2748
30Lo
uisv
ille,
KY-
IN6
106
223
R28
R24
11R
18R
29R
4410
10
Mem
phis
, TN
-AR
-MS
413
414
1510
2119
17R
26R
3524
13
Mia
mi,
FL
41
43
61
21
3R
65
01
Mid
dles
ex-S
omer
set-
Hun
terd
on, N
J2
112
813
9R
20R
15R
19R
22R
2611
11
Milw
auke
e-W
auke
sha,
WI
912
93
4R
1214
5R
5R
12R
184
12
Min
neap
olis
-St.
Pau
l, M
N-W
I3
32
10
25
00
10
02
Mon
mou
th-O
cean
, NJ
213
211
2413
2017
2131
2711
13N
ashv
ille,
TN
67
66
R19
2126
R23
2030
3316
7
Nas
sau-
Suf
folk
, NY
39
27
1715
108
1211
185
3N
ew H
aven
-Mer
iden
, CT
213
210
R13
R13
148
1910
166
11
New
Orle
ans,
LA
65
65
68
208
7R
418
175
New
Yor
k, N
Y8
204
R4
R11
R16
R20
R14
23R
16R
2511
16
New
ark,
NJ
210
210
1313
2012
1323
217
10N
orfo
lk-V
A B
each
-New
port
New
s, V
A-N
C3
63
819
66
417
1516
56
Oak
land
, CA
74
7R
44
312
110
R12
R6
33
TABL
E 4-
47: A
ir Po
llutio
n Tr
ends
in S
elec
ted
Met
ropo
litan
Sta
tistic
al A
reas
(N
umbe
r of d
ays
with
AQI
val
ues
grea
ter t
han
100
at tr
end
site
s an
d al
l mon
itorin
g si
tes)
(Con
tinue
d)
All
site
sTr
end
sit
es
Tota
l n
um
ber
o
f si
tesR
AQ
I day
s >
100
(200
1)N
um
ber
of
tren
d s
ites
R19
9219
9319
9419
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
0020
01
Air Pollution � 335
Okl
ahom
a C
ity, O
K4
24
22
513
24
R6
66
2
Om
aha,
NE
-IA
11
10
11
1R
00
R1
51
1
Ora
nge
Cou
nty,
CA
44
435
2515
99
36
14
2O
rland
o, F
L4
34
44
31
1R
5R
94
33
Phi
lade
lphi
a, P
A-N
J12
2512
R27
R62
R37
R38
R38
R38
3732
1822
Pho
enix
-Mes
a, A
Z12
187
R11
R15
R9
22R
1512
R14
R10
106
Pitt
sbur
gh, P
A13
209
9R
15R
21R
2611
R20
39R
244
18
Pon
ce, P
R0
00
00
00
00
00
00
Por
tland
-Van
couv
er, O
R-W
A3
23
60
22
60
32
02
Pro
vide
nce-
Fall
Riv
er-W
arw
ick,
RI-
MA
213
1R
0R
0R
5R
7R
2R
3R
2R
22
10
Ral
eigh
-Dur
ham
-Cha
pel H
ill, N
C6
96
0R
17R
15R
12R
13R
21R
37R
2912
8
Ric
hmon
d-P
eter
sbur
g, V
A4
144
830
1319
521
2825
512
Riv
ersi
de-S
an B
erna
rdin
o, C
A20
9720
174
168
R15
012
4R
118
105
R94
R96
100
94
Roc
hest
er, N
Y2
52
20
16
06
49
15
Sac
ram
ento
, CA
1125
10R
5020
R37
41R
44R
17R
29R
3929
17
St.
Loui
s, M
O-I
L15
1515
159
R33
R36
2015
2329
1415
Sal
t Lak
e C
ity-O
gden
, UT
66
6R
8R
4R
10R
5R
14R
2R
19R
42
4
San
Ant
onio
, TX
11
0R
03
R3
R17
R2
3R
49
00
San
Die
go, C
A9
179
66R
5946
4831
1433
1614
17
San
Fra
ncis
co, C
A0
00
00
02
00
00
00
San
Jos
e, C
A6
36
34
2R
14R
80
R8
R4
13
San
Jua
n-B
ayam
on, P
R0
00
00
00
R0
R0
R0
R0
00
Scr
anto
n-W
ilkes
Bar
re-H
azle
ton,
PA
410
43
107
124
117
121
10S
eattl
e-B
elle
vue-
Eve
rett,
WA
21
0R
50
3R
26
13
11
0
Spr
ingf
ield
, MA
413
412
1312
95
107
102
13S
yrac
use,
NY
24
22
41
50
23
41
4Ta
com
a, W
A0
00
20
20
10
40
00
Tam
pa-S
t. P
eter
sbur
g-C
lear
wat
er, F
L9
67
21
32
34
R6
96
4
Tole
do, O
H4
112
27
R8
911
45
42
9
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
TABL
E 4-
47: A
ir Po
llutio
n Tr
ends
in S
elec
ted
Met
ropo
litan
Sta
tistic
al A
reas
(N
umbe
r of d
ays
with
AQI
val
ues
grea
ter t
han
100
at tr
end
site
s an
d al
l mon
itorin
g si
tes)
(Con
tinue
d)
All
site
sTr
end
sit
es
Tota
l n
um
ber
o
f si
tesR
AQ
I day
s >
100
(200
1)N
um
ber
of
tren
d s
ites
R19
9219
9319
9419
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
0020
01
336 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the Environment
Tucs
on, A
Z0
00
11
03
01
0R
10
0
Tuls
a, O
K5
73
14
1221
147
914
74
Ven
tura
, CA
623
654
4363
6662
4529
2227
18
Was
hing
ton,
DC
-MD
-VA
-WV
2023
1614
52R
22R
3218
R30
4739
1122
Wes
t Pal
m B
each
-Boc
a R
aton
, FL
21
20
30
00
02
10
1
Wilm
ingt
on-N
ewar
k, D
E-M
D5
204
1229
2427
13R
22R
2821
1819
Youn
gsto
wn-
War
ren,
OH
312
310
105
128
1022
122
12
KE
Y: A
QI =
Air
Qua
lity
Inde
x; R
= r
evis
ed.
NO
TE
ST
he A
ir Q
ualit
y In
dex
(AQ
I) in
tegr
ates
info
rmat
ion
on 5
maj
or p
ollu
tant
s (p
arti
cula
te m
atte
r le
ss t
han
10 m
icro
ns in
dia
met
er, s
ulfu
r di
oxid
e, c
arbo
n m
onox
-id
e, o
zone
, and
nit
roge
n di
oxid
e) a
cros
s an
ent
ire
mon
itor
ing
netw
ork
into
a s
ingl
e nu
mbe
r th
at r
epre
sent
s th
e w
orst
dai
ly a
ir q
ualit
y ex
peri
ence
d in
an
urba
n ar
ea. A
n A
QI
grea
ter
than
100
indi
cate
s th
at a
t le
ast
1 cr
iter
ia p
ollu
tant
exc
eede
d ai
r qu
alit
y st
anda
rds
on a
giv
en d
ay; t
here
fore
, air
qua
lity
wou
ld
be in
the
unh
ealt
hful
ran
ge o
n th
at d
ay. I
n 19
99, 4
,184
mon
itor
ing
site
s re
port
ed a
ir q
ualit
y da
ta. A
ir q
ualit
y m
onit
orin
g si
tes
are
sele
cted
as
“tre
nd s
ites
” if
the
y ha
ve c
ompl
ete
data
for
at
leas
t 8
of t
he 1
0 ye
ars
betw
een
1992
and
200
1.
SOU
RC
EU
.S. E
nvir
onm
enta
l Pro
tect
ion
Age
ncy,
Off
ice
of A
ir Q
ualit
y Pl
anni
ng a
nd S
tand
ards
, Nat
iona
l Air
Qua
lity
and
Em
issi
ons
Tre
nds
Rep
ort,
200
0 (R
esea
rch
Tri
-an
gle
Park
, NC
: 200
2), t
able
A-1
6.
TABL
E 4-
47: A
ir Po
llutio
n Tr
ends
in S
elec
ted
Met
ropo
litan
Sta
tistic
al A
reas
(N
umbe
r of d
ays
with
AQI
val
ues
grea
ter t
han
100
at tr
end
site
s an
d al
l mon
itorin
g si
tes)
(Con
tinue
d)
All
site
sTr
end
sit
es
Tota
l n
um
ber
o
f si
tesR
AQ
I day
s >
100
(200
1)N
um
ber
of
tren
d s
ites
R19
9219
9319
9419
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
0020
01
Air Pollution � 337
TABL
E 4-
48: A
reas
in N
onat
tain
men
t of N
atio
nal A
mbi
ent A
ir Q
ualit
y St
anda
rds
for C
riter
ia P
ollu
tant
s(C
onde
nsed
non
atta
inm
ent a
rea
list a
s of
Sep
tem
ber 2
001)
Nu
mb
er o
f ar
eas
in n
on
atta
inm
entc
,dA
rea
po
pu
lati
on
, in
1,0
00sj
Ref
. no
.S
tate
sC
on
solid
ated
no
nat
tain
men
t ar
ea
nam
ebO
3eC
OS
O2
PM
-10
Pb
NO
2O
3C
OS
O2
PM
-10
Pb
Tota
l ex
po
sed
1A
KA
ncho
rage
.1
.1
..
255
195
255
2A
KFa
irban
ks.
1.
..
.39
393
AK
June
au.
..
1.
.13
134
AL
Bir
min
gham
1.
..
..
805
805
5A
ZA
jo.
.1
1.
.7
77
6A
ZB
ullh
ead
City
..
.1
..
88
7A
ZD
ougl
as.
.1
1.
.15
1515
8A
ZM
iam
i-Hay
den
..
21
..
44
49
AZ
Mor
enci
..
1.
..
88
10A
ZN
ogal
es.
..
1.
.24
2411
AZ
Pau
l Spu
r.
..
1.
.1
112
AZ
Pay
son
..
.1
..
55
13A
ZP
hoen
ix1
1.
1.
.3,
028
3,02
83,
111
3,11
114
AZ
Rill
ito.
..
1.
.0
015
AZ
San
Man
uel
..
1.
..
77
16A
ZYu
ma
..
.1
..
8282
17C
AIm
peria
l Val
ley
..
.1
..
119
119
18C
ALo
s A
ngel
es-S
outh
Coa
st A
ir B
asin
11
.1
..
14,9
4314
,943
14,9
4314
,943
19C
AM
ono
Bas
in (
in M
ono
Co.
).
..
1.
.0
020
CA
Ow
ens
Val
ley
..
.1
..
77
21C
AS
acra
men
to M
etro
1.
.1
..
1,97
81,
223
1,97
822
CA
San
Die
go1
..
..
.2,
813
2,81
323
CA
San
Fra
ncis
co-O
akla
nd-S
an J
ose
1.
..
..
6,54
16,
541
24C
AS
an J
oaqu
in V
alle
y2
..
1.
.3,
302
3,08
03,
302
25C
AS
anta
Bar
bara
-San
ta M
aria
-Lom
poc
1.
..
..
399
399
26C
AS
earle
s V
alle
y.
..
1.
.22
2227
CA
Sou
thea
st D
eser
t Mod
ified
AQ
MA
1.
.2
..
534
424
534
28C
AV
entu
ra C
o.1
..
..
.75
375
329
CO
Asp
en.
..
1.
.5
530
CO
Den
ver-
Bou
lder
.1
.1
..
2,25
62,
389
2,38
931
CO
Fort
Col
lins
.1
..
..
143
143
32C
OLa
mar
..
.1
..
88
33C
OS
team
boat
Spr
ings
..
.1
..
99
34C
TG
reat
er C
onne
ctic
ut1
..
1.
.2,
532
123
2,53
235
DC
-MD
-VA
Was
hing
ton
1.
..
..
4,54
44,
544
36D
ES
usse
x C
ount
y1
..
..
.15
615
637
GA
Atla
nta
1.
..
..
3,69
83,
698
38G
Ua
Piti
Pow
er P
lant
..
1.
..
11
39G
Ua
Tang
uiss
on P
ower
Pla
nt.
.1
..
.1
1
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
338 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the Environment
40ID
Bon
ner
Co.
(S
andp
oint
).
..
1.
.36
3641
IDP
ocat
ello
Are
a.
..
2.
.66
6642
IDS
hosh
one
Co.
..
.2
..
1212
43IL
-IN
Chi
cago
-Gar
y-La
ke C
ount
y1
.1
3.
.8,
757
484
322
8,75
744
KY
Boy
d C
o. (
Ash
land
).
.g 1
..
.49
49
45K
Y-IN
Loui
svill
e1
..
..
.88
388
346
LAB
aton
Rou
ge1
..
..
.63
663
647
MA
Bos
ton-
Law
renc
e1
..
..
.5,
883
5,88
348
MA
Spr
ingf
ield
(W
. Mas
s)1
..
..
.81
481
449
MD
Bal
timor
e1
..
..
.2,
512
2,51
250
MD
Ken
t and
Que
en A
nne
Cos
.1
..
..
.59
5951
ME
Kno
x/Li
ncol
n C
ount
y1
..
..
.73
7352
ME
Lew
isto
n-A
ubur
n1
..
..
.22
022
053
ME
Por
tland
1.
..
..
487
487
54M
NM
inne
apol
is-S
t. P
aul
..
.1
..
286
286
55M
OLi
bert
y-A
rcad
ia.
..
.1
.5
556
MO
-IL
St.
Loui
s1
..
.h 1
.2,
482
22,
482
57M
TB
utte
..
.1
..
3434
58M
TC
olum
bia
Falls
..
.1
..
33
59M
TK
alis
pell
..
.1
..
1515
60M
TLa
me
Dee
r.
..
1.
.0
061
MT
Lew
is &
Cla
rk (
E. H
elen
a).
.1
.i 1
.2
22
62M
TLi
bby
..
.1
..
33
63M
TM
isso
ula
.1
.1
..
5252
5264
MT
Pol
son
..
.1
..
33
65M
TR
onan
..
.1
..
22
66M
TT
hom
pson
Fal
ls.
..
1.
.1
167
MT
Whi
tefis
h.
..
1.
.5
568
MT
Yello
wst
one
Co.
(La
urel
).
.1
..
.5
569
NH
Man
ches
ter
1.
..
..
364
364
70N
HP
orts
mou
th-D
over
-Roc
hest
er1
..
..
.19
219
271
NJ
Atla
ntic
City
1.
..
..
354
354
72N
MA
ntho
ny.
..
1.
.2
273
NM
Gra
nt C
o..
.1
..
.31
3174
NM
Sun
land
Par
kf 1
..
..
.10
10
75N
VC
entr
al S
tept
oe V
alle
y.
.1
..
.1
176
NV
Las
Veg
as.
1.
1.
.47
81,
375
1,37
577
NV
Ren
o1
1.
1.
.33
917
833
933
9
TABL
E 4-
48: A
reas
in N
onat
tain
men
t of N
atio
nal A
mbi
ent A
ir Q
ualit
y St
anda
rds
for C
riter
ia P
ollu
tant
s(C
onde
nsed
non
atta
inm
ent a
rea
list a
s of
Sep
tem
ber 2
001)
(Con
tinue
d)
Nu
mb
er o
f ar
eas
in n
on
atta
inm
entc
,dA
rea
po
pu
lati
on
, in
1,0
00sj
Ref
. no
.S
tate
sC
on
solid
ated
no
nat
tain
men
t ar
ea
nam
ebO
3eC
OS
O2
PM
-10
Pb
NO
2O
3C
OS
O2
PM
-10
Pb
Tota
l ex
po
sed
Air Pollution � 339
78N
Y
Alb
any-
Sch
enec
tady
1.
..
..
892
892
79N
YB
uffa
lo-N
iaga
ra F
alls
1.
..
..
1,17
01,
170
80N
YE
ssex
City
, Whi
tefa
ce1
..
..
.0
081
NY
Jeffe
rson
Co.
1
..
..
.11
111
182
NY
Pou
ghke
epsi
e1
..
..
.60
060
083
NY-
NJ-
CT
New
Yor
k-N
. New
Jer
sey-
Long
Isla
nd1
1.
1.
.19
,171
13,3
711,
537
19,1
7184
OH
Cle
vela
nd-A
kron
-Lor
ain
..
1.
.1,
095
1,09
585
OH
Luca
s C
o. (
Tole
do)
..
1.
..
455
455
86O
H-K
YC
inci
nnat
i-Ham
ilton
1.
..
..
1,51
41,
514
87O
H-P
AYo
ungs
tow
n-W
arre
n1
..
..
.12
012
088
OR
Gra
nts
Pas
s.
..
1.
.20
2089
OR
Kla
mat
h Fa
lls.
1.
1.
.19
1919
90O
RLa
Gra
nde
..
.1
..
1212
91O
RLa
kevi
ew.
..
1.
.3
392
OR
Med
ford
.1
.1
..
7678
7893
OR
Oak
ridge
..
.1
..
33
94O
RS
prin
gfie
ld-E
ugen
e.
..
1.
.17
917
995
PAA
ltoon
a1
..
..
.12
912
996
PAE
rie1
..
..
.28
028
097
PAH
arris
burg
-Leb
anon
1.
..
..
629
629
98PA
John
stow
n1
..
..
.23
223
299
PALa
ncas
ter
1.
..
..
470
470
100
PAP
ittsb
urgh
-Bea
ver
Val
ley
1.
21
..
2,43
141
019
2,43
110
1PA
Scr
anto
n-W
ilkes
-Bar
re1
..
..
.76
376
310
2PA
War
ren
Co
..
2.
..
2020
103
PAYo
rk1
..
..
.47
347
310
4PA
-DE
-NJ-
MD
Phi
lade
lphi
a-W
ilmin
gton
-Tre
nton
1.
..
..
6,31
16,
311
105
PA-N
JA
llent
own-
Bet
hleh
em1
.1
740
102
740
106
PR
Gua
ynab
o C
o..
..
1.
.92
9210
7R
IP
rovi
denc
e (a
ll of
RI)
1.
..
..
1,04
81,
048
108
TX
Bea
umon
t-P
ort A
rthu
r1
..
..
.38
538
510
9T
XD
alla
s-F
ort W
orth
1.
..
..
4,58
94,
589
110
TX
El P
aso
11
.1
..
679
6256
367
911
1T
XH
oust
on-G
alve
ston
-Bra
zoria
1.
..
..
4,66
94,
669
112
UT
Ogd
en.
..
1.
.77
7711
3U
TS
alt L
ake
City
..
11
..
898
898
898
114
UT
Tooe
le C
o..
.1
..
.40
4011
5U
TU
tah
Co.
(P
rovo
).
1.
1.
.11
836
836
811
6V
AS
myt
h C
o., W
hite
Top
1.
..
..
00
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
TABL
E 4-
48: A
reas
in N
onat
tain
men
t of N
atio
nal A
mbi
ent A
ir Q
ualit
y St
anda
rds
for C
riter
ia P
ollu
tant
s(C
onde
nsed
non
atta
inm
ent a
rea
list a
s of
Sep
tem
ber 2
001)
(Con
tinue
d)
Nu
mb
er o
f ar
eas
in n
on
atta
inm
entc
,dA
rea
po
pu
lati
on
, in
1,0
00sj
Ref
. no
.S
tate
sC
on
solid
ated
no
nat
tain
men
t ar
ea
nam
ebO
3eC
OS
O2
PM
-10
Pb
NO
2O
3C
OS
O2
PM
-10
Pb
Tota
l ex
po
sed
340 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the Environment
117
WA
Spo
kane
.1
.1
..
322
204
322
118
WA
Wal
lula
..
.1
..
00
119
WA
Yaki
ma
..
.1
..
6363
120
WI
Doo
r C
o.1
..
..
.27
2712
0W
IM
anito
woc
Co.
1.
..
..
8282
121
WI
Mar
atho
n C
o. (
Wau
sau)
..
1.
..
125
125
122
WI
Milw
auke
e-R
acin
e1
..
..
.1,
839
1,83
912
4W
VFo
llans
bee
..
.1
..
22
125
WV
New
Man
ches
ter
Gr.
(in H
anco
ck C
o).
.1
..
.9
912
6W
VW
ier.-
But
ler-
Cla
y (in
Han
cock
Co)
..
11
..
1615
1612
7W
YS
herid
an.
..
1.
.15
15
Nat
ion
al t
ota
ls (
127
area
s)c
5815
2668
30
119,
445
35,3
403,
785
32,5
409
128,
599
KE
Y: C
O =
car
bon
mon
oxid
e; N
O2
= n
itrog
en d
ioxi
de; O
3 =
ozo
ne; P
b =
lead
; PM
-10
= p
artic
ulat
e m
atte
r sm
alle
r th
an 1
0 m
icro
ns; S
O2
= s
ulfu
r di
oxid
e; .
= a
ll ar
eas
in a
ttain
men
t for
a p
ar-
ticle
or
pollu
tant
.
aG
uam
(U
.S. t
erri
tory
)b
Thi
s is
a s
impl
ifie
d lis
ting
of
clas
sifi
ed n
onat
tain
men
t ar
eas.
Unc
lass
ifie
d an
d Se
ctio
n 18
5a (
tran
siti
onal
) no
natt
ainm
ent
area
s ar
e no
t in
clud
ed. N
ames
of
nona
t-ta
inm
ent
area
s ar
e lis
ted
alph
abet
ical
ly w
ithi
n ea
ch s
tate
. Not
e th
at s
ever
al s
mal
ler
nona
ttai
nmen
t ar
eas
may
be
insi
de o
ne la
rger
non
atta
inm
ent
area
. In
thes
e ca
ses,
the
sm
alle
r no
natt
ainm
ent
area
s ar
e lis
ted
on t
he s
ame
line
as t
he la
rger
one
, and
the
num
ber
of n
onat
tain
men
t ar
eas
are
indi
cate
d un
der
each
pol
luta
nt.
cN
atio
nal t
otal
incl
udes
Gua
m (
U.S
. ter
rito
ry).
dT
he n
umbe
r of
non
atta
inm
ent
area
s fo
r ea
ch o
f th
e cr
iter
ia p
ollu
tant
s is
list
ed. A
dot
(.)
indi
cate
s th
at a
ll ar
eas
are
in a
ttai
nmen
t fo
r th
at p
ollu
tant
.N
ote
that
the
re a
re n
o ar
eas
in n
onat
tain
men
t fo
r N
O2.
e1-
hour
ozo
ne s
tand
ard.
fO
zone
non
atta
inm
ent
area
is a
por
tion
of
Don
a A
na C
ount
y, N
ew M
exic
o.g
SO2
nona
ttai
nmen
t ar
ea is
a p
orti
on o
f B
oyd
Cou
nty,
Ken
tuck
y.h
Lea
d no
natt
ainm
ent
area
is H
ercu
lane
um, M
isso
uri i
n Je
ffer
son
Cou
nty.
iL
ead
nona
ttai
nmen
t ar
ea is
a p
orti
on o
f L
ewis
and
Cla
rk C
ount
y, M
onta
na.
jPo
pula
tion
fig
ures
wer
e ob
tain
ed f
rom
the
199
0 ce
nsus
dat
a. F
or n
onat
tain
men
t ar
eas
defi
ned
as o
nly
part
ial c
ount
ies,
pop
ulat
ion
figu
res
for
just
the
non
at-
tain
men
t ar
ea w
ere
used
whe
n th
ese
wer
e av
aila
ble.
Oth
erw
ise,
who
le c
ount
y po
pula
tion
fig
ures
wer
e us
ed. W
hen
a la
rger
non
atta
inm
ent
area
enc
ompa
sses
a
smal
ler
one,
dou
ble
coun
ting
the
pop
ulat
ion
in t
he “
Tota
l exp
osed
” co
lum
n is
avo
ided
by
only
cou
ntin
g th
e po
pula
tion
of
the
larg
er n
onat
tain
men
t ar
ea.
The
“To
tal e
xpos
ed”
valu
es r
epre
sent
est
imat
ed p
opul
atio
n liv
ing
in a
reas
tha
t ar
e in
non
atta
inm
ent
for
at le
ast
one
pollu
tant
.
NO
TE
Ref
eren
ce n
umbe
rs 1
-127
do
not
indi
cate
ran
king
.
SOU
RC
EU
.S. E
nvir
onm
enta
l Pro
tect
ion
Age
ncy,
Off
ice
of A
ir Q
ualit
y Pl
anni
ng a
nd S
tand
ards
, Nat
iona
l Air
Qua
lity
and
Em
issi
ons
Tre
nds
Rep
ort,
200
0 (R
esea
rch
Tri
an-
gle
Park
, NC
: 200
2), t
able
A-1
8. I
nter
net
web
site
htt
p://w
ww
.epa
.gov
/air
tren
ds/ a
s of
Sep
t. 1
6, 2
002.
TABL
E 4-
48: A
reas
in N
onat
tain
men
t of N
atio
nal A
mbi
ent A
ir Q
ualit
y St
anda
rds
for C
riter
ia P
ollu
tant
s(C
onde
nsed
non
atta
inm
ent a
rea
list a
s of
Sep
tem
ber 2
001)
(Con
tinue
d)
Nu
mb
er o
f ar
eas
in n
on
atta
inm
entc
,dA
rea
po
pu
lati
on
, in
1,0
00sj
Ref
. no
.S
tate
sC
on
solid
ated
no
nat
tain
men
t ar
ea
nam
ebO
3eC
OS
O2
PM
-10
Pb
NO
2O
3C
OS
O2
PM
-10
Pb
Tota
l ex
po
sed
Air Pollution � 341
TABL
E 4-
49: U
.S. C
arbo
n Di
oxid
e Em
issi
ons
from
Ene
rgy
Use
by S
ecto
r (M
illio
n m
etric
tons
of c
arbo
n)
Sec
tor
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
200
0P
Ind
ust
rial
452.
743
9.8
455.
145
2.9
463.
346
1.1
476.
148
1.5
469.
546
5.8
465.
7R
esid
enti
al25
7.0
261.
626
1.8
278.
427
5.8
277.
929
3.9
292.
829
3.7
298.
831
3.4
Co
mm
erci
al21
0.3
210.
421
0.8
217.
222
0.4
224.
623
3.1
245.
425
0.4
253.
126
7.8
Tran
spo
rtat
ion
431.
842
4.2
431.
143
6.4
449.
345
7.8
468.
947
3.6
481.
549
9.4
514.
8M
otor
gas
olin
e26
0.5
259.
226
3.0
268.
927
3.3
279.
028
4.0
286.
529
2.5
299.
730
1.5
Liqu
id p
etro
leum
gas
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
Jet f
uel
60.1
58.1
57.6
58.1
60.4
60.0
62.7
63.3
64.2
66.3
68.5
Dis
tilla
te fu
el75
.772
.675
.377
.382
.585
.189
.793
.596
.410
1.9
106.
6R
esid
ual f
uel
21.9
22.0
23.0
19.4
19.1
19.7
18.4
15.5
15.2
17.0
23.1
Lubr
ican
ts1.
81.
61.
61.
61.
71.
71.
61.
71.
81.
81.
8A
viat
ion
gas
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
Tota
l pet
role
um42
1.2
414.
642
1.6
426.
443
8.2
446.
545
7.4
461.
547
1.2
487.
62.
5
Nat
ural
gas
9.8
9.0
8.8
9.3
10.2
10.4
10.6
11.3
9.5
11.0
11.4
Ele
ctric
ity0.
70.
70.
70.
70.
90.
80.
80.
80.
90.
90.
9
Tota
l CO
2 em
issi
on
s fr
om
en
d-u
se s
ecto
r en
erg
y co
nsu
mp
tio
n1,
351.
71,
336.
01,
358.
71,
384.
81,
408.
81,
421.
31,
471.
91,
493.
31,
495.
21,
517.
11,
561.
7
Tota
l U.S
. CO
2 em
issi
on
s1,
355.
31,
341.
21,
367.
21,
399.
21,
424.
81,
438.
21,
487.
71,
509.
01,
510.
91,
535.
71,
583.
3
KE
Y: C
O2
= c
arbo
n di
oxid
e; P
= p
relim
inar
y.
NO
TE
SE
lect
ric
utili
ty e
mis
sion
s ar
e di
stri
bute
d ac
ross
end
-use
sec
tors
. Pre
viou
sly,
the
em
issi
ons
due
to n
onut
ility
ele
ctri
city
con
sum
ptio
n us
ed t
o be
allo
cate
d to
the
in
dust
rial
sec
tor.
Star
ting
in 2
000,
the
non
utili
ty e
lect
ric
emis
sion
s w
ere
dist
ribu
ted
acro
ss s
ecto
rs f
or a
ll th
e ye
ars
repo
rted
.N
umbe
rs m
ay n
ot a
dd t
o to
tals
due
to
roun
ding
.To
ns o
f ca
rbon
can
be
conv
erte
d to
ton
s of
car
bon
diox
ide
gas
by m
ulti
plyi
ng b
y 3.
667.
One
ton
of
carb
on e
qual
s 3.
667
tons
of
carb
on d
ioxi
de g
as.
SOU
RC
EU
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Ene
rgy,
Ene
rgy
Info
rmat
ion
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Em
issi
ons
of G
reen
hous
e G
ases
in t
he U
nite
d St
ates
200
0, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n.
chapter four
Section EWater Pollution, Noise,
and Solid Waste
Water Pollution, Noise, and Solid Waste � 345
TABL
E 4-
50: P
etro
leum
Oil
Spill
s Im
pact
ing
Navi
gabl
e U.
S. W
ater
way
s
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
So
urce
Inci
den
tsG
allo
ns
spill
edIn
cid
ents
Gal
lon
s sp
illed
Inci
den
tsG
allo
ns
spill
edIn
cide
nts
Gal
lons
sp
illed
Inci
den
tsG
allo
ns
spill
edIn
cide
nts
Gal
lons
sp
illed
Inci
den
tsG
allo
ns
spill
edIn
cid
ents
Gal
lon
s sp
illed
Vess
el s
ourc
es
Tank
ship
164
732,
397
249
4,97
7,25
114
812
5,49
112
221
9,31
112
422
,429
104
56,6
7392
8,41
411
160
8,17
6
Tank
bar
ge38
53,
683,
548
457
992,
025
353
1,10
1,93
831
31,
163,
258
252
165,
649
220
248,
089
227
158,
977
229
133,
540
Oth
er v
esse
lsa
1,11
344
6,96
61,
779
417,
882
4,97
739
6,72
45,
151
298,
451
4,97
119
2,80
14,
848
316,
473
5,36
140
9,08
45,
220
291,
927
Tota
l ves
sel s
ourc
es1,
662
4,86
2,91
12,
485
6,38
7,15
85,
478
1,62
4,15
35,
586
1,68
1,02
05,
347
380,
879
5,17
262
1,23
55,
680
576,
475
5,56
01,
033,
643
Non
vess
el s
ourc
es
Offs
hore
pip
elin
es23
17,9
7773
46,2
287
1,14
34
386
1381
010
843
535
,707
417
Ons
hore
pip
elin
es36
275
9,04
076
270,
700
2310
,751
1397
8,00
619
223,
312
3547
,020
2043
321
17,0
04
Oth
erb
2,41
72,
473,
212
2,43
51,
091,
544
1,08
694
6,32
81,
061
429,
911
1,32
427
7,14
31,
508
198,
853
1,59
051
5,24
11,
620
356,
740
Tota
l non
vess
el s
ourc
es2,
802
3,25
0,22
92,
584
1,40
8,47
21,
116
958,
222
1,07
81,
408,
303
1,35
650
1,26
51,
553
246,
716
1,61
555
1,38
11,
645
373,
761
Mys
tery
c1,
705
323,
108
3,10
811
9,37
72,
444
55,8
542,
671
28,5
081,
921
60,4
301,
590
17,3
521,
244
44,5
931,
149
23,9
66
Tota
l all
spill
s6,
169
8,43
6,24
88,
177
7,91
5,00
79,
038
2,63
8,22
99,
335
3,11
7,83
18,
624
942,
574
8,31
588
5,30
38,
539
1,17
2,44
98,
354
1,43
1,37
0
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed.
aO
ther
ves
sels
incl
ude
com
mer
cial
ves
sels
, fis
hing
boa
ts, f
reig
ht b
arge
s, f
reig
ht s
hips
, ind
ustr
ial v
esse
ls, o
il re
cove
ry v
esse
ls, p
asse
nger
ves
sels
, unc
lass
ifie
d pu
b-lic
ves
sels
, rec
reat
iona
l boa
ts, r
esea
rch
vess
els,
sch
ool s
hips
, tow
and
tug
boa
ts, m
obile
off
shor
e dr
illin
g un
its,
off
shor
e su
pply
ves
sels
, pub
licly
ow
ned
tank
an
d fr
eigh
t sh
ips,
as
wel
l as
vess
els
not
fitt
ing
any
part
icul
ar c
lass
(un
clas
sifi
ed).
bO
ther
non
vess
el s
ourc
es in
clud
e de
sign
ated
wat
erfr
ont
faci
litie
s, n
onm
arin
e la
nd f
acili
ties
, fix
ed o
ffsh
ore
and
insh
ore
plat
form
s, m
obile
fac
ility
, mun
icip
al
faci
lity,
air
craf
t, la
nd v
ehic
les,
rai
lroa
d eq
uipm
ent,
bri
dges
, fac
tori
es, f
leet
ing
area
s, in
dust
rial
fac
iliti
es, i
ntak
es, l
ocks
, mar
inas
, MA
RPO
L r
ecep
tion
fac
iliti
es,
nonv
esse
l com
mon
car
rier
fac
iliti
es, o
utfa
lls, s
ewer
s, d
rain
s, p
erm
anen
tly
moo
red
faci
litie
s, s
hipy
ards
, shi
p re
pair
fac
iliti
es.
cM
yste
ry s
pills
are
spi
lls f
rom
unk
now
n or
uni
dent
ifie
d so
urce
s. U
.S. C
oast
Gua
rd in
vest
igat
ors
are
unab
le t
o id
enti
fy t
he v
esse
l or
faci
lity
that
spi
lled
the
oil
into
U.S
. nav
igab
le w
ater
s.
SOU
RC
EU
.S. C
oast
Gua
rd, O
il Sp
ill C
ompe
ndiu
m 2
000,
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
Sep
t. 1
2, 2
001.
346 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the EnvironmentTA
BLE
4-51
: Lea
king
Und
ergr
ound
Sto
rage
Tan
k Re
leas
es a
nd C
lean
ups
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Tota
l co
nfi
rmed
rel
ease
s87
,528
R12
6,81
618
4,45
723
7,02
227
0,56
730
3,63
531
7,48
834
1,77
337
1,38
739
7,82
141
2,39
241
8,91
8
Cle
anup
s in
itiat
ed51
,770
79,5
0612
9,07
417
1,08
220
9,79
723
8,67
125
2,61
529
2,44
631
4,96
534
6,30
036
7,60
337
9,24
3C
lean
ups
not i
nitia
ted
35,7
58R
47,3
1055
,383
65,9
4060
,770
64,9
6464
,873
49,3
2756
,422
51,5
2144
,789
39,6
75
Cle
anup
s co
mpl
eted
16,9
05R
58,2
58R
99,4
9687
,065
107,
448
131,
272
152,
683
178,
297
203,
247
228,
925
249,
759
268,
833
Rel
ease
s no
t cle
aned
up
70,6
23R
68,5
58R
84,9
6114
9,95
716
3,11
917
2,36
316
4,80
516
3,47
616
8,14
016
8,89
616
2,63
315
0,08
5
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed.
NO
TE
SA
ll nu
mbe
rs a
re c
umul
ativ
e.D
ata
repr
esen
t fi
scal
yea
r, O
ctob
er 1
thr
ough
Sep
tem
ber
30.
SOU
RC
ES
1990
: U.S
. Env
iron
men
tal P
rote
ctio
n A
genc
y, O
ffic
e of
Und
ergr
ound
Sto
rage
Tan
ks, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
ns, N
ov. 1
7 an
d 18
, 199
8.19
91-2
001:
Ibi
d., I
nter
net
site
htt
p://w
ww
.epa
.gov
/sw
erus
t1/c
at/c
amar
chv.
htm
as
of J
uly
31, 2
002.
Water Pollution, Noise, and Solid Waste � 347
TABL
E 4-
52: H
ighw
ay N
oise
Bar
rier C
onst
ruct
ion
(Mile
s)
Un
kno
wn
1970
-79
1980
-89
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
Tota
l19
70-9
8
Type
I ba
rrie
rsa
d 610
241
944
7811
362
4887
3447
114
1,14
7
Type
II b
arrie
rsb
070
128
1918
1822
1632
1531
2239
1
All
othe
r ty
pesc
N2
280
211
325
60
11
79
Tota
l len
gth
617
557
563
R98
R14
2R
86R
8912
549
7813
71,
623
Cos
t (19
98 $
mill
ions
)N
134
656
8914
418
611
811
215
260
111
169
1,93
1
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; R =
rev
ised
.
aA
Typ
e I
barr
ier
is b
uilt
on
a hi
ghw
ay p
roje
ct t
o co
nstr
uct
a ne
w h
ighw
ay o
r to
phy
sica
lly a
lter
an
exis
ting
hig
hway
. b
A T
ype
II b
arri
er is
bui
lt t
o ab
ate
nois
e al
ong
an e
xist
ing
high
way
(of
ten
refe
rred
to
as r
etro
fit
abat
emen
t) a
nd is
not
man
dato
ry.
cA
ll ot
her
type
s of
bar
rier
s ar
e no
nfed
eral
ly f
unde
d.d
Hav
e no
t be
en a
ssig
ned
a ye
ar o
f co
nstr
ucti
on o
r a
cost
.
NO
TE
SM
iles
have
bee
n co
nver
ted
from
kilo
met
ers.
To
tals
may
not
mat
ch t
he s
um o
f ye
arly
est
imat
es d
ue t
o ro
undi
ng a
nd c
onve
rtin
g fr
om m
etri
c. T
wen
ty-f
our
mile
s of
bar
rier
s, w
hile
ass
igne
d a
year
of
cons
truc
-ti
on, c
anno
t be
ass
igne
d a
cost
. Dat
a ar
e pr
oduc
ed o
n a
3-ye
ar c
ycle
.
SOU
RC
EU
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Hig
hway
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Off
ice
of E
nvir
onm
ent
and
Plan
ning
, Hig
hway
Tra
ffic
Noi
se B
arri
er C
onst
ruct
ion
Tre
nds
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 200
0), t
able
s 1
and
3.
348 � Chapter 4: Transportation, Energy, and the Environment
TABLE 4-53: Number of People Residing in High Noise Areas Around U.S. Airportsa,b,c (Within 65 dB DNL noise-level contours)
Exposure
YearPeople
(thousands)R
Percent of U.S. resident
population
U.S. resident population (millions)
1975 7,000 3.25 215.5
1980 5,200 2.29 227.21985 3,400 1.43 237.91990 2,700 1.08 R249.51995 1,700 0.65 262.81996 R1,500 0.57 265.2
1997 1,300 0.49 267.8
1998 R1,100 R0.41 270.2
1999 R680 0.25 272.7
2000 R440 R0.16 d282.12001 446 0.16 d284.8
KEY: dB = decibels; DNL = day-night sound level; R = revised.
a Noise-level contours are graphical representations of noise levels on a map, similar to elevation contours on a topographic map. Noise-level contours are lines that join points of equal sound levels. Areas between given noise-level contour lines would have a noise level between the two contour values. The U.S. Department of Transporta-tion, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has identified DNL 65 dB as the highest threshold of airport noise exposure that is normally compatible with indoor and outdoor activity associated with a variety of land uses, including residential, recreational, schools, and hospi-tals.
b Estimates are for areas surrounding airport property of 250 of the largest civil airports with jet operations in the United States. They exclude exposure to aircraft noise within an airport boundary.
c 1975 exposure estimates were made by the U.S. Environmental Protec-tion Agency. 1980–2001 estimates were made by FAA. See the source and accuracy statement for more details on how exposure estimates are made.
d Population estimates for 2000 and 2001 reflect the results of the 2000 census. Data prior to 2000 is still based on data from the 1990 cen-sus, but will be updated to reflect the 2000 census in the 2002 edition of the Statistical Abstract of the United States. Therefore, population estimates for 2000 and 2001 may not be comparable to data that does not reflect the 2000 census.
SOURCESExposure:1975-2001: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation
Administration, Office of Environment and Energy (AEE-12), per-sonal communication, Sept. 19, 2002.
Population:1975-99: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Statistical
Abstract of the United States 2001 (Washington, DC: 2001), table 2.2000-2001: Ibid., table US-2001EST-01 (“Time Series of National Popu-
lation Estimates: Apr. 1, 2000 to July 1, 2001”).
Water Pollution, Noise, and Solid Waste � 349
TABL
E 4-
54: M
otor
Veh
icle
s Sc
rapp
eda
(Tho
usan
ds)
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
20
0020
01P
asse
nger
car
s7,
461
5,66
98,
405
7,72
98,
897
7,41
47,
527
8,24
46,
819
7,21
68,
085
7,65
0Tr
ucks
837
908
1,73
22,
100
2,17
72,
918
3,28
44,
265
4,84
64,
447
6,21
46,
472
Tota
l mo
tor
veh
icle
s8,
298
6,57
610
,137
9,82
911
,073
10,3
3210
,811
12,5
0911
,665
11,6
6414
,299
14,1
22
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed.
aD
ata
are
for
the
peri
od J
uly
1 to
Jun
e 30
of
the
give
n ye
ar.
NO
TE
SFi
gure
s re
pres
ent
vehi
cles
tha
t ar
e no
t re
-reg
iste
red.
Num
bers
may
not
add
due
to
roun
ding
.
SOU
RC
ET
he P
olk
Co.
, per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
Jul
y 31
, 200
2.
appendix a
Modal Profiles
Appendix A: Modal Profiles � 353
Air C
arrie
r Pro
file
of R
epor
ting
U.S.
Car
riers
Fin
anci
al19
6019
7019
8019
9019
9519
9619
9719
9819
99R
2000
P20
01
Op
erat
ing
rev
enu
es
($ t
ho
usa
nd
s), t
ota
la2,
884,
877
9,28
9,65
832
,882
,441
75,9
50,8
6394
,318
,533
101,
937,
346
109,
567,
602
113,
465,
078
119,
038,
452
130,
299,
258
115,
019,
000
Dom
estic
tota
la,b
,c2,
178,
339
7,18
0,16
126
,440
,297
57,9
60,5
0870
,885
,050
76,8
90,5
2682
,249
,568
86,4
93,7
8990
,931
,479
98,8
95,8
3786
,208
,701
Maj
ors,
all
serv
ices
3 1,9
42,6
353 6
,272
,775
7 23,
012,
073
1453
,333
,552
1464
,317
,169
1470
,036
,709
1474
,942
,391
1477
,650
,810
1482
,615
,015
1489
,290
,585
1478
,610
,562
Nat
iona
ls, a
ll se
rvic
es14
6,48
173
6,83
13,
182,
418
15 4
,167
,552
155,
935,
773
15 5
,990
,391
15 6
,163
,458
15 8
,113
,690
157,
789,
636
15 9
,104
,701
15 7
,147
,710
Larg
e re
gion
als,
all
serv
ices
NN
245,
806
1645
9,40
416
632
,108
1686
3,42
616
1,14
3,71
916
729,
289
1652
6,82
816
500
,551
1645
0,42
9
Inte
rnat
iona
l tot
alc
705,
938
2,10
9,49
76,
442,
144
17,9
90,3
5523
,433
,483
25,0
46,8
2027
,318
,034
26,9
71,2
8928
,106
,973
31,4
03,4
2128
,810
,299
Maj
ors,
all
serv
ices
705,
938
2,10
9,49
78 5
,976
,221
1416
,761
,376
1419
,892
,111
14 2
1,52
4,27
414
23,
608,
853
14 2
3,35
6,23
314
24,6
71,1
5214
28,
100,
884
1425
,872
,642
Nat
iona
ls, a
ll se
rvic
esN
N46
5,92
315
901
,352
153,
282,
606
153,
326,
467
15 3
,376
,014
153,
161,
212
153,
142,
217
15 2
,909
,590
152,
483,
359
Larg
e re
gion
als,
all
serv
ices
NN
N16
327
,627
16 2
58,7
6616
196,
079
1633
3,16
616
453,
844
1629
3,60
416
392,
947
1645
4,29
8
Op
erat
ing
exp
ense
s ($
th
ou
san
ds)
, to
tala
2,71
7,75
49,
067,
273
33,1
08,0
9477
,867
,566
88,4
54,9
5695
,728
,276
100,
980,
807
104,
137,
267
110,
635,
417
123,
314,
280
125,
058,
578
Dom
estic
tota
la,c
2,05
2,09
47,
001,
668
26,4
65,9
9958
,953
,086
66,1
19,6
9971
,573
,073
75,7
31,2
1578
,388
,515
84,3
28,3
2093
,578
,562
94,3
02,6
19
Maj
ors,
all
serv
ices
1,90
7,78
56,
256,
039
7 23
,150
,527
1454
,209
,401
1459
,721
,080
14 6
4,79
3,76
314
68,
307,
270
14 7
0,11
4,85
214
76,
506,
077
14 8
4,20
8,51
414
86,3
75,9
06
Nat
iona
ls, a
ll se
rvic
es14
4,30
974
5,62
93,
058,
289
15 4
,297
,823
155,
750,
372
15 5
,847
,797
15 6
,163
,923
15 7
,500
,451
15 7
,299
,934
158,
824,
795
157,
441,
752
Larg
e re
gion
als,
all
serv
ices
NN
257,
183
1644
5,86
216
648
,247
16 9
31,5
1316
1,2
60,0
2116
773
,212
16 5
22,3
0916
545,
253
1648
4,96
1
Inte
rnat
iona
l tot
alc
665,
660
2,06
5,60
56,
642,
095
18,9
14,4
8022
,335
,257
24,1
55,2
0325
,249
,593
25,7
48,7
5226
,307
,097
29,7
35,7
1830
,755
,959
Maj
ors,
all
serv
ices
665,
660
2,06
5,60
58
6,17
1,36
614
17,7
46,0
0614
19,0
61,2
5814
20,
807,
517
14 2
1,68
8,64
214
22,
321,
441
14 2
3,21
8,93
814
26,
645,
342
1427
,655
,517
Nat
iona
ls, a
ll se
rvic
esN
N47
0,72
915
853,
361
15 3
,025
,707
15 3
,166
,097
15 3
,253
,249
15 3
,014
,282
15 2
,815
,341
152,
659,
021
152,
622,
724
Larg
e re
gion
als,
all
serv
ices
NN
N16
315,
113
16 2
48,2
9216
181
,589
16 3
07,7
0216
413
,029
16 2
72,8
1916
431,
355
1647
7,71
8
Inve
nto
ryd
Lar
ge
carr
iers
, to
tale
,155
3966
5989
9082
8082
R76
69
Maj
ors
NN
1412
1112
1313
1314
15
Nat
iona
lsN
N18
1527
3131
2731
R33
27
Reg
iona
lsN
N34
3251
4738
4038
2927
Lar
ge
carr
iers
2 av
aila
ble
for
serv
ice
2,13
52,
690
2,81
84,
727
5,56
75,
961
5,77
06,
144
6,25
46,
522
6,08
1
Maj
ors
NN
2,07
13,
854
4,03
94,
422
4,35
24,
605
4,71
15,
118
4,99
6
Nat
iona
lsN
N43
265
01,
143
1,16
796
71,
113
1,31
91,
182
952
Reg
iona
lsN
N31
522
338
537
245
142
622
422
213
3
Lar
ge
carr
ier1
em
plo
yees
169,
872
304,
690
354,
264
588,
926
610,
363
634,
866
656,
243
696,
408
728,
495
732,
049
653,
488
Maj
ors
118,
189
214,
021
318,
973
549,
100
533,
313
564,
631
597,
953
623,
389
650,
267
672,
294
607,
857
Nat
iona
ls12
,470
24,9
1329
,922
32,0
7759
,444
56,5
8647
,662
59,6
2068
,138
56,0
5641
,865
Reg
iona
lsN
N5,
369
7,74
917
,606
13,6
4910
,628
13,3
9910
,090
3,69
93,
766
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
354 � Appendix A: Modal Profiles
Per
form
ance
19
6019
7019
8019
9019
9519
9619
9719
9819
99R
2000
P20
01
Air
craf
t re
ven
ue-
mile
s(t
ho
usa
nd
s), t
ota
la1,
040,
056
2,54
2,26
42,
924,
346
4,72
3,60
15,
627,
052
5,85
4,76
66,
024,
764
6,22
7,18
06,
557,
701
7,05
6,53
46,
807,
928
Dom
estic
b
Larg
e ca
rrie
rs, a
ll se
rvic
esa
4 858
,451
4 2,0
67,5
989 2
,523
,375
173,
963,
263
174,
629,
394
174,
811,
453
174,
910,
948
175,
034,
691
175,
332,
483
175,
664,
281
175,
549,
881
Maj
or, a
ll se
rvic
esa
716,
961
1,77
8,06
52,
113,
669
183,
547,
339
183,
953,
287
184,
083,
664
184,
191,
113
184,
260,
052
184,
598,
092
184,
784,
663
184,
676,
556
Nat
iona
ls, a
ll se
rvic
esa
94,7
9424
7,05
533
0,52
819
351,
946
1956
9,64
119
614,
519
1959
4,24
119
702,
913
1966
8,64
619
813,
061
1981
5,03
6
Larg
e re
gion
als,
all
serv
ices
aN
N56
,995
2060
,542
2085
,363
2096
,573
2011
2,68
220
51,1
9920
47,4
3820
52,9
4120
33,3
65
Inte
rnat
iona
l
Larg
e ca
rrie
rs, a
ll se
rvic
esa
181,
605
474,
666
1040
0,97
121
760,
338
2199
7,65
821
1,04
3,31
321
1,11
3,81
621
1,19
2,48
921
1,22
5,21
821
1,28
1,70
621
1,25
8,04
7
Maj
or, a
ll se
rvic
esa
NN
330,
391
2266
6,23
122
822,
283
2285
9,48
322
917,
109
221,
003,
726
221,
053,
219
221,
117,
712
221,
117,
172
Nat
iona
ls, a
ll se
rvic
esa
NN
66,4
9923
48,8
1223
141,
870
2315
0,14
723
145,
821
2314
5,49
423
138,
135
2313
2,49
723
115,
150
Larg
e re
gion
als,
all
serv
ices
aN
N2,
948
2460
,542
2427
,761
2422
,519
2447
,138
2440
,398
2429
,474
2427
,890
2421
,298
Med
ium
reg
iona
ls, a
ll se
rvic
es,
dom
estic
and
inte
rnat
iona
laN
N23
,204
119,
017
1128
,847
1127
,861
1116
,660
1121
,024
1122
,697
1117
,223
1129
,351
Air
craf
t re
ven
ue-
ho
urs
, to
tala
4,28
1,63
66,
110,
486
7,19
0,72
411
,298
,194
13,3
99,1
9413
,985
,353
14,2
95,6
9414
,839
,578
15,5
47,9
9916
,501
,365
16,0
66,1
92
Dom
estic
b
Larg
e ca
rrie
rs, a
ll se
rvic
esa
3,67
2,90
05,
133,
161
9 6,2
47,7
9517
9,71
7,37
517
11,3
78,1
3417
11,8
71,8
8617
12,0
60,2
5317
12,4
45,4
8317
13,0
91,2
7317
13,9
05,4
7217
13,5
10,3
65
Maj
or, a
ll se
rvic
esa
2,80
2,31
74,
066,
480
4,94
1,32
718
8,52
4,23
618
9,25
7,26
018
9,58
4,52
518
9,82
8,41
818
9,95
7,39
018
10,8
63,1
7818
11,3
08,8
2018
11,0
19,4
06
Nat
iona
ls, a
ll se
rvic
esa
606,
146
908,
935
919,
187
191,
016,
491
191,
839,
835
191,
981,
219
191,
882,
975
192,
299,
916
192,
053,
335
19 2
,419
,285
192,
314,
886
Larg
e re
gion
als,
all
serv
ices
aN
N26
7,52
220
167,
826
2022
3,00
720
260,
985
20 3
15,5
0620
143,
197
2012
6,60
220
142,
900
2094
,600
Inte
rnat
iona
l
Larg
e ca
rrie
rs, a
ll se
rvic
esa
608,
736
977,
325
1081
9,51
821
1,55
6,76
021
2,02
1,06
021
2,11
3,46
721
2,23
5,44
121
2,39
4,09
521
2,45
6,72
621
2,59
5,89
321
2,55
5,82
7
Maj
or, a
ll se
rvic
esa
NN
668,
199
221,
351,
349
221,
634,
465
221,
712,
416
221,
819,
583
221,
992,
776
222,
090,
817
22 2
,229
,167
222,
234,
964
Nat
iona
ls, a
ll se
rvic
esa
NN
140,
329
2310
1,53
323
314,
066
2332
9,31
123
309,
948
2331
1,54
023
290,
582
2329
9,25
923
265,
463
Larg
e re
gion
als,
all
serv
ices
aN
N7,
583
2488
,641
2459
,572
2448
,619
2497
,304
2483
,437
2462
,658
2460
,381
2446
,005
Med
ium
reg
iona
ls, a
ll se
rvic
es,
dom
estic
and
inte
rnat
iona
laN
N12
3,41
111
24,0
5911
70,9
8911
68,2
7811
41,9
6011
51,3
2211
60,8
2711
41,5
5311
90,8
68
Rev
enu
e p
asse
ng
er-m
iles
(th
ou
san
ds)
, to
tala
40,0
49,6
1614
8,13
7,37
026
7,97
2,55
747
2,56
6,49
555
8,75
7,05
159
6,16
3,69
761
9,96
8,58
263
5,51
7,39
566
8,62
5,90
770
8,92
6,28
366
4,84
1,30
1
Dom
estic
b
Larg
e ca
rrie
rs, a
ll se
rvic
es31
,098
,944
108,
441,
978
9 204
,367
,599
1734
,872
,950
1740
3,88
7,80
217
434,
651,
687
1745
0,61
2,48
217
463,
262,
198
1748
8,35
6,86
917
516,
128,
630
1748
6,45
9,38
9
Maj
ors,
all
serv
ices
29,4
30,4
2899
,903
,229
182,
984,
795
1832
7,11
2,62
018
368,
701,
100
1839
5,09
9,25
418
410,
906,
050
1842
1,21
7,66
518
451,
399,
646
1847
2,28
4,79
418
440,
400,
186
Nat
iona
ls, a
ll se
rvic
es1,
170,
779
7,64
2,07
120
,466
,712
1916
,756
,818
19 2
9,25
5,17
919
33,0
00,5
4619
33,2
41,0
8219
37,6
99,0
6319
33,2
67,4
6919
40,5
49,1
1319
43,5
22,7
61
Larg
e re
gion
als,
all
serv
ices
NN
711,
868
201,
752,
615
204,
381,
267
205,
443,
071
205,
778,
338
203,
124,
802
202,
627,
816
20 2
,527
,254
201,
709,
092
Inte
rnat
iona
l
Larg
e ca
rrie
rs, a
ll se
rvic
es4 8
,950
,672
4 39,
695,
392
1063
,354
,387
2112
6,36
2,69
721
154,
869,
249
2116
1,51
2,01
021
169,
356,
100
2117
2,25
5,19
721
180,
269,
038
2119
2,79
7,65
321
178,
381,
912
Maj
ors,
all
serv
ices
NN
54,3
18,1
6022
118,
268,
507
2213
7,98
6,52
022
145,
330,
811
2215
3,56
4,95
622
157,
398,
986
2216
8,17
5,06
022
181,
585,
899
2216
9,32
5,35
0
Air C
arrie
r Pro
file
of R
epor
ting
U.S.
Car
riers
(Con
tinue
d)
Appendix A: Modal Profiles � 355
Per
form
ance
(co
nti
nu
ed)
1960
1970
1980
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
R20
00 P
2001
Nat
iona
ls, a
ll se
rvic
esN
N8,
659,
592
236,
794,
533
2316
,128
,695
2314
,681
,127
2313
,616
,245
23 1
3,47
1,79
823
9,64
9,71
023
8,4
47,9
1623
7,7
59,7
41
Larg
e re
gion
als,
all
serv
ices
NN
330,
288
241,
219,
706
2467
6,92
524
505,
337
24 2
,148
,486
241,
097,
330
242,
145,
931
24 2
,675
,654
241,
185,
896
Med
ium
reg
iona
ls, a
ll se
rvic
es,
dom
estic
and
inte
rnat
iona
laN
N25
0,57
111
330,
848
111,
627,
365
112,
103,
551
1171
3,42
511
1,50
7,75
111
1,36
0,27
511
855,
653
1193
8,27
5
Ave
rag
e p
asse
ng
er r
even
ue
/ pas
sen
ger
-mile
c
(Dom
estic
, sch
edul
ed s
ervi
ce)
6.09
6.00
11.4
913
.43
13.4
813
.76
13.9
714
.08
13.7
214
.35
13.1
5
Ave
rag
e p
asse
ng
er f
arec
(Dom
estic
, sch
edul
ed s
ervi
ce)
30.0
140
.65
84.6
010
7.86
106.
6611
0.37
114.
10R
114.
08R
114.
9912
1.27
112.
17
Rev
enu
e p
asse
ng
er
enp
lan
emen
ts (
tho
usa
nd
s),
tota
la
62,2
5616
9,92
230
2,82
147
5,19
355
9,65
359
2,90
960
5,50
262
4,71
064
6,87
267
7,60
663
1,53
9
Dom
estic
b
Larg
e ca
rrie
rs, a
ll se
rvic
esa
4 56,
352
4 153
,662
9 27
5,18
217
428,
767
1750
6,78
917
538,
394
1754
8,73
517
566,
951
1758
9,17
017
616,
778
1757
4,86
8
Maj
or, a
ll se
rvic
esa
48,6
7812
2,86
622
3,23
718
393,
927
1844
1,65
018
466,
743
18 4
78,2
5318
486,
903
1851
9,76
018
537
,379
1849
6,45
3
Nat
iona
ls, a
ll se
rvic
esa
5,94
926
,726
47,1
4519
32,
015
19 5
5,65
619
62,
183
1961
,316
1974
,281
19 6
5,07
219
76,
092
19 7
5,60
0
Larg
e re
gion
als,
all
serv
ices
aN
N3,
748
20 2
,566
20 7
,136
20 7
,887
208,
203
204,
352
203,
152
202,
226
201,
343
Inte
rnat
iona
l
Larg
e ca
rrie
rs, a
ll se
rvic
esa
5,90
416
,620
1026
,514
2146
,126
2152
,864
2154
,515
2156
,767
2157
,759
2157
,702
2160
,828
2156
,671
Maj
or, a
ll se
rvic
esa
NN
23,9
4922
42,2
0722
44,1
5522
46,3
0222
48,6
1422
49,6
1022
50,6
0422
53,1
5722
50,0
77
Nat
iona
ls, a
ll se
rvic
esa
NN
2,34
323
2,63
223
8,11
423
7,40
123
6,89
623
7,0
3823
5,44
623
5,78
823
5,68
6
Larg
e re
gion
als,
all
serv
ices
aN
N14
924
1,24
624
556
2440
524
1,23
124
940
241,
404
241,
810
2480
6
Med
ium
reg
iona
ls, a
ll se
rvic
es,
dom
estic
and
inte
rnat
iona
laN
N1,
125
1130
011
2,38
611
1,98
811
989
111,
586
111,
434
111,
154
111,
574
Rev
enu
e p
asse
ng
er
Lo
ad f
acto
r (p
erce
nt)
(sc
hed
ule
d s
ervi
ce)
Dom
estic
b
Larg
e ca
rrie
rs58
.548
.99
58.0
1760
.417
65.4
1767
.917
69.1
1770
.017
69.8
1771
.217
69.1
Maj
ors
59.5
49.3
58.1
1860
.618
65.7
1868
.518
69.7
1870
.418
70.3
1871
.618
69.3
Nat
iona
ls41
.943
.658
.419
56.6
1961
.919
61.5
1963
.219
65.1
1964
.719
66.5
1967
Larg
e re
gion
als
NN
47.7
1048
.720
5620
60.4
2060
.720
58.8
2042
.420
59.2
2070
.4
Inte
rnat
iona
l
Larg
e ca
rrie
rs62
.253
.010
62.
821
69.1
2171
.821
73.3
2174
.121
72.8
2174
.421
76.0
2172
.8
Maj
ors
NN
62.8
2269
.122
72.1
2273
.722
74.
422
72.9
2274
.522
76.1
2272
.9
Nat
iona
ls
NN
65.5
2373
.423
67.7
2367
.823
69.6
2370
.923
73.7
2373
.423
70
Larg
e re
gion
als
NN
73.9
2466
.524
44.5
240.
024
64.9
2446
.024
U24
58.0
2467
Med
ium
reg
iona
ls, a
ll se
rvic
es,
dom
estic
and
inte
rnat
iona
laN
N11
46.7
110.
011
59.3
1166
.711
49.7
1158
.211
58.3
1135
.511
51.6
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
Air C
arrie
r Pro
file
of R
epor
ting
U.S.
Car
riers
(Con
tinue
d)
356 � Appendix A: Modal Profiles
Per
form
ance
(co
nti
nu
ed)
1960
1970
1980
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
R20
00P20
01U
.S. i
nte
rnat
ion
al p
asse
ng
er t
rave
l by
flag
of
carr
ier
Tota
l pas
seng
er-a
rriv
als
(tho
usan
ds)
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
5 1,3
325 5
,531
1210
,031
12 1
9,14
525
24,5
8212
25,
148
12 2
6,74
412
27,3
9012
27,
462
1229
,837
12 2
7,98
5
For
eign
1,23
44,
343
10,2
3117
,269
22,3
2824
,704
27,5
7128
,791
30,3
2432
,380
28,7
15
Tota
l pas
seng
er-d
epar
ture
s (t
hous
ands
)
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
1,20
04,
949
9,36
917
,628
22,2
3122
,901
24,3
0224
,513
25,4
5727
,431
25,4
83
For
eign
1,13
64,
147
9,88
616
,418
20,7
9522
,884
25,3
8226
,350
28,3
9930
,068
27,1
11
Tota
l rev
enu
e to
n-m
iles
(th
ou
san
ds)
, to
tals
a,f
5,02
4,28
520
,185
,503
34,6
82,1
5363
,770
,534
79,2
05,7
6584
,504
,471
89,6
03,1
8691
,650
,972
95,8
42,8
5810
1,75
6,63
594
,377
,089
Dom
estic
b
Larg
e ca
rrie
rs, a
ll se
rvic
es4 3
,732
,949
4 13,
876,
802
9 24,
964,
907
1743
,651
,162
1752
,910
,081
1756
,326
,750
1758
,658
,887
1760
,199
,459
1763
,032
,722
1766
,595
,204
1761
,945
,030
Maj
ors,
all
serv
ices
3,33
2,48
312
,589
,057
21,4
27,5
3418
39,1
07,0
3318
47,0
15,6
4218
50,0
96,6
6118
52,2
54,3
2318
53,4
24,3
4918
56,6
96,4
2718
59,0
95,4
0618
54,6
78,4
41
Nat
iona
ls, a
ll se
rvic
es12
1,15
785
0,47
73,
336,
057
193,
561,
283
194,
996,
345
1923
1,39
819
5,3
17,5
7619
6,01
2,66
519
5,70
5,15
819
6,79
9,19
819
6,51
9,15
8
Larg
e re
gion
als,
all
serv
ices
NN
180,
042
2094
5,92
920
718,
659
2086
3,44
920
971,
942
2050
8,17
220
507,
053
2058
8,97
520
512,
007
Inte
rnat
iona
l
Larg
e ca
rrie
rs, a
ll se
rvic
es1,
291,
336
6,30
8,70
110
9,68
9,06
721
19,9
75,9
1521
26,
295,
684
2128
,177
,721
2130
,944
,299
2131
,481
,513
2132
,810
,136
2135
,161
,431
2132
,432
,059
Maj
ors,
all
serv
ices
NN
7,37
7,73
322
17,8
03,8
2522
21,
517,
789
2222
,880
,295
2224
,971
,379
22 2
5,79
4,34
422
27,9
49,8
7622
30,6
83,5
6422
28,3
11,3
86
Nat
iona
ls, a
ll se
rvic
esN
N2,
261,
534
231,
229,
849
234,
116,
380
234,
603,
920
234,
657,
365
234,
376,
654
234,
257,
520
23 3
,815
,162
233,
469,
902
Larg
e re
gion
als,
all
serv
ices
NN
44,4
3824
835,
701
2451
3,47
624
396,
142
241,
240,
303
241,
269,
602
2456
6,68
924
565
,198
2449
5,96
8
Med
ium
reg
iona
ls, a
ll se
rvic
es,
dom
estic
and
inte
rnat
iona
laN
N28
,178
1114
3,45
711
327,
474
1143
2,60
611
190,
298
1126
5,18
611
160,
135
1120
9,13
211
390,
227
Rev
enu
e to
n-m
iles
of
frei
gh
t (t
ho
usa
nd
s), t
ota
lsa,
f82
0,90
73,
755,
436
7,88
4,81
116
,513
,896
23,3
74,6
7724
,892
,479
27,6
10,0
9728
,101
,978
28,9
84,1
6430
,863
,039
27,8
81,6
23
Dom
estic
b
Larg
e ca
rrie
rs, a
ll se
rvic
es55
2,75
62,
708,
900
9 4,5
28,3
1617
9,06
3,86
417
12,5
20,0
5717
12,8
60,8
4517
13,6
01,4
1217
13,8
39,6
0517
14,2
01,9
3317
14,9
82,6
1517
13,2
87,6
03
Maj
ors,
all
serv
ices
321,
176
U3,
129,
087
186,
395,
767
1810
,145
,537
1810
,586
,741
1811
,163
,518
1811
,302
,583
1811
,556
,463
1811
,866
,926
1810
,630
,939
Nat
iona
ls, a
ll se
rvic
es3,
850
U1,
289,
510
191,
885,
600
192,
070,
570
191,
931,
201
191,
993,
498
192,
239,
140
192,
378,
206
19 2
,744
,086
192,
166,
601
Larg
e re
gion
als,
all
serv
ices
NN
108,
864
2077
0,67
020
280,
512
2031
8,54
220
398,
153
2019
5,79
120
249,
706
2033
7,06
820
341,
096
Inte
rnat
iona
l
Larg
e ca
rrie
rs, a
ll se
rvic
es4 2
68,1
564 1
,566
,105
103,
353,
371
217,
339,
660
2 10,
854,
620
2112
,031
,634
2114
,008
,685
2114
,262
,373
2114
,782
,231
2115
,880
,424
2114
,594
,020
Maj
ors,
all
serv
ices
NN
1,94
5,66
022
5,97
6,97
322
7,71
9,13
822
8,34
7,21
422
9,61
4,88
122
10,0
54,4
4822
11,1
32,3
7022
12,5
24,9
7722
11,3
78,8
51
Nat
iona
ls, a
ll se
rvic
esN
N1,
395,
575
2355
0,40
923
2,54
9,37
123
3,14
0,92
123
3,2
95,7
3823
3,03
5,85
323
3,2
91,5
4923
2,9
70,3
7023
2,69
3,92
7
Larg
e re
gion
als,
all
serv
ices
NN
11,4
0924
713,
733
2444
5,78
324
345,
609
24 1
,025
,455
241,
159,
869
24 3
52,0
9524
296
,387
2437
7,38
0
Med
ium
reg
iona
ls, a
ll se
rvic
es,
dom
estic
and
inte
rnat
iona
laN
N3,
124
1111
0,37
211
163,
766
1122
2,25
111
118,
854
1111
4,29
411
23,7
7511
123,
225
1129
2,82
9
Air C
arrie
r Pro
file
of R
epor
ting
U.S.
Car
riers
(Con
tinue
d)
Appendix A: Modal Profiles � 357
Saf
ety
1960
1970
1980
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
R20
00P20
01
Air
car
rier
fat
alit
ies,
to
tala
6 499
6 146
143
R96
229
457
9346
6216
860
4
Ope
ratin
g un
der
14 C
FR
121
(airl
ines
)
Sch
edul
ed s
ervi
ces
NN
13 0
1339
13 1
6613
342
13 3
112
13 9
253
1
Non
sche
dule
d se
rvic
esN
N1
02
385
00
00
Ope
ratin
g un
der
14 C
FR
135
Sch
edul
ed s
ervi
ces
(com
mut
ers)
NN
37R
69
1446
012
513
Non
sche
dule
d se
rvic
es
(on–
dem
and
air
taxi
s)N
N10
551
5263
3945
3871
60
Air
car
rier
acc
iden
ts, t
ota
la6 9
06 5
522
814
612
313
814
713
513
8R
150
119
Ope
ratin
g un
der
14 C
FR
121
(airl
ines
)
Sch
edul
ed s
ervi
ces
NN
1522
3432
4443
R47
R51
36
Non
sche
dule
d se
rvic
esN
N4
22
55
7R
5R
64
Ope
ratin
g un
der
14 C
FR
135
Sch
edul
ed s
ervi
ces
(com
mut
ers)
NN
3815
1211
168
1312
7
Non
sche
dule
d se
rvic
es(o
n–de
man
d ai
r ta
xis)
NN
171
107
7590
8277
73R
8172
Fat
al a
ir c
arri
er a
ccid
ents
, to
tala
6 17
6 8
55R
3829
3524
1819
2626
Ope
ratin
g un
der
14 C
FR
121
(ai
rlin
es)
Sch
edul
ed s
ervi
ces
NN
06
23
31
23
6
Non
sche
dule
d se
rvic
esN
N1
01
21
00
00
Ope
ratin
g un
der
14 C
FR
135
Sch
edul
ed s
ervi
ces
(com
mut
ers)
NN
8R
32
15
05
12
Non
sche
dule
d se
rvic
es
(on–
dem
and
air
taxi
s)N
N46
2924
2915
1712
2218
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; P =
pre
limin
ary;
R =
rev
ised
; U =
dat
a ar
e no
t ava
ilabl
e.
aTo
tals
incl
ude
data
not
in t
able
; thu
s to
tals
may
not
equ
al s
um o
f ta
ble
data
. b
Dom
esti
c en
com
pass
es o
pera
tion
s w
ithi
n an
d be
twee
n th
e 50
sta
tes
of t
he U
nite
d St
ates
, the
Dis
tric
t of
Col
umbi
a, P
uert
o R
ico,
and
the
Vir
gin
Isla
nds.
It
also
en
com
pass
es C
anad
ian
and
Mex
ican
tra
nsbo
rder
ope
rati
ons
(U.S
. air
lines
onl
y). A
ll ot
her
oper
atio
ns a
re c
onsi
dere
d in
tern
atio
nal.
cTo
tal i
nclu
des
maj
or, n
atio
nals
, and
larg
e re
gion
als.
dIn
clud
es s
ched
uled
and
non
sche
dule
d (c
hart
er)
oper
ator
s. B
y Se
c. 2
of
the
Air
line
Der
egul
atio
n A
ct o
f 19
78 “
char
ter
air
carr
ier”
and
“ch
arte
r ai
r tr
ansp
orta
-ti
on”
repl
aced
sup
plem
enta
l air
car
rier
s an
d su
pple
men
tal a
ir t
rans
port
atio
n, w
hich
wer
e fo
rmer
ly S
ec. 1
01(3
6) a
nd (
37)
of t
he A
ct. T
he 2
4 pr
e-de
regu
lati
on
supp
lem
enta
l car
rier
s no
w h
ave
sche
dule
d se
rvic
e au
thor
ity.
eTo
tal i
nclu
des
only
tho
se c
arri
ers
who
hav
e re
port
ed e
mpl
oym
ent
stat
isti
cs t
o B
TS'
Off
ice
of A
irlin
e In
form
atio
n.f
Tota
l Rev
enue
Ton
-Mile
s in
clud
es p
asse
nger
, fre
ight
, exp
ress
, and
mai
l.C
ontin
ued
next
pag
e
Air C
arrie
r Pro
file
of R
epor
ting
U.S.
Car
riers
(Con
tinue
d)
358 � Appendix A: Modal ProfilesAi
r Car
rier P
rofil
e o
f Rep
ortin
g U.
S. C
arrie
rs (C
ontin
ued)
SOU
RC
ES
Unl
ess
othe
rwis
e no
ted,
ref
er t
o ch
apte
r ta
bles
for
sou
rces
.1
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, B
urea
u of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
isti
cs, O
ffic
e of
Air
line
Info
rmat
ion,
htt
p://w
ww
.bts
.gov
/oai
/em
ploy
ees/
empl
oyco
v.ht
ml a
s of
Sep
t. 4
, 200
2.2
Ibid
., pe
rson
al c
omm
unic
atio
n, S
ept.
10,
200
2.
3 C
ivil
Aer
onau
tics
Boa
rd, H
andb
ook
of A
irlin
e St
atis
tics
, 196
9 an
d 19
73 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
), p
p. 6
9 an
d 71
.4
Ibid
., 19
73, (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
), P
art
III,
tab
les
2, 4
, 7, a
nd 1
3.5
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of J
usti
ce, I
mm
igra
tion
and
Nat
ural
izat
ion
Serv
ice,
Rep
ort
of P
asse
nger
Tra
vel B
etw
een
the
U.S
. and
For
eign
Cou
ntri
es, 1
960,
197
0 (
Was
h-in
gton
, DC
).6
Nat
iona
l Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Safe
ty B
oard
, Int
erne
t si
te h
ttp:
//ww
w.n
tsb.
gov/
avia
tion
/sta
ts.h
tm a
s of
Aug
ust
2002
, per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion.
7 C
ivil
Aer
onau
tics
Boa
rd, A
ir C
arri
er F
inan
cial
Sta
tist
ics,
Dec
embe
r 19
81 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
), p
p. 3
/28,
44.
8 Ib
id.,
pp. 4
2 an
d 44
.9
Civ
il A
eron
auti
cs B
oard
, Air
Car
rier
Tra
ffic
Sta
tist
ics,
Dec
embe
r 19
81 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
), p
p. 2
, 5, 4
6, a
nd 8
4.10
Ibi
d., p
p. 3
, 6, 8
5, a
nd 1
15.
11 U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Bur
eau
of T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
, (pr
e-19
95, U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Res
earc
h an
d Sp
ecia
l Pro
gram
s A
dmin
istr
atio
n), A
ir C
arri
er T
raff
ic S
tati
stic
s, (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual D
ecem
ber
issu
e), p
. 187
and
sim
ilar
page
s in
ear
lier
edit
ions
.12
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, R
esea
rch
and
Spec
ial P
rogr
ams
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
U.S
. Int
erna
tion
al A
ir T
rave
l Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual
issu
es),
tab
les
IIa
and
IId.
13 N
atio
nal T
rans
port
atio
n Sa
fety
Boa
rd, I
nter
net
site
htt
p://w
ww
.nts
b.go
v/av
iati
on/s
tats
.htm
as
of A
ugus
t 20
02, t
able
s 6-
9.14
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, B
urea
u of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Stat
isti
cs, (
pre-
1995
, U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, R
esea
rch
and
Spec
ial P
rogr
ams
Adm
inis
trat
ion)
, Air
Car
rier
Fin
anci
al S
tati
stic
s, (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual D
ecem
ber
issu
e) p
. 3.
15 I
bid.
, p. 3
7 an
d si
mila
r pa
ges
in e
arlie
r ed
itio
ns.
16 I
bid.
, pp.
72-
73 a
nd s
imila
r pa
ges
in e
arlie
r ed
itio
ns.
17 U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Bur
eau
of T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
, (pr
e-19
95, U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Res
earc
h an
d Sp
ecia
l Pro
gram
s A
dmin
istr
atio
n), A
ir C
arri
er T
raff
ic S
tati
stic
s, (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual D
ecem
ber
issu
e), p
. 2.
18 I
bid.
, p. 5
. 19
Ibid
., p.
67
and
sim
ilar
page
s in
ear
lier
edit
ions
20 Ib
id.,
p. 1
48 a
nd s
imila
r pa
ges
in e
arlie
r ed
itio
ns.
21 U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Bur
eau
of T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
, (pr
e-19
95, U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Res
earc
h an
d Sp
ecia
l Pro
gram
s A
dmin
istr
atio
n), A
ir C
arri
er T
raff
ic S
tati
stic
s, (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual D
ecem
ber
issu
e), p
. 3.
22 Ib
id.,
p. 6
23
Ibi
d., p
. 68
and
sim
ilar
page
s in
ear
lier
edit
ions
.24
Ibi
d., p
. 149
and
sim
ilar
page
s in
ear
lier
edit
ions
. 25
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of C
omm
erce
, Int
erna
tion
al T
rade
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
U.S
. Int
erna
tion
al A
ir P
asse
nger
Sta
tist
ics
Rep
ort,
Cal
enda
r Y
ear
1995
, (W
ashi
ngto
n,
DC
), t
able
s II
a an
d II
d.
Appendix A: Modal Profiles � 359
Gene
ral A
viat
ion
Prof
ile
Fin
anci
al19
6019
7019
8019
9019
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
00E
xpen
dit
ure
s ($
mill
ion
s)
Airc
raft1
202
339
2,85
33,
398
4,26
05,
298
7,17
49,
573
11,2
62U
Ope
ratin
g co
sts
693
1,69
65,
200
6,50
96,
119
6,30
76,
623
6,79
96,
291
UTo
tal
895
2,03
58,
053
9,90
710
,379
11,6
0513
,797
16,3
7217
,553
UIn
ven
tory
Nu
mb
er o
f ac
tive
air
craf
t b
y p
rim
ary
use
Cor
pora
te2
N6,
835
14,8
6010
,100
9,80
09,
300
10,4
1111
,250
10,8
0411
,003
Bus
ines
sN
26,9
0049
,391
33,1
0026
,200
28,2
0027
,716
32,6
1124
,543
25,1
69In
stru
ctio
nal
N10
,727
14,8
6218
,600
14,8
0014
,300
14,6
6311
,375
16,0
8114
,883
Per
sona
lN
65,3
9896
,222
112,
600
109,
300
109,
600
115,
630
124,
347
147,
085
148,
192
Aer
ial a
pplic
atio
nN
5,45
57,
294
6,20
05,
100
5,40
04,
858
4,55
04,
254
4,29
4A
eria
l obs
erva
tion
NN
N4,
900
4,70
03,
200
3,31
13,
242
3,24
05,
093
Ext
erna
l loa
dN
NN
N20
040
018
631
319
023
4
Oth
er w
orka
N2,
054
2,81
31,
400
1,10
01,
100
579
1,11
62,
363
1,78
7
Air
taxi
/ ai
r to
ursb
NN
N5,
800
4,10
03,
900
4,94
85,
190
4,56
94,
019
Sig
htse
eing
cN
NN
N90
090
067
767
983
288
1
Oth
erd
N8,
249
17,0
454,
100
6,30
06,
700
5,25
06,
010
1,20
01,
952
Pub
lic u
seN
NN
NN
4,20
04,
130
4,02
94,
138
k NTo
tal
76,5
4913
1,74
321
1,04
519
6,80
018
8,10
018
7,20
019
2,35
920
4,71
221
9,29
921
7,53
3P
erfo
rman
ceN
um
ber
of
flig
ht
ho
urs
by
actu
al u
se
(th
ou
san
ds)
Cor
pora
te3
NN
5,33
22,
913
2,86
92,
718
2,87
83,
213
3,61
63,
458
Bus
ines
s3 5
,699
3 7,2
048,
434
4,41
73,
191
3,15
23,
006
3,52
33,
598
3,67
0
Inst
ruct
iona
l1,
828
6,79
15,
748
7,24
44,
106
4,42
54,
956
3,96
15,
893
5,36
9P
erso
nal
3,17
26,
896
8,89
49,
276
9,32
08,
893
9,64
49,
781
11,2
9411
,699
Aer
ial a
pplic
atio
nN
N2,
044
1,87
21,
557
1,78
71,
562
1,30
61,
415
1,40
1A
eria
l obs
erva
tion
NN
N1,
745
1,38
51,
036
1,26
181
21,
243
1,63
2E
xter
nal l
oad
NN
NN
118
203
112
153
128
171
Oth
er w
orka
NN
1,05
357
226
826
213
928
661
350
6
Air
taxi
/ ai
r to
ursb
NN
N2,
249
1,52
71,
773
2,12
02,
583
2,04
32,
196
Sig
htse
eing
cN
NN
N20
618
612
716
922
019
8
Oth
erd
2,42
25,
139
4,92
547
51,
121
644
819
940
581
675
Pub
lic u
see
NN
NN
N1,
021
1,09
61,
373
1,11
1k N
Tota
l13
,121
26,0
3036
,430
30,7
6325
,667
26,1
0027
,713
28,1
0031
,756
30,9
75C
ontin
ued
next
pag
e
360 � Appendix A: Modal Profiles
Per
form
ance
(co
nti
nu
ed)
1960
1970
1980
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Veh
icle
-mile
sf (
mill
ions
)5 1
,769
5 3,
207
5 5,
204
5 4,
548
5 3,
795
5 3,
524
5 3,
877
UU
U
Pas
seng
er-m
ilef,1
(m
illio
ns)
2,30
09,
100
14,7
0013
,000
10,8
0012
,000
12,5
0013
,100
13,5
00U
Fue
l con
sum
edf (
mill
ion
gallo
ns)
6 24
26
759
6 1,
286
6 1,
016
9 84
79 89
69
934
9 1,
126
9 1,
313
9 1,
335
Avi
atio
n ga
solin
e24
255
152
035
328
728
929
231
134
533
7Je
t fue
lN
208
766
663
560
608
642
815
967
998
Saf
ety
Fata
litie
sg
Cor
pora
teN
7 28
8 66
8 21
10 1
510
2010
310
010
3010
13B
usin
ess
N14
812
680
7344
4542
5543
Inst
ruct
iona
lN
9373
6244
4038
3838
64P
erso
nal
N72
680
849
248
841
343
243
2R38
338
6A
eria
l app
licat
ion
N41
3217
1510
176
1419
Oth
erN
174
134
95R11
2R11
910
6R11
2R10
587
Tota
l fat
alit
iesh
7 787
1,31
01,
239
767
R73
5R63
6R63
1R62
4R61
9R
593
Acc
iden
ts
Fata
l442
964
161
844
3R41
3R36
1R35
0R36
4R34
034
3
Tota
l acc
iden
ts4,
793
4,71
23,
590
R2,
241
R2,
056
R1,
908
R1,
845
R1,
904
R1,
906
1,83
8
Acc
iden
t ra
tei,j
(per
100
,000
flig
ht
ho
urs
)Fa
tal
3.3
2.5
1.7
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.1
Tota
l rat
e36
.518
.19.
9R7.
38.
07.
36.
76.
86.
05.
9
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; R =
rev
ised
; U =
dat
a ar
e no
t ava
ilabl
e.
aIn
196
0, 1
970,
198
0, c
lass
ifie
d as
“In
dust
rial
.”b
Incl
udes
air
tou
rs d
one
unde
r 14
CFR
135
: air
tax
i ope
rato
rs a
nd c
omm
erci
al o
pera
tors
.c
Incl
udes
sig
htse
eing
don
e un
der
14 C
FR 9
1: g
ener
al o
pera
ting
and
flig
ht r
ules
.d
Sign
ific
ant
decr
ease
in “
Oth
er”
can
be a
ttri
bute
d to
a r
edef
inin
g of
the
cat
egor
y to
onl
y in
clud
e “A
eria
l Oth
er”
and
“Med
ical
Use
.”e
Fede
ral,
stat
e or
loca
l gov
ernm
ent-
owne
d or
leas
ed a
ircr
aft
used
for
the
pur
pose
of
fulf
illin
g a
gove
rnm
ent
posi
tion
.f
Incl
udes
air
tax
i ope
rati
ons.
Nau
tica
l mile
s in
sou
rce
mul
tipl
ied
by 1
.151
to
conv
ert
from
nau
tica
l mile
s.g
Sum
of
fata
litie
s do
es n
ot n
eces
sari
ly e
qual
tot
al. D
iffe
renc
es a
re d
ue t
o m
etho
dolo
gy u
sed
to c
ount
col
lisio
ns in
volv
ing
airc
raft
in d
iffe
rent
cat
egor
ies.
hSu
m o
f fa
talit
ies
does
not
nec
essa
rily
equ
al t
otal
. Dif
fere
nces
are
due
to
doub
leco
unti
ng.
iSu
icid
e/sa
bota
ge c
ases
are
incl
uded
in a
ccid
ents
and
fat
alit
ies
data
but
are
exc
lude
d fr
om a
ccid
ent
rate
s.j
Acc
iden
t ra
tes
are
calc
ulat
ed b
y B
TS
usin
g th
e fo
rmul
a: A
ccid
ent
Rat
es (
per
100,
000
flig
ht h
ours
) =
Fata
litie
s/Fl
ight
Hou
rs*1
00.
kB
egin
ning
in 2
000,
“Pu
blic
Use
” w
as in
clud
ed in
“O
ther
Wor
k.”
Gene
ral A
viat
ion
Prof
ile (C
ontin
ued)
Appendix A: Modal Profiles � 361
Gene
ral A
viat
ion
Prof
ile (C
ontin
ued)
NO
TE
SN
umbe
rs m
ay n
ot a
dd t
o to
tals
due
to
roun
ding
. To
tal f
atal
itie
s in
thi
s pr
ofile
may
not
mat
ch t
hose
in t
able
2-1
4, d
ue t
o w
hen
the
tota
l fat
alit
ies
data
wer
e re
ceiv
ed a
nd t
he d
ata
brea
kdow
n by
typ
e of
fly
ing.
N
TSB
con
stan
tly
upda
tes
and
recl
assi
fies
acc
iden
t an
d fa
talit
y da
ta.
1994
-95
data
for
act
ive
airc
raft
by
use,
and
flig
ht h
ours
, hav
e be
en r
evis
ed t
o re
flec
t ch
ange
s in
adj
ustm
ent
for
nonr
espo
nse
bias
wit
h 19
96 t
elep
hone
sur
vey
fact
ors.
199
6 ve
hicl
e-m
iles
and
fuel
con
sum
ptio
n da
ta a
re e
stim
ated
usi
ng n
ew in
form
atio
n on
non
resp
onde
nts
and
are
not
com
para
ble
to e
arlie
r ye
ars.
SOU
RC
ES
Unl
ess
othe
rwis
e no
ted,
ref
er t
o ch
apte
r ta
bles
for
sou
rces
.1
Eno
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Foun
dati
on, I
nc.,
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
in A
mer
ica,
Ann
ual I
ssue
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C),
pp.
8-1
1, 1
4-15
.2
Uni
ted
Stat
es. F
eder
al A
viat
ion
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Gen
eral
Avi
atio
n an
d A
ir T
axi A
ctiv
ity
and
Avi
onic
s Su
rvey
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 1
990-
2000
issu
es),
tab
le 1
.1.
3 Ib
id.,
tabl
e 1.
6 an
d si
mila
r ta
bles
in e
arlie
r ed
itio
ns.
4 N
atio
nal T
rans
port
atio
n Sa
fety
Boa
rd, R
E-5
0, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n. A
nnua
l Rev
iew
of
Air
craf
t A
ccid
ent
Dat
a, U
.S. G
ener
al A
viat
ion,
Cal
enda
r Y
ear
1998
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: J
uly
2000
). I
nter
net
site
htt
p://w
ww
.nts
b.go
v/av
iati
on/ a
s of
Sep
t. 9
, 200
2, t
able
10.
5 U
nite
d St
ates
. Fed
eral
Avi
atio
n A
dmin
istr
atio
n, G
ener
al A
viat
ion
and
Air
Tax
i Act
ivit
y an
d A
vion
ics
Surv
ey (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 199
0-20
00 is
sues
), t
able
3.3
an
d si
mila
r ta
bles
in e
arlie
r ed
itio
ns.
6 Ib
id.,
tabl
e 5.
1.7
Nat
iona
l Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Safe
ty B
oard
, RE
-50,
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion.
8 Ib
id.,
Ann
ual R
evie
w o
f A
ircr
aft
Acc
iden
t D
ata,
U.S
. Gen
eral
Avi
atio
n, C
alen
dar
Yea
r 19
98 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Jul
y 20
00),
cha
rts
27, 3
9, 4
0, 4
1, 4
2 an
d 43
.9
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al A
viat
ion
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
FA
A A
eros
pace
For
ecas
ts, F
isca
l Yea
rs 2
002-
2013
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: M
arch
200
2),
tabl
e 30
.10
Nat
iona
l Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Safe
ty B
oard
, RE
-50,
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion.
Ann
ual R
evie
w o
f A
ircr
aft
Acc
iden
t D
ata,
U.S
. Gen
eral
Avi
atio
n, C
alen
dar
Yea
r 19
98 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Jul
y 20
00),
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
Sep
t. 1
0, 2
002.
362 � Appendix A: Modal ProfilesHi
ghw
ay P
rofil
e
Fin
anci
al19
6019
7019
8019
9019
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
00G
ove
rnm
ent
rece
ipts
($
mill
ion
s), t
ota
l11
,193
21,7
6339
,834
75,4
4496
,347
102,
771
107,
421
111,
581
121,
650
128,
745
Fed
eral
Hig
hway
trus
t fun
da3 2
,531
3 5,4
643 7
,615
3 13,
380
1718
,835
1722
,036
1720
,500
1723
,396
1725
,085
1729
,701
Oth
er24
069
62,
334
1,19
61,
016
1,16
01,
148
1,11
392
31,
349
Sta
te a
nd lo
cal
Sta
te a
nd D
.C.
6,05
511
,737
19,6
6640
,026
50,0
6452
,808
58,0
8758
,806
63,2
7466
,441
Loca
l2,
367
3,86
610
,219
20,8
4226
,432
26,7
6727
,686
28,2
6632
,368
31,2
54G
ove
rnm
ent
exp
end
itu
res
($ m
illio
ns)
, to
tal
10,7
5720
,829
41,7
6375
,408
93,4
7898
,082
101,
953
107,
975
116,
011
127,
459
Fed
eral
Hig
hway
trus
t fun
da27
8331
535
81,
092
1,38
41,
103
1,17
01,
249
1,88
1
Oth
erb
170
342
559
306
310
214
212
205
179
396
Sta
te a
nd lo
cal
Sta
te a
nd D
.C.
7,12
514
,100
25,9
3645
,609
56,9
8159
,709
61,5
3465
,507
71,4
1577
,899
Loca
l3,
435
6,30
414
,953
29,1
3535
,095
36,7
7539
,104
41,0
9343
,168
47,2
83
Sta
te h
igh
way
use
r ta
x re
ven
ues
c ($
mill
ion
s), t
ota
l5,
323
10,2
8417
,177
35,9
4447
,424
49,7
5651
,381
54,5
0756
,269
56,4
54
Mot
or fu
el ta
x4 3
,374
4 6,4
334 9
,485
4 19,
658
4 26,
881
1927
,555
1928
,477
1929
,803
1930
,753
1931
,291
Oth
er m
otor
fuel
rec
eipt
sd22
4492
220
108
6355
5813
417
9
Mot
or v
ehic
le r
egis
trat
ion
fees
5 1,5
145 2
,873
5 5,1
735 1
0,25
75 1
1,94
220
13,2
3420
13,6
3120
14,5
5220
14,8
8220
13,7
04
Oth
er m
otor
veh
icle
fees
e23
557
71,
490
3,35
34,
416
4,68
94,
704
5,06
85,
350
5,69
6
Mot
or c
arri
er ta
xesf
110
176
323
695
770
726
729
861
740
784
Mis
cella
neou
s fe
es68
181
615
1,76
13,
307
3,48
93,
785
4,16
54,
410
4,80
0
Inve
nto
ryR
ura
l / u
rban
mile
age
by
ow
ner
ship
Rur
al m
ileag
eU
nder
sta
te c
ontr
ol6 6
58,8
966 7
07,0
0212
750,
479
1270
2,48
612
690,
924
2169
1,15
621
692,
767
2166
0,83
421
660,
682
2166
1,79
8
Und
er fe
dera
l con
trol
g11
1,91
218
7,69
624
6,13
017
8,18
817
0,56
816
8,93
816
7,36
911
8,36
911
6,84
611
6,69
8
Und
er lo
cal c
ontr
ol2,
345,
317
2,27
4,71
42,
234,
327
2,24
1,60
82,
231,
029
2,23
2,79
32,
248,
357
2,28
5,44
72,
293,
653
2,30
5,50
4C
ount
y ro
ads
1,74
2,40
41,
732,
981
1,54
2,98
41,
616,
634
1,62
6,92
71,
627,
639
1,64
2,46
81,
647,
025
1,64
9,29
11,
656,
906
Tow
n, to
wns
hip
and
mun
icip
al r
oads
h53
8,65
151
0,17
445
8,23
143
7,46
042
4,52
942
6,17
042
6,43
342
6,34
059
0,20
659
2,62
3
Oth
er lo
cal r
oads
h64
,262
31,5
5923
3,11
218
7,51
417
9,57
317
8,98
417
9,45
621
2,08
254
,156
55,9
75
Tota
l rur
al m
ileag
e3,
116,
125
3,16
9,41
23,
230,
936
3,12
2,28
23,
092,
520
3,09
2,88
73,
108,
493
3,06
4,65
03,
071,
181
3,08
4,00
0U
rban
mile
age
Und
er s
tate
con
trol
50,1
5874
,103
97,2
8795
,778
111,
766
111,
924
112,
226
110,
017
109,
956
110,
195
Und
er fe
dera
l con
trol
gN
N1,
495
1,02
41,
509
1,47
01,
464
1,48
51,
503
1,48
4
Und
er lo
cal c
ontr
olN
N53
0,11
964
7,84
270
6,43
171
3,37
172
2,41
873
0,15
273
4,60
574
0,56
2C
ount
y ro
ads
NN
71,3
5795
,929
117,
518
117,
181
117,
487
117,
016
117,
105
116,
918
Tow
n an
d to
wns
hip
road
shN
N37
,583
42,7
5260
,561
60,9
2674
,402
75,1
9560
5,25
561
1,47
3
Appendix A: Modal Profiles � 363
Inve
nto
ry (
con
tin
ued
)19
6019
7019
8019
9019
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
00
Oth
er lo
cal r
oads
h37
9,41
048
6,56
742
1,17
950
9,16
152
8,35
253
5,26
453
0,52
953
7,94
112
,245
12,1
71
Tota
l urb
an m
ileag
e42
9,56
856
0,67
062
8,90
174
4,64
481
9,70
682
6,76
583
6,10
884
1,65
484
6,06
485
2,24
1To
tal r
ural
and
urb
an m
ileag
e3,
545,
693
3,73
0,08
23,
859,
837
3,86
6,92
63,
912,
226
3,91
9,65
23,
944,
601
3,90
6,30
43,
917,
245
3,93
6,24
1R
ura
l / u
rban
mile
age
by
fun
ctio
nal
sys
tem
Rur
al m
ileag
eIn
ters
tate
N
N13
31,
905
13 3
3,54
713
32,
580
22 3
2,82
022
32,
817
22 3
2,81
322
32,
974
22 3
3,04
8O
ther
pri
ncip
al a
rter
ial
NN
82,5
6983
,802
97,9
4898
,131
98,2
5798
,852
98,8
5698
,911
Min
or a
rter
ial
NN
149,
057
144,
774
137,
151
137,
359
137,
497
137,
308
137,
463
137,
574
Maj
or c
olle
ctor
NN
439,
000
436,
352
431,
712
432,
117
432,
714
432,
408
432,
954
433,
121
Min
or c
olle
ctor
NN
299,
613
293,
922
274,
081
273,
198
272,
362
272,
140
271,
690
271,
815
Loca
lN
N2,
228,
792
2,12
9,88
52,
119,
048
2,11
9,26
22,
135,
485
2,09
1,12
72,
097,
244
2,10
9,51
9To
tal r
ural
mile
age
7 3,1
16,1
257 3
,169
,412
3,23
0,93
63,
122,
282
3,09
2,52
03,
092,
887
3,10
9,13
23,
064,
648
3,07
1,18
13,
083,
988
Urb
an m
ileag
eIn
ters
tate
NN
9,21
511
,527
13,1
6413
,217
13,2
4713
,312
13,3
4313
,379
Oth
er fr
eew
ays
and
expr
essw
ays
NN
6,77
47,
668
8,97
09,
027
9,06
39,
127
9,12
59,
140
Oth
er p
rinc
ipal
art
eria
lN
N44
,155
51,9
6852
,796
52,9
8353
,223
53,1
3253
,206
53,3
12M
inor
art
eria
lN
N66
,377
74,6
5988
,510
89,0
2089
,185
89,4
9689
,399
89,7
89C
olle
ctor
NN
68,3
8778
,254
87,3
3187
,790
88,0
4988
,071
88,0
0888
,200
Loca
lN
N43
3,99
352
0,56
856
8,93
557
4,72
858
3,97
358
8,50
459
2,97
859
8,42
1To
tal u
rban
mile
age
429,
568
560,
670
628,
901
744,
644
819,
706
826,
765
836,
740
841,
642
846,
059
852,
241
Tota
l rur
al a
nd u
rban
mile
age
3,54
5,69
33,
730,
082
3,85
9,83
73,
866,
926
3,91
2,22
63,
919,
652
3,94
5,87
23,
906,
290
3,91
7,24
03,
936,
229
U.S
. ro
ads
and
str
eets
by
surf
ace
Pav
ed m
ileag
eR
ural
919,
082
1,18
8,08
07 1
,490
,050
7 1,5
50,2
837 1
,591
,334
23 1
,582
,166
23 1
,605
,804
23 1
,612
,251
23 1
,641
,877
23 1
,684
,922
Urb
an31
1,38
747
0,34
158
2,64
270
4,53
978
6,93
479
8,48
480
4,13
180
8,09
380
9,54
981
9,57
2To
tal
1,23
0,46
91,
658,
421
2,07
2,69
22,
254,
822
2,37
8,26
82,
380,
650
2,40
9,93
52,
420,
344
2,45
1,42
62,
504,
494
Per
cent
pav
ed34
.7%
44.5
%53
.7%
58.3
%60
.8%
60.5
%60
.9%
61.3
%62
.4%
63.4
%U
npav
ed m
ileag
eR
ural
7 2,1
97,0
437 1
,981
,332
7 1,
740,
886
7 1,
571,
999
7 1,
501,
186
23 1
,518
,310
23 1
,510
,330
23 1
,490
,488
23 1
,436
,969
23 1
,406
,508
Urb
an11
8,18
190
,329
46,2
5940
,105
32,7
7235
,227
38,0
1938
,061
42,0
0839
,040
Tota
l2,
315,
224
2,07
1,66
11,
787,
145
1,61
2,10
41,
533,
958
1,55
3,53
71,
548,
349
1,52
8,54
91,
478,
977
1,44
5,54
8P
erce
nt u
npav
ed65
.3%
55.5
%46
.3%
41.7
%39
.2%
39.5
%39
.1%
38.7
%37
.6%
36.6
%N
um
ber
of
emp
loye
es
Sta
te a
nd lo
cal g
ovt.
stre
ets
and
high
way
s153
2,00
060
7,00
055
9,00
056
9,00
054
3,00
0U
531,
000
530,
000
543,
000
546,
000
Hig
hway
and
str
eet c
onst
ruct
ion2
UU
U23
8,70
022
7,90
023
6,10
024
2,80
025
6,50
0R
280,
100
R28
1,20
0
Per
form
ance
Veh
icle
-mile
s o
f tr
avel
by
fun
ctio
nal
sys
tem
(m
illio
ns)
i
Rur
al m
ileag
eIn
ters
tate
8 1
0,51
48
79,5
168 1
35,0
848 2
00,1
7318
223,
382
1823
2,56
518
240,
255
1825
1,52
018
260,
204
1826
8,96
0O
ther
pri
ncip
al a
rter
ial
NN
132,
958
175,
133
215,
567
221,
403
228,
716
237,
704
243,
950
248,
686
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
High
way
Pro
file
(Con
tinue
d)
364 � Appendix A: Modal Profiles
Per
form
ance
(co
nti
nu
ed)
1960
1970
1980
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Min
or a
rter
ial
NN
129,
816
155,
733
153,
028
157,
444
163,
342
165,
780
169,
378
171,
883
Maj
or c
olle
ctor
NN
150,
186
190,
512
186,
212
190,
923
201,
790
203,
580
206,
936
209,
561
Min
or c
olle
ctor
NN
39,2
8249
,948
49,9
3650
,107
52,5
7454
,278
57,6
1757
,960
Loca
lN
N84
,704
97,3
7910
5,16
410
7,75
211
4,67
312
0,59
512
5,54
512
7,91
1To
tal r
ural
40
0,46
353
9,47
267
2,03
086
8,87
893
3,28
996
0,19
41,
001,
350
1,03
3,45
71,
063,
630
1,08
4,96
1U
rban
Inte
rsta
te13
,365
81,5
3216
1,24
227
8,90
134
1,51
535
1,57
936
1,40
137
4,62
238
2,98
639
3,58
0O
ther
free
way
s an
d ex
pres
sway
sN
N79
,690
127,
465
151,
509
157,
502
159,
622
165,
626
171,
563
177,
142
Oth
er p
rinc
ipal
art
eria
lN
N22
9,46
933
5,54
337
0,36
537
7,77
638
5,12
538
8,07
339
2,72
139
8,65
2M
inor
art
eria
lN
N17
5,03
023
6,22
529
3,22
829
9,34
530
1,91
230
9,29
531
3,93
632
4,36
7C
olle
ctor
NN
83,0
4310
6,29
712
6,88
312
9,31
013
0,14
313
1,91
913
1,61
313
5,37
1Lo
cal
NN
126,
791
191,
053
205,
907
208,
374
222,
142
228,
530
234,
886
235,
730
Tota
l urb
an31
8,29
957
0,25
285
5,26
51,
275,
484
1,48
9,40
71,
523,
886
1,56
0,34
51,
598,
065
1,62
7,70
51,
664,
842
Tota
l rur
al a
nd u
rban
718,
762
1,10
9,72
41,
527,
295
2,14
4,36
22,
422,
696
2,48
4,08
02,
561,
695
2,63
1,52
22,
691,
335
2,74
9,80
3H
igh
way
dem
and
fo
r p
etro
leu
m (
tho
usa
nd
bar
rels
)M
otor
fuel
9 1,3
78,0
959 2
,198
,310
9 2,7
37,1
439 3
,113
,214
163,
424,
616
16 3
,492
,285
163,
580,
620
163,
699,
500
163,
843,
128
163,
863,
338
Asp
halt
and
road
oil
1011
0,00
010
163,
000
1014
5,00
014
176,
340
1417
7,54
314
177,
206
1418
4,38
314
190,
258
1419
9,58
014
192,
236
Tota
l1,
488,
095
2,36
1,31
02,
882,
143
3,28
9,55
43,
602,
159
3,66
9,49
13,
765,
003
3,88
9,75
84,
042,
708
4,05
5,57
4
Saf
ety
Fata
litie
s11
36,3
9911
52,6
2711
51,0
9115
44,5
9915
41,8
1715
42,0
6515
42,0
1315
41,5
0115
41,7
17R
,24 4
1,94
5In
jure
d pe
rson
sN
NN
3,23
1,00
03,
465,
000
3,48
3,00
03,
348,
000
3,19
2,00
03,
236,
000
153,
189,
000
Cra
shes
NN
N6,
471,
000
6,69
9,00
06,
770,
000
6,62
4,00
06,
335,
000
6,27
9,00
06,
394,
000
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; R =
rev
ised
; U =
dat
a ar
e no
t ava
ilabl
e.
aT
he F
eder
al H
ighw
ay T
rust
Fun
d w
as c
reat
ed w
ith
the
enac
tmen
t of
the
Hig
hway
Rev
enue
Act
of
1956
. The
tot
al r
ecei
pts
show
n fo
r 19
95 a
re o
vers
tate
d by
ap
prox
imat
ely
$1.5
9 bi
llion
due
to
a fi
scal
yea
r (F
Y)
1994
err
or b
y th
e T
reas
ury
Dep
artm
ent
in r
econ
cilin
g es
tim
ated
dep
osit
s to
the
act
ual t
ax r
even
ue. T
he
corr
ecti
on w
as m
ade
afte
r th
e cl
ose
of F
Y19
94 a
nd is
sho
wn
in F
Y19
95 r
ecei
pts.
bFi
gure
s ob
tain
ed b
y ad
diti
on/s
ubtr
acti
on a
nd m
ay n
ot a
ppea
r di
rect
ly in
dat
a so
urce
.c
Gro
ss a
mou
nts
colle
cted
by
stat
e go
vern
men
ts f
rom
hig
hway
use
rs. D
oes
not
incl
ude
tolls
. Not
all
reve
nues
allo
cate
d to
hig
hway
exp
endi
ture
s.d
Incl
udes
dis
trib
utor
s an
d de
aler
s lic
ense
s, in
spec
tion
fee
s, f
ines
and
pen
alti
es, a
nd m
isce
llane
ous
rece
ipts
.e
Incl
udes
dri
vers
lice
nses
, tit
le f
ees,
spe
cial
tit
le t
axes
, fin
es a
nd p
enal
ties
; est
imat
ed s
ervi
ce c
harg
es a
nd lo
cal c
olle
ctio
ns.
fIn
clud
es c
arri
er g
ross
rec
eipt
tax
es; m
ileag
e, t
on-m
ile a
nd p
asse
nger
-mile
tax
es; s
peci
al li
cens
e fe
es a
nd f
ranc
hise
tax
es; a
nd c
erti
fica
te o
r pe
rmit
fee
s.g
Mile
age
in f
eder
al p
arks
, for
ests
, and
res
erva
tion
s th
at a
re n
ot a
par
t of
the
sta
te a
nd lo
cal h
ighw
ay s
yste
m.
hPr
ior
to 1
999,
mile
age
for
mun
icip
al r
oads
was
incl
uded
wit
h th
e “o
ther
loca
l roa
ds”
juri
sdic
tion
. Mile
age
for
mun
icip
al r
oads
was
incl
uded
in “
Tow
n,
Tow
nshi
p an
d M
unic
ipal
Roa
d” ju
risd
icti
on a
fter
199
9.i
Hig
hway
cat
egor
y cl
assi
fica
tion
s ch
ange
d se
vera
l tim
es b
efor
e 19
80. A
ctua
l 196
0 da
ta c
ateg
orie
s w
ere:
Mai
n R
ural
Roa
ds, L
ocal
Rur
al R
oads
and
Urb
an
Stre
ets;
197
0 da
ta c
ateg
orie
s w
ere:
Rur
al I
nter
stat
e, R
ural
Oth
er A
rter
ial,
Oth
er R
ural
, Urb
an I
nter
stat
e an
d O
ther
Urb
an.
High
way
Pro
file
(Con
tinue
d)
Appendix A: Modal Profiles � 365
High
way
Pro
file
(Con
tinue
d)
NO
TE
SM
otor
veh
icle
inju
ry a
nd c
rash
dat
a in
thi
s pr
ofile
com
e fr
om t
he N
atio
nal H
ighw
ay T
raff
ic S
afet
y A
dmin
istr
atio
n’s
Gen
eral
Est
imat
es S
yste
m (
GE
S). T
he d
ata
from
GE
S, w
hich
beg
an o
pera
tion
in 1
988,
are
obt
aine
d fr
om a
nat
iona
lly r
epre
sent
ativ
e pr
obab
ility
sam
ple
sele
cted
fro
m a
ll po
lice-
repo
rted
cra
shes
, and
th
e G
ES
sam
ple
incl
udes
onl
y cr
ashe
s w
here
a p
olic
e ac
cide
nt r
epor
t w
as c
ompl
eted
and
the
cra
sh r
esul
ted
in p
rope
rty
dam
age,
inju
ry, o
r de
ath.
The
res
ult-
ing
figu
res
do n
ot t
ake
into
acc
ount
cra
shes
whi
ch w
ere
not
repo
rted
to
the
polic
e or
whi
ch d
id n
ot r
esul
t in
at
leas
t pr
oper
ty d
amag
e.E
arlie
r ed
ition
s of
NT
S, p
artic
ular
ly th
e 19
93 H
isto
rica
l Com
pend
ium
, use
d cr
ash
and
inju
ry fi
gure
s es
timat
ed b
y th
e N
atio
nal S
afet
y C
ounc
il, w
hich
em
ploy
ed a
dif-
fere
nt s
et o
f met
hods
to a
rriv
e at
its
figur
es. T
hus,
the
inju
ry a
nd c
rash
figu
res
in t
his
editi
on o
f NT
S m
ay n
ot b
e co
mpa
rabl
e w
ith th
ose
foun
d in
ear
lier
editi
ons.
In 1
998,
FH
WA
inst
itut
ed a
new
met
hod
of c
reat
ing
mile
age
base
d ta
bles
der
ived
fro
m t
he H
ighw
ay P
erfo
rman
ce M
onit
orin
g Sy
stem
(H
PMS)
. See
Cha
pter
1
accu
racy
pro
file
s fo
r m
ore
info
rmat
ion
abou
t th
e H
PMS.
SOU
RC
ES
Unl
ess
othe
rwis
e no
ted,
ple
ase
refe
r to
cha
pter
tab
les
for
sour
ces.
1 U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Com
mer
ce, S
tati
stic
al A
bstr
act
of t
he U
nite
d St
ates
, var
ious
yea
rs, S
tate
and
Loc
al G
over
nmen
t Se
ctio
n.2
Ibid
., In
tern
et s
ite
http
://st
ats.
bls.
gov/
saho
me.
htm
l as
of A
ug. 2
, 200
1.3
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n, H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s, S
umm
ary
to 1
995,
FH
WA
-PL
-97-
009
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Jul
y 19
97),
tab
le H
F-21
0.4
Ibid
., H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s, S
umm
ary
to 1
995,
FH
WA
-PL
-97-
009
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Jul
y 19
97),
tab
le M
F-20
1.5
Ibid
., H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s, S
umm
ary
to 1
995,
FH
WA
-PL
-97-
009
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Jul
y 19
97),
tab
le M
V-2
02.
6 Ib
id.,
Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics,
Sum
mar
y to
198
5, F
HW
A-P
L-9
7-00
9 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: J
uly
1997
), t
able
M-2
03.
7 Ib
id.,
Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics,
Sum
mar
y to
199
5, F
HW
A-P
L-9
7-00
9 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: J
uly
1997
), t
able
HM
-212
.8
Ibid
., H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s, S
umm
ary
to 1
985
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Apr
il 19
87),
tab
le V
M-2
01.
9 Ib
id.,
Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics,
Sum
mar
y to
199
5, F
HW
A-P
L-9
7-00
9 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: J
uly
1997
), t
able
VM
-201
A (
tota
l fue
l con
sum
ed in
tho
usan
ds o
f ga
llons
di
vide
d by
42)
.10
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of E
nerg
y, E
nerg
y In
form
atio
n A
dmin
istr
atio
n, S
tate
Ene
rgy
Dat
a R
epor
t, 1
960-
1980
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C),
p. 1
3.11
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Nat
iona
l Hig
hway
Tra
ffic
Saf
ety
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Nat
iona
l Cen
ter
for
Stat
istic
s an
d A
naly
sis,
NR
D-3
0, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n.12
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n, H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s, S
umm
ary
to 1
995,
FH
WA
-PL
-97-
009
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Jul
y 19
97),
tab
le H
M-2
10.
13 I
bid.
, Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics,
Sum
mar
y to
199
5, F
HW
A-P
L-9
7-00
9 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: J
uly
1997
), t
able
HM
-220
.14
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of E
nerg
y, E
nerg
y In
form
atio
n A
dmin
istr
atio
n, P
etro
leum
Sup
ply
Ann
ual:
Vol
ume
1 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le 2
.15
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, N
atio
nal H
ighw
ay T
raff
ic S
afet
y A
dmin
istr
atio
n, N
atio
nal C
ente
r fo
r St
atis
tics
and
Ana
lysi
s, T
raff
ic S
afet
y Fa
cts
2000
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 2
001)
.16
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n, H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le V
M-1
(to
tal f
uel c
on-
sum
ed in
tho
usan
ds o
f ga
llons
div
ided
by
42).
17 Ib
id.,
Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 199
6, 1
997,
199
8, 1
999,
200
0), t
able
s H
F-10
A a
nd H
F-10
.18
Ibid
., H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: v
ario
us y
ears
), t
able
s V
M-2
and
VM
-2A
.19
Ibid
., H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 1
996,
199
7, 1
998,
199
9, 2
000)
, tab
le M
F-1.
20 Ib
id.,
Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 199
6, 1
997,
199
8, 1
999,
200
0), t
able
MV
-2.
21 Ib
id.,
Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 199
6, 1
997,
199
8, 1
999,
200
0), t
able
HM
-10.
22 Ib
id.,
Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 199
6, 1
997,
199
8, 1
999,
200
0), t
able
HM
-20.
23 I
bid.
, Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 199
6, 1
997,
199
8, 1
999,
200
0), t
able
HM
-12.
24 U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Nat
iona
l Hig
hway
Tra
ffic
Saf
ety
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Nat
iona
l Cen
ter
for
Stat
isti
cs a
nd A
naly
sis,
Fat
alit
y A
naly
sis
Rep
ort-
ing
Syst
em (
FAR
S) Q
uery
, Sep
t. 6
, 200
2.
FIN
AN
CIA
L19
6019
7019
8019
9019
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
0020
01Pe
rson
al a
uto
expe
nditu
res,
tota
la ($ m
illio
ns)
39,8
8673
,390
209,
563
368,
192
445,
566
474,
491
498,
928
R50
4,24
754
3,62
959
9,85
2U
New
and
use
d ca
rsa,1
16,6
0026
,700
57,2
0011
9,00
013
2,20
013
3,30
013
5,60
014
2,80
0R15
6,10
0R16
4,90
016
6,50
0Ti
res,
tube
s, a
cces
sorie
s, a
nd p
arts1
2,50
06,
100
17,9
0029
,900
36,9
0038
,700
39,6
0041
,500
44,4
00R45
,900
45,8
00G
asol
ine
and
oil1
12,0
0021
,900
86,7
0010
7,30
011
3,30
012
4,20
012
8,10
011
4,80
0R12
9,30
0R16
4,40
016
2,10
0To
lls1
300
700
1,10
02,
300
3,40
03,
700
4,00
04,
000
R4,
400
R4,
600
4,90
0In
sura
nce
prem
ium
s le
ss c
laim
s pa
id12,
000
3,80
09,
400
18,1
0029
,700
31,8
0036
,300
38,0
0036
,800
R30
,700
32,1
00R
epai
r, gr
easi
ng, w
ashi
ng, p
arki
ng, s
tora
ge,
rent
al, a
nd le
asin
g15,
500
12,3
0034
,000
84,9
0012
2,20
013
4,20
014
6,30
015
3,60
0R16
5,10
0R17
5,50
018
1,60
0A
uto
regi
stra
tion
fees
4 86
74
1,66
84
2,89
34
6,05
44
7,04
310
7,69
810
8,16
310
8,63
010
8,62
510
7,60
7U
Driv
er's
lice
nse
fees
4 11
94
222
4 37
04
638
R,1
0 82
310
893
10 86
510
917
10 90
410
745
UTa
xi e
xpen
ditu
res
($ m
illio
ns)1
600
1,20
01,
900
2,60
03,
200
3,50
03,
700
4,10
03,
800
R3,
600
3,70
0
INVE
NTO
RY
1960
1970
1980
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Num
ber o
f veh
icle
regi
stra
tions
Pas
seng
er c
ar a
nd m
otor
cycl
e5
62,2
45,4
225
92,0
67,6
5512
7,29
4,78
313
7,95
9,95
813
2,28
3,96
613
3,59
9,57
813
3,57
5,07
713
5,71
7,98
813
6,58
4,47
713
7,96
7,48
8U
Oth
er 2
-axl
e 4-
tire
vehi
cle
5 e
5 14
,210
,591
5 27
,875
,934
5 48
,274
,555
9 65
,738
,322
R,9
68,9
3379
89
70,2
24,0
829
71,3
30,2
059
75,3
56,3
769
79,0
84,9
79U
Mot
orcy
cle
6 57
4,03
26
2,82
4,09
86
5,69
3,94
06
4,25
9,46
29
3,89
7,19
1R
,9 3,
871,
237
9 3,
826,
373
9 3,
879,
450
9 4,
152,
433
9 4,
346,
068
UM
otor
veh
icle
lice
nsed
driv
ers
7 87
,252
,563
111,
542,
787
145,
295,
036
167,
015,
250
176,
628,
482
179,
539,
340
182,
709,
204
184,
860,
969
187,
170,
420
190,
625,
023
UN
umbe
r of e
mpl
oyee
sTa
xica
bs2
120,
700
106,
400
52,5
0032
,400
30,7
0030
,500
30,6
0031
,200
31,6
00R31
,900
31,8
00A
utom
otiv
e de
aler
s an
d se
rvic
e st
atio
ns21,
267,
200
1,61
7,40
01,
688,
500
2,06
3,10
02,
189,
600
2,26
6,70
02,
310,
800
2,33
2,30
02,
368,
100
R2,
409,
600
2,42
4,80
0M
otor
veh
icle
s, p
arts
, and
sup
plie
s2N
N43
4,30
045
6,00
049
2,10
050
2,80
051
3,00
051
6,60
052
3,70
0R51
6,80
050
2,10
0A
uto
repa
ir, s
ervi
ces,
and
par
king2
NN
570,
900
913,
700
1,02
0,10
01,
080,
000
1,11
9,60
01,
145,
200
1,19
6,40
0R1,
234,
200
1,25
7,20
0
PER
FOR
MA
NC
E
1960
1970
1980
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Vehi
cle-
mile
s (m
illio
ns)
Pas
seng
er c
ar a
nd m
otor
cycl
e, to
tala
8 58
7,01
28
919,
679
8 1,
121,
810
R,8
1,41
7,82
39
1,44
8,09
1R
,9 1,
478,
767
9 1,
512,
637
9 1,
559,
860
9 1,
579,
684
R,9
1,61
0,75
6U
Rur
al h
ighw
ay, t
otal
8 31
3,62
38
424,
088
8 45
0,65
98
547,
910
9 52
7,93
2R
,9 54
0,02
19
555,
227
9 57
9,25
89
589,
213
R,9
597,
898
UR
ural
inte
rsta
te
N8
62,3
428
89,4
888
117,
519
9 11
5,99
1R
,9 12
0,32
49
121,
095
9 12
8,44
79
131,
956
R,9
135,
630
UR
ural
oth
er a
rteria
l8
233,
452
8 18
2,21
38
180,
857
8 21
1,06
69
212,
063
R,9
217,
574
9 22
1,73
29
230,
435
9 23
2,77
9R
,9 23
6,42
3U
Oth
er ru
ral r
oads
8 80
,171
8 17
9,53
38
180,
314
8 21
9,32
59
199,
878
R,9
202,
122
9 21
2,40
09
220,
376
9 22
4,47
8R
,9 22
5,84
5U
Urb
an h
ighw
ayb , t
otal
8 27
3,38
98
495,
591
8 67
1,15
18
869,
912
9 92
0,15
9R
,9 93
8,74
69
957,
410
9 98
0,60
29
990,
471
R,9
1,01
2858
UU
rban
inte
rsta
te
N8
69,3
698
124,
480
8 18
4,78
39
205,
489
R,9
211,
818
9 21
5,52
59
222,
066
9 22
5,82
2R
,9 23
2,20
2U
Oth
er u
rban
N
8 42
6,22
28
546,
671
8 68
5,12
99
714,
670
9 72
6,92
89
741,
885
9 75
8,53
69
764,
649
R,9
780,
656
UO
ther
2-a
xle
4-tir
e ve
hicl
e, to
tal
8 e
8 12
3,28
68
290,
935
8 57
4,57
19
790,
029
R,9
815,
936
9 85
0,73
99
868,
275
9 90
1,02
2R
,9 92
3,05
9U
Rur
al h
ighw
ay, t
otal
8 e
8 73
,591
8 14
9,56
08
227,
831
9 29
5,47
2R
,9 30
6,89
19
327,
316
9 33
4,80
69
351,
658
R,9
360,
355
UR
ural
inte
rsta
te
8 e
8 6,
766
8 19
,952
8 46
,298
9 63
,329
9 65
,779
9 69
,030
9 72
,343
9 76
,190
R,9
79,0
88U
Rur
al o
ther
arte
rial
8 e
8 29
,808
8 56
,137
8 87
,474
9 11
8,30
5R
,9 12
2,21
19
129,
890
9 13
2,04
39
138,
475
R,9
141,
257
UO
ther
rura
l roa
ds8
e8
37,0
178
73,4
718
94,0
599
113,
838
R,9
118,
901
9 12
8,39
69
130,
420
9 13
6,99
3R
,9 14
0,01
0U
Urb
an h
ighw
ayc , t
otal
8 e
8 49
,695
8 14
1,37
58
346,
739
9 49
4,55
79
509,
045
9 52
3,42
39
533,
469
9 54
9,36
4R
,9 56
2,70
4U
Urb
an in
ters
tate
8
e8
6,25
28
23,0
678
71,5
009
109,
807
9 11
2,90
89
116,
680
9 12
1,70
09
124,
399
R,9
128,
291
UO
ther
urb
an
8 e
8 43
,443
8 11
8,30
88
275,
239
9 38
4,75
0R
,9 39
6,13
69
406,
743
9 41
1,76
99
424,
965
R,9
434,
413
UVe
hicl
e-m
iles,
tota
l (m
illio
ns)
5 58
7,01
25
1,04
2,96
55
1,41
2,74
55
1,99
2,39
49
2,23
8,12
0R
,9 2,
294,
703
9 2,
363,
376
9 2,
428,
135
9 2,
480,
706
R,9
2,53
3,81
5U
Aut
omob
ile P
rofil
e
1/31
/200
6N
TS 2
002,
FH
WA
, NH
TSA
Pas
seng
er c
ars
f,5 58
7,01
2f,5
919,
679
f,5 1,
121,
810
f,5 1,
417,
823
9 1,
438,
294
R,9
1,46
8,85
49
1,50
2,55
69
1,54
9,57
79
1,56
9,10
0R
,9 1,
600,
287
UO
ther
2-a
xle
4-tir
e ve
hicl
e5
e5
123,
286
5 29
0,93
55
574,
571
9 79
0,02
9R
,9 81
5,93
69
850,
739
9 86
8,27
59
901,
022
R,9
923,
059
UM
otor
cycl
e5
g5
g5
g5
g9
9,79
7R
,9 9,
913
9 10
,081
9 10
,283
9 10
,584
R,9
10,4
69U
Pass
enge
r-m
ilesc , t
otal
(mill
ions
)5
1,14
5,00
05
1,97
9,78
75
2,54
5,02
05
3,03
7,24
49
3,55
3,81
0R
,9 3,
643,
719
9 3,
752,
829
9 3,
855,
696
9 3,
939,
137
R,9
4,02
3,63
7U
Pas
seng
er c
ars
a,f,5
1,14
5,00
0a,f,5
1,75
4,17
4a,f,5
2,02
4,24
6f,5
2,14
0,91
39
2,28
6,88
7R
,9 2,
335,
478
9 2,
389,
065
9 2,
463,
828
9 2,
494,
870
R,9
2,54
4,45
7U
Oth
er 2
-axl
e 4-
tire
vehi
cle
5 e
5 22
5,61
35
520,
774
5 89
6,33
19
1,25
6,14
6R
,9 1,
297,
337
9 1,
352,
675
9 1,
380,
557
9 1,
432,
625
R,9
1,46
7,66
4U
Mot
orcy
cle
5 g
5 g
5 g
5 g
9 10
,777
R,9
10,9
049
11,0
899
11,3
119
11,6
42R
,9 11
,516
UA
vera
ge m
iles
trav
eled
per
veh
icle
Pas
seng
er c
ar
f,5 9,
518
f,5 9,
989
f,5 8,
813
f,5 10
,277
9 11
,203
R,9
11,3
239
11,5
819
11,7
549
11,8
48R
,9 11
,976
UO
ther
2-a
xle
4-tir
e ve
hicl
e5
e5
8,67
65
10,4
375
11,9
029
12,0
18R
,9 11
,837
9 12
,115
9 12
,173
9 11
,957
R,9
11,6
72U
Mot
orcy
cle
5 g
5 g5
g5
g9
2,51
4R
,9 2,
561
9 2,
635
9 2,
651
9 2,
549
R,9
2,40
9U
Fuel
con
sum
ed (m
illio
n ga
llons
)P
asse
nger
car
s f,5
41,1
71f,5
67,8
79f,5
70,1
86f,5
69,7
599
68,0
72R
,9 68
,897
9 69
,892
9 71
,695
9 73
,283
R,9
73,0
65U
Oth
er 2
-axl
e 4-
tire
vehi
cle
5 e
5 12
,313
5 23
,796
5 35
,611
9 45
,605
R,9
47,1
339
49,3
889
50,4
629
52,8
59R
,9 52
,939
UM
otor
cycl
e5
g5
g5
g5
g9
196
9 19
89
202
9 20
69
212
R,9
209
UA
vera
ge fu
el c
onsu
mpt
ion
per v
ehic
le (g
allo
ns)
Pas
seng
er c
ars
f,5 66
8f,5
737
f,5 55
1f,5
506
9 53
0R
,9 53
19
539
9 54
49
553
R,9
547
UO
ther
2-a
xle
4-tir
e ve
hicl
e5
e5
866
5 85
45
738
9 69
4R
,9 68
49
703
9 70
79
701
R,9
669
UM
otor
cycl
e5
g5
g5
g5
g9
509
519
539
539
519
48U
Ave
rage
mile
s tr
avel
ed p
er g
allo
n of
fuel
con
sum
Pas
seng
er c
ars
f,5 14
.3f,5
13.5
5 16
.05
20.3
9 21
.1R
,9 21
.39
21.5
9 21
.69
21.4
R,9
21.9
UO
ther
2-a
xle
4-tir
e ve
hicl
e5
e5
10.0
5 12
.25
16.1
9 17
.3R
,9 17
.39
17.2
9 17
.29
17.0
R,9
17.4
UM
otor
cycl
e5
g5
g5
g5
g9
509
509
509
509
509
50U
SAFE
TY19
6019
7019
8019
9019
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
0020
01N
umbe
r of o
ccup
ants
and
non
occu
pant
fata
litie
sP
asse
nger
car
3N
N27
,449
24,0
9222
,423
22,5
0522
,199
21,1
9420
,862
R20
,699
20,2
33M
otor
cycl
e379
02,
280
5,14
43,
244
2,22
72,
161
2,11
62,
294
2,48
3R2,
897
3,18
1B
icyc
led,
349
076
096
585
983
376
581
476
075
4R69
372
8P
edes
trian
d,3
7,21
08,
950
8,07
06,
482
5,58
45,
449
5,32
15,
228
4,93
9R4,
763
4,88
2O
ccup
ant f
atal
ity ra
tes
Per
100
mill
ion
vehi
cle-
mile
sP
asse
nger
car
34.
73.
82.
51.
71.
51.
51.
51.
41.
31.
3U
Mot
orcy
cle3
N76
.550
.433
.922
.721
.821
.022
.323
.5R27
.7U
Per
10,
000
regi
ster
ed v
ehic
les
Pas
seng
er c
ar3
5.1
3.9
2.6
R2.
01.
81.
81.
81.
71.
61.
6U
Mot
orcy
cle3
13.8
8.1
9.0
7.6
5.7
5.6
5.5
5.9
6.0
R6.
7U
Vehi
cle
invo
lvem
ent r
ate
(fata
l cra
shes
)P
er 1
00 m
illio
n ve
hicl
e-m
iles
Pas
seng
er c
ar3
N5.
63.
52.
42.
12.
02.
01.
91.
8R1.
8U
Mot
orcy
cle3
N22
.950
.934
.323
.121
.921
.422
.7R23
.9R28
.4U
Per
10,
000
regi
ster
ed v
ehic
les
Pas
seng
er c
ar3
N5.
63.
72.
82.
52.
52.
42.
32.
22.
22.
1M
otor
cycl
e3N
8.2
9.1
7.7
5.8
5.6
5.6
6.0
6.1
6.8
6.6
KEY
: E =
est
imat
e; N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; R =
revi
sed;
U =
dat
a ar
e no
t ava
ilabl
e.
1/31
/200
6N
TS 2
002,
FH
WA
, NH
TSA
6 Ib
id.,
Hig
hway
Sta
tistic
s S
umm
ary
to 1
995,
FH
WA
-PL-
97-0
09 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: J
uly
1997
), ta
ble
MV
-201
.
NO
TES
Unl
ess
othe
rwis
e no
ted,
refe
r to
chap
ter t
able
s fo
r sou
rces
.
f In
clud
es m
otor
cycl
e da
ta.
SOU
RC
ES
e In
clud
ed in
sin
gle-
unit
2-ax
le 6
-tire
or m
ore
truck
cat
egor
y.
11 Ib
id.,
Hig
hway
Sta
tistic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le D
L-22
(rev
ised
tabl
es u
sed
whe
n ap
plic
able
).
8 Ib
id.,
Hig
hway
Sta
tistic
s S
umm
ary
to 1
995,
FH
WA
-PL-
97-0
09 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: J
uly
1997
), ta
ble
VM
-201
.
3 U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of T
rans
porta
tion,
Nat
iona
l Hig
hway
Tra
ffic
Saf
ety
Adm
inis
tratio
n (N
HTS
A), T
raffi
c S
afet
y Fa
cts
2001
, D
OT
HS
809
484
, (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: D
ecem
ber 2
002)
, tab
les
3, 4
, 7, a
nd 1
0.
2 U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of L
abor
, Bur
eau
of L
abor
Sta
tistic
s, B
LS D
atab
ase,
Inte
rnet
site
http
://w
ww
.bls
.gov
/dat
a/sa
.htm
as
of
Janu
ary
2003
; cod
es “4
1412
0 Ta
xica
bs,”
“605
500
Aut
omot
ive
Dea
lers
and
Ser
vice
Sta
tions
,” “5
2501
0 M
otor
Veh
icle
Par
ts,
and
Sup
plie
s” a
nd “8
0750
0 A
uto
Rep
air,
Ser
vice
s, a
nd P
arki
ng."
4 U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of T
rans
porta
tion,
Fed
eral
Hig
hway
Adm
inis
tratio
n (F
HW
A),
Hig
hway
Sta
tistic
s S
umm
ary
to 1
995,
FH
WA
-97
-009
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Jul
y 19
97),
tabl
e M
V-2
02.
7 Ib
id.,
Hig
hway
Sta
tistic
s S
umm
ary
to 1
995,
FH
WA
-Pl-9
7-00
9 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: J
uly
1997
), ta
ble
DL-
201.
10 Ib
id.,
Hig
hway
Sta
tistic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le M
V-2
(rev
ised
tabl
es u
sed
whe
n ap
plic
able
).
5 Ib
id.,
Hig
hway
Sta
tistic
s S
umm
ary
to 1
995
, FH
WA
-97-
009
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Jul
y 19
97),
tabl
e V
M–2
01A
, tab
le re
vise
d in
Ju
ne 1
999.
9 Ib
id.,
Hig
hway
Sta
tistic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le V
M-1
(rev
ised
tabl
es u
sed
whe
n ap
plic
able
).
g In
clud
ed in
pas
seng
er c
ars.
1 U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of C
omm
erce
, Bur
eau
of E
cono
mic
Ana
lysi
s, N
atio
nal I
ncom
e an
d P
rodu
ct A
ccou
nts
Tabl
es,
tabl
e 2.
4 av
aila
ble
at h
ttp://
ww
w.b
ea.d
oc.g
ov/b
ea/d
n/ni
paw
eb/A
llTab
les.
asp
as o
f Jan
uary
200
3.
a Fi
gure
s ob
tain
ed b
y ad
ditio
n / s
ubtra
ctio
n an
d m
ay n
ot a
ppea
r dire
ctly
in d
ata
sour
ce.
b U
rban
con
sist
s of
trav
el o
n al
l roa
ds a
nd s
treet
s in
urb
an p
lace
s of
5,0
00 o
r gre
ater
pop
ulat
ion.
c In
Jul
y 19
97, t
he U
SD
OT,
Fed
eral
Hig
hway
Adm
inis
tratio
n pu
blis
hed
revi
sed
pass
enge
r-m
iles
data
for t
he h
ighw
ay m
odes
fo
r man
y ye
ars.
The
maj
or c
hang
e re
flect
ed th
e re
assi
gnm
ent o
f som
e ve
hicl
es fr
om th
e pa
ssen
ger c
ar c
ateg
ory
to th
e ot
her 2
axle
4-ti
re v
ehic
le c
ateg
ory.
d In
volv
emen
t onl
y w
ith m
otor
veh
icle
.
1/31
/200
6N
TS 2
002,
FH
WA
, NH
TSA
Appendix A: Modal Profiles � 369
Truc
k Pr
ofile
Fin
anci
al19
6019
7019
8019
9019
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
00
Op
erat
ing
rev
enu
es, t
ota
la,1
(b
ased
on
SIC
) $
mill
ion
s)N
NN
127,
314
161,
806
172,
743
183,
153
NN
N
Loca
l tru
ckin
gN
NN
31,3
9743
,830
46,5
8949
,972
NN
N
Truc
king
, exc
ept l
ocal
NN
N74
,465
91,6
7597
,586
103,
847
NN
N
Loca
l tru
ckin
g w
ith s
tora
geN
NN
4,11
55,
154
5,50
25,
860
NN
N
Cou
rier
serv
ices
, exc
ept b
y ai
rN
NN
17,3
3721
,147
23,0
6623
,474
NN
N
Op
erat
ing
exp
ense
s, t
ota
l (b
ased
on
SIC
) ($
mill
ion
s)N
NN
118,
968
151,
628
162,
825
170,
998
NN
N
Loca
l tru
ckin
gN
NN
28,0
4938
,695
41,3
2543
,871
NN
N
Truc
king
, exc
ept l
ocal
NN
N70
,965
88,0
6194
,390
98,5
70N
NN
Loca
l tru
ckin
g w
ith s
tora
geN
NN
3,88
54,
817
5,12
15,
439
NN
N
Cou
rier
serv
ices
, exc
ept b
y ai
rN
NN
16,0
6920
,055
21,9
8923
,118
NN
N
Op
erat
ing
rev
enu
es, t
ota
lb,2
(b
ased
on
NA
ICS
) ($
mill
ion
s)
NN
NN
NN
N19
5,70
620
9,43
822
4,46
4
Truc
k tr
ansp
orta
tion
NN
NN
NN
N15
0,81
616
2,08
317
1,69
1
Cou
riers
mes
seng
ers
NN
NN
NN
N44
,890
47,3
5552
,773
Tru
ck h
igh
way
-use
r ta
xes
($ m
illio
ns)
Sta
te3
1,70
93,
429
6,73
112
,691
13,8
44U
15,7
5015
,611
16,2
66U
Fede
ral
1,12
12,
203
3,15
76,
665
11,2
73U
12,2
6013
,086
14,2
36U
Tota
lc2,
830
5,63
29,
888
19,3
5625
,117
U28
,010
28,6
9730
,502
U
Inve
nto
ry
Nu
mb
er o
f tr
uck
reg
istr
atio
ns
Sin
gle-
unit
truc
kN
103,
681,
405
104,
373,
784
104,
486,
981
125,
023,
670
125,
266,
029
125,
293,
358
125,
734,
925
125,
762,
864
125,
926,
030
Com
bina
tion
truc
kN
905,
082
1,41
6,86
91,
708,
895
1,69
5,75
11,
746,
586
1,78
9,96
81,
997,
345
2,02
8,56
22,
096,
619
Tota
l5 1
1,91
4,24
990
5,08
21,
416,
869
1,70
8,89
51,
695,
751
7,01
2,61
51,
789,
968
1,99
7,34
57,
791,
426
8,02
2,64
9
Nu
mb
er o
f em
plo
yees
Truc
king
and
cou
rier
serv
ices
, ex
cept
air
N11
998,
500
111,
182,
000
111,
273,
900
131,
440,
000
131,
482,
100
131,
514,
200
131,
568,
800
131,
613,
700
131,
630,
500
Truc
k dr
iver
s an
d de
liver
ymen
41,
477,
000
1,56
5,00
01,
931,
000
2,14
8,00
02,
861,
000
2,54
2,00
02,
602,
000
3,01
2,00
03,
116,
000
U
Nu
mb
er o
f tr
uck
ing
an
d c
ou
rier
es
tab
lish
men
ts,5
N64
,756
69,7
9690
,709
112,
887
116,
861
121,
111
119,
572
120,
687
122,
713
Per
form
ance
Veh
icle
-mile
s (m
illio
ns)
Rur
al h
ighw
ay
Rur
al in
ters
tate
N9 1
0,06
99 2
5,11
19 3
5,78
912
43,3
5112
45,7
2112
49,3
3612
49,8
9612
51,0
4912
52,6
37
Rur
al o
ther
art
eria
lN
17,6
2524
,789
31,3
3137
,056
37,8
7539
,193
39,7
2440
,691
41,6
46
Oth
er r
ural
roa
dsN
11,5
5018
,876
22,5
7225
,624
25,8
8426
,169
25,5
2226
,201
26,3
48
All
rura
l roa
ds9 8
4,50
829
,175
43,6
6553
,903
62,6
8010
9,48
011
4,69
811
5,14
211
7,94
112
0,63
1
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
370 � Appendix A: Modal Profiles
Per
form
ance
(co
nti
nu
ed)
1960
1970
1980
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Urb
an h
ighw
ayd
Urb
an in
ters
tate
N5,
634
13,1
3522
,163
25,6
3926
,256
28,5
4930
,193
32,2
8632
,191
Oth
er u
rban
str
eets
N17
,337
26,5
8034
,387
46,4
8647
,235
48,2
3051
,045
52,4
6152
,969
All
urba
n st
reet
s42
,896
22,9
7139
,715
56,5
5072
,125
73,4
9176
,779
81,2
3884
,747
85,1
60
Tota
l rur
al a
nd u
rban
hig
hway
127,
405
52,1
4683
,380
110,
453
134,
805
182,
971
191,
477
196,
380
202,
688
205,
791
Pas
sen
ger
-mile
se (
mill
ion
s)
Sin
gle-
unit
truc
kf98
,551
27,0
8139
,813
51,9
0162
,705
64,0
7266
,893
68,0
2170
,304
70,5
83
Com
bina
tion
truc
k28
,854
35,1
3468
,678
94,3
4111
5,45
111
8,89
912
4,58
412
8,35
913
2,38
413
5,20
8
All
truc
ks12
7,40
562
,215
108,
491
146,
242
178,
156
182,
971
191,
477
196,
380
202,
688
205,
791
Ton
-mile
s, in
terc
ity
6 (m
illio
ns)
285,
000
412,
000
555,
000
735,
000
921,
000
972,
000
996,
000
1,02
7,00
01,
093,
000
U
Fu
el c
on
sum
ed (
mill
ion
gal
lon
s)
Sin
gle-
unit
truc
kN
103,
968
106,
923
108,
357
129,
216
129,
409
129,
576
126,
817
129,
372
129,
548
Com
bina
tion
truc
kN
7,34
813
,037
16,1
3319
,777
20,1
9220
,302
25,1
5824
,537
25,6
45
All
truc
ks4 1
5,88
211
,316
19,9
6024
,490
28,9
9329
,601
29,8
7831
,975
33,9
0935
,193
Ave
rag
e fu
el c
on
sum
pti
on
per
veh
icle
(g
allo
ns)
Sin
gle-
unit
truc
kN
1,07
81,
583
1,86
21,
835
1,78
71,
809
1,18
91,
626
1,61
1
Com
bina
tion
truc
kN
8,11
99,
201
9,44
111
,663
11,5
6111
,342
12,5
9612
,096
12,2
32
All
truc
ks1,
333
2,46
73,
447
3,95
34,
315
4,22
14,
218
4,13
54,
352
4,38
7
Ave
rag
e m
iles
trav
eled
per
gal
lon
of
fuel
co
nsu
med
Sin
gle-
unit
truc
kN
6.8
5.8
6.2
6.8
6.8
7.0
10.0
7.5
7.4
Com
bina
tion
truc
kN
4.8
5.3
5.8
5.8
5.9
6.1
5.1
5.4
5.3
All
truc
ks8.
05.
55.
46.
06.
16.
26.
46.
16.
05.
8
Ave
rag
e m
iles
trav
eled
per
veh
icle
Sin
gle-
unit
truc
kN
7,35
69,
103
11,5
6712
,482
12,1
6712
,637
11,8
6112
,199
11,9
11
Com
bina
tion
truc
kN
38,8
1948
,472
55,2
0668
,083
68,0
7569
,601
64,2
6565
,260
64,4
89
All
truc
ks10
,693
13,5
6518
,736
23,6
0326
,514
26,0
9227
,032
25,3
9726
,014
25,6
51
Ave
rag
e le
ng
th o
f hau
l (d
om
esti
c fr
eig
ht)
7 (
mile
s)27
226
336
339
141
642
643
544
245
8U
Saf
ety
Occ
up
ant
fata
litie
s
Ligh
t tru
ck8
NN
7,48
68,
601
9,56
89,
932
10,2
4910
,705
11,2
6511
,526
Larg
e tr
uck
NN
1,26
270
564
862
172
374
275
975
4
All
truc
ksN
N8,
748
9,30
610
,216
10,5
5310
,972
11,4
4712
,024
12,2
80
Truc
k Pr
ofile
(Con
tinue
d)
Appendix A: Modal Profiles � 371
Saf
ety
(co
nti
nu
ed)
1960
1970
1980
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Occ
up
ant
fata
lity
rate
Per
100
mill
ion
vehi
cle-
mile
s
Ligh
t tru
ckN
N2.
51.
51.
31.
31.
21.
21.
21.
2
Larg
e tr
uck
NN
1.2
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
All
truc
ksN
N2.
21.
31.
11.
11.
11.
11.
11.
1
Per
10,
000
regi
ster
ed v
ehic
les
Ligh
t tru
ckN
N2.
51.
71.
51.
51.
51.
51.
51.
5
Larg
e tr
uck
NN
2.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.9
All
truc
ksN
N2.
41.
71.
51.
51.
51.
51.
51.
5
Veh
icle
invo
lvem
ent
rate
(fa
tal c
rash
es)
Per
100
mill
ion
vehi
cle-
mile
s
Ligh
t tru
ckN
N4.
32.
82.
32.
32.
32.
22.
22.
2
Larg
e tr
uck
NN
5.0
3.3
2.5
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.4
All
truc
ksN
N4.
52.
92.
42.
42.
32.
32.
22.
2
Per
10,
000
regi
ster
ed v
ehic
les
Ligh
t tru
ckN
N4.
23.
12.
82.
82.
82.
82.
72.
7
Larg
e tr
uck
NN
9.3
7.7
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.4
6.3
6.1
All
truc
ksN
N5.
03.
63.
23.
23.
23.
23.
13.
0
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; U =
dat
a ar
e no
t ava
ilabl
e.
aL
ocal
tru
ckin
g (S
IC 4
212)
- E
stab
lishm
ents
pri
mar
ily e
ngag
ed in
fur
nish
ing
truc
king
or
tran
sfer
ser
vice
s w
itho
ut s
tora
ge f
or f
reig
ht g
ener
ally
wei
ghin
g m
ore
than
100
pou
nds.
Tru
ckin
g, e
xcep
t lo
cal (
SIC
421
3) -
Est
ablis
hmen
ts p
rim
arily
eng
aged
in f
urni
shin
g “o
ver-
the-
road
” tr
ucki
ng s
ervi
ces
or t
ruck
ing
serv
ices
and
sto
rage
ser
-vi
ces,
incl
udin
g ho
useh
old
good
s ei
ther
as
com
mon
car
rier
s or
und
er s
peci
al o
r in
divi
dual
con
trac
ts o
r ag
reem
ents
, for
fre
ight
gen
eral
ly w
eigh
ing
mor
e th
an
100
poun
ds.
Loc
al t
ruck
ing,
wit
hout
sto
rage
(SI
C 4
214)
- E
stab
lishm
ents
pri
mar
ily e
ngag
ed in
fur
nish
ing
both
tru
ckin
g an
d st
orag
e se
rvic
es, i
nclu
ding
hou
seho
ld g
oods
.C
ouri
er s
ervi
ces,
exc
ept b
y ai
r (S
IC 4
215)
- E
stab
lishm
ents
pri
mar
ily e
ngag
ed in
the
deliv
ery
of in
divi
dual
ly a
ddre
ssed
lett
ers,
par
cels
, and
pac
kage
s (g
ener
ally
un
der
100
poun
ds).
bT
ruck
tra
nspo
rtat
ion
(NA
ICS
484)
- I
ndus
trie
s pr
imar
ily e
ngag
ed in
ove
r-th
e-ro
ad t
rans
port
atio
n of
car
go u
sing
mot
or v
ehic
les,
tru
ck-t
ract
ors,
and
tra
ilers
.C
ouri
ers
and
mes
seng
ers
(NA
ICS
492)
- E
stab
lishm
ents
pri
mar
ily e
ngag
ed in
pro
vidi
ng a
ir, s
urfa
ce, o
r co
mbi
ned
cour
ier
deliv
ery
serv
ices
of
parc
els
or p
rim
a-ri
ly e
ngag
ed in
fur
nish
ing
loca
l mes
seng
er a
nd d
eliv
ery
serv
ices
of
smal
l ite
ms
wit
hin
a si
ngle
met
ropo
litan
are
a or
urb
an c
ente
r.c
Num
bers
may
not
equ
al t
otal
s du
e to
rou
ndin
g.d
Urb
an c
onsi
sts
of t
rave
l on
all r
oads
and
str
eets
in u
rban
pla
ces
of 5
,000
or
grea
ter
popu
lati
on.
eH
ighw
ay p
asse
nger
-mile
s ar
e ca
lcul
ated
by
mul
tipl
ying
veh
icle
-mile
s of
tra
vel a
s ci
ted
by t
he F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n (F
HW
A)
by t
he a
vera
ge n
um-
ber
of o
ccup
ants
for
eac
h ve
hicl
e ty
pe a
s es
tim
ated
by
the
FHW
A u
sing
the
Nat
ionw
ide
Pers
onal
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Surv
ey.
fIn
clud
es o
ther
2-a
xle
4-ti
re v
ehic
le in
196
0.C
ontin
ued
next
pag
e
Truc
k Pr
ofile
(Con
tinue
d)
372 � Appendix A: Modal ProfilesTr
uck
Prof
ile (C
ontin
ued)
NO
TE
In 1
995,
FH
WA
rev
ised
its
vehi
cle
type
cat
egor
ies.
The
se n
ew c
ateg
orie
s in
clud
e pa
ssen
ger
car,
othe
r 2-
axle
4-t
ire
vehi
cle,
sin
gle-
unit
2-a
xle
6-ti
re o
r m
ore
truc
k,
and
com
bina
tion
tru
ck. O
ther
2-a
xle
4-ti
re v
ehic
les
incl
ude
vans
, pic
kup
truc
ks, a
nd s
port
/uti
lity
vehi
cles
. In
prev
ious
yea
rs, s
ome
min
ivan
s an
d sp
ort/
utili
ty
vehi
cles
wer
e in
clud
ed in
the
pas
seng
er c
ar c
ateg
ory.
Sin
gle-
unit
2-a
xle
6-ti
re o
r m
ore
truc
ks a
re o
n a
sing
le f
ram
e w
ith
at le
ast
2 ax
les
and
6 ti
res.
SOU
RC
ES
Unl
ess
othe
rwis
e no
ted,
ref
er t
o ch
apte
r ta
bles
for
sou
rces
.1
U.S
. Cen
sus
Bur
eau,
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Ann
ual S
urve
y (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: D
ecem
ber
1998
), t
able
1.
2 Ib
id.,
Serv
ice
Ann
ual S
urve
y, 2
000
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Dec
embe
r 20
01),
tab
le 2
.2.
3 A
mer
ican
Tru
ckin
g A
ssoc
iati
on, A
mer
ican
Tru
ckin
g T
rend
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
.4
Eno
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Foun
dati
on, I
nc.,
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
in A
mer
ica,
200
0 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 2
001)
, p. 3
5.5
U.S
. Bur
eau
of th
e C
ensu
s, C
ount
y B
usin
ess
Pat
tern
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le 2
(NA
ICS
484
and
492/
SIC
421
), an
d si
mila
r ta
bles
in e
arlie
r ed
ition
s.6
Eno
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Foun
dati
on, I
nc.,
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
in A
mer
ica,
200
0 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 2
001)
, p. 1
2.7
Ibid
, p. 5
1.8
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, N
atio
nal H
ighw
ay T
raff
ic S
afet
y A
dmin
istr
atio
n, T
raff
ic S
afet
y Fa
cts
2000
, DO
T H
S 80
9 33
7 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: D
ecem
-be
r 20
00),
tab
les
8 an
d 9,
and
Fat
alit
y A
naly
sis
Rep
orti
ng S
yste
m (
FAR
S) Q
uery
, Sep
t. 1
0, 2
002.
9 U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Hig
hway
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
Sum
mar
y to
199
5, F
HW
A-P
L-9
7-00
9 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: J
uly
1997
), t
able
VM
-201
.10
Ibi
d., t
able
VM
-201
A.
11 U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of L
abor
, Bur
eau
of L
abor
Sta
tistic
s, E
mpl
oym
ent,
Hou
rs a
nd E
arni
ngs,
Uni
ted
Stat
es, 1
909-
1994
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: S
epte
mbe
r 19
94),
SIC
421
.12
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n, H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le V
M-1
.13
Ibi
d., I
nter
net
site
ww
w.b
ls.g
ov a
s of
Aug
. 17,
200
1. (
Cod
e: 4
1421
0).
Appendix A: Modal Profiles � 373
Bus
Prof
ile
Fin
anci
al19
6019
7019
8019
9019
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
00
Exp
end
itu
res
($ t
ho
usa
nd
s)
Sch
ool b
us1 4
86,0
001 1
,219
,000
1 3,8
33,0
001 8
,031
,000
1 9,8
89,0
001 9
,082
,000
1 10,
353,
000
1 10,
326,
000
1 10,
340,
000
U
Op
erat
ing
rev
enu
es (
$ th
ou
san
ds)
Inte
rcity
bus
, Cla
ss I
2 463
,100
2 72
1,70
02 1
,397
,378
2 943
,268
9 1,1
89,2
35R
,998
5,53
79 1
,080
,083
9 1,0
74,5
829 1
,326
,909
1,13
3,82
2
Op
erat
ing
exp
ense
s ($
th
ou
san
ds)
Inte
rcity
bus
, Cla
ss I
405,
400
639,
000
1,31
8,37
21,
026,
213
1,25
3,53
7R
941,
014
1,02
2,68
01,
016,
208
1,31
3,90
01,
078,
386
Inve
nto
ry
Nu
mb
er o
f o
per
atin
g c
om
pan
ies
Inte
rcity
bus
, Cla
ss I
143
7161
319 2
49 2
022
9 20
9 18
9 15
Num
ber
of v
ehic
les
All
buse
s3 2
72,1
293 3
77,5
623 5
28,7
893 6
26,9
873 6
85,5
033 6
94,7
813
697,
548
3 715
,540
3 728
,777
3 746
,125
Nu
mb
er o
f em
plo
yees
Inte
rcity
and
rur
al b
us4 4
0,50
04 4
3,40
04 3
7,90
04 2
6,10
010
23,8
0010
23,8
0010
22,2
0010
24,4
0010
23,8
0010
24,7
00
Sch
ool b
usN
N79
,900
111,
200
131,
100
132,
200
136,
500
141,
000
146,
100
146,
700
Per
form
ance
Veh
icle
-mile
s (m
illio
ns)
All
buse
s
Rur
al h
ighw
ay
Inte
rsta
te r
ural
N5 3
395 5
335 5
676 7
116 7
426 7
946 8
346 9
7198
1
Oth
er a
rter
ial r
ural
N94
499
199
51,
171
1,18
61,
243
1,28
21,
375
1,27
0
Oth
er r
ural
N1,
266
1,51
11,
882
1,97
22,
005
2,07
22,
135
R2,
321
2,24
7
All
rura
l5 2
,332
2,54
93,
035
3,44
43,
854
3,93
34,
109
4,25
1R
4,66
74,
498
Urb
an h
ighw
aya
Inte
rsta
te u
rban
N27
756
045
558
059
864
766
3R
752
791
Oth
er u
rban
N1,
718
2,46
41,
828
1,98
62,
007
2,08
62,
093
R2,
243
2,31
2
All
urba
n2,
014
1,99
53,
024
2,28
32,
566
2,60
52,
733
2,75
62,
995
3,10
3
Tota
l rur
al a
nd u
rban
hig
hway
4,34
64,
544
6,05
95,
726
6,42
06,
538
6,84
27,
007
R7,
662
7,60
1
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
374 � Appendix A: Modal Profiles
Per
form
ance
(co
nti
nu
ed)
1960
1970
1980
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Pas
sen
ger
-mile
s (m
illio
ns)
All
buse
sN
NN
121,
398
136,
104
138,
613
145,
060
148,
558
R16
2,44
516
1,15
2
Nu
mb
er o
f re
ven
ue
pas
sen
ger
s (t
ho
usa
nd
s)
Inte
rcity
bus
, tot
al1 3
66,0
001 4
01,0
001 3
70,0
001 3
34,0
001 3
66,5
001 3
47,9
001 3
50,6
001 3
57,6
001 3
58,9
00U
Ave
rag
e m
iles
trav
eled
per
veh
icle
All
buse
s6 1
5,97
06 1
2,03
56 1
1,45
86 9
,133
6 9,3
656 9
,386
6 9,8
096 9
,793
6 10,
515
6 10,
187
Fu
el c
on
sum
ed (
mill
ion
gal
lon
s)
All
buse
s82
782
01,
018
895
968
985
1,02
71,
040
1,14
81,
110
Ave
rag
e fu
el c
on
sum
pti
on
p
er v
ehic
le (
gal
lon
s)
All
buse
s3,
039
2,17
21,
925
1,42
71,
412
1,41
41,
472
1,45
4R
1,57
61,
488
Ave
rag
e m
iles
trav
eled
per
gal
lon
o
f fu
el c
on
sum
ed
All
buse
s5.
35.
56.
06.
46.
66.
66.
76.
76.
76.
8
Ave
rag
e re
ven
ue
per
pas
sen
ger
-m
ile (
cen
ts)
(in
terc
ity)
1 2.7
11 3
.60
1 7.2
61 1
1.55
1 12.
191 1
2.30
1 12.
561 1
2.75
1 12.
76U
Saf
ety
Nu
mb
er o
f fa
talit
ies
Sch
ool b
us-r
elat
edN
N7 1
507 1
157 1
237 1
367 1
317 1
2811
167
1114
4
Sch
ool b
us
Occ
upan
tsN
N9
1113
108
610
20
Oth
er v
ehic
le
Occ
upan
tsN
N88
6472
101
9991
127
98
Non
occu
pant
sN
N53
4038
2524
3130
26
Occ
up
ant
fata
litie
s
All
buse
sN
N46
3233
2118
3812
5912
22
Sch
ool b
uses
NN
1413
1210
86
816
Cro
ss c
ount
ry b
uses
NN
232
63
513
323
Tran
sit b
uses
NN
63
15
32
61
Oth
er a
nd u
nkno
wn
NN
314
143
217
132
Fata
litie
s in
veh
icu
lar
acci
den
tsb
All
buse
sN
N8 3
908 3
408 3
118 3
678 3
398 3
288 3
73U
Bus
Prof
ile (C
ontin
ued)
Appendix A: Modal Profiles � 375
Saf
ety
(co
nti
nu
ed)
1960
1970
1980
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Occ
up
ant
fata
lity
rate
Per
100
mill
ion
vehi
cle-
mile
s
All
buse
sN
N0.
80.
60.
50.
30.
30.
50.
80.
3
Per
10,
000
regi
ster
ed v
ehic
les
All
buse
sN
N0.
90.
50.
50.
30.
30.
50.
80.
3
Veh
icle
invo
lvem
ent
rate
Per
100
mill
ion
vehi
cle-
mile
s
All
buse
sN
N6.
45.
94.
85.
65.
04.
74.
1U
Per
10,
000
regi
ster
ed v
ehic
les
All
buse
sN
N7.
45.
44.
55.
34.
94.
64.
4U
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; P =
pre
limin
ary;
R =
rev
ised
; U =
dat
a ar
e no
t ava
ilabl
e.
aU
rban
con
sist
s of
tra
vel o
n al
l roa
ds a
nd s
tree
ts in
urb
an p
lace
s of
5,0
00 o
r gr
eate
r po
pula
tion
.b
Incl
udes
all
fata
litie
s th
at o
ccur
red
in a
n ac
cide
nt in
whi
ch a
bus
was
invo
lved
.
NO
TE
Se
e tr
ansi
t pr
ofile
for
tra
nsit
bus
dat
a.
SOU
RC
ES
Unl
ess
othe
rwis
e no
ted,
ref
er t
o ch
apte
r ta
bles
for
sou
rces
.1
Eno
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Foun
dati
on, I
nc.,
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
In A
mer
ica,
200
0 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 2
001)
, p. 1
1, 1
6, a
nd 1
8.2
Inte
rsta
te C
omm
erce
Com
mis
sion
, Ann
ual R
epor
t of
the
IC
C (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), A
ppen
dix
F, t
able
s 1
and
6.3
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n, H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le M
V-1
0.
4 U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Lab
or, B
urea
u of
Lab
or S
tati
stic
s, E
mpl
oym
ent,
Hou
rs a
nd E
arni
ngs,
Uni
ted
Stat
es, 1
909-
1994
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: S
epte
mbe
r 19
94),
SIC
co
des
413
and
415.
5 Ib
id.,
Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics,
Sum
mar
y to
199
5, F
HW
A-P
L-9
7-00
9 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: J
uly
1997
), t
able
VM
-201
A.
6 Ib
id.,
Hig
hway
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
VM
-1.
7 Ib
id.,
Nat
iona
l Hig
hway
Tra
ffic
Saf
ety
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Tra
ffic
Saf
ety
Fact
s 19
98, D
OT
HS
808
983
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Oct
ober
199
9), t
able
s 74
and
93.
8 Ib
id.,
Fata
lity
Ana
lysi
s R
epor
ting
Sys
tem
(FA
RS)
Que
ry, I
nter
net
site
, htt
p://w
ww
-far
s.nh
tsa.
dot.
gov
as o
f Se
pt. 2
7, 2
002.
9 U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Bur
eau
of T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
, Sel
ecte
d E
arni
ngs
Dat
a, C
lass
I M
otor
Car
rier
s of
Pas
seng
ers
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
.10
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of L
abor
, Bur
eau
of L
abor
Sta
tist
ics,
Em
ploy
men
t, H
ours
and
Ear
ning
s, U
nite
d St
ates
, 190
9-19
94 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Sep
tem
ber
1994
),
Inte
rnet
sit
e w
ww
.bls
.gov
as
of S
ept.
27,
200
2.11
Ibid
., N
atio
nal H
ighw
ay T
raff
ic S
afet
y A
dmin
istr
atio
n, 2
000
Tra
ffic
Saf
ety
Fact
She
ets,
DO
T H
S 80
9 33
2 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: D
ecem
ber
2001
).12
Ibi
d., N
atio
nal H
ighw
ay T
raff
ic S
afet
y A
dmin
istr
atio
n, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n, M
ay 2
002.
Bus
Prof
ile (C
ontin
ued)
376 � Appendix A: Modal ProfilesTr
ansi
t Pro
file
Fin
anci
al19
6019
7019
8019
9019
9519
9619
9719
9819
99P20
00
Pas
sen
ger
op
erat
ing
rev
enu
es
($ m
illio
ns)
, to
tal
1,40
71,
707
6,51
016
,053
18,2
5619
,151
19,5
1521
,062
22,2
2024
,243
Pas
sen
ger
far
es1
1,33
51,
639
2,55
65,
891
6,81
67,
416
7,54
67,
970
8,28
28,
746
Mot
or b
usN
NN
2,96
73,
287
3,51
53,
558
3,99
14,
175
4,37
6
Hea
vy r
ail
NN
N1,
741
2,01
82,
322
2,35
12,
297
2,32
32,
483
Ligh
t rai
lN
NN
8312
714
413
915
016
418
1
Trol
ley
bus
NN
N46
5455
5755
6060
Dem
and
resp
onsi
veN
NN
4114
615
717
014
215
917
2
Fer
rybo
ata
NN
N56
6054
5141
4860
Com
mut
er r
ail
NN
N95
21,
078
1,14
61,
178
1,25
51,
309
1,37
5
Oth
erb
NN
N26
4624
4238
4641
Oth
er o
per
atin
g r
even
ue2
7268
248
895
2,81
22,
928
3,30
83,
685
3,64
84,
217
Tota
l ope
ratin
g re
venu
es1,
407
1,70
72,
805
6,78
69,
628
10,3
4510
,854
11,6
5411
,930
12,9
63
Ope
ratin
g as
sist
ance
c
Sta
te a
nd lo
cal
NN
2,61
18,
297
7,81
18,
210
8,01
48,
656
9,41
810
,286
Fed
eral
NN
1,09
397
081
759
664
775
187
299
4
Tota
l ope
ratin
g as
sist
ance
NN
3,70
59,
267
8,62
88,
807
8,66
19,
408
10,2
9011
,280
Op
erat
ing
exp
ense
s ($
mill
ion
s), t
ota
l 1,
377
1,99
66,
711
17,9
7921
,540
22,2
6023
,159
24,3
1825
,538
28,1
94
Mot
or b
us3
NN
N8,
903
10,3
2110
,575
10,9
4411
,429
11,7
1412
,966
Hea
vy r
ail
NN
N3,
825
3,52
33,
402
3,47
43,
530
3,69
33,
931
Ligh
t rai
lN
NN
237
376
442
473
500
546
606
Trol
ley
bus
NN
N10
913
913
514
014
716
717
8
Dem
and
resp
onsi
veN
NN
518
1,00
01,
187
1,28
51,
405
1,41
91,
805
Fer
rybo
ata
NN
N17
121
018
322
121
423
826
8
Com
mut
er r
ail
NN
N1,
939
2,21
12,
294
2,27
82,
361
2,57
52,
685
Oth
erb
NN
N41
6712
412
215
416
020
6
Tota
l ope
ratin
g ex
pens
esd
NN
6,24
715
,742
17,8
4918
,341
18,9
3619
,739
20,5
1222
,646
Dep
reci
atio
n an
d am
ortiz
atio
n4N
N27
81,
593
2,60
12,
885
3,10
63,
435
3,69
24,
076
Oth
er r
econ
cilin
g ite
ms
NN
186
644
1,09
11,
034
1,11
71,
145
1,33
31,
472
Ave
rag
e p
asse
ng
er r
even
ue
per
pas
sen
ger
-mile
($)
Mot
or b
us5
NN
N0.
140.
170.
180.
180.
200.
200.
21
Hea
vy r
ail
NN
N0.
150.
190.
200.
200.
190.
180.
18
Ligh
t rai
lN
NN
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.13
Appendix A: Modal Profiles � 377
Fin
anci
al (
con
tin
ued
)19
6019
7019
8019
9019
9519
9619
9719
9819
99P20
00
Trol
ley
bus
NN
N0.
240.
290.
300.
300.
300.
320.
31
Dem
and
resp
onsi
veN
NN
0.10
0.29
0.24
0.23
0.19
0.20
0.21
Fer
rybo
ata
NN
N0.
200.
230.
210.
170.
140.
160.
18
Com
mut
er r
ail
NN
N0.
140.
130.
140.
150.
140.
150.
15
Oth
erb
NN
N0.
210.
170.
070.
110.
090.
100.
09
All
mod
esN
NN
0.14
0.17
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
Ave
rag
e p
asse
ng
er f
are,
per
un
linke
d t
rip
($)
Mot
or b
us6
NN
N0.
520.
660.
700.
700.
740.
740.
77
Hea
vy r
ail
NN
N0.
740.
991.
080.
970.
960.
920.
94
Ligh
t rai
lN
NN
0.47
0.50
0.55
0.53
0.54
0.56
0.57
Trol
ley
bus
NN
N0.
360.
450.
470.
470.
470.
500.
49
Dem
and
resp
onsi
veN
NN
0.60
2.26
2.21
1.83
1.49
1.59
1.64
Ferr
yboa
taN
NN
1.11
1.31
1.12
0.99
0.80
0.91
1.13
Com
mut
er r
ail
NN
N2.
903.
133.
243.
303.
293.
313.
32
Oth
erb
NN
N0.
901.
571.
330.
661.
020.
760.
66
All
mod
es0.
140.
220.
300.
670.
870.
930.
890.
910.
900.
93
Inve
nto
ry
Nu
mb
er o
f sy
stem
s
Mot
or b
us7
1,23
61,
075
1,02
22,
685
2,25
02,
250
2,25
02,
262
2,26
22,
262
Hea
vy r
ail
3115
1112
1414
1414
1414
Ligh
t rai
l~
~9
1722
2222
2324
25
Trol
ley
bus
196
55
55
55
55
Dem
and
resp
onsi
veN
NN
3,19
35,
214
5,21
45,
214
5,25
45,
252
5,25
2
Ferr
yboa
taN
N16
2725
2525
2830
33
Com
mut
er r
ail
NN
1814
1616
1818
2019
Oth
erb
NN
535
6969
7072
8181
Tota
le1,
286
1,09
61,
055
5,07
85,
973
5,97
35,
975
6,00
06,
000
6,00
0
Nu
mb
er o
f ve
hic
les
Mot
or b
us8
49,6
0049
,700
59,4
1158
,714
67,1
0771
,678
72,7
7072
,142
74,2
2875
,013
Hea
vy r
ail
9,01
09,
286
9,64
110
,419
10,1
5710
,201
10,2
4210
,301
10,3
0610
,591
Ligh
t rai
l2,
856
1,26
21,
013
913
999
1,14
01,
229
1,22
01,
297
1,57
7
Trol
ley
bus
3,82
61,
050
823
832
885
871
859
880
859
951
Dem
and
resp
onsi
veN
NN
16,4
7129
,352
30,8
0432
,509
29,6
4631
,884
33,0
80
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
Tran
sit P
rofil
e (C
ontin
ued)
378 � Appendix A: Modal Profiles
Inve
nto
ry (
con
tin
ued
)19
6019
7019
8019
9019
9519
9619
9719
9819
99P20
00
Ferr
yboa
taN
NN
108
110
109
134
113
112
119
Com
mut
er r
ail
NN
4,50
04,
415
4,56
54,
665
4,94
34,
963
4,88
35,
073
Oth
erb
NN
N1,
089
2,69
92,
894
3,67
44,
590
4,94
75,
089
Tota
l65
,292
61,2
9875
,388
92,9
6111
5,87
412
2,36
212
6,36
012
3,85
512
8,51
613
1,49
3
Nu
mb
er o
f em
plo
yees
f
Mot
or b
us9
121,
300
101,
598
N16
2,18
918
1,97
319
0,15
219
6,86
119
8,64
420
4,17
921
1,09
5
Hea
vy r
ail
35,1
0036
,442
N46
,102
45,6
4445
,793
45,9
3545
,163
46,3
1147
,087
Ligh
t rai
l+
+N
4,06
64,
935
5,72
85,
940
6,02
46,
058
6,57
2
Trol
ley
bus
++
N1,
925
1,87
12,
084
2,03
72,
053
2,14
02,
223
Dem
and
resp
onsi
veN
NN
22,7
4039
,882
44,6
6744
,029
48,4
0651
,186
52,0
21
Ferr
yboa
taN
NN
2,81
32,
697
2,83
03,
166
3,89
44,
024
2,68
2
Com
mut
er r
ail
NN
N21
,443
22,3
2022
,604
21,6
5122
,488
22,8
9623
,518
Oth
erb
NN
N89
81,
169
1,08
61,
140
1,08
01,
091
1,21
7
Tota
l15
6,40
013
8,04
018
9,30
026
2,17
630
0,49
131
4,94
432
0,75
932
7,75
233
7,88
534
6,41
5
Per
form
ance
Veh
icle
-mile
s (m
illio
ns)
Mot
or b
us10
1,57
61,
409
1,67
72,
130
2,18
42,
221
2,24
52,
175
2,27
62,
315
Hea
vy r
ail
391
407
385
537
537
543
558
566
578
595
Ligh
t rai
l75
3418
2435
3841
4449
53
Trol
ley
bus
101
3313
1414
1414
1414
15
Dem
and
resp
onsi
veN
NN
306
507
548
585
671
718
759
Ferr
yboa
taN
N2
23
33
33
3
Com
mut
er r
ail
NN
179
213
238
242
251
260
266
271
Oth
erb
NN
1316
3343
5063
6971
Tota
l2,
143
1,88
32,
287
3,24
23,
550
3,65
03,
746
3,79
43,
972
4,08
1
Un
linke
d p
asse
ng
er t
rip
s (m
illio
ns)
Mot
or b
us11
N5,
034
5,83
75,
677
4,84
84,
887
5,01
35,
399
5,64
85,
678
Hea
vy r
ail
N1,
881
2,10
82,
346
2,03
32,
157
2,43
02,
393
2,52
12,
632
Ligh
t rai
lN
124
133
175
251
261
262
276
292
320
Trol
ley
bus
N18
214
212
611
911
712
111
712
012
2
Dem
and
resp
onsi
veN
NN
6888
9399
9510
010
5
Ferr
yboa
taN
N63
5047
4851
5253
53
Tran
sit P
rofil
e (C
ontin
ued)
Appendix A: Modal Profiles � 379
Per
form
ance
(co
nti
nu
ed)
1960
1970
1980
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
P20
00
Com
mut
er r
ail
NN
280
328
344
352
357
381
396
413
Oth
erb
NN
429
3333
4137
3840
Tota
lN
7,33
28,
567
8,79
97,
763
7,94
88,
374
8,75
09,
168
9,36
3
Pas
sen
ger
-mile
s (m
illio
ns)
Mot
or b
us12
NN
21,7
9020
,981
18,8
1819
,096
19,6
0420
,360
21,2
0521
,241
Hea
vy r
ail
NN
10,5
5811
,475
10,5
5911
,530
12,0
5612
,284
12,9
0213
,844
Ligh
t rai
lN
N38
157
186
095
71,
035
1,12
81,
206
1,35
6
Trol
ley
bus
NN
219
193
187
184
189
182
186
192
Dem
and
resp
onsi
veN
NN
431
607
656
754
735
813
839
Ferr
yboa
taN
NN
286
260
256
294
294
310
330
Com
mut
er r
ail
NN
6,51
67,
082
8,24
48,
351
8,03
88,
704
8,76
69,
402
Oth
erb
NN
390
124
273
348
369
441
469
462
Tota
lN
N39
,854
41,1
4339
,808
41,3
7842
,339
44,1
2845
,857
47,6
66
Ave
rag
e tr
ip le
ng
th (
mile
s)
Mot
or b
us13
NN
NN
44
44
44
Hea
vy r
ail
NN
NN
55
55
55
Ligh
t rai
lN
NN
N3
44
44
4
Trol
ley
bus
NN
NN
22
22
22
Dem
and
resp
onsi
veN
NN
N8
910
88
8
Ferr
yboa
taN
NN
N6
56
66
6
Com
mut
er r
ail
NN
NN
2424
2323
2223
Van
pool
NN
NN
3534
3336
3435
Oth
erg
NN
NN
11
11
11
All
mod
esN
NN
N5
55
55
5
Ave
rag
e ve
hic
le s
pee
d (
mile
s p
er h
ou
r)
Mot
or b
us14
NN
NN
1313
1313
1313
Hea
vy r
ail
NN
NN
2121
2121
2121
Ligh
t rai
lN
NN
N14
1416
1615
15
Trol
ley
bus
NN
NN
88
88
77
Dem
and
resp
onsi
veN
NN
N15
1515
1715
15
Ferr
yboa
taN
NN
N6
77
88
8
Com
mut
er r
ail
NN
NN
3433
3432
3329
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
Tran
sit P
rofil
e (C
ontin
ued)
380 � Appendix A: Modal Profiles
Per
form
ance
(co
nti
nu
ed)
1960
1970
1980
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
P20
00
Van
pool
NN
NN
3537
3637
3831
Oth
erg
NN
NN
67
77
78
All
mod
esN
NN
N15
1515
1515
15
En
erg
y co
nsu
mp
tio
n, d
iese
l (m
illio
n g
allo
ns)
Mot
or b
us15
NN
N56
356
457
859
860
761
863
5
Hea
vy r
ail
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Ligh
t rai
lN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
A
Trol
ley
bus
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Dem
and
resp
onsi
veN
NN
1529
3132
3843
48
Ferr
yboa
taN
NN
2022
2224
2529
32
Com
mut
er r
ail
NN
N53
6362
6369
7371
Oth
erb
NN
N<
1<
1<
1<
1<
1<
1<
1
Tota
l15
208
1527
115
431
651
678
693
717
740
763
786
En
erg
y co
nsu
mp
tio
n, o
ther
(m
illio
n g
allo
ns)
Gas
olin
e an
d ot
her
nond
iese
l fue
lsh,
1619
268
1133
6161
5953
4948
Com
pres
sed
natu
ral g
asU
UU
U11
1524
3744
55
Tota
l19
269
1134
7176
8390
9310
3
En
erg
y co
nsu
mp
tio
n (
mill
ion
kW
h)
Mot
or b
usN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
A
Hea
vy r
ail1
7N
NN
3,28
43,
401
3,33
23,
253
3,28
03,
385
3,54
9
Ligh
t rai
lN
NN
239
288
321
361
381
416
463
Trol
ley
bus
NN
N69
100
6978
7475
77
Dem
and
resp
onsi
veN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
A
Ferr
yboa
taN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
A
Com
mut
er r
ail
NN
N1,
226
1,25
31,
255
1,27
01,
299
1,32
21,
370
Oth
erb
NN
N19
2630
2639
3951
Tota
l17
2,90
817
2,56
117
2,44
64,
837
5,06
85,
007
4,98
85,
073
5,23
75,
510
Tran
sit P
rofil
e (C
ontin
ued)
Appendix A: Modal Profiles � 381
Saf
ety1
819
6019
7019
8019
9019
9519
9619
9719
9819
99P20
00
Fata
litie
s, a
ll m
odes
NN
N33
927
426
427
528
629
929
5
Inju
red
pers
ons,
all
mod
esN
NN
54,5
5657
,196
55,2
8856
,132
55,9
9055
,325
56,6
97
Inci
dent
s, a
ll m
odes
NN
N90
,163
62,4
7159
,392
61,5
6160
,094
58,7
0359
,898
KE
Y: ~
= in
clud
ed in
hea
vy r
ail f
igur
e; +
= in
clud
ed in
mot
or b
us fi
gure
; kW
h =
kilo
wat
t hou
rs; N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; NA
= n
ot a
pplic
able
; P =
pre
limin
ary;
U =
dat
a ar
e no
t ava
ilabl
e.
aE
xclu
des
inte
rnat
iona
l, ru
ral,
rura
l int
erst
ate,
isla
nd a
nd u
rban
par
k fe
rrie
s.b
Incl
udes
cab
le c
ar, i
nclin
ed p
lane
, aer
ial t
ram
way
, mon
orai
l, va
npoo
l, an
d au
tom
ated
gui
dew
ay.
cB
egin
ning
in 1
992,
loca
l ope
rati
ng a
ssis
tanc
e an
d ot
her
reve
nue
decl
ined
by
abou
t $5
00 m
illio
n du
e to
cha
nge
in a
ccou
ntin
g pr
oced
ures
at
the
New
Yor
k C
ity
Tra
nsit
Aut
hori
ty. B
egin
ning
in 1
992,
tota
l ope
rati
ng e
xpen
se d
eclin
ed b
y ab
out $
400
mill
ion
due
to a
cha
nge
in a
ccou
ntin
g pr
oced
ures
at t
he N
ew Y
ork
Cit
y T
rans
it A
utho
rity
.d
Incl
uded
in o
ther
.e
The
tot
al f
igur
e re
pres
ents
the
num
ber
of t
rans
it a
genc
ies.
It
is n
ot t
he s
um o
f al
l mod
es s
ince
man
y ag
enci
es o
pera
te m
ore
than
one
mod
e.f
Bas
ed o
n em
ploy
ee e
quiv
alen
ts o
f 2,
080
hour
s eq
uals
one
em
ploy
ee; b
egin
ning
in 1
993,
bas
ed o
n nu
mbe
r of
act
ual e
mpl
oyee
s.
gIn
clud
es c
able
car
, inc
lined
pla
ne, a
eria
l tra
mw
ay, m
onor
ail,
and
auto
mat
ed g
uide
way
.h
Liq
uefi
ed n
atur
al g
as, l
ique
fied
pet
role
um g
as, m
etha
nol,
prop
ane,
and
oth
er n
ondi
esel
fue
ls, e
xcep
t co
mpr
esse
d na
tura
l gas
.
SOU
RC
ES
Unl
ess
othe
rwis
e no
ted,
ref
er t
o ch
apte
r ta
bles
for
sou
rces
.1
Am
eric
an P
ublic
Tra
nsit
Ass
ocia
tion
, 200
2 T
rans
port
atio
n Fa
ct B
ook
, (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 2
002)
, 200
1 ed
itio
n, t
able
s 18
, 84,
and
sim
ilar
tabl
es in
ear
lier
year
s.2
Ibid
., 20
01 e
diti
on t
able
17
and
sim
ilar
tabl
es in
ear
lier
year
s.3
Ibid
., 20
01 e
diti
on t
able
s 25
, 84,
and
sim
ilar
tabl
es in
ear
lier
year
s.4
Ibid
., 20
01 e
diti
on t
able
23
and
sim
ilar
tabl
es in
ear
lier
year
s.5
Ibid
., 20
02 e
diti
on t
able
s 18
, 30,
and
84,
and
sim
ilar
tabl
es f
or p
rior
yea
rs.
6 Ib
id.,
2001
edi
tion
tab
le 2
0 an
d si
mila
r ta
bles
in e
arlie
r ye
ars.
7 Ib
id.,
2001
edi
tion
tab
le 1
and
sim
ilar
tabl
es in
ear
lier
year
s.8
Ibid
., 20
01 e
diti
on t
able
s 46
, 84,
and
sim
ilar
tabl
es in
ear
lier
year
s.9
Ibid
., 20
01 e
diti
on t
able
s 62
, 84,
and
sim
ilar
tabl
es in
ear
lier
year
s.10
Ibid
., 20
01 e
diti
on t
able
s 42
, 84,
and
sim
ilar
tabl
es in
ear
lier
year
s.11
Ibi
d., 2
001
edit
ion
tabl
es 2
6, 8
4, a
nd s
imila
r ta
bles
in e
arlie
r ye
ars.
12 Ib
id.,
2001
edi
tion
tab
les
30, 8
4, a
nd s
imila
r ta
bles
in e
arlie
r ye
ars.
13 Ib
id.,
2001
edi
tion
tab
le 3
9 an
d si
mila
r ta
bles
in e
arlie
r ye
ars.
14 Ib
id.,
2001
edi
tion
tab
le 4
4 an
d si
mila
r ta
bles
in e
arlie
r ye
ars.
15 I
bid.
, 200
1 ed
itio
n ta
ble
65 a
nd s
imila
r ta
bles
in e
arlie
r ye
ars.
16 Ib
id.,
2001
edi
tion
tab
le 6
6 an
d si
mila
r ta
bles
in e
arlie
r ye
ars.
17 I
bid.
, 200
1 ed
itio
n ta
ble
67 a
nd s
imila
r ta
bles
in e
arlie
r ye
ars.
18 U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Tra
nsit
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Saf
ety
Man
agem
ent
Info
rmat
ion
Stat
isti
cs (
SAM
IS),
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l rep
orts
).
Tran
sit P
rofil
e (C
ontin
ued)
382 � Appendix A: Modal ProfilesRa
il Pr
ofile
Fin
anci
al19
60 1
970e
198
0 1
990
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Cla
ss Ia
Ope
ratin
g re
venu
es (
$ m
illio
ns)
Pas
seng
er1
640
421
446
9488
8959
6061
6162
Frei
ght
8,02
510
,922
26,3
5027
,471
29,9
3131
,356
31,8
8932
,322
32,2
4732
,680
33,0
83
Oth
er84
964
91,
462
805
790
835
745
736
843
780
957
Tota
l9,
514
11,9
9228
,258
28,3
7030
,809
32,2
7932
,693
33,1
1833
,151
33,5
2134
,102
Ope
ratin
g ex
pens
es ($
mill
ions
)b8,
775
11,4
7826
,355
24,6
5225
,511
27,8
9726
,331
27,2
9127
,916
28,0
1129
,040
Am
trak
Tota
l rev
enue
($
mill
ions
)N
162
429
9 1,
308
1,41
39
1,49
09
1,55
09
1,66
99
2,24
49
2,01
19
2,11
1
Tota
l exp
ense
s ($
mill
ions
)N
301
1,10
32,
012
2,24
62,
257
2,25
82,
359
2,54
82,
660
9 2,
876
Inve
nto
ry
Cla
ss Ia
Num
ber
of v
ehic
les
Cla
ss I
frei
ght c
ars
1,65
8,29
21
1,42
3,92
11
1,16
8,11
41
658,
902
590,
930
1 58
3,48
61
570,
865
1 56
8,49
31
575,
604
1 57
9,14
01
560,
154
Oth
er n
oncl
ass
I fre
ight
car
s30
7,19
436
0,26
054
2,71
355
3,35
960
1,48
263
5,44
166
9,70
870
1,92
674
0,06
378
9,69
682
0,64
2
Frei
ght c
ars,
tota
l1,
965,
486
1,78
4,18
11,
710,
827
1,21
2,26
11,
192,
412
1,21
8,92
71,
240,
573
1,27
0,41
91,
315,
667
1,36
8,83
61,
380,
796
Loco
mot
ives
29,0
3127
,077
28,0
9418
,835
18,5
0518
,812
19,2
6919
,684
20,2
6120
,256
20,0
28
Num
ber
of c
ompa
nies
106
7138
1412
1110
99
98
Num
ber
of e
mpl
oyee
s78
0,49
456
6,28
245
8,99
421
6,42
418
9,96
218
8,21
518
1,80
917
7,98
117
8,22
217
7,55
716
8,36
0
Mile
s of
roa
d ow
ned
207,
334
196,
479
164,
822
119,
758
109,
332
108,
264
105,
779
102,
128
100,
570
99,4
3099
,250
Am
trak
Num
ber
of v
ehic
les
Pas
seng
er
Trai
n-ca
rsN
4 1,
569
4 2,
128
9 1,
863
1,85
29
1,72
29
1,73
09
1,72
89
1,96
29
1,99
29
1,89
4
Loco
mot
ives
N18
541
931
833
831
329
933
234
532
937
8
Num
ber
of e
mpl
oyee
sN
5 1,
500
5 21
,416
5 24
,000
25,0
4923
,646
4 23
,278
4 23
,555
1 24
,528
1 25
,291
1 25
,624
Sys
tem
rou
te m
ileag
eN
N8
24,0
008
24,0
0025
,000
24,0
009
25,0
009
25,0
009
22,0
009
23,0
009
23,0
00
Per
form
ance
Cla
ss Ia
Car
mile
age,
frei
ght (
thou
sand
s)1
28,1
70,0
0029
,890
,000
29,2
77,0
0026
,159
,000
28,4
85,0
0030
,383
,000
31,7
15,0
0031
,660
,000
32,6
57,0
0033
,851
,000
34,5
90,0
00
Trai
n m
ileag
e, fr
eigh
t (th
ousa
nds)
404,
464
427,
065
428,
498
379,
582
440,
896
458,
271
468,
792
474,
954
474,
947
490,
442
504,
001
Lo
com
oti
ve m
ileag
e (t
ho
usa
nd
s)
Fre
ight
242
1,90
01,
278,
200
1,31
9,01
01,
144,
559
1,26
1,48
21,
293,
851
1,31
1,35
11,
281,
768
1,28
5,70
61,
349,
580
1,35
4,59
0
Trai
n an
d ya
rd s
witc
hing
NN
212,
040
135,
806
143,
224
150,
840
153,
798
141,
461
153,
997
154,
367
148,
229
Tota
lN
N1,
531,
050
1,28
0,36
51,
404,
706
1,44
4,69
11,
465,
149
1,42
3,22
91,
439,
703
1,50
3,94
71,
502,
819
Appendix A: Modal Profiles � 383
Pef
orm
ance
(co
nti
nu
ed)
1960
197
0 1
980
199
019
9419
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
00
Rev
enue
ton-
mile
s of
frei
ght (
mill
ions
)157
2,30
976
4,80
991
8,95
81,
033,
969
1,20
0,70
11,
305,
688
1,35
5,97
51,
348,
926
1,37
6,80
21,
433,
461
1,46
5,96
0
Ave
rage
leng
th o
f hau
l, fr
eigh
t (m
iles)
461
515
616
726
817
843
842
851
835
835
843
Fue
l con
sum
ed in
frei
ght s
ervi
ce (
mill
ion
gallo
ns)
3,46
33,
545
3,90
43,
115
3,33
43,
480
3,57
93,
575
3,58
33,
715
3,70
0
Ave
rag
e m
iles
trav
eled
per
veh
icle
Loco
mot
ive
NN
54,4
9767
,978
75,9
1076
,796
76,0
3772
,304
71,0
5874
,247
75,0
36
Car
14,3
3216
,753
17,1
1321
,579
23,8
8924
,926
25,5
6524
,921
24,8
2224
,730
25,0
51
Ave
rage
mile
s tr
avel
ed p
er g
allo
n
Trai
n0.
120.
120.
110.
120.
130.
130.
130.
130.
130.
130.
14
Car
8.13
8.43
7.50
8.40
8.54
8.73
8.86
8.86
9.11
9.11
9.35
Am
trak
Pas
seng
er tr
ain
car-
mile
s (m
illio
ns)
N6
213
6 23
56
301
304
10 2
9210
276
10 2
8810
312
10 3
42U
Pas
seng
er tr
ain-
mile
s (m
illio
ns)
N26
3033
3432
3032
3334
35
Pas
seng
er lo
com
otiv
e-m
iles
(mill
ions
)N
N41
4951
48U
UU
UU
Rev
enue
pas
seng
ers
carr
ied
(mill
ions
)N
1721
2221
2120
2021
2223
Rev
enue
pas
seng
er-m
iles
(mill
ions
)N
3,03
94,
503
9 6,
057
5,92
19
5,54
59
5,05
09
5,16
69
5,30
49
5,33
09
5,49
8
Ave
rage
pas
seng
er fa
re (
dolla
rs)
N7
8.3
17.7
38.5
38.2
39.0
42.5
44.3
44.0
45.7
U
Ave
rage
pas
seng
er re
venu
e / p
asse
nger
-mile
(cen
ts)
N4.
58.
214
.113
.714
.616
.617
.317
.518
.4U
Ave
rage
pas
seng
er tr
ip le
ngth
(m
iles)
N18
2.6
217.
027
3.0
271.
126
7.6
256.
925
5.8
251.
524
7.8
U
Lo
com
oti
ve f
uel
co
nsu
med
Die
sel (
mill
ion
gallo
ns)
NN
6482
7511
66
11 7
1.2
11 7
511
75
11 7
4U
Ele
ctri
c kW
h (m
illio
ns)
NN
254
330
309
304
293
282
275
283
U
Saf
etyc
,3
Nu
mb
er o
f fa
talit
ies,
rai
lro
ads
and
gra
de
cro
ssin
gs
Pas
seng
ers
on tr
ains
3410
43
50
126
414
4
Em
ploy
ees
on d
uty
215
179
9740
3134
3337
2731
24
Em
ploy
ees
not o
n du
tyN
N4
00
20
02
01
Tres
pass
ers
637
607
566
700
682
660
620
646
644
R57
057
0
Non
tres
pass
ers
1,45
91,
535
746
554
505
443
365
R36
2R
324
R30
433
2
Con
trac
tor
empl
oyee
sN
N7
33
79
115
123
Rai
lroad
and
gra
de c
ross
ing,
tota
l2,
345
2,33
11,
424
1,30
01,
226
1,14
61,
039
1,06
21,
006
931
934
Gra
de c
ross
ing
only
1,42
11,
440
772
698
615
579
488
461
431
402
425
Rai
lroad
onl
yd92
478
564
559
961
156
755
1R
602
577
530
509
KE
Y: k
Wh
= k
ilow
att-
hour
; N =
dat
a do
not
exi
st; R
= r
evis
ed; U
= d
ata
are
not a
vaila
ble.
aE
xclu
ding
Am
trak
and
all
non-
Cla
ss I
rai
lroa
ds, e
xcep
t fo
r Se
ctio
n IV
.b
Ope
rati
ng e
xpen
ses
incl
ude
equi
pmen
t, jo
int
faci
lity
rent
s, le
ased
roa
ds a
nd e
quip
men
t, a
nd a
ll ta
xes
exce
pt F
eder
al in
com
e.c
Safe
ty f
igur
es f
rom
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al R
ailr
oad
Adm
inis
trat
ion
are
for
all r
ailr
oads
.d
Figu
res
may
not
app
ear
dire
ctly
in d
ata
sour
ce.
eA
mtr
ak d
ata
in t
his
colu
mn
are
for
1972
, Am
trak
’s f
irst
ful
l yea
r of
ope
rati
on.
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
Rail
Prof
ile (C
ontin
ued)
384 � Appendix A: Modal ProfilesRa
il Pr
ofile
(Con
tinue
d)
NO
TE
Am
trak
fig
ures
are
bas
ed o
n A
mtr
ak f
isca
l yea
r (O
ctob
er 1
-Sep
tem
ber
30).
SOU
RC
ES
Unl
ess
othe
rwis
e no
ted,
ref
er t
o ch
apte
r ta
bles
for
sou
rces
.1
Ass
ocia
tion
of
Am
eric
an R
ailr
oads
(A
AR
), R
ailr
oad
Fact
s, A
nnua
l iss
ues,
pp.
3, 1
0, 1
2, 1
3, 1
4, 2
7, 3
3, 3
4, 3
6, 4
0, 4
4, 4
8, 5
0, a
nd 7
7.2
Ibid
., A
naly
sis
of C
lass
1 R
ailr
oads
, Ann
ual i
ssue
s.3
1960
-198
0: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Rai
lroa
d A
dmin
istr
atio
n, S
yste
ms
Supp
ort
Div
isio
n, R
RS-
22, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n.19
90-1
994:
Ibi
d., A
ccid
ent
/ Inc
iden
t B
ulle
tin,
Ann
ual i
ssue
s, t
able
s 7
and
9.19
95-2
001:
Ibi
d., R
ailr
oad
Safe
ty S
tati
stic
s, A
nnua
l Rep
ort
2001
, tab
le 1
-3.
4 A
mtr
ak, N
atio
nal R
ailr
oad
Pas
seng
er C
orpo
rati
on A
nnua
l Rep
ort,
197
2, 1
980,
199
0, a
nd 1
993-
95.
5 Ib
id.,
Publ
ic A
ffai
rs, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n.6
Am
trak
, Tra
in I
nfor
mat
ion
Syst
em R
epor
ts.
7 Ib
id.,
Tra
in E
arni
ngs
Rep
orts
.8
Ibid
., R
oute
Mile
s by
Rai
lroa
d, C
orp.
Pla
nnin
g &
Dev
elop
men
t.9
Am
trak
, Nat
iona
l Rai
lroa
d P
asse
nger
Cor
pora
tion
Ann
ual R
epor
t, S
tati
stic
al A
ppen
dix
to A
mtr
ak A
nnua
l Rep
ort,
Ann
ual i
ssue
s.10
Am
trak
Cor
pora
te R
epor
ting
, Rou
te P
rofi
tabi
lity
Syst
em, W
ashi
ngto
n D
C, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n, A
ugus
t 20
01.
11 A
mtr
ak G
ener
al A
ccou
ntin
g, P
enns
ylva
nia,
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
Jun
e 19
99.
Appendix A: Modal Profiles � 385
Wat
er T
rans
port
Prof
ile
Fin
anci
al19
6019
7019
8019
9019
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
00O
per
atin
g r
even
ues
($
mill
ion
s)
Dom
estic
frei
ght1
1,72
22,
070
7,21
97,
940
7,71
27,
283
6,94
06,
824
6,79
5U
Coa
stal
wat
erw
ays
747
834
3,15
53,
066
2,77
42,
571
2,16
91,
952
1,82
8U
Inla
nd w
ater
way
s46
162
12,
395
2,95
62,
964
2,86
12,
899
2,90
42,
811
UG
reat
Lak
es22
723
951
361
558
557
261
561
054
9U
Lock
s, c
hann
els
287
376
1,15
61,
303
1,38
91,
279
1,25
71,
358
1,60
7U
Inte
rnat
iona
l fre
ight
a1,
765
3,18
78,
279
12,1
8114
,997
17,2
8114
,091
15,6
7917
,699
U
Pas
seng
er, t
otal
281
287
310
1,39
11,
716
1,84
31,
974
2,02
92,
088
UD
omes
tic p
asse
nger
, int
erci
ty14
1227
100
129
140
141
146
152
U
Inte
rnat
iona
l pas
seng
erb
267
275
283
1,29
11,
587
1,70
31,
833
1,88
31,
936
U
Rev
enu
es o
f U
.S. c
om
mer
cial
fis
hin
g f
leet
-d
om
esti
c la
nd
ing
s ($
mill
ion
s)2
354
613
2,23
73,
522
3,77
03,
487
3,44
83,
128
3,46
73,
549
Inve
nto
ry
Nu
mb
er o
f d
om
esti
c in
lan
d v
esse
l op
erat
ors
c,3
228
380
403
565
557
554
UU
UU
Nu
mb
er o
f em
plo
yees
Shi
ps, b
oat b
uild
ing,
and
rep
airi
ng8
141,
200
8 17
1,80
08
220,
500
11 1
87,7
0012
159
,600
12 1
58,8
0012
158
,300
12 1
66,6
0012
167
,400
167,
900
Wat
er tr
ansp
orta
tiond
N21
2,30
021
1,20
017
6,60
017
4,50
017
4,10
017
8,70
018
1,30
018
5,50
019
3,90
0
Nu
mb
er o
f em
plo
yees
e,f
Pas
seng
er /
com
bo4
8,56
02,
178
618
642
642
321
321
321
321
U
Car
go28
,668
22,2
579,
878
7,01
95,
400
4,96
44,
831
4,92
44,
757
UTa
nker
s12
,053
10,5
678,
722
4,47
14,
261
3,96
53,
785
3,71
13,
958
UTo
tal
49,2
8135
,000
19,2
1812
,132
10,3
039,
250
8,93
78,
956
9,03
6U
Mile
age
of
com
mer
cial
ly n
avig
able
ch
ann
els1
25,0
0026
,000
26,0
0026
,000
26,0
0026
,000
26,0
0026
,000
26,0
00U
Nu
mb
er o
f ve
ssel
sTo
tal n
on
self
-pro
pel
led
9 16
,777
9 19
,377
9 31
,662
9 31
,017
9 31
,360
9 32
,811
9 33
,011
9 33
,509
14 3
3,38
714
33,
152
Dry
car
go b
arge
s an
d sc
ows
14,0
2515
,890
27,4
2627
,091
27,3
4228
,743
29,0
0629
,526
29,3
8329
,107
Tank
ers
2,42
93,
281
4,16
63,
913
3,98
54,
036
3,97
13,
952
3,97
34,
011
Rai
lroad
car
floa
ts32
320
670
1333
3234
3131
34To
tal s
elf-
pro
pel
led
6,51
96,
457
7,12
68,
236
8,28
18,
293
8,40
88,
523
8,37
98,
202
Dry
car
go /
pass
enge
r1,
796
1,76
12,
036
2,67
82,
804
2,78
22,
905
2,93
82,
910
2,78
0F
erri
es, r
ailro
ad c
ar31
1767
135
172
173
183
213
229
292
Tank
ers
489
421
330
213
178
161
147
135
142
135
Tow
boat
s / t
ugs
4,20
34,
248
4,69
35,
210
5,12
75,
177
5,17
35,
237
5,09
84,
995
U.S
. mer
chan
t m
arin
e sh
ips
(ove
r 1,
000
gro
ss t
on
s)
Tota
l U. S
. fla
g5
2,92
61,
579
864
636
509
495
477
470
463
454
Pas
seng
er /
carg
o30
917
165
1013
1514
1211
11Fr
eigh
ters
2,13
81,
076
471
367
295
292
288
289
284
286
Bul
k ca
rrie
rs57
3820
2620
1514
1514
15Ta
nker
s42
229
430
823
318
117
316
115
415
414
2
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
386 � Appendix A: Modal Profiles
Inve
nto
ry (
con
tin
ued
)19
6019
7019
8019
9019
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
00P
riva
tely
ow
ned
1,00
8U
578
408
319
302
285
281
277
UG
over
nmen
t ow
ned
1,91
8U
286
228
190
193
192
189
186
U
Nu
mb
er o
f re
crea
tio
nal
bo
ats
(th
ou
san
ds)
g,6
2,50
07,
400
8,90
510
,996
11,7
3511
,878
12,3
1312
,566
12,7
3812
,782
Per
form
ance
Ton-
mile
s (t
hous
ands
)h
Dom
estic
wat
er fr
eigh
t
Coa
stw
ise7
N35
9,78
4,00
063
1,14
9,20
047
9,13
3,60
044
0,34
5,10
040
8,08
6,10
034
9,84
3,00
031
4,86
3,90
029
2,73
0,00
028
3,87
1,60
0
Inte
rnal
N15
5,81
6,00
022
7,34
3,00
029
2,39
3,30
030
6,32
9,10
029
6,79
0,60
029
4,02
3,00
029
4,89
6,40
030
4,72
4,10
030
2,55
8,40
0La
kew
ise
N79
,416
,000
61,7
47,1
0060
,929
,900
59,7
03,8
0058
,335
,300
62,1
65,9
0061
,654
,300
57,0
45,2
0057
,879
,100
Intr
apor
tN
1,17
9,00
01,
596,
400
1,08
7,00
01,
349,
600
1,47
4,50
01,
378,
100
1,38
0,70
01,
362,
200
1,49
0,20
0To
tal
N59
6,19
5,00
092
1,83
5,80
0R
833,
543,
800
807,
727,
700
764,
686,
500
707,
409,
900
672,
795,
300
655,
861,
500
645,
799,
300
Ton
s o
f fr
eig
ht
hau
led
(th
ou
san
ds)
Dom
estic
Coa
stw
ise
209,
197
238,
440
329,
609
298,
637
266,
612
267,
389
263,
146
249,
633
228,
802
226,
938
Inte
rnal
291,
057
472,
123
534,
979
622,
595
620,
324
622,
081
630,
558
625,
028
624,
575
628,
445
Lake
wis
e15
5,10
915
7,05
911
5,12
411
0,15
911
6,12
711
4,87
012
2,73
412
2,15
611
3,88
711
4,35
2In
trap
ort
104,
193
81,4
7594
,184
86,3
7883
,104
89,0
1189
,816
90,0
7788
,650
94,5
58In
trat
erri
tory
1,01
71,
630
3,58
84,
529
6,86
87,
327
6,27
37,
217
5,87
35,
505
Tota
l76
0,57
395
0,72
71,
077,
483
1,12
2,29
91,
093,
035
1,10
0,67
91,
112,
527
1,09
4,11
21,
061,
787
1,06
9,79
8E
xpor
tsG
reat
Lak
es p
orts
23,1
5035
,932
45,0
7732
,898
32,9
6831
,855
33,2
0936
,876
40,2
3340
,131
Coa
stal
por
ts10
4,81
020
5,69
835
8,80
640
8,68
844
1,73
241
8,94
039
9,10
436
7,83
135
9,76
337
4,91
1To
tal
127,
961
241,
629
403,
883
441,
586
474,
700
450,
794
432,
313
404,
708
399,
996
415,
042
Impo
rts
Gre
at L
akes
por
ts12
,851
26,4
0615
,515
17,5
5818
,897
24,5
0324
,532
25,5
5822
,196
23,9
18C
oast
al p
orts
198,
466
312,
934
502,
006
582,
412
653,
760
708,
090
763,
771
815,
122
838,
579
952,
866
Tota
l21
1,31
633
9,34
051
7,52
159
9,97
067
2,65
773
2,59
278
8,30
384
0,68
086
0,77
597
6,78
4
Ave
rag
e h
aul,
do
mes
tic
syst
em (
mile
s)h
Coa
stw
ise
1,49
61,
509
1,91
51,
604
1,65
21,
526
1,33
01,
261
1,27
91,
251
Inte
rnal
282
330
405
470
494
477
466
472
488
481
Lake
wis
e52
250
653
655
351
450
850
750
550
150
6C
arg
o c
apac
ity
(sh
ort
to
ns)
Tota
l non
self-
prop
elle
d ve
ssel
s9 1
6,35
5,65
79 2
4,02
6,02
49 4
4,87
5,11
69
48,9
46,7
859
51,1
40,5
309
54,0
86,9
739 5
4,97
4,96
19 5
5,99
9,95
214
56,5
66,1
4056
,581
,364
Dry
car
go b
arge
s 12
,147
,006
17,6
95,2
7534
,486
,851
38,1
89,4
9039
,971
,443
42,7
48,6
4443
,710
,093
44,7
18,6
9145
,049
,209
44,8
14,6
96Ta
nker
s4,
208,
651
6,33
0,74
910
,388
,265
10,7
57,2
9511
,169
,087
11,3
38,3
2911
,264
,868
11,2
81,2
6111
,418
,856
11,6
78,5
93To
tal s
elf-
prop
elle
d ve
ssel
s15
,905
,881
19,2
84,0
5023
,906
,346
19,7
23,7
8815
,783
,399
14,8
50,2
5314
,161
,739
12,9
70,1
6713
,892
,574
13,4
58,5
19D
ry c
argo
/ pa
ssen
ger
12,1
88,9
5610
,815
,977
8,01
1,58
77,
042,
263
6,48
4,70
76,
208,
011
6,68
5,71
96,
371,
425
6,92
8,68
46,
740,
153
Tank
ers
3,71
6,92
58,
468,
073
15,8
94,7
5312
,681
,525
9,29
8,69
28,
642,
242
7,47
6,02
06,
598,
742
6,96
3,89
06,
718,
366
Wat
er T
rans
port
Prof
ile (C
ontin
ued)
Appendix A: Modal Profiles � 387
Per
form
ance
(co
nti
nu
ed)
1960
1970
1980
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Fu
el c
on
sum
pti
on
(th
ou
san
d b
arre
ls)
Die
sel f
uel a
nd d
istil
late
118
,730
19,5
0335
,201
52,3
1047
,098
51,8
4850
,180
50,6
0949
,157
U
Res
idua
l fue
l oil
94,0
8489
,850
213,
131
148,
764
153,
125
138,
214
114,
044
110,
480
133,
301
UG
asol
ine
9,20
014
,238
25,0
4830
,962
25,2
4723
,659
23,5
0522
,767
26,1
46U
Tota
l12
2,01
412
3,59
127
3,38
023
2,03
622
5,47
021
3,72
118
7,72
918
3,85
620
8,60
4U
Saf
ety
Fat
alit
ies
in w
ater
bo
rne
tran
spo
rt (
vess
el c
asu
alti
es o
nly
)i
Frei
ght s
hip
N10
30
10 8
10 0
13 0
13 1
13 2
13 2
13 0
U
Tank
shi
pN
44
50
00
10
UP
asse
nger
ves
sel
N1
53
48
13
14U
Tug
/ tow
boat
N22
1413
11
30
6U
Offs
hore
sup
ply
NN
N2
22
06
0U
Fis
hing
ves
sel
N77
6047
2337
2233
25U
Rec
reat
iona
l ves
sel
NN
N3
223
77
9U
MO
DU
jN
NN
00
04
00
U
Pla
tform
NN
N1
UU
UU
UU
Frei
ght b
arge
NN
N0
00
21
0U
Tank
bar
geN
NN
00
00
01
UM
isce
llane
ous
N44
5611
03
714
3U
Tota
liN
178
206
8552
5548
6758
U
Inju
ries
in w
ater
bo
rne
tran
spo
rt
Frei
ght s
hip
N14
810
17
33
2U
Tank
shi
pN
199
138
15
61
UP
asse
nger
ves
sel
N10
1051
4714
236
3976
UTu
g / t
owbo
atN
1027
1919
1621
1215
UO
ffsho
re s
uppl
yN
NN
910
73
51
UF
ishi
ng v
esse
lN
1328
3141
3625
3525
UR
ecre
atio
nal v
esse
lN
NN
220
96
912
U
MO
DU
jN
NN
130
03
02
U
Pla
tform
NN
N9
UU
UU
UU
Frei
ght b
arge
NN
N3
00
51
1U
Tank
bar
geN
NN
35
20
01
UM
isce
llane
ous
NN
9812
19
1220
9U
Tota
liN
105
180
175
152
229
119
130
145
U
Fat
alit
ies
in r
ecre
atio
nal
bo
atin
g (
vess
el c
asu
alti
es o
nly
)
Air
thru
st6
NN
NN
41
611
24
Pro
pelle
rN
NN
N47
536
343
646
242
143
9In
boar
dN
6 11
96
100
6 50
NN
NN
5048
Out
boar
dN
774
609
454
NN
NN
326
328
Inbo
ard
/ out
boar
dN
2847
53N
NN
N35
49Je
tN
N10
2568
6183
8275
70
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
Wat
er T
rans
port
Prof
ile (C
ontin
ued)
388 � Appendix A: Modal Profiles
Saf
ety
(co
nti
nu
ed)
1960
1970
1980
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Sai
lN
4443
204
815
57
14M
anua
l (oa
rs, p
addl
e)N
205
272
182
148
109
150
151
114
137
Oth
erN
2914
58
810
0N
NP
ropu
lsio
n un
know
nN
219
265
7612
215
912
110
411
537
Tota
l6
739
1,41
81,
360
865
829
709
821
815
734
701
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; R =
rev
ised
; U =
dat
a ar
e no
t ava
ilabl
e.
aT
he in
tern
atio
nal w
ater
fre
ight
ope
rati
ng r
even
ues
data
was
rev
ised
in T
rans
port
atio
n in
Am
eric
a 19
98 f
or a
ll ye
ars
exce
pt 1
994
and
1996
. The
refo
re, t
he
inte
rnat
iona
l wat
er f
reig
ht d
ata
for
year
s 19
94 a
nd 1
996
may
not
be
com
para
ble
to o
ther
yea
rs.
bR
even
ues
paid
by
Am
eric
an t
rave
lers
to
U.S
. and
for
eign
fla
g ca
rrie
rs.
cD
oes
not
incl
ude
vess
el o
pera
tors
who
se p
rim
ary
area
of
oper
atio
n is
fis
hing
, tow
ing,
pas
seng
er t
rans
port
, fer
ryin
g, o
r cr
ew b
oat
utili
ty s
ervi
ce.
dIn
clud
es c
omm
erci
al p
ort,
mar
ina,
and
oth
er e
mpl
oyee
s; e
xclu
des
empl
oyee
s of
not
-for
-hir
e pr
ivat
e bu
sine
sses
.e
Est
imat
e ba
sed
on e
stab
lishe
d ac
tive
jobs
for
lice
nsed
and
unl
icen
sed
pers
onne
l abo
ard
ocea
ngoi
ng s
hips
of
1,00
0 gr
oss-
tons
and
ove
r, pr
ivat
ely
owne
d an
d op
erat
ed, g
over
nmen
t-ow
ned
ship
s un
der
bare
boa
t ch
arte
rs, s
hip
man
ager
s an
d G
ener
al A
genc
y A
gree
men
t, s
uppl
emen
ted
by M
ilita
ry S
ealif
t C
omm
and
empl
oym
ent
tota
ls f
or s
hips
wit
h C
ivil
Serv
ice
crew
s.f
Dat
a is
cur
rent
as
of J
anua
ry 1
of
the
follo
win
g ye
ar w
ith
the
exce
ptio
n of
199
9 da
ta, w
hich
is c
urre
nt a
s of
Apr
. 1, 1
999.
Due
to
a ch
ange
in t
he s
ourc
e’s
peri
-od
icit
y, t
he d
ata
for
1999
is n
ot c
ompa
rabl
e to
the
dat
a fr
om y
ears
pri
or t
o 19
99.
gT
he U
.S. C
oast
Gua
rd c
hang
ed it
s m
etho
dolo
gy f
or c
ount
ing
the
num
ber
of r
ecre
atio
nal b
oats
. Fig
ures
cit
ed r
epre
sent
num
ber
of n
umbe
red
boat
s, n
ot e
sti-
mat
es a
s pr
evio
usly
not
ed f
or 1
960
and
1970
.h
Doe
s no
t in
clud
e in
trat
erri
tori
al t
raff
ic (
traf
fic
betw
een
port
s in
Pue
rto
Ric
o an
d th
e V
irgi
n Is
land
s, w
hich
are
con
side
red
a si
ngle
uni
t).
i19
92-2
000
data
com
e fr
om t
he M
arin
e Sa
fety
Man
agem
ent
Info
rmat
ion
Syst
em. D
ata
for
prio
r ye
ars
may
not
be
dire
ctly
com
para
ble.
jM
obile
Off
shor
e D
rilli
ng U
nits
.
SOU
RC
ES
Unl
ess
othe
rwis
e no
ted,
ref
er t
o ch
apte
r ta
bles
for
sou
rces
.1
Eno
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Foun
dati
on I
nc.,
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
in A
mer
ica,
200
0 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 2
001)
, pp.
7, 1
0-11
, 27,
and
44.
2 U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Com
mer
ce, N
atio
nal M
arin
e Fi
sher
ies
Serv
ices
, Fis
heri
es o
f th
e U
nite
d St
ates
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, p. 4
and
sim
ilar
tabl
es in
ea
rlie
r ed
itio
ns.
3 U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Mar
itim
e A
dmin
istr
atio
n, M
AR
-450
, per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion.
4 Ib
id.,
U.S
. Mer
chan
t M
arin
e D
ata
Shee
t (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
.5
Ibid
., M
erch
ant
Flee
ts o
f th
e W
orld
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
.6
U.S
. Coa
st G
uard
, Boa
ting
Sta
tist
ics
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s).
7 U
.S. A
rmy
Cor
ps o
f E
ngin
eers
, Wat
erbo
rne
Com
mer
ce o
f th
e U
nite
d St
ates
(N
ew O
rlea
ns, L
A: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, par
t 5,
sec
tion
1, t
able
s 2,
3, a
nd 4
.8
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of L
abor
, Bur
eau
of L
abor
Sta
tist
ics,
Em
ploy
men
t, H
ours
and
Ear
ning
s, U
nite
d St
ates
, 190
9-19
94 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Sep
tem
ber
1994
), S
ICs
373
and
44.
9 U
.S. A
rmy
Cor
ps o
f E
ngin
eers
, Sum
mar
y of
U.S
. Fla
g P
asse
nger
& C
argo
Ves
sels
(N
ew O
rlea
ns, L
A: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
.10
U.S
. Coa
st G
uard
, Off
ice
of I
nves
tiga
tion
s an
d A
naly
sis,
G-M
AO
-2, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n.11
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of L
abor
, Bur
eau
of L
abor
Sta
tist
ics,
Em
ploy
men
t, H
ours
and
Ear
ning
s, 1
988-
1996
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
ugus
t 19
96),
SIC
s 37
3 an
d 44
.12
Ibi
d., I
nter
net
web
site
ww
w.b
ls.g
ov a
s of
Sep
t. 1
6, 2
002.
13 U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
U.S
. Coa
st G
uard
, Dat
a A
dmin
istr
atio
n D
ivis
ion
(G-M
RI-
1), p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n, F
eb. 1
3, 2
002.
14 U
.S. A
rmy
Cor
ps o
f E
ngin
eers
, Wat
erbo
rne
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Lin
es o
f th
e U
nite
d St
ates
(N
ew O
rlea
ns, L
A: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
par
t 1,
sec
tion
1, t
able
1.
Wat
er T
rans
port
Prof
ile (C
ontin
ued)
Appendix A: Modal Profiles � 389
Oil P
ipel
ine
Prof
ile
Fin
anci
al19
6019
7019
8019
9019
9519
9619
9719
9819
99O
per
atin
g r
even
ues
($
mill
ion
s)F
ER
C-r
egul
ated
4 77
04
1,18
84 6,
340
4 7,
164
7,75
17,
310
4 7,
278
4 7,
212
4 7,
645
Non
regu
late
d12
520
81,
208
1,34
21,
326
1,32
71,
354
1,36
71,
422
Tota
l89
51,
396
7,54
88,
506
9,07
78,
637
8,63
28,
579
9,06
7
Inve
nto
ryN
umbe
r of
FE
RC
-reg
ulat
ed c
ompa
nies
5 87
5 10
15
130
5 15
05 16
15
160
UU
1218
4
Num
ber
of e
mpl
oyee
s, p
ipel
ine
com
pani
esa
6 23
,100
6 17,
600
6 21
,300
1018
,500
1115
,100
1114
,500
1114
,200
1113
,800
1313
,060
Mile
s of
pip
elin
e (s
tatu
te m
iles)
b
Cru
de li
nes1
141,
085
146,
275
129,
831
118,
805
97,0
2992
,610
91,5
2387
,663
86,3
69
Pro
duct
line
s49
,859
72,3
9688
,562
89,9
4784
,883
84,9
2588
,350
90,9
8591
,094
All
lines
190,
944
218,
671
218,
393
208,
752
181,
912
177,
535
179,
873
178,
648
177,
463
Per
form
ance
Inte
rcity
ton-
mile
s (m
illio
ns)
Cru
de o
il2N
N36
2,60
033
4,80
033
5,90
033
8,30
033
7,40
033
4,10
033
6,20
0
Pet
role
um p
rodu
cts
NN
225,
600
249,
300
265,
200
280,
900
279,
100
285,
700
286,
800
Tota
l7 22
9,00
07
431,
000
588,
200
584,
100
601,
100
619,
200
616,
500
619,
800
623,
000
Tons
tran
spor
ted
(mill
ions
)2
468.
02
790.
292
1.0
1,05
7.4
1,08
0.6
1,11
4.1
1,10
8.0
1,11
6.3
1,12
5.2
Ave
rag
e le
ng
th o
f h
aul (
stat
ute
mile
s)C
rude
oil
8 32
58 30
09
871
9 81
29 79
79
779
9 78
19 76
79 76
6
Pet
role
um p
rodu
cts
269
357
414
387
402
413
413
420
418
Saf
ety
Fata
litie
s3N
44
33
50
24
Inju
red
pers
ons
N21
157
1113
56
20In
cide
nts
N35
124
618
018
819
417
115
316
8
KE
Y: F
ER
C =
Fed
eral
Ene
rgy
Reg
ulat
ory
Com
mis
sion
; N =
dat
a do
not
exi
st; U
= d
ata
are
not a
vaila
ble.
aIn
clud
es c
ompa
nies
who
se p
ipel
ines
car
ry c
rude
pet
role
um, p
etro
leum
pro
duct
s, a
nd n
onpe
trol
eum
pip
elin
e liq
uids
.b
Reg
ulat
ed p
lus
unre
gula
ted
mile
age
of c
rude
oil
trun
k an
d ga
ther
ing
lines
, plu
s re
fine
d oi
l tru
nk li
nes.
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
390 � Appendix A: Modal ProfilesOi
l Pip
elin
e Pr
ofile
(Con
tinue
d)
NO
TE
The
Int
erst
ate
Com
mer
ce C
omm
itte
e re
gula
ted
oil p
ipel
ines
in t
he 1
960s
and
197
0s.
SOU
RC
ES
Unl
ess
othe
rwis
e no
ted,
ref
er t
o ch
apte
r ta
bles
for
sou
rces
.1
Eno
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Foun
dati
on, I
nc.,
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
In A
mer
ica
2000
, wit
h hi
stor
ical
com
pend
ium
193
9-19
99 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 200
0), p
. 44.
2 Ib
id.,
pp. 2
8 an
d 29
.3
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, R
esea
rch
and
Spec
ial P
rogr
ams
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Off
ice
of P
ipel
ine
Safe
ty, a
vaila
ble
at I
nter
net
site
htt
p://o
ps.d
ot.g
ov/s
tats
/lq
_sum
.htm
as
of M
ay 3
1, 2
002.
4 E
no T
rans
port
atio
n Fo
unda
tion
, Inc
., T
rans
port
atio
n In
Am
eric
a 20
00, w
ith
hist
oric
al c
ompe
ndiu
m 1
939-
1999
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 2
000)
, pp.
4-7
. 5
Fede
ral E
nerg
y R
egul
ator
y C
omm
issi
on, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n.6
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of L
abor
, Bur
eau
of L
abor
Sta
tist
ics,
Em
ploy
men
t, H
ours
and
Ear
ning
s, U
nite
d St
ates
, 190
9-94
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: S
epte
mbe
r 19
94),
SIC
46.
7 E
no T
rans
port
atio
n Fo
unda
tion
, Inc
., T
rans
port
atio
n in
Am
eric
a, 1
998
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: 199
8), p
. 44
and
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
in A
mer
ica,
Sup
plem
ent,
199
9 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 1
999)
.8
Ibid
., p.
71.
9 Ib
id.,T
rans
port
atio
n In
Am
eric
a 20
00, w
ith
hist
oric
al c
ompe
ndiu
m 1
939-
1999
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 2
000)
, p. 5
1.10
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of L
abor
, Bur
eau
of L
abor
Sta
tist
ics,
Em
ploy
men
t, H
ours
and
Ear
ning
s, U
nite
d St
ates
, 198
8-19
96 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Jul
y 19
96),
SIC
46.
11 I
bid.
, Int
erne
t si
te w
ww
.bls
.gov
as
of A
pr. 1
9, 1
999.
12 F
eder
al E
nerg
y R
egul
ator
y C
omm
issi
on, I
nter
net
site
ww
w.f
erc.
fed.
us/o
il/oi
l_lis
t.ht
m a
s of
Jun
e 21
, 200
1.13
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of L
abor
, Bur
eau
of L
abor
Sta
tist
ics,
Int
erne
t si
te h
ttp:
//ww
w.b
ls.g
ov/o
es/1
999/
oes
i2_4
6.ht
m a
s of
Jul
y 3,
200
1.
Appendix A: Modal Profiles � 391
Natu
ral G
as P
ipel
ine
Prof
ile
Fin
anci
al (
$ m
illio
ns)
1960
1970
1980
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Tran
smis
sio
n p
ipel
ine
com
pan
ies
Tota
l ope
ratin
g re
venu
esa
2 3,1
902 5
,928
7 41,
604
7 21,
756
7 12,
092
7 12,
050
7 10,
339
7 9,4
50R
,79,
555
7 11,
140
Tota
l ope
ratin
g ex
pens
esa
2,69
85,
088
39,7
0919
,484
9,53
49,
603
7,86
26,
875
R6,
897
8,41
2
Ope
ratio
n an
d m
aint
enan
ce2,
095
4,20
336
,480
17,0
586,
680
6,80
25,
381
4,26
0R
4,14
85,
538
Ope
ratio
n ex
pens
es2,
031
4,09
436
,075
16,4
296,
121
6,31
44,
975
3,90
9R
3,82
35,
226
Mai
nten
ance
exp
ense
s64
109
405
629
558
488
406
351
R32
531
2
Taxe
s (f
eder
al, s
tate
, loc
al)b
319
376
1,99
11,
245
1,58
21,
643
1,53
11,
560
R1,
645
1,68
1
Fed
eral
taxe
s22
320
21,
327
768
1,04
81,
085
1,07
61,
035
R1,
109
1,10
2
Sta
te a
nd lo
cal t
axes
9617
466
447
753
455
845
552
5R
536
579
Dis
trib
uti
on
pip
elin
e co
mp
anie
sTo
tal o
pera
ting
reve
nues
aN
N2 1
4,01
310
18,7
5010
19,4
2110
30,4
0710
30,8
6410
28,1
82R
,10 2
8,13
510
34,7
61
Tota
l ope
ratin
g ex
pens
esa
NN
13,2
6317
,125
17,4
0227
,917
27,4
4525
,668
R24
,564
32,1
63
Ope
ratio
n an
d m
aint
enan
ceN
N11
,791
14,5
4414
,170
23,3
0123
,155
21,3
96R
20,2
2627
,144
Ope
ratio
n ex
pens
esN
N11
,539
14,0
2013
,575
22,4
3322
,388
20,7
10R
18,2
7026
,321
Mai
nten
ance
exp
ense
sN
N25
252
459
686
876
768
7R
1,95
682
3
Taxe
s (f
eder
al, s
tate
, loc
al)b
NN
1,13
61,
625
1,88
82,
668
2,41
52,
524
R2,
355
2,92
1
Fed
eral
taxe
sN
N35
158
172
01,
041
849
1,25
0R
883
1,03
5
Sta
te a
nd lo
cal t
axes
NN
785
1,04
51,
168
1,62
71,
566
1,27
4R
1,47
21,
886
Inve
sto
r-o
wn
ed, t
ota
l in
du
stry
c
Tota
l ope
ratin
g re
venu
esN
N8 8
5,91
88 6
6,02
7R
,858
,435
8 63,
600
1462
,660
1657
,548
R,1
6 59,
142
1672
,712
Tota
l ope
ratin
g ex
pens
esa
NN
81,7
8960
,137
R50
,594
56,6
9555
,422
51,0
75R
51,3
3165
,424
Ope
ratio
n an
d m
aint
enan
ceN
N74
,508
51,6
2840
,041
45,7
8544
,851
41,3
60R
41,4
1554
,910
Ope
ratio
n ex
pens
esN
N73
,288
49,7
1837
,998
43,7
4243
,258
39,9
71R
38,7
5253
,398
Mai
nten
ance
exp
ense
sN
N1,
220
1,91
02,
043
2,04
31,
593
1,39
0R
2,66
41,
512
Taxe
s (f
eder
al, s
tate
, loc
al)b
NN
4,84
74,
957
R5,
981
6,36
26,
384
5,29
3R
5,60
56,
213
Fed
eral
taxe
sN
N2,
327
2,03
8R
2,51
12,
932
3,06
62,
631
R2,
626
2,76
1
Sta
te a
nd lo
cal t
axes
NN
2,52
02,
919
R3,
470
3,43
03,
318
2,66
2R
2,97
93,
452
Inve
nto
ryP
ipel
ine
mile
age
Tran
smis
sion
3 183
,700
3 252
,200
9 266
,500
9 280
,100
R,9
263,
900
9 259
,300
9 251
,100
9 255
,800
R,9
254,
000
9 250
,600
Dis
trib
utio
n39
1,40
059
4,80
070
1,80
083
7,30
093
6,80
095
9,50
095
7,10
099
9,00
0R
1,09
4,50
01,
110,
000
Fie
ld a
nd g
athe
ring
55,8
0066
,300
83,5
0089
,500
60,4
0057
,500
43,0
0040
,200
R40
,400
39,8
00
Tota
l63
0,95
091
3,26
71,
051,
774
1,20
6,89
41,
262,
152
1,27
6,31
51,
251,
199
1,29
4,96
2R
1,38
8,94
21,
400,
386
Nu
mb
er o
f em
plo
yees
Gas
util
ity in
dust
ry to
tals
d4 2
06,4
004 2
11,7
004 2
15,4
0011
204,
200
1117
9,00
011
179,
000
1115
4,60
011
154,
200
R,1
1 143
,600
1113
5,60
0
Inve
stor
-ow
ned
com
pani
esd
NN
202,
700
192,
100
168,
900
163,
400
145,
400
142,
400
R13
3,10
012
5,10
0
Tran
smis
sion
pip
elin
e co
mpa
nies
31,4
0032
,400
45,2
0037
,400
28,0
0032
,300
27,5
0028
,400
R29
,400
26,4
00
Dis
trib
utio
n pi
pelin
e co
mpa
nies
NN
52,1
0064
,700
61,6
0079
,700
75,0
0071
,300
R71
,400
69,5
00
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
392 � Appendix A: Modal Profiles
Inve
nto
ry (
con
tin
ued
)19
6019
7019
8019
9019
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
00In
tegr
ated
pip
elin
e co
mpa
nies
NN
53,2
0039
,900
36,4
0012
,700
12,3
0012
,000
R6,
200
6,00
0
Com
bina
tion
pipe
line
com
pani
esN
N52
,200
50,1
00R
42,9
0038
,700
30,6
0030
,700
R26
,100
23,2
00
Num
ber
of in
ters
tate
nat
ural
gas
pipe
line
com
pani
es5 8
75 8
95 9
15 1
3212
133
1213
815
8615
8617
184
U
Per
form
ance
(m
illio
n c
ub
ic f
t.)
Mar
kete
d p
rod
uct
ion
, to
tal
6 12,
771,
038
6 21,
920,
642
6 20,
179,
724
6 18,
593,
792
6 19,
506,
474
1319
,812
,241
1319
,866
,093
1319
,961
,348
1319
,804
,848
1320
,002
,287
Del
iver
ed t
o c
on
sum
ers,
to
tal
10,3
82,6
8119
,018
,462
18,2
16,2
3316
,818
,882
19,6
60,1
6120
,005
,508
20,0
04,0
1219
,469
,047
19,8
95,3
0820
,772
,291
Co
nsu
med
, to
tal
11,9
66,5
3721
,139
,386
19,8
77,2
9318
,715
,090
21,5
80,6
6521
,966
,616
21,9
58,6
6021
,277
,205
21,6
19,6
1622
,546
,944
Gas
use
d a
s a
pip
elin
e fu
el, t
ota
l34
7,07
572
2,16
663
4,62
265
9,81
670
0,33
571
1,44
675
1,47
063
5,47
764
5,31
964
4,44
4S
afet
y
Fata
litie
s1N
2615
618
4810
18R
2137
Inju
red
per
son
sN
233
177
6953
114
7276
9377
Inci
den
tsN
1,07
71,
524
198
161
187
175
236
173
234
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; R =
rev
ised
; U =
dat
a ar
e no
t ava
ilabl
e.
aD
oes
not
add
due
to o
mis
sion
of
line
from
sou
rce
tabl
e fo
r de
prec
iati
on a
nd o
ther
non
cash
exp
ense
s.b
Figu
res
obta
ined
by
addi
tion
/ su
btra
ctio
n an
d m
ay n
ot a
ppea
r di
rect
ly in
dat
a so
urce
.c
Indu
stry
tot
al in
clud
es in
tegr
ated
and
com
bina
tion
com
pany
tot
als
in a
ddit
ion
to d
istr
ibut
ion
and
tran
smis
sion
com
pany
tot
als.
dN
umbe
r of
em
ploy
ees
in in
vest
or-o
wne
d co
mpa
nies
is t
he s
um o
f em
ploy
ees
in d
istr
ibut
ion,
tra
nsm
issi
on, i
nteg
rate
d an
d co
mbi
nati
on c
ompa
nies
.
NO
TE
SN
umbe
rs m
ay n
ot a
dd t
o to
tals
due
to
roun
ding
.G
as u
tilit
y in
dust
ry t
otal
s in
clud
e em
ploy
ees
in p
riva
tely
ow
ned
com
pani
es.
SOU
RC
ES
1 U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Res
earc
h an
d Sp
ecia
l Pro
gram
s A
dmin
istr
atio
n, O
ffic
e of
Pip
elin
e Sa
fety
, DPS
-35,
Int
erne
t si
te h
ttp:
//ops
.dot
.gov
/sta
ts.h
tm a
s of
Sep
t. 9
, 200
2.
2 A
mer
ican
Gas
Ass
ocia
tion
, Gas
Fac
ts, 1
979
(Arl
ingt
on, V
A),
tab
le 1
34.
3 Ib
id.,
tabl
e 44
.4
Ibid
., ta
ble
153.
5
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of E
nerg
y, E
nerg
y In
form
atio
n A
dmin
istr
atio
n, S
tati
stic
s of
Int
erst
ate
Nat
ural
Gas
Pip
elin
e C
ompa
nies
(W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, pr
efac
e.6
Ibid
., N
atur
al G
as A
nnua
l, 19
98 (
Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Oct
ober
199
9), t
able
98.
7
Am
eric
an G
as A
ssoc
iati
on, G
as F
acts
, (A
rlin
gton
, VA
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
12-
2 an
d si
mila
r ta
bles
in e
arlie
r ed
itio
ns.
8 Ib
id.,
tabl
e 12
-1.
9 Ib
id.,
tabl
es 5
-1, 5
-2, a
nd s
imila
r ta
bles
in e
arlie
r ed
itio
ns.
10 I
bid.
, tab
le 1
2-1
and
sim
ilar
tabl
es in
ear
lier
edit
ions
.11
Ibi
d., t
able
14–
2 an
d si
mila
r ta
bles
in e
arlie
r ed
itio
ns.
12 F
eder
al E
nerg
y R
egul
ator
y C
omm
issi
on, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n.13
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of E
nerg
y, E
nerg
y In
form
atio
n A
dmin
istr
atio
n, N
atur
al G
as A
nnua
l, 20
00, t
able
1.
14 A
mer
ican
Gas
Ass
ocia
tion
, Gas
Fac
ts, 1
979
(Arl
ingt
on, V
A),
unp
ublis
hed
data
and
per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
Aug
. 17,
200
0.
15 A
mer
ican
Gas
Ass
ocia
tion
, per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
Aug
. 17,
200
0.16
Ibi
d., G
as F
acts
, 200
0, t
able
s 12
-1, 1
2-2,
12-
3, a
nd 1
2-4.
17 F
eder
al E
nerg
y R
egul
ator
y C
omm
issi
on, h
ttp:
//ww
w.f
erc.
gov/
gas/
pipe
com
p.ht
m a
s of
Jan
. 2, 2
002.
Natu
ral G
as P
ipel
ine
Prof
ile (C
ontin
ued)
appendix b
Metric Conversion Tables
Appendix B: Metric Conversion Tables � 395
TABL
E 1-
1M: S
yste
m K
ilom
eter
s W
ithin
the
Unite
d St
ates
(Sta
tute
kilo
met
ers)
196
0 1
965
197
0 1
975
198
0 1
985
199
0 1
995
199
6 1
997
199
8 1
999
2000
Hig
hw
aya
5,70
6,24
05,
937,
942
6,00
2,98
56,
176,
897
6,21
1,80
66,
218,
364
6,22
3,21
46,
296,
117
6,30
8,06
86,
350,
265
6,28
6,56
46,
304,
192
6,33
4,74
7
Cla
ss I
railb
,c33
3,67
232
1,54
431
6,20
230
8,22
226
5,25
523
4,58
419
2,73
217
4,23
417
0,23
516
4,35
916
1,85
216
0,01
715
9,72
7
Am
trak
cN
NN
N38
,624
38,6
2438
,624
38,6
2440
,234
40,2
3435
,406
37,0
1537
,015
Tran
sitd
Com
mut
er r
ailc
NN
NN
N5,
752
6,64
96,
695
5,92
67,
108
8,32
48,
354
8,38
3
Hea
vy r
ail
NN
NN
N2,
081
2,17
42,
346
2,37
92,
457
2,45
72,
478
2,50
7Li
ght r
ail
NN
NN
N61
877
791
31,
027
1,06
11,
088
1,29
11,
343
Nav
igab
le c
han
nel
se40
,234
40,2
3441
,843
41,8
4341
,843
41,8
4341
,843
41,8
4341
,843
41,8
4341
,843
41,8
4341
,843
Oil
pip
elin
ef30
7,29
533
9,35
835
1,91
736
3,53
335
1,46
934
3,76
433
5,95
429
2,75
928
5,71
528
9,47
828
7,50
628
5,59
9U
Gas
pip
elin
eg1,
015,
416
1,23
5,20
41,
469,
761
1,57
5,97
11,
692,
666
1,80
0,65
51,
942,
308
2,03
1,23
72,
054,
030
2,01
3,61
02,
082,
913
R2,
235,
285
2,25
3,70
3
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; R =
rev
ised
; U =
dat
a ar
e no
t ava
ilabl
e.
aA
ll pu
blic
roa
d an
d st
reet
kilo
met
ers
in th
e 50
sta
tes
and
the
Dis
tric
t of C
olum
bia.
For
yea
rs p
rior
to 1
980,
som
e ki
lom
eter
s of
non
publ
ic r
oadw
ays
are
incl
uded
. No
cons
iste
nt d
ata
on p
riva
te r
oad
kilo
met
ers
are
avai
labl
e. B
egin
ning
in 1
998,
app
roxi
mat
ely
69,2
00 k
ilom
eter
s of
Bur
eau
of L
and
Man
agem
ent R
oads
are
exc
lude
d.b
Dat
a re
pres
ent
kilo
met
ers
of r
oad
owne
d (a
ggre
gate
leng
th o
f ro
ad, e
xclu
ding
yar
d tr
acks
, sid
ings
, and
par
alle
l lin
es).
cPo
rtio
ns o
f C
lass
I f
reig
ht r
ailr
oads
, Am
trak
, and
com
mut
er r
ail n
etw
orks
sha
re c
omm
on t
rack
age.
Am
trak
dat
a re
pres
ent
kilo
met
ers
of t
rack
ope
rate
d.d
Tra
nsit
sys
tem
kilo
met
ers
is m
easu
red
in d
irec
tion
al r
oute
-kilo
met
ers.
A d
irec
tion
al r
oute
-kilo
met
ers
is t
he k
ilom
eter
s in
eac
h di
rect
ion
over
whi
ch p
ublic
tra
ns-
port
atio
n ve
hicl
es t
rave
l whi
le in
rev
enue
ser
vice
. Dir
ecti
onal
rou
te-k
ilom
eter
s ar
e co
mpu
ted
wit
h re
gard
to
dire
ctio
n of
ser
vice
, but
wit
hout
reg
ard
to t
he
num
ber
of t
raff
ic la
nes
or r
ail t
rack
s ex
isti
ng in
the
rig
ht-o
f-w
ay.
eT
he S
t. L
awre
nce
Seaw
ay is
not
incl
uded
in th
is n
umbe
r be
caus
e 3
of th
e 5
subs
ectio
ns a
re s
olel
y in
Can
adia
n w
ater
s, a
nd t
he o
ther
s ar
e in
inte
rnat
iona
l bou
ndar
y w
ater
s. O
f the
41,
843
kilo
met
ers
of n
avig
able
wat
erw
ays,
17,
489
kilo
met
ers
are
com
mer
cial
ly s
igni
fican
t sha
llow
-dra
ft in
land
wat
erw
ays
subj
ect
to fu
el ta
xes.
fIn
clud
es t
runk
and
gat
heri
ng li
nes
for
crud
e-oi
l pip
elin
e.g
Exc
lude
s se
rvic
e pi
pelin
es. D
ata
not a
djus
ted
to c
omm
on d
iam
eter
equ
ival
ent.
Kilo
met
ers
as o
f the
end
of e
ach
year
. Inc
lude
s fi
eld
and
gath
erin
g, tr
ansm
issi
on,
and
dist
ribu
tion
mai
ns. S
ee t
able
1-8
for
a m
ore
deta
iled
brea
kout
of
oil a
nd g
as p
ipel
ine
kilo
met
ers.
NO
TE
1.60
9344
kilo
met
ers
= 1
mile
.SO
UR
CE
SH
ighw
ay:
1960
-95:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n, H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s Su
mm
ary
to 1
995,
FH
WA
-PL
-97-
009
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le H
M-2
12.
1996
-98,
2000
: Ibi
d., H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le H
M-2
0.19
99: I
bid.
, per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
May
200
2.C
lass
I r
ail:
1960
-200
0: A
ssoc
iati
on o
f A
mer
ican
Rai
lroa
ds, R
ailr
oad
Fact
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 2
001)
, p. 4
5.A
mtr
ak:
1980
: Am
trak
, Cor
pora
te P
lann
ing
and
Dev
elop
men
t, p
erso
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C).
1985
-200
0: A
mtr
ak, C
orpo
rate
Pla
nnin
g an
d D
evel
opm
ent,
Am
trak
Ann
ual R
epor
t, S
tati
stic
al A
ppen
dix
(Was
hing
ton,
DC
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s).
Tra
nsit
: 19
85-9
9: U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Tra
nsit
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Nat
iona
l Tra
nsit
Dat
abas
e (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le 2
0 an
d si
mila
r ta
bles
in e
arlie
r ed
itio
ns.
Nav
igab
le c
hann
els:
1960
-96:
U.S
. Arm
y C
orps
of
Eng
inee
rs, O
hio
Riv
er D
ivis
ion,
Hun
ting
ton
Dis
tric
t, O
hio
Riv
er N
avig
atio
n Sy
stem
Rep
ort,
199
6, C
omm
erce
on
the
Ohi
o R
iver
an
d it
s T
ribu
tari
es (
Fort
Bel
voir,
VA
: 199
6), p
. 2.
1997
-99:
Wat
erbo
rne
Com
mer
ce S
tati
stic
s C
ente
r D
atab
ases
, per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
Aug
. 3, 2
001.
Oil
pipe
line:
1960
-99:
Eno
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Foun
dati
on, I
nc.,
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
in A
mer
ica,
200
0 (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: 2
001)
, p. 4
4.
Gas
pip
elin
e:19
60-2
000:
Am
eric
an G
as A
ssoc
iati
on, G
as F
acts
(A
rlin
gton
, VA
: Ann
ual i
ssue
s), t
able
5-2
and
sim
ilar
tabl
es in
ear
lier
edit
ions
.
396 � Appendix B: Metric Conversion TablesTA
BLE
1-6M
: Est
imat
ed U
.S. R
oadw
ay L
ane-
Kilo
met
ers
by F
unct
iona
l Sys
tem
a
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
R,d
199
9R 2
000
TOTA
L la
ne-
kilo
met
ers
12,7
49,5
0312
,903
,711
12,9
56,9
5913
,129
,436
13,1
62,2
6813
,264
,917
13,1
33,6
2813
,161
,188
13,2
34,2
68
Urb
an77
,986
92,2
0710
0,12
411
4,87
011
5,53
511
6,28
611
7,49
211
7,95
411
8,95
5In
ters
tate
s53
6,99
559
8,11
164
2,73
371
7,49
172
3,36
873
0,03
573
0,73
972
4,86
673
3,63
1
Oth
er a
rter
ials
b23
3,56
126
1,32
027
0,00
029
7,78
030
0,82
330
3,92
530
1,80
529
9,87
630
3,47
1
Col
lect
ors
1,39
6,88
81,
530,
515
1,67
5,54
61,
831,
224
1,84
9,87
01,
879,
627
1,89
4,21
21,
908,
598
1,92
6,12
7Lo
cal
2,24
5,42
92,
482,
154
2,68
8,40
32,
961,
365
2,98
9,59
63,
029,
873
3,04
4,24
83,
051,
294
3,08
2,18
3To
tal u
rban
Ru
ral
Inte
rsta
tes
210,
792
212,
284
218,
663
212,
298
213,
983
214,
308
214,
415
215,
971
216,
597
Oth
er a
rter
ials
b81
6,09
582
0,77
383
2,58
185
4,08
985
7,54
986
4,20
086
5,81
686
7,90
886
8,91
4
Col
lect
orsc
2,30
3,40
12,
360,
568
2,36
1,87
62,
281,
129
2,27
9,89
62,
283,
075
2,27
8,46
72,
275,
537
2,27
6,68
3
Loca
l7,
173,
786
7,02
7,93
16,
855,
435
6,82
0,55
46,
821,
243
6,87
3,46
06,
730,
682
6,75
0,47
96,
789,
892
Tota
l ru
ral
10,5
04,0
7410
,421
,557
10,2
68,5
5610
,168
,070
10,1
72,6
7110
,235
,043
10,0
89,3
8010
,109
,894
16,3
38,1
97
KE
Y: R
= r
evis
ed.
aIn
clud
es t
he 5
0 St
ates
and
the
Dis
tric
t of
Col
umbi
a.b
For
urba
n: t
he s
um o
f ot
her
free
way
s an
d ex
pres
sway
s, o
ther
pri
ncip
al a
rter
ials
, and
min
or a
rter
ials
. For
rur
al: t
he s
um o
f ot
her
prin
cipa
l art
eria
ls a
nd m
inor
ar
teri
als.
cIn
clud
es m
inor
and
maj
or c
olle
ctor
s.
dB
egin
ning
in 1
998,
app
roxi
mat
ely
138,
400
lane
-kilo
met
ers
of B
urea
u of
Lan
d M
anag
emen
t ro
ads
are
excl
uded
.
NO
TE
SIn
est
imat
ing
rura
l and
urb
an la
ne k
ilom
eter
s, t
he U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Fed
eral
Hig
hway
Adm
inis
trat
ion
assu
med
tha
t ru
ral m
inor
col
lect
ors
and
urba
n/ru
ral l
ocal
roa
ds a
re t
wo
lane
s w
ide.
1.60
9344
kilo
met
ers
= 1
mile
.
SOU
RC
ES
1980
-95:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n, O
ffic
e of
Hig
hway
Inf
orm
atio
n M
anag
emen
t, t
able
HM
-260
(un
publ
ishe
d).
1996
-199
8, 2
000:
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, H
ighw
ay S
tati
stic
s (W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C: A
nnua
l iss
ues)
, tab
le H
M-6
0. I
nter
net
addr
ess
ww
w.f
hwa.
dot.
gov/
ohim
.ohi
mst
at.h
tm a
s of
Dec
. 27,
200
1.19
99: I
bid.
, per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ion,
Jun
e 5,
200
2.
Appendix B: Metric Conversion Tables � 397
TABL
E 1-
32M
: U.S
. Veh
icle
-Kilo
met
ers
(Mill
ions
)
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Air
Air
carr
ier,
larg
e ce
rtifi
-ca
ted,
dom
estic
, all
serv
ices
1,38
11,
825
3,32
83,
135
4,06
04,
902
6,37
811
,989
7,74
37,
903
8,10
38,
582
R9,
115
Gen
eral
avi
atio
na2,
847
4,12
35,
161
6,82
08,
375
7,52
07,
319
9,82
95,
671
6,23
9N
NN
Hig
hw
ay
Pas
seng
er c
arb,
c
Mot
orcy
cleb
944,
704
1,16
3,06
61,
475,
286
1,66
3,98
11,
788,
940
2,00
6,52
72,
266,
384
3,72
5,16
42,
365,
501
2,41
8,12
92,
493,
802
2,52
5,22
22,
578,
031
Oth
er 2
-axl
e 4-
tire
vehi
clec
hh
4,79
49,
059
16,4
3814
,622
15,3
8125
,374
15,9
6516
,224
16,5
4917
,033
16,8
64
Truc
kh
h19
8,41
032
2,99
546
8,21
462
9,19
192
4,68
22,
046,
166
1,31
4,09
41,
369,
132
1,39
7,35
31,
450,
054
1,48
7,06
3
Sin
gle-
unit
2-ax
le
6-tir
e or
mor
e tr
uck
158,
602
207,
234
43,5
8355
,693
64,0
7373
,130
83,5
2716
2,40
510
3,11
410
7,65
410
9,46
911
3,14
311
3,59
2
Com
bina
tion
truc
k46
,436
50,9
6056
,543
75,1
9511
0,52
712
5,63
015
1,82
729
9,01
719
1,34
920
0,49
920
6,57
421
3,05
121
7,59
6B
us6,
994
7,53
37,
313
9,74
59,
751
7,20
79,
215
16,6
2810
,562
11,0
1111
,277
12,3
3112
,233
Tota
l hig
hw
ayc
R1,
156,
735
R1,
428,
795
1,78
5,92
82,
136,
668
2,45
7,94
3R
2,85
6,30
63,
451,
016
3,89
8,95
14,
000,
585
4,12
2,64
84,
235,
024
4,33
0,83
54,
425,
379
Tran
sit
Mot
or b
usd
2,53
72,
460
2,26
82,
456
2,69
92,
998
3,42
83,
514
3,57
43,
612
3,50
03,
663
P3,
726
Ligh
t rai
l12
067
5438
2827
3956
6166
7078
P85
Hea
vy r
ail
629
636
655
681
619
725
864
865
874
898
910
930
P95
8Tr
olle
y bu
s16
269
5325
2125
2222
2223
2223
P24
Com
mut
er r
ail
NN
N27
828
829
534
238
338
940
341
842
8P43
6
Dem
and
resp
onsi
ved
NN
NN
N39
849
281
588
294
21,
080
1,15
6P1,
221
Fer
ry b
oat
NN
NN
ii
45
45
55
P5
Oth
erN
NN
2425
2426
5569
8010
111
1P11
4
Tota
l tra
nsi
te3,
449
3,23
23,
030
3,50
23,
681
4,49
25,
217
5,71
35,
875
6,02
86,
105
6,39
3P6,
568
Con
tinue
d ne
xt p
age
398 � Appendix B: Metric Conversion Tables
Rai
lC
lass
I fr
eigh
t, tr
ain-
kilo
met
ers
650
678
687
649
689
558
612
737
754
764
764
789
811
Cla
ss I
frei
ght,
car-
kilo
met
ers
45,3
3547
,212
48,1
0344
,508
47,1
1740
,105
42,0
9948
,897
51,0
4050
,952
52,5
5654
,478
55,6
67
Inte
rcity
/Am
trak
f , tr
ain-
kilo
met
ers
336
277
150
4848
4853
5148
5153
5556
Inte
rcity
/Am
trak
f , ca
r-ki
lom
eter
s3,
554
2,85
71,
110
407
378
404
484
470
444
463
502
550
592
Tota
l tra
in-k
ilom
eter
sg98
795
483
769
773
760
766
578
980
381
681
884
386
7
KE
Y: N
= d
ata
do n
ot e
xist
; P =
pre
limin
ary;
R =
rev
ised
.
aA
ll op
erat
ions
oth
er t
han
thos
e op
erat
ing
unde
r 14
CFR
121
and
14
CFR
135
. Dat
a fo
r 19
96 a
re e
stim
ated
usi
ng n
ew in
form
atio
n on
non
resp
onde
nts
and
are
not
com
para
ble
to e
arlie
r ye
ars.
Mile
age
in s
ourc
e is
mul
tipl
ied
by 1
.151
to
conv
ert
to n
auti
cal-
mile
s fo
r 19
85-1
997.
The
se n
umbe
rs w
ere
then
con
vert
ed t
o ki
lom
eter
s.b
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent
of T
rans
port
atio
n, F
eder
al H
ighw
ay A
dmin
istr
atio
n (F
HW
A),
pro
vide
s da
ta s
epar
atel
y fo
r pa
ssen
ger
car
and
mot
orcy
cle
in it
s an
nual
Hig
h-w
ay S
tati
stic
s se
ries
. How
ever
, the
199
5 su
mm
ary
repo
rt p
rovi
des
upda
ted
data
for
pas
seng
er c
ar a
nd m
otor
cycl
e co
mbi
ned.
Pas
seng
er c
ar f
igur
es in
thi
s ta
ble
wer
e co
mpu
ted
by U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Tra
nspo
rtat
ion,
Bur
eau
of T
rans
port
atio
n St
atis
tics
, by
subt
ract
ing
the
mos
t cu
rren
t m
otor
cycl
e fi
gure
s fr
om t
he a
ggre
-ga
te p
asse
nger
car
and
mot
orcy
cle
figu
res.
cIn
Jul
y 19
97, t
he F
HW
A p
ublis
hed
revi
sed
vehi
cle-
kilo
met
ers
data
for
the
hig
hway
mod
es f
or m
any
year
s. T
he m
ajor
cha
nge
refl
ecte
d th
e re
assi
gnm
ent
of
som
e ve
hicl
es f
rom
the
pas
seng
er c
ar c
ateg
ory
to t
he o
ther
2-a
xle
4-ti
re v
ehic
le c
ateg
ory.
Thi
s ca
teg
ory
was
cal
cula
ted
prio
r to
rou
ndin
g.d
Mot
or b
us a
nd d
eman
d re
spon
sive
fig
ures
are
als
o in
clud
ed in
the
bus
fig
ure
for
high
way
.e
Prio
r to
198
5, e
xclu
des
dem
and
resp
onsi
ve a
nd m
ost
rura
l and
sm
alle
r sy
stem
s fu
nded
via
Sec
tion
s 18
and
16(
b)2,
Fed
eral
Tra
nsit
Act
. The
ser
ies
is n
ot c
on-
tinu
ous
betw
een
1980
and
198
5. T
rans
it r
ail m
odes
are
mea
sure
d in
car
-kilo
met
ers.
Car
-kilo
met
ers
mea
sure
indi
vidu
al v
ehic
le-k
ilom
eter
s in
a t
rain
. A 1
0-ca
r tr
ain
trav
elin
g 1
kilo
met
er w
ould
equ
al 1
tra
in-k
ilom
eter
and
10
car-
kilo
met
ers.
fA
mtr
ak b
egan
ope
rati
ons
in 1
971.
gA
ltho
ugh
both
tra
in-k
ilom
eter
s an
d ca
r-ki
lom
eter
s ar
e sh
own
for
rail,
onl
y tr
ain-
kilo
met
ers
are
incl
uded
in t
he t
otal
. A t
rain
-kilo
met
er is
the
mov
emen
t of
a
trai
n, w
hich
can
con
sist
of
mul
tipl
e ve
hicl
es (
cars
), t
he d
ista
nce
of 1
kilo
met
er. T
his
diff
ers
from
a v
ehic
le-k
ilom
eter
, whi
ch is
the
mov
emen
t of
1 v
ehic
le t
he
dist
ance
of
1 ki
lom
eter
. A 1
0-ve
hicl
e tr
ain
trav
elin
g 1
kilo
met
er w
ould
be
mea
sure
d as
1 t
rain
-mile
and
10
vehi
cle-
kilo
met
ers.
Cau
tion
sho
uld
be u
sed
whe
n co
mpa
ring
tra
in-k
ilom
eter
s w
ith
vehi
cle
kilo
met
ers.
h19
60–6
5, m
otor
cycl
e da
ta a
re in
clud
ed in
pas
seng
er c
ar, a
nd o
ther
2-a
xle
4-ti
re v
ehic
le d
ata
incl
uded
in s
ingl
e-un
it 2
-axl
e 6-
tire
or
mor
e tr
uck.
iFe
rry
boat
incl
uded
wit
h ot
her.
TABL
E 1-
32M
: U.S
. Veh
icle
-Kilo
met
ers
(Mill
ions
) (Co
ntin
ued)
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
