National Traffic Safety and Environment Laboratory JAPAN NTSEL WLTP validation test results for BEV(i-MiEV) & OVC-HEV (Prius PHV) National Traffic Safety

National Traffic Safety and Environment LaboratoryNational Traffic Safety and Environment Laboratory 　　 JAPANJAPAN

NNTTSSEELLNTSEL

WLTP validation test results for BEV(i-MiEV) & OVC-HEV (Prius PHV)

National Traffic Safety and National Traffic Safety and Environment LaboratoryEnvironment Laboratory

WLTP-DTP-ElabProc-071WLTP-DTP-ElabProc-071

1

National Traffic Safety and Environment LaboratoryNational Traffic Safety and Environment Laboratory 、、 JAPANJAPANNNTTSSEELLNTSEL

BEV Validation Test Results (i-MiEV)

2

ModeRange*

[km]Electric energy

consumption [Wh/km]

Low 127.3 130

Mid 112.1 132

High 108.1 135

Ex-High 82.4 200

All 104.0 142

Vehicle condition:2009 ModelOdometer : 7352 km (before the test)

*) note : stop conditions are slightly different from draft gtr requirement


Energy vs Driving Distance

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Ch

arg

ed

En

erg

y W

h

Driving Distance km

WLTP CL 3 V51st Cycle 2nd Cycle 3rd Cycle 4th Cycle 5th Cycle


020406080

100120140

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

車速

[km

/h]

時間 [sec]

基準車速

実車速

≪High≫

020406080

100120140

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

車速

[km

/h]

時間 [sec]

基準車速

実車速

≪ex-High≫

020406080

100120140

1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600

車速

[km

/h]

時間 [sec]

基準車速

実車速

≪all≫

Battery indicator

Battery indicator

Battery indicator

The test vehicle was controlled to trace each speed pattern in tests as much as the driver was able to do.

The vehicle’s behavior in ends of test drives

020406080

100120140

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

車速

[km

/h]

時間 [sec]

基準車速

実車速

020406080

100120140

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

車速

[km

/h]

時間 [sec]

基準車速

実車速

≪Low≫

42nd cycle

Battery indicator

41st cycle

26th cycle

10th cycle

020406080

100120140

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

車速

[km

/h]

時間 [sec]

基準車速

実車速

≪Mid≫

Battery indicator

24th cycle5th cycle

Speed pattern

Measured speed

Speed pattern

Measured speed

Speed pattern

Measured speed

Speed pattern

Measured speed

Speed pattern

Measured speed

Speed pattern

Measured speed

Time (sec)

Time (sec)Time (sec)

Time (sec)

Time (sec)

4s deviation


Additional information

Fluctuations after charge completion are not observed on this vehicle.

＜ example ＞　 26 June 2012 　 Start of Charging at am 9:00　 26 June 2012 　 Charging current became Zero at pm4:00 Accumulated charged energy was16.5729kWh.　 27 June 2012 plug-off at am 9:00 Accumulated charged energy was16.5729kWh.


OVC-HEV Validation Test Results (Prius PHV)

6

index WLTP (CL3 V5)

Combined fuel consumption km/L 38.1

CS fuel consumption km/L 24.6

CD fuel consumption km/L 65.0

CD range km 35.5

Equivalent EV range km 17.7

Electric energy per charging kWh 3.06

Electric energy consumption km/kWh 5.8

Vehicle condition:2012 ModelOdometer : 4311 km (before the test)

Note : apply current Japanese regulation for calculation


0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Ch

arg

ed

En

erg

y W

h

Driving Distance km

WLTP CL 3 V51st Cycle 2nd Cycle 3rd Cycle 4th Cycle

Charged Energy Profile (Prius PHV)


CD CS Transient Profile

1st cycle 2nd cycle 3rd cycle 4th cycle

① SOC(Start/End) [%] 85.0 / 36.0 34.1 / 27.0 25.8 / 27.0 26.2 / 27.0

② Fuel Economy [km/L] 233.36 27.38 24.96 25.05

③ Fuel consumption [L] 0.10 0.85 0.93 0.93

④ Equivalent ΔAh×2%Calculated from Fuel

consumption

0.09 0.75 0.82 0.82

⑤ ΔAh 11.40 1.57 0.29 0.21

⑥ CD / CS determination (④ ＞⑤ ) CD CD CS CS

⑦ CO2 [g] 771.1 2014.6 2211.5 2204.4

Apply current Japanese regulation.

This will be reviewed with other validation results.


Comparison of each phase Results (Prius PHV)

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index Low Mid Hi Ex-Hi All

Combined fuel consumption km/L 59.5 53.2 45.1 27.0 38.1

CS fuel consumption km/L 30.0 30.3 26.3 18.5 24.6

CD fuel consumption km/L 339.5 181.4 120.5 43.8 65.0

CD range km 32.4 29.5 31.4 32.5 35.5

Equivalent EV range km 25.4 19 18.9 14.1 17.7

Electric energy kWh 2.99 3.03 (2.98)※ (2.99) ※ 3.06

Electric energy consumption km/kWh 8.5 6.3 (6.3) ※ (4.7) ※ 5.8

※ The electric energy was measured before tests,

Need further analysis whether combined (all phases and/or specific phases) results can be obtained from each phase result or not. If not, independent combined test is necessary.


y　=　1.8444x　+　2.9365

R²　=　0.9682

0

2

4

6

8

10

-1 0 1 2

Fuel

Con

sum

ptio

n L/1

00km

ΔAh

y　=　0.2656x　+　3.9593

R²　=　0.9942

0

2

4

6

8

10

-1 0 1 2

Fuel

Con

sum

ptio

n L/1

00km

ΔAh

y　=　0.6767x　+　5.1858

R²　=　0.9927

0

2

4

6

8

10

-1 0 1 2

Fuel

Con

sum

ptio

n L/1

00km

ΔAh

y　=　0.7754x　+　3.5732

R²　=　0.9892

0

2

4

6

8

10

-1 0 1 2Fuel

Con

sum

ptio

n L/1

00km

ΔAh

y　=　1.1989x　+　3.1004

R²　=　0.9926

0

2

4

6

8

10

-1 0 1 2

Fuel

Con

sum

ptio

n L/1

00km

ΔAh

Fuel Consumption in CS Operation

≪Low≫

≪Mid≫

≪Hi≫

≪Ex-Hi≫ ≪All≫

Fuel consumption was increased as the increase of speed.


y　=　43.666x　+　69.692

R²　=　0.9753

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

-1 0 1 2

CO

2g/k

m

ΔAh

y　=　16.1x　+　123.18

R²　=　0.9929

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

-1 0 1 2

CO

2g/k

m

ΔAh

y　=　6.304x　+　94.076

R²　=　0.9941

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

-1 0 1 2C

O2g/k

mΔAh

y　=　18.463x　+　84.889

R²　=　0.9892

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

-1 0 1 2C

O2g/k

mΔAh

y　=　28.493x　+　73.656

R²　=　0.9926

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

-1 0 1 2

CO

2g/k

m

ΔAh

CO2 emission in CS operation

≪Low≫

≪Mid≫

≪Hi≫

≪Ex-Hi≫ ≪All≫


Additional Pollutants in CS operation

0.0E+00

5.0E-06

1.0E-05

1.5E-05

2.0E-05

2.5E-05

-1 0 1 2

g/te

st

ΔAh

N2O

0.0E+00

5.0E-03

1.0E-02

1.5E-02

2.0E-02

2.5E-02

3.0E-02

3.5E-02

-1 0 1 2

g/te

st

ΔAh

NH3

0.0E+001.0E-032.0E-033.0E-034.0E-035.0E-036.0E-037.0E-038.0E-039.0E-031.0E-02

-1 0 1 2

g/te

st

ΔAh

NO2

0.0E+00

1.0E-03

2.0E-03

3.0E-03

4.0E-03

5.0E-03

6.0E-03

-1 0 1 2

g/te

st

ΔAh

CH4

No obvious relationship between the AP constituents and ΔAh was observed


Additional information

Fluctuations in charging were not observed.

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 1 2 3

Char

ging

Pow

er W

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 10 20 30

軸ラ

ベル

hours


appendix


Utility Factor used for this study (i.e. defined in Japanese regulation)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 100 200 300

UF

daily trip distance km

Rcd = 35.5 km

UF = 0.57


Calculation formulas

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Ch

arg

ed

En

erg

y W

h

Driving Distance km

WLTP CL 3 V51st Cycle 2nd Cycle 3rd Cycle 4th Cycle

CD Running Ratio during transition cycle

Engine startcycle

Transitioncycle

First CScycle

k = CO2(1st cycle)

CO2(CS cold) - CO2(2nd cycle)

CD rangeRcd = 23,262×(1+k)

Rev = CO2(CS cold)

CO2(CS cold) - CO2(1st cycle)

Equivalent EV range

23,262×

CO2(CS hot)

CO2(CS hot) - CO2(2nd cycle)

＋

CS Fuel Economy(FEcs) =

1

CO2(CS cold)

0.25＋

CO2(CS hot)

0.75

CD Fuel Economy(FEcd) =

k/(23,262)

FE(1st cycle)

1＋

FE(2nd cycle)

k


Calculation functions

Combined Fuel Economy = 1

FEcd

UF＋

FE(cs)

1-UF UF=0.57(@Rcd)

Electricity Power efficiency =Rev

AC Charged Energy kWh


Vehicle weight

Motor

Drivebattery

Control system

Driving method

Type

Max. output

Max. torque

Max. speed

Type

Rated voltage

Rated capacity

[kg]

[kW/min-1]

[Nm/min-1]

[min-1]

[V]

[kWh]

1,100

Permanent magnetsynchronous motor

47 / 3,000 ～ 6,000

180 / 0 ～ 2,000

8,500

Lithium-ion cells

330

16

Inverter control

Rear-wheel drive

2009 years model

Vehicle spec.

Vehicle condition (7/2012) Odometer : 5269 km

Non-blended regenerative brake system

18


Operation room Vehicle test room

Chassis dynamometer

<Dynamo meter （ Fr or Rr or 4WD ） > Alternating current system ・ Absorption power : 220kW ・ Motoring power : 200kW Electrical inertia method ・ 2WD total : 570 – 2750 kg ・ 4WD total : 800 – 3500 kg

<MEIDACS – DY6200P>

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National Traffic Safety and Environment LaboratoryNational Traffic Safety and Environment Laboratory 　　 JAPANJAPAN

NNTTSSEELLNTSEL

CAN monitorProve

Measurement machine

Rear

Front

・ Vehicle speed・ Battery voltage・ Motor current・ Accessory current・ Air-conditioner / Heater current・ Outdoor / Room temperature

Connector

Data loggerPC

telecommunication equipment

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Documents

National Traffic Safety and Environment Laboratory JAPAN NTSEL WLTP validation test results for BEV(i-MiEV) & OVC-HEV (Prius PHV) National Traffic Safety