National Security Policymaking 18 - Garden City Public ... · Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. ... Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc

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18 National Security Policymaking

Sean Adair/Reuters


Instruments of Foreign Policy

Military War, threat of war

Economic Almost as important as war

Sanctions, tariffs, regulations

Diplomacy Treaties, summit talks

First option

18.1


International organizations United Nations

18.1 Actors on the World Stage

Regional organizations NATO, EU

Multinational corporations

Nongovernmental organizations

Terrorists

Individuals


The Policymakers

The President Chief diplomat/Commander in chief

Treaties, executive agreements

The Diplomats State Dept./Secretary of State

Bureaucratic and intransigent

The National security establishment Joint Chiefs of Staff

Secretary of Defense

CIA

Congress

18.1


18.1 Who's the president's main

foreign policy adviser?

a. Secretary of state

b. Secretary of defense

c. Vice president

d. Secretary of war

18.1


18.1 Who's the president's main

foreign policy adviser?

a. Secretary of state

b. Secretary of defense

c. Vice president

d. Secretary of war

18.1


American Foreign Policy and

the War on Terrorism

The Spread of Terrorism

Afghanistan and Iraq

18.3


The Spread of Terrorism

9/11 not first attack

Difficult to defend against in open society Stealth, surprise, willingness to die

Improved security and intelligence

Clash with civil liberties

18.3


Afghanistan and Iraq

U.S. declares war on terrorism

Axis of evil Iran, Iraq, North Korea

Nation building

Anti-American sentiments

18.3

Bush Doctrine

United States policy of preemptive action

against threats to its national security.

Response to terrorist threats around the

globe.

“Axis of Evil”

Patriot Act

Public concern over the Patriot Act

Trade-offs between maintaining a

strong presence in the world, providing

for the national defense, and

maintaining republican liberty are

difficult.

Ex. National Security Agency

http://freakoutnation.com/2011/12/31/the-only-senators-congress-persons-who-never-supported-the-patriot-act-and-ndaa/patriotact/


18.3 Why haven't we yet won the war

on terror?

a. Al Qaeda has fragmented but still exists,

despite the killing of Osama bin Laden

b. Al Qaeda has moved to Pakistan, where it

enjoys high-level government support

c. Anti-American sentiment has grown in the

Muslim world due to U.S. military action in

the Middle East

d. All of the above

18.3


18.3 Why haven't we yet won the war

on terror?

a. Al Qaeda has fragmented but still exists,

despite the killing of Osama bin Laden

b. Al Qaeda has moved to Pakistan, where it

enjoys high-level government support

c. Anti-American sentiment has grown in the

Muslim world to due to U.S. military action

in the Mid East

d. All of the above

18.3


Defense Spending

Guns v. butter Military Spending vs. Social Programs

Ideological disputes Conservative vs Liberal

Peace dividend v. jobs

Collapse of Soviet Union

18.4


FIGURE 18.2 Trends in defense spending 18.4


Personnel

Large standing military 1.3 million active duty

821,000 National Guard and reserves

300,000 deployed abroad

National Guard maintains national security

18.4


FIGURE 18.3 Size of the armed forces 18.4


Weapons

Nuclear weapons ICBMs

Submarine-launched ballistic missiles

Strategic bombers

Weapons are expensive $2 billion to build a stealth bomber

$5.5 trillion

Arms reduction treaties

18.4


Reforming Defense Policy

Changing nature of threats Lighter, faster, more flexible

Better intelligence

Increased use of Special Forces

18.4


18.4 How many active duty troops

does the U.S. currently maintain?

a. 847,000

b. 562,000

c. 1.3 million

d. 1.2 million

18.4


18.4 How many active duty troops

does the U.S. currently maintain?

a. 847,000

b. 562,000

c. 1.3 million

d. 1.2 million

18.4


Changing Role of Military

Power

Soft power versus hard power

Humanitarian interventions Increasingly necessary

Violate sovereignty?

Can cost American lives

Economic sanctions Influence behaviour without force

Cut off aid, trade embargoes

Mixed record of success

18.5


Nuclear Proliferation

9 nuclear powers United States, Russia, Britain, France, China, India,

Pakistan, North Korea, Israel

How to prevent more?

Special concerns about Iran, North Korea, Pakistan

18.5


FIGURE 18.4 The spread of nuclear weapons 18.5


The International Economy

Interdependency

International Trade Globalization of financial markets

Nontariff barriers to trade

Balance of Trade What we buy from them versus what they buy from us

$471 billion deficit in 2013

18.5


Energy

OPEC has us over a barrel (of oil) Dependence on foreign oil

Trade embargo

Middle East controls world's oil reserves Saudi Arabia 25%

Kuwait 10%

18.5


Foreign Aid

Developing world Humanitarian

Stabilization

Access to raw materials

Forms of foreign aid Grants, credits, loans, loan forgiveness

Military assistance

Agricultural assistance

Medical care

Unpopular

18.5


18.5 What percentage of GDP is

spent on economic and humanitarian

foreign aid?

a. 3%

b. 5%

c. 1%

d. 10%

18.5


18.5 What percentage of GDP is

spent on economic and humanitarian

foreign aid?

a. 3%

b. 5%

c. 1%

d. 10%

18.5


Understanding National

Security Policymaking

National Security Policymaking and

Democracy

National Security Policymaking and the

Scope of Government

18.6


National Security

Policymaking and

Democracy

Are international relations undemocratic? Citizens not as interested or knowledgeable

Decision makers unelected

Policymakers responsive in long run Democracies rarely go to war

Congress holds purse strings

Pluralism is pervasive

18.6


National Security

Policymaking and the Scope

of Government

Superpower status War on terror

World's policeman

Globalization

Global warming

2 million employed in Dept. of Defense

18.6


18.6 Why is foreign policy considered

undemocratic?

a. Policymakers not elected

b. Public not as knowledgeable

c. Congress plays smaller role

d. All of the above

18.6


18.6 Why is foreign policy considered

undemocratic?

a. Policymakers not elected

b. Public not as knowledgeable

c. Congress plays smaller role

d. All of the above

18.6


Discussion Questions

How has national security policy evolved since World War II? What effects did the end of the Cold War and the commencement of the war on terrorism have on national security policy?

18

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National Security Policymaking 18 - Garden City Public ... · Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. ... Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc