i '·

__......_. .. ______ ... __ -· ----------

,; i i ? H ~ : ~ ·: .. : ~ = ·-! r :~:-1 ~ :.-_;") . -. ~- ... ~- ... ! : . .. . - ·- ··- --- .. ~-

' . --t:-:~ r·:!s.ul ti ng uproar,.--~ from !i{:i ghbod ng Russi :_4/ Cv'.Jscd this . · .. f- : .

l3ri tish ci tizc-nship, · p~rs\sted and by i889- n.·g31iii!d t· . ..;o parts ·-.:>f his

oi t Nith·::ut

"' • '} • ' 't''- d • • h 1 \' • • .-cr.s1i:.:fl 01 fl:Jnt~~, .. en r,.:)c;~e_ to a Gr1t1SI ~~?~C'.J il~or, lilllu;;l l\nox __ ..... '\. c-·

O':,rcy, t,·hose flrst 'fortune had b~~n inade in 1-\ustrati;:m gold mines .. The --purchase price of th•!- c·.mct.!'ss.ion ~-1as .::bout 50 1 0:JO po~:ncs, and in 1903

. - ··- .·.:. ~,... --.. ;;.---Expl_<)r:f3~,~ry ___ ~ri_11ing pr:oc~ed.~d/'and by 1904; t·;"'o producing ~~tis were in.

~·-:'::::~""- . (3 Y\·t-. $£.. -. - ~ .:- ·-· ·.·' ' : . -~ . - . Shortly_ the:rcafter,Ai~terc~t- tn _oi 1 :"'as sharply st~lnu-lated by .the eff~rts

• ~- • • ' • • • .. • - • • ·\lo

·of .~dr.rii-aL Sir. John Fisher, first· Lord of the Admiralty~ to convert the

Royal ~avy, from b~rn1.n'g coa_l to ~U •. As a 'r~s~rt, tile_ Surmah ~i-~--~o~?<ooy .. . ~- ..... -.. ~- - ---~- ~~.:.: ~· ·. ---:. ... -.. -.. ~~--: ~r~;;::;~~ ~-

1nvotved in "crsi.an oil and 7 - jo\nin'J \·1'\th 0' '!.rcy. '?".~lord · .,,.,_. SOUjht to

' . :-

=-· --~

' ~- .... 1 ~--

.... L-

. ! ~ . ' H

Strathcona~ form~d the ne_,~Concessions Syndicat~, Lt~, ,,.hich endu.t.:d until-:-:,~~: 1' - '\. . - . . . . . . - .. ·:. ·_- <-. i ;

1907'~-~~cn eur;;-;::th Oil b_,ught O'Arcy out for 2vO,OOC poui1ds cash and 900,000 , ._-~<-~·.-: L ?ounds in '""'"· Burmoh' s firs~ gus}o<r co= in ~ 1,130 f~et in :<ay 1903, };::,:·,.

ncar M~sjcd Solcyman, ~nd a yc<J.r lat<!r,

.:.....--· .. · ...... ···-

'.

' I

I ! 1 I

~-------..........__. ......... -.. ~ .. --._...__ ___ _

..

... \11 ~ n both th.:! Shi ~~~h

r~·c~dve 3'/~ of net oil ~cv~n~t!s (to be paid out of

· .. ~

',f...,cn \.;'{nston Churchill bcc.::ne First lord of the F•ri-:tiralty 1n 1911~

to oil. To ensure· ( ~,-q) ..) ,.,

h'is Ft!rsist.:nt prodding changed thc: r?oy·al Uavy over

a~urce of ch~ap oil, t~e Critish governm~nt bcca~e a maj"or sharei-1':) i cer I\ .

'in the APOC 1:-: 19.!4, r:ldd'ing 2 r::illion pounds in capitillizution and si:;rdng . . on its

• ·-.- .. :--.. o1·1 ..... ,-.-'--"ses) • • ~ t L ' · u- ('... _, ~ ._.~ •

. Oiff~r:::n-=cs as t·:J ho\.., p~ofi.ts were to- bc··-sh.lr~d bi.!twecn th~ Persian t.J.f; d cl t.J.}'r. :r:. .

govcrn;r.~nt .:tnd the APOC began after .... ~-l-r:::==..-;i:... -The_ co:npany c1 air..ed that ·:·-~:· .._ ·' .·· .:. . ... : - > I\ - .. ,. :-:· . _.,· J ,,

Pcrsi a 1 s. s!1arc of the profits' appl 1 cd t:o · th~· earnings of th~ three sub-· · ·. ·--·. •'.-. ··.

sicliaries actua\ly·?p~rating in Pcr!:iia (ba:.;cd on Attic1e 1 of the o•;.rcy

concession~ \-.hie~ d~fin~cl .'its'litnits as "throug~o·.Jt the \·(~ole ext~nt of

' ~ !

. I -

J ,r I J

' I 'I I!

J ·' :t .,. !

:I ii it' ., .•· .. ,, .. ·• .. ~~ .•···

¥_. ,_

f:: i~ . ---·" ·- .. --- r-"'

th.: count.~y"}. Pc'r~i·a :ct-~i~ed it~·as.cntitt~d~,t~ a-sh~r:~.:-~f th~-~~~"fits fro~ ... :.

all o pc rat 1 on s ~ in~lu~ing extracting, prod~cing~ and marketing ..• (' .. • ---: ·-·-------~_..,·:·-?:::.-: -:...-

l t s oi 1". ~·Jher~ver JJ::l.esc op.::ra tJ on s' rni ght' :1: ak~~. pi a:: e. . . . . ~- . ' . : ... •.. . ; .... -.- .;·-: -~;:- -. ··; .. -_,

.. rhl:!rc '"ere aT so ·"

• _1.

.. - .. ~- ·-·;· .. - :.··-~ ~ . ..i •. ·.~~-''"' ... ·''-·.-.----..;.o•

~~: . .

OV.!r Dritish cLdms for.1 ... artim~ das:'la~e to p~p~lin~s by O.akhtiaris

scttlc:.1ent C.:lllin.g for ncb' profit-sh.;}ring .lrrang;:-r.:cnts. fell throu~h- \'n . . I . . --

1 ::JJ3 •·

. . ' ....... -·ol..:o,~ ~ ...... . . . ' .

--(

.. ~:.:..-~ .. ~. . - -·----------~-------~ (;,

.).·;

~~d his account of

.i

'"t.A t-:n ..... ,~ \•-- -\r·-­\..lh... • • r· :Ji/ .. t~.:.':_~ .... :H n. ·•"Js - .·-~

that of the 29,000 employees

of

fardgners, and he expressed concern th<lt so fe\o~ ?crs.i.'lns \·ir!re being . . .

tra1nc:d level posts. -'He also ·s::l~-1 th.Jt t~::: Sritish strsff

~njoycd ary obvious1y hi~1er

the s~rro~~ding districts

duction ~n ord~r not to ups~t ~h,rld m~r~cls--but ~t a less to P~rs1a.

!Jov:::rnm:::nt notified the com;;any .that

. ! .-

It j ~ ' '

I t f I I :·'. .. I -~

I rJ 1 r'~

.· ··. . .. ll'l I ). '~'' i r -~ if.J i "

! I i ; f.··; ; ::: . : ( 1

.• r· i .': ·.:;

;c • r .· . ~r! I. ,.

•Jnd:;:-r t!-te (taj ar regime; \".ta~ · .:tnnt.Jt ~ ed <lnd ii ncH ccncc.s si on \·Joul d. be granted_··.~;-_>: .• ·: 't'.•·

cn.'the ·ba.sis of ,-::quity·'.and justic:. _·This neH concession Hr"lS not .. ~asily _ -<<.· -::-:-.~::_ · _ . ~---- .:.-~---~-- - ... ::. --··-·-·.:...·· ... ·•·. ,. . (\ - - . -. . : : ·· .. - ' .: . ··: .• >~>: ·;:·.:·.··· _.:

ar d v~d '• t~- the 3r iti'sh · fiov~rnrrl>n t ~e fer red the a~nu 1 m:m i to the L.iague of :'.(.,>:: .'' l Z:atio=-ls, 1..f.c('se Counc;·t sent !Jr._.:¥.~u~r~ oen::t'.of Cze~floS:lov~kia t~·red~~ci_i~---_ .. :_·.-- r

.· .. ·;•·: .. '· . - 1

toe two sides. TJ"~, ~-~9~! points \o~ere thus estaQlisho!d that M!re_ to. affect -~~-.:;;'.:~· · ·l the later dis?ute 1.o 1951: ·. th~ right to annul the Co;lc~ssionwas ~~c~;- .,:~~;;!{_<:·>J

... ni zed, and th~ L.:aguc acccpt.:d th:: vbHpoint of th~ Sritish that such a !

Cov;n~~ t . ( \~hi'd,- ·.: :': ·: . J :. · .... . : . . . .... · .. :~: ~ ~

_ ... - .. case c'oul d b~ brought to the Couf"lci 1 und~r :~r t i cl c 1 S of tha

. : .. to <1 rupture in dij:>lor:ntic rcl•!tions ;.md for the solution of ..... :-dch no tesal

-: ·.: ....

recourse existed).

llut

; : ... .,. . : - .. ~ . .'.:·:

.._.-. ... ~---..,._ ___ ,. ___ ·-··-·· --~------

,-

., +­' .. oil

. ;_-

I· ,1,~ J1 ~,...t,; -_-, -t .J•J! If ''.;.i.;t \.•·• t,.• • .. - :: l in P.:·rs1a or

of th.:: to

To

the agr~ed ~o pay a s~all ~dditional

nnd it would continue to pay British tax~s out of

-..:'.

bus. i ilt!S s as ~;sual until

II • ""'n1on. Because

1935 by ncz<l- Shah) had

best r-·:!Ute

su;:;.ncr of

inftu~nce in Iran (~s

grown significantly and

to send in occupo t'i on forces. ~~lc~su~rcd Sovi~ts, fhe Alti=s detcnnin~d !'"""' G ... -' -~, "S. j-

Rus~ian troops took cv~r the five northern provinces, /\

J.-i ti s.h forces

.. ~·· h::nt i:1ro the ::-<?uth_, .and the area around Tehran \vas n~utraliz~d. Follo:..;ing

"£_-n-,...;.;-...._ ~'\n1 ~. 11:.-s<!.d ~ ... ..t. ;{.(. thr:=e cays of futile und de,sul tor_y rt':sist.:in~e_, th'J\Shuh at>ciicatcd in fa·.~or

- .- ·- -1~.v~ of his young son, ~:o~a;n;-;1ad R~za Pahlavi; ~~Ira-n Has an occupied country . /\

··-·-un t i 1 1946.. i\b<H:!an -~!.-m_tinu~d. t~- P,ro~duce pct/~t cum pr~~ucts for "th~ A ll1es.,

·~;) · ... - ·-·- ·~- .. -... -- ... ··-- ~--- ~--.- -·-·~ ... -_,,_:. ... · ... , .. _. ·.~:.:·,- :. -.. , .... ·-· -. ·-·-· ··-·-· :.. - - .. '"'"""':.·;-:"_,;_ .· __ ,

out thci Soviets to_ok advantage of th~ situation ::tnd at~_e,.,pted to obtain an

oil c~ncessio~ in th~ north. In late 19~4, th~ Scvi~ts were~vis~d by ,

~a'l!d that. th~- cabinet had ruled out .the granting of further

. .. ,;

-- .:..~ ..

concessions until after the \·:hen pres sure was a?pii ed thro~~~-i\~e- -?'~;~·;,r-' .:\• :# ·--~-.~ ..... ~ .

lcf::~-.~in9 parties~ Sa'ed resigned, at \-lhic-h po.i,nt_ the H~jlis passed a bill .... .. • .. - - ~ .~· __ :_ -.... ~.- -. ·~:~·j:.~·

introd~cc:d by Dr._l.~ohariv.n.ad,/~6·s~~;~·-_/~'~bid¥i~~~- ·any dis-cu-ssion of_-or· signing . . - :·~

·-' ~~

s·:- ~.)~~ s .. ~n t~ t i V~s.

•. ~ i . ~ .. ··--:. -·-1 • ..'1... • '- t t' . • . •. t - -, ;. d t lC: cnur.~::. o",'" '"''~ .:.c::-•3 ~ nc_ p~s.st::>lJl to·,· r::·-1:-~1n; _.,.,,;:

.-... . ... ·,· ·-;·_ ~-. :---

in

: .. -........... .

: ;;. ~ i:-.

..... ··--·-- ....... --·---· .... _, ... ~~-...... --··-----.-.··--------·-----~-------........- ...... --.--·--· ···--·~~--........ -.... ~_ ... ____ .

··· -~ .--'1 Ji.':') .-_:,·-1-J · . .-. c·.-·-r···c·· t · • ····' I ; ··I ..J" "- , '•·t ... ~· - •• '··

' .. , .......... ··~

... i

1nstrvct~d

_r. VI the d sht.s of the people

. - .. in cvnncc t ion ;-.ri"th the s~uth:.:;n oil C·:>nc::ss1on h<!ld by

f:-.~::

the: 3ri tl sh oil

'·-'., ~ .... .. .... . ' •:r~o ~~!1.;1 d_l ~Lrtr.;..: ...... _ .... '\.. :>

the f\IUC.

\·filS only the st.:.rt. Irani~n %inistry of

Finaoce sent a d~~cgatiun to London to J'} ~Ct~SS the !r~~ian

staff, . . ex-.

distributjan facilities~ and tr-,-~ .n.roc pol icy of concen-

trating rcfini~g activities outside Ir~n. To

sccur~ in tl1c 1 es;a1i ty of its

was relatively unresponsive~

,. '

i. ! .. i ~ ,.

. 1 ' r L r r u

,,

r 11 r~ r n . . I f.

I i r ,. 1:

fh~.lo:!H of 22 October. 19lJ.] lllStructed thel\~o~<:r-n:~nt to_ open dis- .. - r ... . l

·cus!)i'ons with the ,'\IOC to. s.::cur~ th:: natiosj's ri~hts t~ its oil r~sources •. ____ -~---~-- t

These "d!~c.:ss!cns" start:d more tlian S yeMs of bargaining and d~bati.ig, • .. •\·:·:_:·! . .. . r

prop•:~ sal and ·counterproposal,. ch~r·g~ an<! countercharge, unti 1 they ~v.:mtually _: ,

r ~•ched t.he S<eu~i ty Co~rici ;··~ f tho Un i ted flat~ on s. lhe ! rani~~-·) ~d o:t·;;;ff6:: ·I in . .l.u:just 15'1~9 \·ttth c1 50-pagt: mcr,;orandu:n that list~d 25 points th.'lt \..:o::re :· i

to !;.~ discussed \-.'i th the _company in • 1 . ' • l r,~l' ~men t' n g fhe main

i tct::S

of • I • ..._ .. 'n...:

ln th~

on this list inct~ded 3ritish tax~tion of Iran's sh3re of oil profits,

c.,nc..:ssion {it had <llr:c;!dy b:cn prp.•1is~d those .. in Ic.3n), rcd•JCtiol1 ~ !·::,; ~- . A ·f ~·r'l\\'"'·''' ~ J ';'t' ~ -f',"~

m; .. ,!J-::r· of ·foreign ~-0p_1.~yccs 1 \\h,! 1-~~ of i:h.: conccss ion (by 1993, '·. . " ,

I • ~ . 1 •'

,. . : ,·.

··.:~;;.{+.!;;:;;:; ..... -~:;,~~~~~~-~:::-~·; ·-.J.:: ·•

. ·~~;·· .. ·

i I I

·--·-.. -·. -----····-. ··---------~-·------ .. ___ --- ----------------·

~ : ... ' ~ ..:·.: ... ,. .. : i -:· ; t ; ·. ' . -. ' • ~ ...... i .. • ... • ·'·I ~ . ·"' ·.:.. 1 ·.

fi t:d hi ~h~r 1 I e • 'I' e

<:!;•lj)tO~,;,::.::s i:S f"\1S ;:1,)\lt JCULS tn

.. ; 10

Gi=·::rest1cns us '"ell as a 50-50 split of· the net profits. On 5 Hay 19·'~9,.

this draft was basically the agr~oa~nt si~nad

by the ~ov~rnm~nt ~~d c~~p~ny on 17 July. --r. h~ royalty pay~ent \~S incr~as~d

from 4 to 6 shillin~s ih:r ton, ,;;nd lr-Jn i-1.35 to. get 20]~ of thi! distribut·~d

,.. -------profits (1'1ith a min);-;";<Jijl of-?:2.5 :i1l! li·:>n . iJ .:;nd gci1o:'!rat reserve, terms ·Ho: ,r,.. ....... , .. ic;;<{\ I!. I' e' "·hvn ~? - -· ,.,c- l. ~

Hdl short of the 50-50 sh,1dng Ir<)n \-,.::mtc-d ond ~~:,\cn.x·,r<'lil'ICO ·~

process of <1grc~ing to give Suudi Ar<1bia. Th~ agrc~H;;:nt Hus s..:nt to the

. ~ .. :: : .. - - ,'.' :.

15th :"ajlis formally H-!nt out of existence. Th~ oil agrec;n.:nt bill as H~ll

<1S th~ nc:H d6ction bill w<!re left over to the n<:xt 1\ajlis.

Et~ction/ f~~ the 16th 11ujl is b-=gao in 'the! fall of 1949 and. \.::•~ ··.;-. .: :_ ·. . · · _ N.;lt!oi\",_J ""h-o >1 t , .

fi;"•:tlly c:o;;~?lcted, in ~-larch 1950, with 0~. Hosad.::q ~nd his_~:··~_igh~f~_l~_towers·>· ·:_--. · ... -

Tehran •.. Ali Mansur .· {c~ s"t·~J..., . . -~- -.

ave~ to the 1 ~-•nan

bcca;:;~ Prl!;;;icr 1 and in J·.H;.:: ..... .•. ~

s~eci a l oi 1 c~;-.mi ss ion th.::. t

·.-: ._. ·. ·.;.,~.

··l .•

~ .. ,.. f l

I

l i

I , f ~ i ' I . t· ! ~

. I.

1-, i ' •

.. -.-.:...:.,.-~ •'-- - --·:--..:....._a:.·--····---------

.-. -.~::..

. ,)• ! ',··,'\..;·,···-'\•·j t I • t ... ' .. :.. :"l .. ' ~~ ::.;:·,-:_ .";;1.::1 J

.....

.. : : •j ;i •

: ,~, :-, ·- :_ .• : ; t~

t: -~ 1 v•

~ut it was too ta:c; '"~--· \,I··-

"it 0;);nin.:lt~d the Hajiis.

!!ational Fr·ont

The oi 1

that c~~r~=~ despite th~ report from

, ..I ' ' • ' 1 ~ ' c 'lO . • ' • v:ou au o;:: 11 a:.\ ~ , or up toJ"~{. fi11 t i ·i c:n

1,)SS.t.!S in fcrci9r: exch.:l;;g~ und ~Jr::-s~ig .. ~ \-;culd r·~sult~ and th;lt it \.·iould b~

. \•1l:n tlle H.:ljlis . .in mic!..,;.~arc~ un.:u1ii.icu.sdy_ acc~!pted th~ p&inciple of.,·:.~:.: ... · - .. "· .. - - • .. · .. . .• -.

natic;:.aliz.a:J:ion, the S~i'tish Foreign Office notifi.:-d the ?n:mier .that <1n ··· ... -. . . -

a-ct of nationali~ation ~..rculd not" l=gally tcn.1ir;.;t~ th;! oil co:::;;u.ny 1 s .., :. . . '

operations. Shortly t!1erc::after, strik>!s bra~.-~ out in the s0uthas a result .. , ':

of the co~?~ny's c~~ting ~ h~rdship atlo~.;anc.:: foi lr<:!nian workers 'in ccrt.iin"" ...

i-~arti .:;1 la'h' \·1.;s cJ~cL~red on 26 Haren, dnd in .•··:.

~~r~y ~pril riot~ng began in Abadan that did ·not ~nd until troops firad

and a S~il?r w~rc also killed.

... ,., -.... ~-"-····-:·.·· ., ..

·· .. ,., c.

·.-_.; -. ""'1'1"',-· ..... ···~~ .. ~ - ~· •• -

. . • :. •. ; ·-·~: -~-: ~ . .

;_··;· ...

.-·· ~.-: .......... ~: ;·· ~-. . -~-·- .:.: }• ...

. .. ;; ..... .

'

i i I.

i· l·

·::.·

:· .

-,., "-- ~ .. ~ r,;.. 2 · ·' • 1 1 • · "' I'" •'} ,.1.._1, \.. \,..; • '...~ '•· '\ 1 •Jt I

G

In 3 ddi ti en

T ,-1. • 't... he r-:>n1an \-'1C'.·I of t"'.!s~

The ~n1tcd St<ltl!s ~-"'!'came; seriously involved in these disc•Jssions for

··-- ·-··· . - .. -· . . both ·sid<!s to try .to find·an _agreeable Ct.....,np_ro;n1s~ solut_ion;· it noted that

. . . ·- - . ~· . . .. - - .. ' - . -- . -·

the Unit~d States r~cognized the sov~reign right of 1 r~n to control its ....

resources arid inc!ustrli!S but said that the t.-:chnicat ~~n.:>Hle·:!~e, cupita1 1

~ . and tr~n_sport: .:c~d rn.'lrK<!~ing facil-Ities \..:;!r¢ <;11 contr"~ll~d by tneAIOC.·

-. . It fi.:rth::r stated th<.~t u.s. oil C•::-:npilni~s had indicat~d that th~y- \-tould · .:··:--~-

not,- in .the f..icc: of unilateral Iranl'.:1n act.ion a~ainst the AJJC, be h·illing : .... ,::- ..

. ~--· .. __ ,· __ .. . . ' . . .. ··-. . . -:, :'\' ."> . ... ~.- .

to un~crtuke opcr.ltions in Iran 'or provid~ technid;.ns to Hork there._·· Th~ ··' -.....

note plc:as~d n~ith~r Iran r1or 3rita1n, ,-.hich \-:.:ts th:! obj~ct of U.S. p.r•!S5ur~

f i i f' I

L .. L I • .. . t; l t· J. f . h f-r ! t I. I_

I f I

G :: ·. ~ .·. c A • ... : .... :. :-: ~-- : q ~

. :J ; ...:. - .j ~- ") ~-

l .. -..... , J - I

oi 1 r ~:. .... · :_. :·: ._i .. ·5o the t,..,,~

• Y., ,t1'"". •

"- 1 (.l • s ~ -.-· •· -· .... - - t 1 .-. .... r··.J. ..... 1 ~' '-·--·~~~-·-·,.:.a '-"''"• I

:::-~--~ Jriti:.h, ~ ;:ar0~1·::5~rl :~-~t a

50-50. t~-h) points of vi~~.j

on ( - -.-~'-"''- ~"'·

a rcqt.H!S t for an in j<.mc t 1 on 1.:·::1 halt th·~ unti 1

had . ' "'. \. .... ·,.

not

status quo as of

1 !-lay l 951 ~ of tHo I r ;:H, 1 .1n s 7

of -:1:-.oth:.:r r~ io.J t i .:-n3 1 1 tv '

t 0 run the

industry.

;:at1o:-:al the A!OC be~~n to

refin;:ry ~;nd pr~p::1re for" cv:lcuation. ~xport

l ~1·.~ introduced in the: ·. :_ ..

I

~ I .

r _j t f : -~

. t -; i· .• • J. ·:.· f. f. .·.~

f : ! ( l i I . ,-

1 f f

J I f. , .. . it r. j·: i• r

~bs-:ld~q \~rote to Prc::si d.::n t T6.l:nan- .on · . .-: · - ' ., ·:. ": ~ .. > .

j . t··· I.

- f_-:. .• · ~"1-. . . ~ : ,·,

27 .Jun~, . :- }' """. j ... : -.. ' i

.,·.·- ::..· . ... -. run oil industry.

.· .. -_ ...... ·

• -!~<:1rdr:nn, to lr.Jn to ~'~1? \iork out .3 ~?liJti':ln. ~~~sadcG ·J:jL"c~d to ;;ccept

•• . ,J - .. - .. oj' . , ......... --··-·· ·- --. . . ·.·

;.,;: . >. . . ·!-.'•

:·: . '·

.; .. :~ ........... - -~~-------·--·-----·--------~-·----

-.~_...._... ____ .;..._..,.. ______________ .............. ___ ., __ G

•• ..1 •

t~c United St~t~s, ·-·t'·-r ,..y ••••.. ,·~· ~l, .. ··o'tl·;._ "~-l "-~il '"'·- ·1, .. ,...; :,r)t_·•r•·.·,-,,._,-'_ .• ._J •• , "-' ...,.,,.,,~\..;J.' \. - l,...,. '"""'- '-'''\..: Ll\~:..1 • ... !!\... ., 1 : .. 1 ,. ..,_ .,

~-';~ :-.::.:rl! ld 11-:d, ov..!f .200 lmu;·,c!~c- { t:1e l·Hnis_tcr of lntt:riof"'_,

rcsljn~d :is;) r~!:ult of th-: criticis;;"l he rec·:tvl!d ov-.::r the hor.diing of

th-~ c;:;ao:"!Strat.ion) •

cntc:r into furthar discussi0ns on how to f~ole~~nt the law. • • • llo I

• l:;~:·•)i CO)!Jinci: insi$t,-:nt on <ln i;.1iJrov.::r::-!:nt 1n co;od1tions 'in the: oil ;rca,

L ~ich~~d Stokes, lord?~ivy S_ea1, :• th,~ _hoad"of a :"i,g~~1eve1 dd~~~tion . r fo f-::hran. · Stokes' propo'sal /aft~r: preli_:.1_i __ nury ll}Ct:.t5ngs . .,Ji th .th~ ,\foe ,; .. · .. r·; -- - -r :: ·~; 0: n p::::::; n:•: r :::~ z: :~:: ~r:.::h ~: .:;:: ;::~::::: :: t ;::~c::::~ e t::: I "'ark·, t; og 0 f (n. oil OS • monopo 1 y. wi th p~of·; ts .;~ • .; 1 y .di ;, de d. : ~-·I r.n; :::":: ::_:_·;~_- ---::- .,. of caurs~, wruld not give up the. idea of natfo~at{z~tion and.s3id it

. ·.· ~"0uld discuss ~nly th·r~e-poi~t-~-::_;~ne_pul'.-~h.~s.:.of oil for 3dtisl~ n-~eds.,

. . .. . . . . .·. · ... -~ ~ .. -. :-. ·: .,: . . ~; - . . ..

·;;:·

A!~C clui.~s for Cn~;'\p::nsation, ond coi'lditi.jr.'s r~q:.~ir.!d for continued

•.

i I

be rl?p<:>intcd, to ~ct.uncl.:r dirc:-cticn of _the tHOC •.. ,i:'hc: I•·an~.ans _l.;ould not

:, ;..-::,. --- :- · __ t:1i~re;;,~·::~;~~--- 1. _o· -- · ......... ~. ... "> ...

. ,. . '·· .. ... . . ·. :--:, · ... · .. ··•

_ ...... ,. ,.· . -~- . -. ) ~-~-.~-- .. ~: ~ ~ :--~~ ~-.. ~/ : ·.·

. . .•. ·· .... .. .-·.~.

··.~ ,·, ~

·1 1

1 l ! 1 '

"-- ~·-·--- --·----------~ ....... --.-· ·--· ~-- ____ ...... ____ .... --·--·- --- --··

6 .. r- f

; ~ ·~· :'~ l i I"\ !, :.~ -; {~ ::. t I r ~ l ·, - . ..- .·.1> t"'\ •

i ·151 .· .. - r .. :t:.:r;·,.-:-d to l,:.,n~\_;.~-\ :.;:1 23 r ... ~!~..,,_:st ..

- 'l t,' • S. "' ... ,~ ... c::. •· .. , ~ ·· r ... /""\ ...... ~ .. -.,_ ..,; ........

t c:. )1 if:n.::.::r~ ... =~,

_-,,-.d· c,,_ .•.. ,r-1· ..,1-·as-- ··ct·· f ••I. ~ "'''-' .... .. - 1-'·- '" 0 the intcr~atiun~l o i 1 11"1-Ju s try • Iran told th~ ·

tn th~ G~a~t1rne 1 the Oriti~1 govQrn~~nt asked that th~ c~sc ~e

pe<.1ce, and en l Oc ~ot .. :::r: tl-.>;: Counci 1 <~yr•~ed to put the q._1.e:stio:t of )nt-!r-

v~nti en on

from 15 to 19 OctoL~r, ,1nd fin-Ally dc:ci~-.:d to adjour:1 the c;u.:st'ion until

after th::: JCJ had ru1:!d on its o\·i!'\ juris.~i..:tion. In th~ 'Sritisn 91'!n<!r_al_'_· _ • .,. . •.·. - ......... : ...,

in CC?-P'-:-'ons .. Zd:!n c!.:cl ared th~r~ !-•~re .ti1ree .element~ ... .. , that ~...r:wld ~e .invotv~d in a s.ltlsfactory solution to the probt..!..-a~:;first, ,_:

.. . .. . ..' .

s~cond, th~ be:ncfi ts must be shar~:d b.:to,·::~n lran \l-:"'c! the c!;.:elope::rs-oft~~~:-~·-. . . ·.· ..

. . .

. : ,:¥~·. G:~;;P!, .. · . .. :

. : :

•.

--. -:~r-- . 0 --~~·.- ~- •. ----.- . - ----_TJ~~(_ ... ·' ;:r, .~~--- '

. .. ·--:-~--~j"'l:····:.:·· ~ . ":'""': ~ ...... -.·. ·.·

. _·.· ·. ·_,.

I'·,

~·

t " ~: .. ~ t

[ l f ~

f -I

I i I

i

-- ------------~----··- ______ ...,......__. ____________ .......v •• ------~---· .... .-...-. ............ .-....---...._. ___ _

G 'o I j: '1 •, ,•". ~ r . J :, ~ ·~ ~! .J ! ; r 1 :, -:: ~ -:-. ~ ~ .· 1 I - ·, : ;· ~ .. -. t :: ·. I!:· t·

. . '} 1 ,' • ' • ; I 0 -~ ~ •, - :·.:...: i

. - - '' - ... - -- .. ... ..... ~. ~ •. - :. · ... -. r -.. '.· ·.i ; -~ •• • _, •. ·~· :.· ....... . ; · '.~ ... ~· ,;,. .J ~ ; :_. l ' 0 ,.; • I

. ~~

'--"'

-=---.~~:; .. :":r;ur:"'tt t":J t~·,c' rat·i f1t.::::~tion of t:·il s d,:-:l;lr·-7:.~1-:>n." rh~ l~:::·:il i-·~!r-.ts ~~--~~~

dt iSS.\.J:: ~-;.:~r~ \J:H~th.;r th-~ di5;.~iJt~ r~i~;t~~d to d tr':~~t') .. or conv::..·nti::.•n .:z..-:d 3

if so, :-.·3s 1 t a tr.::ut)· or convcn ti on cov::(l!d by th.:: c'.::cl ::tr<; ti o:1t i>,e

it their ch~ncc to have the Security Cot.:nc 1 1 -~-- ... ,,;;. ~;:) th~ir rcsolut~on.

' );-:v·~lv:::d t"'·~it<:d n~ .. 1rly 8. n::.-~,tl1s forth:! lCJ ru11n:; 1 0~hr:r co~1t:~rot!lise

fin.:..nc~, <:s trustl!:c, the production .:~nd rcfi'n1ng of Ir;;.nrs oil c:nd th.:n

v.<ould he c::n;>lcyed, b~t I run \·Jould not agr<!e to .:i th:::r the t~chnicians or ·. . . .

the dil>count .. I:JRD tri~d ;)~,·dn, proposing'il nt!utr~l f:t:)ar·d~f r...:.na~c-· . . . ~.

.. ~c.·i\ t b.:snk \"i~ich \.;ould ilfr-•n~¢ at.ulk <!x:.:ort.contract . ···

pdc:~ of the oil, til.! n.::]atL;lti.:.:;n~ ul ti.:1.1t~ly brr.>k:!d':l'"r1• Th-= IC~Il

. ! ~{ .... --:- -!''- .

. ·-·---~~·:~---~·-

.~ ~:f::~~ -~~i~~:i?J~~ ... ...

... ·• :: ... ., !"': ~7. •

: .. .:~ ... < -:;;..: .

· .. oo;_•·..-:;·;·.-·: : • • - .••

--- ' ... ·

r ~ . i i. j· i. t .• t t ._ ·-· i ( :-.: t' ~ :: I' , ... l i i: ! ! I. t -~ I, l: I I

t : I - . i

. i ! -I f• • l i i

! I

! ;

I i I ! !.

'

···--~~-........ -~- .. ...;._,___:.. ____ _

J. ""- •• :; . ..; .. ·.· . . '/ ·-· r·~:

:'":' ..

• t 1 r ...... • .. .. • ... .. ..... , c . _ ... _ t t ..,. "-'") ~ ~ 1.:1 \.· .._ '·l ~, :1 •. -: J ., ... 1 , .I ...

~

··~ ~- . -

·. ~ : :!

. - ' : -.. ,._ ' ... -'

st-::::c-il}'•. Ir~n .:ltt-:.:1pt~d to s:::ll til.! oil st::.•rcd in the t.::mk.s at Ab-:2::!.:m

had orrl:rcd all ~riti~h consul~tcs cioscd; he fo1!o~~d t~~t by closing all

•

sto?p-:=d b;l ;::~c c.:ssation of •:>il pror~uction 1n 1951. \/he:n the Dritish in

. :. ~ ... - '~

-"rh:: .pn::;'li t.!r in·- t'-1.::. ;r.:!antim~ hud scored internal poll tical. _victod_~s- -' ·· ~--

- . ... . . : - .• ... ·•: -

of his

cd tical

by both ruceh

he asked for six . . -~: . ·;: .

to de a 1 \'lith th·e:, · ·.

situ••tion. \-!"n~n th~ Shc.h refused,

i>ppoi n ted in his

Uf"'d t!l~ !~i:t:iona) Front.

the I"CSUJ t W.;JS four

tl: c )I\. ..

Q..:1va'n res i ~n~d ;s;1d A ~

;····. ·'·

da·j's ·of d otlng

on 23 July

.·.··

bi!c;.s;;;e.yrc:,nier; his p·jlitical c.lly ~~do:-.:: of~f;:hran's bes't·:_ .<.' . - . . .·:.,..

·- ·--·-.- !'""-;·· ~-.::· .. ·---····-- .. - ... ~,-::---· ·:--- .. :.:_.-._: .<~·-··-:· ·.:

. .-:· .•r

__ ,_ . ._:-~ •.. :.'-.....__ -· ~-.:::::..-_-..:.__ .. _.

--·---~~'"'"--- -------------.. ----....._..---... ... ··-·--·--.· ··---G ·- ·-W·-- . -~· .. ---- ---·-·

. ~~3 ~t.1y l :.::~J t() f"r- ... "&5 i dent [~ i S.:!:·.l·\0\'if:= r"'

C(.,.,nc 1 ud.~d: ·, ~

I fully t:nd>~rst-1nd that· the Gov-::rnn::nt of lean :;~:..~.st c!<!t<::n;t1ne fCI! it:::df \·,h1ch f0red911 :-.nd ,;:),:~;st'ic pol1c;h•s. ;!!·e likr.1;• to~}~ r"Qst .1cv,:;r,t..:g::.oos to Ir.un .-ind the lr.l~i.-..n p.:!opl~. In w!-\;lt I hc1"e \1rittc:n1 I .1.'!1 not t;')'ing to '(dv)sc the ! r.:.ni c:;n r.ov<:r!'1:il.::nt O;'l its b:!St ·int,.:rests. r ~:n ;:1::r~ly trying to cxpL1in \i:"'ly, in th•.! c1rCUio1$t.lnc.~s, th·~ Gov-::IO;:'l.::nt of th<: ::n; t;:d St;1tcs is not ,?ro::sently in a po::.i tL.>n to cxt.:-nG ;-;,,.)(;;: .:dd to Ir.::.n or t·o puicb~s:! Irani ·Jn oi 1.

In C:i!:-1! !ran shou1d'so 0;:-s1n:, th~ U;,ftcd St,;~::.•:s !';o·.;c·l"'n•::·.;at ~op.:s t-;:~ bc'abJc to c~ntinue' to e>:t.:::1d t~chn'ic:.l .::s.sista0·::: c.:-1d i;.11it~ry • ..1 t • I bt h • t • • :i1'"' Oi1 C. ;;~SlS C(Y:'l=-·1fa C to t .. .-Jt ~:pv¢n Oui"IP9 t1H! p;.;st 'J'::-J.(.

I not~ th·.! c·:,nc.:::rn r"ct=l.-:-ct,::d "in ycur l(!tto::r i.lt tht: present dan9:rous situ3t·L~n· )n Ibm ;·:nd Slo""~C.:::n::Ty hoj)~ th<.~t l:-.-.!forc it is too lat.!. the: Govcr•·,:;·E~·•t of lr,<n \·1ill t.lke such st~.:ps :;s :::re::.in its po·.:.::r to jli"CVent

a furtit.=r •.~:!tt.!'dor~•tir..;.n of thz.t situ<1tion •

.. the oil in~ustr_y_.~ms n ... t"i_9n~liz•'!.d, b~Jt"j,t,s __ opqr~t1_on.s '-.l..!rc circct.::d by ·a

.,.. ·.--..- ..

work':!'cl ou·t by u s.::ri.:s of conferences, but 1-icr~~rl: !ioov::r Jr., as sp~da.l ,

~ . . .

oil c.:<!·-1is~r to the Sccr•!t.;ry of St.:.t:,_~3d an it;1port.:0nt rt:>T!: inconvinc~ng . .:; . . ...... ~ .... ~~- ...

t!-1: T,-,-,;d .::-ts of th~ Hisd::m of d~al ing \·il th a "co!"sortium. 11

. . . \ ~·. . .. agr.:e·il~nt in ."ugust· 1951,, i3rlt<iin ;:;nd Ir~,ci r-=s:.::n~d ~iiplc!•h•tic rcliltions~'

:~_t! ·"-.: t~~ t.~~~ .. , i~'.J I' . ~.' :•

..... ·

i t I

i t 1.

-------·-····· ... ......__--......... __ ._,_~··----~-................ -.....--~, .... _... ______ .,..._ __

--·

~o !ricon ;~:~~y, Ltd.,

- rlr! ~ - .••• ~. -~ ~.0 .... , ,n• ... F-,=-·•·'~ . ....

..

.::n

'-- ··::!

,.

:' : ( .,-! ',' .·::0

~ ..... ::-~ cc:t~~.Jris~C: of r~in.~ ':.\~:~ttll

EJst oil cdsis -of late 1973 ·· ... -- - -:-:·;:;_.

-Ir•m is currently v;:ry conc~rn.-~d "~·:>ut its estit;1_~-tj:~.-?.!s<!ry~:~~-,~-

95% of its forciyn exchange

·• • .-n i. n t!S .-,r,tJ' ""a.· .. ~ o c. 1" ·:-s r ' t -y· ~ - n _ • ~u~~e ary r~venucs.

. . _·,- .. '

_ ... __ .:..._

. .. ~

· .. · ...

. -

.. _ .... '· - •. ~- '1.

:·-.7-:- . ·. -~ . • ..... ..... :-::~:,~:ic:,~ . -

\ ';_:.;,~~7.'_

f;_-J'"'.:

.',-

......... ___ ..::;-.:_. . ....... ....., ____ ·~··· -·. --~.._ _ _.._ ____ _ c;---·~- '---·-··..o:······-..........-...--·--~---- .......

.. . .. . . t.·.

C :~; t t ~ .11,. ~ i ~ h -~ r· d. t ( ,·~ t i :.~, ~! 1 -, ~:. ··=·L .. : : ~ ?i .t t 5 !:,.~~ r :;!', P : •• ; ·--~;-~-It

---;> ;.-..rt1 1 .-\1-ln '.J. Tl1,-: .-~,.,•1c-Ir .. :·d: .. n Oil C{~p·Jtc of 1~'5l-i952 • . -··----.---- "'--- --·-··.- ---- "•··- ···- -.---- - .• --- --· ··- ---- - --·--

of Califl)rnia ii'r:~ssj Bc-:rkcl::)' o~1d Los ~~ng;:lcs; 1:;51~

Gri ti sh I:n~.::d .;.! ism. ---·-----~---·-·--

. ' I ;brlo'-.:~, John. Ir.:.~--A S'l?rt .Potiticul ~u)c;!. ' ., ., ·'· "'.-..r-.- --··--·-·---------------

fh~ C res. s.e t

r P::·-~ lOt ... ; __ • ..,._.,;).

l \..o::L.:~_ll:S~~ton, La.ir~.;ncc ?. P~r-;i::m !jil--.0. -~~~j_;c.i_'.!. Pm:~!: ?otit'lcs. , L.:-11-.t\c._ ;,nd \l~s!,.::;rt Ltd.;-Londo-n; 1955.

L._t.~~~-~c2·::>·~,.:;k;, Scor3e. Oil c::.nd St-Bte in th= i·\i J-:jl-~ E:~st. u~ iv-=r sit y .?r-= s s; r"~ivl-~--:3;;-:L Y;; 1 :::;6-o .----·--·--·---------

·· .. · ... ~ :, .

.. ,

..

- ... ··· ..

•

. ·.,

' ..... •.·.·

-'. ~-. • .

···: :····: . ' ....... : .•· .

~- ·:.. I; ,

' ·. ~ . ~ ··:·. ~ :: ;.· ...

.......

- ~.

...:: ..... ~ · ... .:. ·~··>~\; ..

.. ~ -~ .,.\.· ... · ... ·-· .. ;~~~

··. :i·· .... ,·

. J~-16 ::- '.·· .

. ;.:; ··:...

. ~- -~ ~ :~_;_~,:~·:· .. _:., '.;.,-:-·· ....

· .. ···•·· •':.··,.

'•·"~' . ~-·.

'.

.... •; ...

Corn.:: ll

- . ·~:..,. ';....

f • I i t .. I

I l

i t • l 1 t

L

·_;

1-• f l '

r

' i f I

J .. .. -. - ...

:--·... l

... ··.

l t ' ~ ! i -r

', ........ .. ; ;.. . .:· ·•·, f.

..... ·.~_--::~." .. : .. . :: .. . ·. ·. .. .

< ••

;: :·~. ·, ~.;,

.:.

-:.__~--~-;~----

• n ,- C'"•nces s-1. o , ;\PO~ ~

-,cession~

;,?oC co.- --~ .. si•::-n, Ci"Ji'h .. -=~ r - -. s or t i um -f .... hr ,

19i.>l i 933_

:-·~·~·· .. · · ..... ,;'-.. · '

.~ ;· · ... _

- __ .. - -- -_ ~-·~ -t ·i-

.. ~-t-4ti-"T

--'-"'--c---- .. ----

---- · . ....- ... .-........_

• ~-

' ~ .

·-· ... ·. ·--

• :·· ·. ,1·.

-;

··•. ~·. . .

-'----'-·-- ------ -------... -... ·--........ ....._..._..._. _____ .. __ _.........,._'-"'_ ·-··-..... -.. -~ ............. ___ . ._ .

G

r:·.-: b.-.r .. ~ L\.~.n::; o; .. t.!i:: t ~ r~ ;;~- - ·;: :··:::n h·!·,o ·.·:,JS ?rc- . .-::\.:r =::f 1:-:::-t fcv~n

23~IIi,:~--:;~'::;'i:·~:r;·_:~ii~~:~~~·l:·: .. ::,B~1g}!.t~;:~-;~~~~ :,!, ""·~·~:-:,~~··:~:? i1~1 {ll71 or 1379 ~rc

~-~:.-~ pr·c~d!Jl y i'lore accur.;te c.!.J.t:s, but J'}ll

gh-,;n ,1s his official b1rt!l y.::,~_r b,~c-Jusz of th;! r~s.trictifJIS on 1:.~1~ a:g..! • .. : -- - . l . _, • ) • ...,.. • . t. • • \f . ' - t 1 • c.r ;-!aJ 1$ "'::ptJt-;-:::s 1n ••-:nr3~ 1 al>S m-;,_tnc_Q_Jc~ng a m.:.;-;:..;•-:::r or tnc ru 11'19

- -In 1904, for~cd inio ~x~~~ b~c3us~ of ~is role in the Constitutional

ar;~ n~uch:1t~t, c.:.rning his LL.D. fro;n th~ l-<:st institut'icn in 1314.

~-.::turnin:J to _Iran, he: \·l•ls .:1cct~d to th= i-!;;jiis in 1915, s~•·ving on. its

-; . , .. ,._ ._- .

~ftcr only a f~\~montl1s in offic= b~c~use h: w~s prcv~nt~d fro~ c~rrying_

OIJt 't:: • rc. orrns 1 n th= notoriously padd=d p~yroll

of fars Province: in 1921 1 but his critids;!l of R~!::a Shah led to a•·rt!st • .. ·' • .J· •• ..

in 1930 .:1nd cii l_e to- th~ vi 1 l."lg~s. H~ tHS :"gain ~rr,~_s ted in -1941 but \•:a~- ·=" _

·~·

r~lc<Js-~d- in -th-: g~n~ral p~l-i tic.al .1::1nesty after R~za ~ah' s .1bdication ..

~ro:..•p .. ___ · • -·."?·:,

-tns .;t t.::•= .·~;)jl is' r:!q•J::st.. Fn>.'1 _then unti 1 his r~'''o~·.ll fro;:1 of fie•: in

. -

1 J53, !t~· .'=o.,nc~i\ta>:. t.:~l~:rG\-~:~~s. on _,::~~~-o.?_r~-.': ~in:] ~h~ _. 3ri t_i-s!l-c~-.n=d ...... :::. : .. _ -< ~~m1 .. ;:f£ifft~ .. ~,;~,: -~:···'·;-· ·---~

·:·--:~-;.}::~-=:.~, ·~:~::->:;~~.~~~-~~.:T· ·_-., ~ .c ·,T-·-.~,.7 .. -, .. ,. , .. -~-:. - --- ~~·:-:::~·~;~ ·---• .. :: "• . • : I '• . : • • ' • • ,· I ~ :. .: '•, •, ' . o • . • •. •• •

-~ . -. . ; :::_ ~-· ·.

... ...-;:.... ....... ----M.-.. _.:.:::~· ---·-

·~ f ·~.·

-,. . . .......... . · ........ ( ' ·- \, .

·-:: :· 5 1 ~·,

·:--· .. 1,

'

~ : ; .. : : :. n t

-.·; •.--: -~

succu.-::~).:od to in t.::s·ndl b1~~·~1"g dftcr t~·.:o op.::r.atJ~~ns in T:!!1rnn. oft·.:n bi'zarre

ev;!'n

his .'l?f.l"'·~nt pi1ysic~l dcUlity ;}dcli.!d to the drc1:n-l of his p;:rsor.ality, ~...:e.~

1'1... '1" ' . !-f t: • ,. ~-i,llO.:n 111 1-:>tJD lC !>j)t~cc.:,:-s \•:.:~s cilp3o,c 01 z;,ov1ng <11S. <>(l;:>on-::::nt~.-

. - 1\ . '·.

nation~l ~spir~ticns ~nd ~~otf6ns: Oy att~mpti~g to d:~l with a hc~tcd

, , ·. t~e :3.-itish •.<J::r-c un.:.ble to ;~chf.::·v:: .1nything in the oil dis;iutc btit-lo

J tt J • (' • • .1 t • I h 0 1 -.Jiiu i;.:: {..::s• r\! .or lnc..~:r>.:rtv~nc<: o i<.\':·~i) • ti:lS;:: t in p~w~r an~ to defy

n.j. tiona:

·:'·'·:

~-·

J. ,, .. . . - \:

f:

. - ". ..-. .;, .. . ;.·" .·· ...

... ~ ..

.

.. .~. ... ·. ' i .... • ':. . ... :... .. :

... -· ..... :;.-;..~: :;: - '

. ··::-r/~~ .. ·- t)

. , :~,~:-._~~;]r~r:~-'. ~ : ... . ... ·.: ......

•!.' •. '.

-·---.-:.__ ... -···--- ---- ... . .. ·-·-··-----"->L- ..... -.. ---.-. .....&, _______ , ________ , _________ .- -

6 ' .-•.: .. ...__ ............... ~- ...... _ .. _ _.,...._, ...-·-.·-· --·

: I I -~•

<;--.I .. ~ 1'·•-Lt( - .-. ..._ ·-, , , ·II •.: I

' i~i ahi, n.~ )1dd

. .. . ~ ,. ·"' ;, I

·,

~ .• ~-· ..

• i t_ ',' .J.:;) ~ ;• I

l Of"•9

st~:;-~ for th.: offi:.:.::r cor;s to tl.!rn .-;:_;.-.}nst

;

of Cf'fl5d !.)CC--in IO.!Oi'pul~t-lng Turi~h~ :lt the risk of "it g•:tting out of cont"rol :~s 1 t did in the str~l!ts of Tc!hr~n on 13 i\:.:;ustJ w<!rc the

. • --- ··-·.·--·-.

s:::eds· ·of his own· .I!V\!i1 tua.1· .Jo·.-mfall.

·,,·· .

. --:;::n to~~;lrd dis~ster-. ,;\t ;:.ny tim::· in 1951 or 1932 he C·Juld h-2ve had the ;,:'· ;'· ._.::/' , ......... ·.. .. ·.

··.'

industry ~ff~ciently run by for~ign ~~perts to Ir.;n the: r\!v.:nue

·.·n.~.t r·t·,.. ... -,·~c.•d th ....... ~h,.~t--.'s L•,,l't ... , ... \·-"•'"'lutl"on·- ..,_ .-•-.-.s.• .. 0 ~-.. nh,A on .. 0:."1 1• • - .., - • • - - r_, - _ ••;;:: -"~ '• ;.. ~···''"'I'-' ~ ~u

victory over ~ri t..dn, ·the ~lnit~J $t;.•t~s, :::nd th:! int:.:r~..;ticn.:~t oil

'· -•1,'

·. ·.'• - ·. ~ ...

~· ..

·, . •. ~- :·.: :Jo,. . --~·=-:.-.::·. '· .;t;.;"''t ~- •• . . .. .-.. -~.;. .

\ : • I I I I j

! I

{ ' I )

1 i I l

( . 1

l i i !

,. '

~ ......

. ~ .

.,

··-· ·--~~--::-:r::·~---, . .. -.,~ ... 7·-~ ·•.·. ·.~·:·· · _,. ______ .. _:~---~r~~i .:~. --· : .. --~~a-:·"~:~~·~~~0·~·.-r· , .. ,.'<'_-,:· .• ·. • ;.· -' . ' .

. .. ·,;· .' :..•!- .. - ?~ ":~~~~;-... ·.•. '•· ., · . • .,..:!.·:-.;" .• •t- : .•• ~. • • r: .· .. . - •

'· . • --··~· .. ~·--At.· ...... _. • ..::__._,:..--.:....__. ----..... - ... --.. --------·-·-------------............ ·-----------~--··---"----·~ .......... , __ _

. ·. -' : .. .. . . - ·, ~ . ·: -

.•. J :. ; , ·::: ~-::: ··~ ~ · .. · ·J r

.. 1 •• " t ., ·· · r !- ., r . \.' , ... ~ ; e. <f"l ,_

given

In 1948,

. ' . d.,·., . Gcrm.:my, s::>n·~ of 1 t oy U.s ... _P..rmy doctors, he ·,·1a.s ret1 re ln .~ay 19-;9 •..

The Shan made h1m hi!; honorary adjut<mt, and in tlovr~mber- 191~9 ap?ointed

him Cirect~r General of the Tehr~n Police .. 1951 Zahedi beca~

Minister of Interior in the Ala cabinet and was retnin~d in that post

. by Hosac!eq "''hen he bt:c-::•ne Premier. Be resi gnc:d in August 1951 1 follo\~ing

* Tho;-re \..:z,s a C,..d,sack Gd9ade in the t'e:rsia;n ;\nr.y !.olety because r:asr-ed-Oin Sh•~h visit·.!d R;..:ssia .. in 1873 and \•t.:JS provided with a Cossack · •!scort by t~;~ C::.u-: Th~ Shah \..:~s so imprr!:>~.::d by the Ccss<lcks that he <~~~:edt:~,:! C.·.··r t·":: -: .. :-;-;d him Kussi-3n off1cers to or~,'<:tL::e $-s_,ch a·un1t 1n h1'r. c ·n ...... ,, ft.., .. ~.: .... -A""" re!--__ -1:,i~0t.JJ ~'J~S, ... 3:1 ~:~n~ar· ·~ffi~ .. --........ s df'.d ."'u·.·•c ....... ~,~.s I, ;). ~:! ..-; ••; J • I,._ ._•' I :.; :': ..... ~.,... - _ _ '..- ,;; I ,J

until l~!/.i') 1 .:.:"t! i!S lc:-tg as it t·•z::s 'in ~~::dst<;;;ce, it -..:.1st:;~ b::~st tr<:>in~J

and o.cst pr:.~f·::··!~l(..)i>.:!T unit in tile ar:-:-,y

1:

0 _·,

~ J · .. i

. !

' --~..:-~~~":::?~ :. :.-_~ .. ·~--~~~ ... ----~--~-------. _____ ......__ ___ __

G -------···----·--.......-- -·· -----· _ ...... _~,..-----.--..-~-:::------

· .. :.·~ ::·;-·.·.~. \ ··•\. :;1 ~.'·:~·.( .. . ... -~;

t>:::-tt :: .... -:t;y ,:i .·:~cl -~"d !;::;}..Jr t··ds '· ..

~ricf1y ~rrcst~d in febcu~ry 1953.

. ~­.:; (,. . '

.he r:arr~i:~d a 3S J,"!grce in 1950. Sec<wse of his training and language

tlie coup, he .:Jct;:;d as_ the comm:.:nicati!)nS_ ch;:.:mel to his f<:~th•!r and

perf6rm~d v~ry w~ll un~~r diffiiult circumstanc~s. He ~as married

re.narrfed sine~ his di v or·cc.. He has c~t•:dned the Shah's f-;l-...-.>1 and,

in f<'ct, )ntrtld .. ,ced the Shah to Farah in !~ay 1959J the girl _\'iho later···'

beca;n-~ Que•~n and :n-':)~ther of the Shah's sons. .;f"deshir ;,:.::.s the lr~nian

Arnbassc.cbr. to the Un itcd S til tes in 1960-62 ai'"!d r·~tur:;ed .:gain in April . , 1973 to the p~st • In the interim, he was ~:~b~ssador to the United

Kingdom, 1)62-67, and Hinister of Foreign Affdirs, 1967-]1. ·

Sc:-,;;ol, .·,nd the:: G.::r:ncin Staff Co1t~s;e. He fought in t!-:t! !.u.-lstan <:nd

f"ars trib.:ll aad o·li!~·~:·i~)_ts -~,3_: .. :rJ the l\1\f<:s frco'l i\u9ust ······.:...~ • ~.z.- ..... _

3_5 ..•

...

-· .· ,.

-... -~-

··- ...... - --';"'·----------:--...... - ... -.-- ...... -·------- ... ·-···----·-----·.....-..-.:.•-.·;"1.':"' ..... !::;~

i

L ! .

i ~ . ~ i

i ! ; ' i. I I I

·-; ;

-····-·-<-=-·---"'----···-···--- ·---~----- ----~---(6 . ..,, ________ _.. ... __ ._.,. -- .......... -- .... -- __ .. _ ·-·---- ........ ~----- ~ - .............. -.....-.... ---·-· -· .

. ,.,, ,.... ; :! ! j- ~ -~ • :.;.\i ·. - .,

~ ~ .. c.:!) . - ...... -:,··d ·-:: ': :-~ -... . ~ ,. •' ' ..

of • l .,. .... - . ;

.. :.-.. Ci>::-[-,,,,s ...... i::h G,:f"i~,~-~~-1 i:0.::!-!/~t, r.:;-d.,!f cf the!""'~"' Supr~:J71C Staff,

Pe:rnanent T ~ • -rr.~nl;'ln

·.

to

fc.

the cc:no t-\11 i tc.ry Co;-:1;-:•ittee bt;:fore

. -~ ......

. · ...

. -.------- ------··~

·. __ ;._,,....:_.._.~-a-.- ---"'----··:._ __ : ____ --. ------···------

..,. ; • ..

. . '. . .:! :.1\11 C ·.,. l ·, ."') :""l 1 ! r :":ii ~·r

G,- it ish, .z.n:J

G \ ..• , • t '~I I

-·- ._ -~..=::,

iO years of ~)is r.:!1:;n in 6·Jnf11~t · . .,;ith the tr·<:H.~'itional j>:-Jlitical po>"·~i

structure b~nt on regaini~g the influ~nce it had lest to Re~a Sh~h~ The

c. I, -;~r.',e_ "' .-. '-' l.. .... ~t ... ''"' t, l - ,..., _ t ! ,_! ·-...., 1 '! ,: ~-- - - a t • "'t I'- "" 1t t ... f I .;.. &-"""' ' I '- I '\,.. '- • • • I '- ..

'-'-= 1 ,· • - r· y ~ -'t... • -- 1 '"'I"' r- ~- 't...,..- r~ : i' - ,.,, .. :J ·-· lf.J.t,.) '\,.J' ' ...: i •• (,~ •

of Egypt, sis~er of ~ing Faruq, and a daughter, Shanaz,w~s the only child

of this marriage. Divorcing Fawzia, h~ married Sorya Esf~ndfari, a half-

., ..

was childless and the throne 11ced~d an heir. After the inevitable divorce, . .. -.

he married Farah Di~a in 1959, and Crown Prince Reza was born ~n 1960. ·

follcwed by·two c.nu;;hters and ?rinc~ Ali Reza, securing the succession

·. of the Pahlavi line. .. ! .-· __ .. !. :-!-~-~ .·

) ... :, .·' : ··'·'. :,_ ·.:

- ';cd tic i zed the yot~n~ Shah as susp1 d ous

.:•nd indecisiw:: to the point of per;nanent instability, oth~~rs saw his·

str.::ngbs. f..n OSS r-e-port in 191~3 said:

. ~~;,~.:;·.~;:"c•d Sh.~h l S <l r;Eli'l of ,:;,_.,.;h S t (~;:~:j::f" pur r'-0S"! · t:;;,n iS

!:;"'•·~r.,ny n:-"1L:~d. H~ st.:l:'•-!s ;~.1;:·,,-.st :d . .Jne, (Jistr·•Jsts n·.cst ~d-.is;:r-s, is h0ncst in his .::ffc,rts to ~·~cur.:! a d.-:.:1-~cratic .f.)rm of s;,v.::r.-m•.:nt for Iran. He is not c=>sily inftu.::p;;;;..::.::f Zil_d cannot

... ·--] .. _____ ,_J

- l~ ......

• ;. :"t··-

· ..•.. ·

'.

, .

'-._ ----- ·---·· -·--·-·--------- ------·-c;-- • __ ,._,...ill .. ____ .........__._ __ ~ ... -·-··

,__ ·--o.--ti!O.---.... ~- ..... -.,.., ........ ______ _

r: ·:ted:

.. . l .. (

I' ..... . . ; ~~ •

' . . ~ ' . ' . . - . ' • . i ·, ~ ..... : .... :1 :

. -;-, ,:; t i ·: . -. ' l · .. _ •. ··" -; -, ·: i ~ ·. ~.: ·: ·.' . ~:.1 ;·,, ..... $ t h1 $ :.~:.\! 'l

. ~ . .. j · .. • ".· '

·- ¢" •. •I · .. ~ -'· .. : . - :·· '· :, .

{!- -':; -: . .,,-~·-,r·t;:nt ........ --~"; .- .. ~ ... "'1-"r ~'-~.~ $:-.·.~ ;n t..-~c~ vc.ars of .. : ... I '. I ... .. .. . - .. -- ... ' .;;:: • I .. - '- : • - • ' • ' - ... ~

~oltt\,;.-Jl ~ ... \1...-~:-1!"'9,:--~.-~ :;.:.-,:r t·.Jrn::c t1a;:!1 .. ,st t:"'e 1ntellectua.l int·~~r'-=-·sts 1 ~-ports, ar.d hob~1i:S \.· .. ·;,_ich h~ 1-::-.~rr..cd fr·~:n European !"·CJrct;s. His mind r.::r.:~'in.s .1lert .;..nd h1s pcincip1es,. although

t- t L t d . • • • • • .. - t. • • lt.. • () en :~~ -r;;ye , rct<i1n great s1::n tan ~Y to L.nr1st1an <:: ,,1cs ~nd ~hilcsD~~y. f~~ tragady in the conflict of this h~althy i nt~i l.e·ct a;~it15t ~he "vi<;iot.:s Pers'i..:-:n SLen~ Cdrries so;i'e tri~~ph since t~e s~2h, so far, has not beccwe corrupted.

r\, .. ,,.. S 1.·•,.::;h ~.~,,-_~.. l~;~ ~--'-l!_-.c··-··_:.:.:cr.,-, .• 1 - ...... + lrlL)..., ·--..., ,.... ... --1.1-.,-·-an"'a•- ... 0 - ..... q ... _ ":"';. ·r~ -~ ~-·~ _ '~ ... C•Jl-' 0• ).)' a:;, u. i'~l.~~.J.o..: o, 1n, c .~ ~

I'

• • I ~·,1s oft·:::n i.1n~~r~.:~d by th,·.! Sh"';j1 s v·ticillation ·~~\1~'1 lcick of G~cisi .. .,~:ness~

~onf1derice by the popula: support h:! ~~~\1' dudng the coup~ he pressed,,_

ah~ad to coosolidate his pcwer, ~areful1y controlling political activity,

1..-:"'ich he has ;aid can be p.::-n;ritted to f~nct1on-_Cfi:ely ~n!yaft.:r ec.:-nomic

and social devel0p~ent have ta~ght tke peopl~ to act rosponsibly! His

authoritari~nism and da~ermination, the reforms nnd developmeni probably-

i i

1 . i __ :: l 1 r· r t ··! i I

I I j· ,. f.

I l.

t I . r· j i

. i t:

f ..

... t :~·

i.

<. 'r;

~I,·.:~

- --~------------ -~-- -· -~----.-

.. .1 .. :, c~

. ,

G (•:t,: ·;·; ~

_ .. _;-. ~- • t ~.~ ~ )

._ ........ ~ - -·~

' ..

-···G··· •.i..t. .~ ~ . • ....

.,_..,

--.:.1

.. ~- ~ ~ . . . \.

·.

:-·· ... ·.J . -~ ··d

'· .~

·---.--------- ... ~· -·----.--:.---·-··----~~-., ...

.. -::--...:- -- ... ·_·_-- """~----- . ......----~----~·~- ....... -------

... .. :- .. · .. ·t

·~·~z~ -· .. :;.:!

1::~::~£

.-: .. -• .... -.;.

... ·;

/{-i

_.-:~:t: . '·i

.: ~l- ---;..';.j <.

···:·)

. A??Ej'-;DlX C . (. ' ..... _. -;..

; -_;, '"- ;~- ; '---;pi -. ·;~z(--::;!1~~

- . . . :}1;;4.~~;:,.>~!~~- . ... · The world of journal_ism.;....:..ever on· the alert for the

. • . .; ~0'·-· :' .• ~--:·.. .. t~.~,.::·-~':!L_ j ··.. --mote 1n somebody else Is ey'e...;.;.;,;found 'long ago that the Central

,, . - -· :I~telligence Ag~~~:Y·~-m~de-.g-reat -~o'py~ P-roc~eding on the

··. '.- . . : ~ .. ··~.: . -~~ .~. ·.·=·~·-~--->~-"".- ·- -. - . theory that· their· readers will. believe·- anything dealing

·. ..-.· . . ... <:_·.:··_·,<~~ ... ·-__ : __ ._.";_·_,·_·· ... __ · .· ._;..~.- . ..:.~..::"; .... ·!->-. .:,:; .,.· .. _., .. ,: :. __ ;. .. _~ - . - -· .; .. . . -. :.::.:. .. :-: . ::- __ ... ;_..,;. -:-::· :: . - . . . .. · .. --: .. ~ -:.. . •. .:· - . . Witli"-·t.SpieS,-0 : uagentS 1 n· ~nd. "the' 'secret WOrld Of espion?i'ge, a

.. a numb~;::-:f. writers ~~~!-;;~~:i~· w~·:t they insist" i;::'-the~-~ ... :' ... . ·,· .. :::::- :· _:::,;;,; .•:: -" ·'" _ ..... ..; ... - • ._.. . · ,.;c:_,.-, -·•- , ·c '-1 c ·.- · ) . . -<=

·- .... ------.------. . ·:_-::,.;_ :· .. -: -·· .•. ··------··- .. --~·:.·.--.... , - :·--·.. .--~·:·.'::·.·. :· -. ::·. ,->.' .' .. ~'\> -·1. _·.inside story of-the-CIA .. in:volvement·in Iran in-1953-..... A,' . ·-_ ~ -~-- > : .... :-· ··::~ .. :.~ -.-:; :-~~:\ ... :~~:·r.;~-~~~~-f~~~-~~t· ~~~~: -:~-~~. ::;;~;<£~~ ~-;~~~r~:·::.::~~}:~~~~{-i~-~;.:.~~;~~:- :?.;);_: .. ~~-: :_·~·· ..... ~:. ~~~~~~~~l~·~·~~~~ .. --~~- 0~~-~::- ~~:·~~-:~~;::·_;~·;: .. . ~... .. ...

sampling ·of ·the~e-·_:is_'· in_cl:uded ·herE!~- ~i~~o-~t; extensive :·. < .. . - =- : · ... t_..~ .. . · . ·2 .. : · ..... -~--=:; ··-:·;_:~-~.i'"=;;::.-~~c .>'!.:- ;~::; ~:-.~;~-: ;~~·~;-r=::.:({·:·:::f:·i~.:.-:~!·.·;·_: ... ==-'-~- · ; ··. c- ~- ~·~. ~:·-~. ~ .. ·,~: .-::~-! -~ ... :.::. .- .. > .;~:~-· · .. _:~;_._<~;:~~-~·;.

:-.·· . .:;..::-·.:·:: ~ .. ·:~-:.: ..

Andr~~- .fu.ily·;:: £or~ example, in "CIA~:.The Ins·id~~-· Sto·ry_·: - ·-· ·:.;_ . --

. 'devotes Chapter 7 I . n King..:. Making in Iran" to a version of -· .. ~

· ..... -: .... . .. most notable for' the pu'rple of its £1~-nboyant "prose:

·~ _:: : .. :~~~·· .. -~ ··-~-.-~ ~<<·-·:~:~~~;:~::~~--~-~--. '; .. :~~~~~-?;~~::"::::·:._. ~<~·~i::·.~~;;j.)~:\-~: .~- ~~~~~~ :.~.. ~ ... >: -. .•- ~. ;. . -~~ ~~: : ·~ .. .' •· .: significant';passages are:~::·:;-:;;~ .. - -_ - ~ - •.::

.. .. <;;;~::;:·_, r . :~itr~~~~1ff~f.)~~~3 ~--~-~¥~ -~-~~-Q~~/hat{ the' c~ .- -~ : .-:-- . -- . --- -.. :_:_~· ·' .. :~:~.:-: ,·. ·sta~e-mana~·ea the oyerthr,ow o! J?.rem~er ~ _.,.-·::~>-::~:: "t· __ -~.

· • .... - · .. -. Mohammed·-Mos·sadeghj.- that: celebrated com--- , ~ .· .. -~-zu; _

''~:)~

: . .-;

. :.-; ~~- · ·ai~posing:of M()ssadegh, -~IA,~and- t:J?.e· Si;:~te_ ->-'- . -.>,, · · : .. ~--~_Department'reverted_ once again. to·a_weak- -~--=~~'-.~ · .:_:: ·' .: =:~ .. ·. _ _ · - ness -that --so often· ,-pas_ been- disastrous~: ... ~---.::; __ ' ~;-f'·,-~:--. _ ,_ ·: >. -- ~ · ·

. ·. :· -_;.In_-~he:settiiig ·up·;h~':J:hfi!·;:n~~<,::reglrne,' in :_~;:· :--r::: -.,':r_r;<".~-"~--;~-~-,·~-­-~ :;: -~-- >;_:which~-CIA'<took_a ~jar part·~- no consideration. ; ... .,. _.-._

-~~ ~~: d-:-.:· .··:·

-. . ··-- -";.,.-----···-- .,-.. "--. ...:, ____ ... ______ _ ---------------- ----~"'--------------- ---···-- ____ ,.----· --~--

6

! :1 i. ~-: ~: l.- ~·.{ v f L ~-t ~~ I i~. · · . . :1 : ~ :;;. . ;_.:- 1 ~: • I t. \·~· .. ~ s Ci!(.'~-~SJ11 f(.,el: t ~-~ .. ::; i_~;: ·l_ :_,_ :1 ·.: ~- :i ; __ ,.;·S tii'i t tf~t2::!' \·.1 ._~._-0 .·:r1·i:i ·-(:r:r;;•:·ru;i-· i. ~t.

~-~71 i::. 11 ;-.:~rs sa -::1 (.: 1.:3 }1 f. 1 :! rt<J'.l ~-l :~ ,_::·.~! tt1~ C' ~= [> t.·c,pr :t t~ ~ t i G1i '.) E ~.ng lo- T.:-".:;..·~Ll·i. ~1 .. '1 () ·i l ~:tnrl i1'-~ t io !1t: l i ~:: ~ T:i();1

0 .-: r,-_,.1rS· ot·l f;c':\,-,:;~ ·-~ .... , ;.,t.,.-·.,-·1""t; "'~'"'"'1 J... ••. "- n' . - •:. ~ '-' ;:::-. r '- _ "- .• ' • "-'- i ._ - . • 0 .• 0

ilp.t:r . .>~-c • . .;Cis thunderous. :·Jossadegh could not do lhat, and the Western bankers would _r•J:-ovc it to h"im. Iranian oil was virtually boy:.:-ott2d. Mos~~L~<.k·gh p:comptly tried ·to :·.:.t •• ,_;_!:g ::-;o·,ne c!r::.~:.ls ~ ... 'i.tlL srnaller, indr~pe.r,t.::an·t. cccpan ies ·to \vork. the Irariial"l .fields, uu-i.:. t.he State Departllient gave these companies-1 .. 1 .. h . ~ - . . . :txt e c!ncout:a·;;J;.::!1·.8nt - '.-Ji11.c ~s .-.o se..y 1.t Lr.-)'!.c! !:~·,·:~:.1 "tt.:-tr.id~> c)ff.'' !··i,:::a~ ...... vhj_Je, Ir·an was losing -its oil rcvenue5 and goi~g b~c~e. E#\""2 n. .. ~:7.1~?-:c l c:~n j~ i rl~ltlcial <.1 it..1. , . ..,'as !1<~t ert,:.C\~lgh --'"'.!..'-'l···••lj'"' ........ ...,. -::•s....-1._, T'.-...-.··y-!.-.,,-,,~:- ''1"'-h tH·-~---!i \.. -•-;..t lA '-11~ ,.Ji...-:.).t-...:,.. LJ,: .. ~_,v_.., .. \_lHL~.l'-1 W-\. . .\. .... \....,:.!\..l.:-_-:..&..-

Sti"tJll3;:-!ble. ·rel4c l:ance,- donated $1,600,000 for a b;chnica.l rura~ impro\ren~.:::-nt pcogr·~~m in 1951 and followed. that with a foreign ~id y~ant of $23,COO,OOO.in 1952. Most of the la ttt"?r \-..·as used to m.:=,:'-:t~ up Trail's for._.:-ign exchange shortn.·;;.;s, but Tr.~n .r::::~~.-~-3.r..:~d fi~ancially unstable.

!·k.:tnl.·ihi le, CIA learnr;-d i.:hat :-ios~ad•::gh Has c.:1rrying on .a clandestine flirtation with Iran's .furtive Crn~unist party, the Tudeh. Soviet' intelligence agents f1ock·:?d into the ancient capital of Tehe~an and the traffic jam b< .. ~t>...;e-en thc!m and .1\llen Dulles' energetic young men was almost ludicrous. Almos·t daily, emissaries fcom the Soviet danced attendance ort Mossadeah as he lor"led recuinbent on his couch,. alter;ately 'o.ozing u..:~.d \·reeping. Inevitably, the old .. dictator put it squarely up to President Eisenhower. In a letter received b~·the President o:\ I•!ay 28, 1953, !·rossadegh over­played his hand ~ he attempted to blackmail the United ~tatcs by warning that unless Ic<n uot I\10re l'-~C!r-ican fi .. n:->.nei.:-11 .:tid 'ba

~ . ···'Y.:1d !1~ .fo.rccd to Sei.:~k helfl else:~·<hr~i·::-·~·

' ;

I·

l j.

r I· l I.

·r r i i ,. ,. I ! ~ .

i 1-!

i I. j, . . ' l '

--, -·---------- ... - ---------~--------. -#·" -·- ________ .. ____________ ;., ___ ·- ...... --- --- , ______ ,.,__......_ __ -

C.!. :1 \.: ·. • ·:·. : -~ \. :·: ··; : (7 ~~; ·-.:.· :.~ ' .. ! -_:: :"":· ~- ~.

P--~ ct.:.

::_ ~- \.:~ !) I - ~ - ~ :l .·: :·; : ' l

~-~_1 ·~~(tj) •. :~~-~.,_~,~ :-. :·~_:1

:·i,; ~~1:: ~ _,_,:_ . .J .. :-:~-~<:;J~l :\·.:_·_::z 1-:i. ;:::~~-.-~: ;_:.J f-·J. .. ·::~~'j:.:; t!·1c r 5. (.~ ~-1 ( !: t:~ j) j_ ~-: I1 () j_l f ~-- (; J ~~! S ~-: i't':] t.}18 .r ~;,: i- j_ t':. i:~ I:}' at _::._[.):: ,:; '"- :1, '!.::!1e '~'u:c ld' s 1?. :•:':,; ·~·;;; t, in _c e t :_1 :_- n for fir .. -.:~~~ 1 a.l a~; r; is f: ... l T! .:::e f·_Cl)ffi tl1<.~ So\' i e t. ~fl1e Ca::1gec to t~lle ~~ies·t. '\~JcJ.S clear. t"l.i .. tl1 I1:an • s (::--1..1 .~i:·;se:ts in it.s _[)~:.1~:::}-:cts, the R;Jss1.~~:r1S \~(:;·,!Lei !j. :;. -="-;!! J. :i. +~ t J. .:: t:'r:,:.~ u1~ lo C\i'" e11·t u ally a r;}J t ~.;.: ·,: ~:_r:_,J i.":f. ~~ ;· 5. ii:(Jo (··l; j .~c:.f:. 0 f RiJ _c; F j_,::; .i! f t")l4 ~ _1 gn po}.i(.~}.' !;;i..:nc(~ ~:!"!i:1 ~:.-:·:l_1 S r)f the Czars- <:~c,:;~ss "t.o :3. .,~·; .. -=:c.~ ~ .... , .. :~ t·l~.'"-4 c~o1.ttlet. t)Il tJ-u~ P~r;:;:iail G1.1l.f, ':1'1(~ Cc<',; ·\·ic:r-·J.·~1's l.ife lil1a to ti"".ir; Far E~st·. z:;~1·t ~:·\~.::~1 :Lf !--:·.::-:.::i.ii -:,.;.:-:-ri:: L·:'> :]e·t. j~~;;:..: I1-a.n's c• i 1 1 t1 ~o ,.;;..:- .'~ L -::: .;c r1 ~-r'fJ:C l.O ~·i~..)1lld bF=. \·.7 :£;Zl:~ C:! rl,=d t1·! !:.. c· ·.-·.,; ~! ·:)·u t t :·!•? .::-: i tj .:J. ]:~= r; :: .::; t. ~:~ n :1 3 ::-.. \ .. - ~- e t. ~?X e~; t~ i +-}e

i:t:.)() I (.1 f C(.:~il l."' S i? 1

1-,.,-t :'\,---,J"'o----rr=-•\i ;:-.n ')1.'1 l""'a~ .. i,t:'J .. I ... J'- 1. •. (..c.~-··-<4 t _ J:.A a st~ke of billions o .E <.3 v 1 1. -:t ;: s 1 c~ r1d \·111 f;n 1;;:,: .i -:.r .:: i.:i:? ;?"~i1}: ::-·c.f} i:.- .i =~e. c.~ f t11 Zit. ~~~ ;:~ s~ !"lit ll cl e is .i .. n \!(.) l \l e<.l st.: ··:t ·::e f.it:~ i:-' ,.! r Lil'i(;- I1 ts an<1 I~'.)t-f:.i.grl Office~3 ar:e -3.f)f: tr.) ;.:~:~.:!Ct H\r)~t sensitively. ·

(.fl!c t.i~11e l1nd (~nlne fc)r tlll~ ijn.i. t.:;)(l Stc."'i.t<::s to t.:~::L·;~.;.L4 }~ \)ll ,:.11 j_:rl t i;::"' r!a t: i o;i::tl 'j .:-:~r. 0 1_ ~. C J: l\ .,_.,.._,,. ''")~- 1- S • '~-,.1• o •- h -,t t"•!rv~ •- .-,..;!,"'I h :.. -. i· ~1- ,-,, '•J~l ·- '")>)Ul a-.-.J-.._l.:H4.l..-- ~\lt::_t;: \..l C4 4"'l..,.:v.;::. .. l,_.t -~ f C-lL -·- :....l 1 l;''...o,t: -- ~ ~

with the rnasscs,·had never been able to under~ mine the young .Sh..::.h with his people. If sor.·;etJd.~1.g '.·;E~-r.-e i:o 'hdppt?.n >.Yhereby the Shah •.;as Z!bJe to t:.ake over -_mo_re fi:ri<tly the reins of gov::;-rnrr:-~nt, there Has .;. good chttnce Nossad~gh could be unseated. In any event, the Shah had a better ~1an even~chance of ~inni~g any popularity contest with Mossadegh.

So for a. -.:-,-~nth the \\'h:tte House stalled "--c-.··-<:-··' - -o·-~-:-,.. ~ d;,....-.~'-- r----·y 1.·-1""' •··-=>lt_:_r •""\.1-'·"-''·•'--'':3•1, ,_,.\.-._ :t~·-'-·lg ·- ~l.<-C'- --·.:!;"'.l_ 'l Cl. ..... _ ~!

of polite d .i. plorr:.al:ic no-tes seekir~g fm.:-tht::r discu~sions. Then President Eis2nhower favored !·~oss.::dt::g·h \vith a blunt ::Ct~ply: "~~-::>." Ev~rybody z:cJl"·~'.:•r'l it \·.~u.s a calculated :cisk, a gamble t ) ~ :~ t ~·! t.l S :-..-: i": ( ~ ,:; S h :.; C" i ll tl 1:; E"! (:! t:: ~i ]4 ·t ~·i :i_ i_· h i Il 5 : . .i c: }1

, ·:=.•-.:·l,,,.,-1 ''1"t '-P· -._;.--,-,1,.:; i--;-=- nr---~:.:..··-~r·-., -!-o .-·al.--,-y t..~ ....... • I .- .._ 1 '- .1 • • ~ J. L - '1: U U ·- -· - - •• - . •• "- - ..• ;:t ._"71 ... - .1.

t1Ut l1 i ~3 t.f1..,_4 ,:-;~1 t. 'I'!1(~ (;II\ 1-:():r..-t.lft~·:t tl1 s:2·t tl"\e \·:he-<"' ls in ;~o~:il~·n for dc.:.:d_ i nL:J \.-;i i:~ this Lou9h 0 ld ;:""1.!1.

-·----G-:···---p-,_,.. '-.· ' ' . ' ,' J' ~~· •. :-; . - .. · =. :< '· - ····...:;·

~- -·;

:;:

·..::1 ._:·.!~i ·:-.:. :~ ... ' to S:.~): ... J!)t~ -~~o jt).i.~' ·1.~ ; .f'"c·:t· a '';·.:~]I-.: :.i'": inti-.:.; s·l·.rit:!"; l"1lr:s. _:~.~i.:·\ ... J}1 t.rH~ F'~1tit.1·~--~3l si t\~,:-~ti.'.:.'-:1 in '~L:'!1~~:c .. --:dl '~·: .5 1:.._:L~LJi;-t.ir:.g ;~;_. _ _.,l·e OI\li n '.)\! S .. ·- !--~~:::.:;~;ad ,;·Jj :1 \·.· ~~ S :: ~ C:.n r. e 1: X )_ !""!'~ : 1~.1 i l}r \·.Titl1 c1. ~~'-1~:-s.t~n e(:O:-!o~rtif; !:1i;;::~i.c)n ·- t7r~it~r:-!d S .... J. -.!. ,., .. :--, ..• , ..... ··-- -.,.-:- ,.- i ~)-, .·!= .. _-_.,·-=··,.- ,_·_~"""..:"_'-·,;·_,....,_, '-.".= -.·-_ .• :-{._ r1.-_:.._ .:J ~_..--_ •• ~_ - '- ~:'- '--· ,; • .::a .... ! • t ~ ... · : .!. ::':' .:• ·.::::. .J. ,_: " ... • ... .i .. .. - '- .... - .. f J. ..

-.-.·ou1Ci Like i:i V-J.~::-.:l.{::ion to :>d.\:-.::erl.t:·,,_-1, lr.)o. Almost si!nultaneo\:sly 1 the Sl~~•h's s:Lsb:r 1

l . • ~ t . . . l ,... • :::\ • +: · .ne pre ct.y ana ougn··rranccc ... J:' Cl.I"!CeSS t.sn~a ..... 1

marched into the ~oyal palace and gave hec brother the rough sic1e of her tongue foe his · ~, - -· ~- - - , .: r-- ~ l.. ··... ,. .L ·L ~ o ·- <· a .-~t _:-a l1 ,.. .. , - ---~"' ·..:>.L• .• ,·:n~,;:}: .l..n .<H.:. r..'=' \._i:"l ~.-o. ~-, :,...,. . , -..:.... • J.nea

=~.:.e; to~:-, f}t-)W c~~f -i.:o St..;itr.-(:!C].~_.tld.

Certainly, the Russ i'an espionage n.::c;-;ork must have surmised that something was • .-.~ ., .. -.'!,....; '"''-.,. a:- ......... , .. ,, ··.· .. :- '!~i'=-T~ ~,:."'ll..,.. • ._ .. ()Tl --,'"\,~ p..-·j 'f"'\C~·- ... - (._...; '"""' J ~ . • l.. .l .;.. ;j .;.:;.. lJ 1...1.. .... J. \;.,;:: -..l , j. <I._ • J c .. - ..... > • ... <.1.. • .... '- .... -. - \ .•. _ ... !::i

A~:hraf tl.:n-·ned up at_ the SdlTt~ S•.viss resect:. Their suspi6ions ~e~e strengthened when an old Middle E~stern hand named Brig~~ier r·~-,~t- ... 1 "<{- ··~o·r--·"n ~,·- ...... - ... -•-r-.r)·f -t···"f·~"'-n1y '-='\";":!.'-· t..... ~-- .. l"' _ -lo\:~·~.._ v._ .. ! ... ,v._,_'- \. . .: •. !'\..-.~.: ;::, 4'-. .. \. .. t:-: _

;vas clir;(.~!JVel.-~d. ir1 tl1t; 1ni.dst c>f a l~istl.cely flyj.r~g vacation 3-C.t:oss i:he Hi.d•.1le East. he 11~:•i 1) .. (!(?11 t:o P,t.k..ista.n, ~~:{ ciil. a~-t\l L~;'ba;.1on and, v.·hile the Russi<lns fum~d, he: ultimately turned up in Iran~

, The Reds had·a right to be fe~rful, for Sch~aLtzkopf had long been an anat~ema to t_he Kremlin. 1\:r..e_rican_s r:ei-:ieli'!})eC him most vividly as the.man who ran the .. Lindbergh : -k.idn.Jpping invest.igu.tion. in 1932, when he w~s head of the ~ew Jersey State Folice. 3\xt t.he '..-..IOCld of ir::t~rnet tional politic;s k.ne-w·h:Lm better as the man t.Jho, frOJn 1942 to 19·~ .. 8, had b.-~en in char:ge of r20CtJanizing tj1e Shah's national police ford~. In this job 1 Schwar-tzkopf sp~nt lit l~le ·time tracking down o~dinary criminals; he was kept busy protecting the government against its C':Ot<?.:~'-L.:.'S, a job· t.ha.t rt:qnired the setting up of an intelli'J~nce s~·stem to k~cp \..:atch on ·~·ur.i.ous l?oli-t::ical cliques \-:hich m~ght seck the Shah's overthrow •

•• ; '-~ ,,.. "! ··-~-..-, ..

.·:

- .· ...•

.·

_,-

S·~ ·;~· ~;.,. ~:.,.:·:·:?:. ~~···.l

\~,k~vi.~:;,:~- l(J !:!1i~ .:-~· •.

;..L:· .. ::;t .-~: ;,j

.).:_'t.'! .:...;· _-.. _·~--~- ·_: ·• ~: 1 ~:J : ?·! ~~~ .. : _;_ I -.::·;·!'.~ C' f !1 is

COlJ..~;.;~~~-1\:-~S CJ11 t.}-.~~ r:--:· ~ ~ ·~·:_)_:C•:.:~a. _::;{) '.-:;·.,~n

s .:.:~ £1;v._:.: J; i: :..: :~ ,:: i? t t i_; l.'"n e~1 i_;~:- ·~- .r:. ·r ·.:·r1 er 2 n i 11 A tl'}'-1 s t l1e c::~u~ld. r~z.plain · . ..;ith a .:;l:t;:;ig:1t. L .. >ce that

• r. • • I 1j~~ ;1.J(i. ·:~':J-::1-e ~-ii~L("~ly ''"'.:c> .. ~:r:·~?. oltl J~T.'J.~":.t1<l~~ a.tJ·l~n.' 71-te Rt;::.::;i;:~s s~:.~--::.:::·.:L::~r ~:;-;t~ :_:~Cf.)~:2::. t~:(1 (::v,-::-r his - ......... )1,....,.: .. , .. ~ -\n Ir-- -·-b f- c. ... , .... ~., • .'~-·r-1-..,.'" ... r,r\c ....... t • • S :! .. ~-=-·~.n .... \_ --· . _iln u_ ._,_,_."~- •-~"- ·.: L. ~en nl. c~;sual ..,~-ay, d.cop_flin·; .i..:n to" see t.h.: Sh-;.h one aft~crioon, s~ending the morning with General Zahedi, and renewing contacts with other old. i?·:l1s in t:1l~ polic.·~ a.nd a:1:;ny.

P. .. !ld sutlci,;rLly ·t:l·!~ S~c:;.h ss~ca t.o ~~ .. Jc loca. t~~d. his -con::: age and aut..hori ty. On· · ,...,. ___ ,_,_.-~"'v ..... ~ ... s~ 1" rJ·-, c:;..,r, ·r -n-·1-·1 o~o··Tn a J..o~.i~A-....:" 1""".-.- 1 .:l.L.'-':JU \,... , ..J I .._ .!'-- '-'.:."'~'.. 1·:: •. ~.· ... t;::U . .:"1.1.

1:~-~:;c that sounde:d as if it h<Jd b1~en i.vritten i11. '-:oJ ... lal)o~at.ion b:J' Scl:-: .. ;:~l:t~:k();?f und .z~~i1edi. !·~os~;,;d•:?.gh \vas ousted <:lS P.c;:mi.:~c <!lid his S1;et::.:,:;sso.r ,..,..:"!s to b~~ Gf:-::·-:.:cul l:!~,,:_·di. The Shah o:Cdt:r.ed l:he colonel of. th.:?- T:;.-..i?erial . . . - '1 t • t• . '* d • d . (:t!arr .. s -o s~rve · ne noi.::!.ce on :•HJSSu egn, -an -.:••;J> ::>_· ... the ;/heels seemed to be tut."ni;;.g.

But -for some reason the colo21el seemed seized by inaction. It ~as not until. two days la-ter r on rr:i('.lnight of l'!.ily;;st 15, that the.colonel and a platoon of his troops S h"••.:.:.d up at •,fo.::;'-'"ac3.<:>·-h' s rnc-i -~ ........ ---o> Jj"'t...,.r·e .. .. _ .. J.~ .. - .L .. .... .:::7 • -:; -·-.:J._, ... ~~.at .... ..;... .a.i~~ .

.........

they found ther.:selves _ :;urroundt:d by_ an array'"'_::,:;:- __ ,. .:·<·­

o.f tanks and jeeps, mann·ed by hard~faced-: .;:·c·;~~€€:.;-~:--f­Ar.my vete.rans· Hossadegh h?..d ro11n·:1ed up \./hile;~~;)}~Ffi:c.~ . the co lone-~ v?..cillated. ,-,:~;~,·:;.tl;!-~ ~;._ ·",_.,_··--"·''-"""-'··-

- _ :~:~·:t~~f~i,:·;~~:~]~~\Tt~' '.l:'he. colonel, of cour..3e \ .. ---:ts claL'lped into ~;~.:t,.,;;i.-:r.;~···.:. · .:..;:- ::.•:,:-""''''''':·· • .. I ...,; ·.~._·-M~f~:·.~·.·- . ' ·:

Jrtil and l·iossad0•3h a.nno•..:nced that a revolt -:--;;_-~~-~}':';.,~---- "' _against the rightfu~ government of Iran had·---~~itf:fi, __ ji*-----·· ,•:'o', ....... ""-~' b d '"' - ' . d - h. . . -··if~-· ·--·---..-_-_ '"""·-·~--:-een cru$he • He also l,,.,d some uni<1n t Lngs~pJ·~~:'':';.: . to say abc-out the youthful Shah' and Iran I s~~,---=r~~'::;~·t-; ~·­king of kil"!.gs <"lnd his queen took the hint-·:: ~-:-if._;'[{~;:L::J.; and hopped a plane fo1: ~o~e by \-;ay of the · -"' .. ~"!F ; then roya_lly safe Cf'Unt:r:y of Iraq. ~·/.:'~:

I • • :.~· ·~.,.·~. ·.~· •.- -.. -.• ~. ~; ... • .,,., .-;: ~:' ..

. ::.. . ,; . --=: ..

~::., .. ;

..: ;, . . , ... ·~- ,-

···.'!, ·. . .~ . i ..

--G

. _, ·: .... ; · ... ' . ~ ~ ~- . ~: ~- .. :.~~ ~) :E I 1··

L1·!·~~ Tr~~i~"1i;~:1 s:._-,·.;._;. "-::; ..... _·,~- ': •· ,_: • I~ J..

p:;.,~--~:::;.st-c.·:c [.:.>r ~J1._:! · ;.:~··-·:.- .J:l---: .. ;:~st.-:~~"1 c-! -~---~·t::.~. Ci?.rt.~Ln It-~-t~1i .. tl.n.s ~~i:.c.~·~;:.-· .. _·_~ :...:..J tJf;1: :r~i.(~]1, :t:1:] :.:~-;~ w0rd lal~~ w~s that ~n ~ p?riod of a few ~ays Sc!1tv.,ii :c tf:kf.)l:>f s tl[;u.~rv 1 ~;.::·r:-1 1: 1-,c ca.c e f lll ::; 1:':::; :r] 1 ;:g 0f l;1.~·,:r:t~ •.:.l1ai1 t·t::I1 mill:lc:n o::: c:;T .. ~'s l1i")ll .. ;·r.'3.

'fhe cli-mi'l.:x: C·3I:-te on \·iedn.:::·saa.y, r~ugust 19, fou:c '!a.ys after !·!ossadegh h.J.d "crushC?d ti1e r:...:,_.·ol t." The te;:.se. capital \\'as fill•:;d •.·li th tl:oops 1 mo,..lnted 2-·Jain:.>t a n.e-.., upri.~ing, but :none of ·th(!m loe:k::?d v~ry h<l;:-.py. There seerned· no reason .for a.larm

• 1 d .. ~· . . . [ ~ ··'-'l"l•?.n a . ong an w~na~ng proccss~cn o peL·.:::o!..·;:.~rs

appeaced on tha scene· for one of these imprcmtu_ !,).Circtdes <..:O;,irnon i.n Teheran. In tl1.e _::n:-ocession' ,· '.·Ji:?"t"e tu;::bl>.!rs, '"eight-lifters 1 \..rrestlet:'s, boxers -- -ll ... ·.I! ----.· .... ~· .:.~---'" .• -:· ,_.,..,_~-.... .:::'l, '"'-~ -..4:- · "1 -'-~ ... ::)..,. ~ov· ,. .. a. t?e-J .... Clt:! .• l . .:.l;l ,_ • ._.;;..!..£: :..,t-··-~-... .:•..t.'--'-'-·::o a::s '-•L'--l ... =U

S , ... ,~_,, \..7 ~ 1 tlr-·g ~-11~ ·,:-.J-· -c· t= '!\s , r· 1 ·1al cro~·,ls __ ..••••.• .J .-.... - • _ ,_ <.:;; -· '-- .t: - e ~ . ~\ '-· .. , • • . , ••-- · -,~; · ·::: :.-f1.:.•c;,::d_ t.•ut into the stre,~t.s to • . ..-atch tl1e show and to follow ~he par~de~

~: ~·-. -. -.-. ··.·- --·

Then, appa:t:ently,. somr.::body g .t·n; a signal. 'l':1•.'? ~,;,:=i rd proc•:::ssion suddenly bro}~e in to n.n oxs.mize·d shouting mob. "I,ong Live the Shah! .. they cri ,~d. . "Death ·to !·iossa.de']h." The cr-o• . .Jd join~~d in the shouting, sor:;e of t.hem undoubtedly keeping one. hand tight against pockets ,,There t.~eir .t~Jttt::rican ·\.,ages ;;..;ece sec•.ired. ·,Soon· the entire ca. pi i:.al. _\.;_as in an uproar,· and Hhen the·~· · · din tvas at its- loudest troop.s_:_who had remained; . .:j:· ::;· .

-.

loyal to' the Shali_launched their ·attack. · ., '--~.:iY-?.1{·.< ..

. For rno.~e than nine-: hours the battle rag~d~·~f1J;B#~~fr, ._ . :-:--\vit:h l:·ioss?tdegh' s troops fighting fierc~ly· but2~~:]:>~3: · .,_ .. -.. ·, ··

. gradua,lly giv-ing ground.· Obyi.ousl.y, they \·Jer~_~::;·:-~;.;::- .'.>::{~~:~:': . . confused by the tactics and swi:.ft logistical :.;;,~;;;,~.:.::~:~.-- ~i:,;~.~-­rr.aneuvers of· the Shah's fo,...ces \-Yho had been :;~~i~:C:.;' > · .,~ :.= _:,:~::..·'!,· ·. ~·x~oscd to . ~?me~ J..me~ ican \·iho k~e\o~ _th7. ropes·J~;g~9~Jif~';:·:·~~~~";~;€j~~~~?i~_ A."'1:l'~-1ay, by ml.dnl.ght Mossadegh' s sold1e-rs had·''":·~:.: · · ; -·~-~':7~:./ been dci.ven into a little ring around the · ' · P rel!li~r' s palace and they ·.vere forced to ··- _·~ ,._ · .~{'_···

·, st1rrer1dur •. Troops- forcing their ,.;ay. into _the:~.-t... -~·~1 ~·. ~-· •·

p<ll.:t(:(~ capb.tred Hossad~gh .~s he lay >veeping ~i~t?~?.;;;;;~:-,:~ :·~ · ''-,'~-"'-~: ; .... in his bed, clad in silk striped paj arr.as. ·:})•;:;::\?>~~- ··,·:.-.-~.·-·_·:_~.--·_.:_.~_-~_·_:·:·:.,·.·.·;_·~.:_;.~~.-~.i.~_-_:_-.~_;·_----.-~:_,_~~-·.i···.~: s~~~.;.;:hxly telt:p1.1oned Horr:e and ·thl~. S!!Z1-h-,_.~~~ "'

1::_~?\·-~- _·. _ .. ;':_'-· _ ~~~~ r:; ~~~lia~~~~u~ g :!n Pr.~~i~~: u "~ '·t-~ .. ~-'~ r ~~;;7:.\\fF~ ;~;;[:{:.

- -·· -·.r -. . . . .--.;;._~ :.,·~.: ::~:.:.~-~ • .. :.~._:·. • .. ·~-··::::·· :-:.-r ... · !.."!~'.'!-."' -·· . ·. .. • .. ~· ;~ ..

• • - • ·. < ~~£;£F~:_·,_--_ .

: -~:~t~::. -- -~~~~~~s;~;f-- ---~~;;.-· •·· ..... ~~~·';)"'r.••;/-.•.·U :•., . ' . ~ -- - . .. l~~~~~W:;~~ ... i.;:..r.,..,. __ ;,;. : .• :;,..'.~ .. =

·-·-

..

G

(~ [ ~- [~ ,:: ll\1 :~ -~---. ~,-:. ~-)t .. -! ~:f. ~- f

of L1: -.:= ~-;._~ ::. t· .. · .. ·: ~:~ ~ -t:) --~-It-: .

:~r ~:,:; -._:·:L: ~-::~:.-\ .. _

::,::.-c.J:~.-·:)1.)~ t.C\ ~~!."2~:

i· i. t t·:2:s ,:~;-~o-:·.1··~-L-

·..!

c:~:;(~: C'[ t~::::! \:I:i.~e-(1 ::~:.·.::~ --~ ...... )L. r'"'l .,l)r-;r•('Y "·r;n.uh '"' ., ••• ~ • -,·.··-· ~ .......... · ••.. ,.,.., ;·~.-.:.~~ .. ~-- ·.:~.~ ... - ~:.-. .:~=··,j "---:--~·

t;,. c "'-' .1 \· :... '· ... .s .'. ~~ J. ,.::: '-·'·'· ~.. 1 ·.h. .l. ._ '"" ....•• ~-·l.-''--'1 t. It i. S ~; L'~~ :_;61 r::~ ::.;-~; , i~ ~"'i .;;; C ;;."-i~ C> :_~~--: t::: ',:.,./ ~)~ :.-3 11 ~-t '.-: e Vi J: it te11 1

:o "'~~Y :-~: ~·~ ~ .. ~ ~~: >~~ i~t' -~ '.> f:~; ... -~'\/ :i~ -;~-~.!.: ~~·:~. r~~·s :;~!~:~~h._ •. 11 .Yf t.·!1c:·-~:-t •.• "\~s. l.C. · ... ,~.ban ,._., .. ;·,)'-<~n '-"'L)<..:.ta

tion from beginning to end. But a~ th~ end, c fA .• :. <1nd t:ne ;-tr.;erican scve-rm:1en t -- s·tood by • . .;hil<:!. a succession of p:co-Hesb.~rn ;..:.nd ant.i-l·-.-·"··.:-~i .. -:-\ i e.:- .t- ::.r1~.,,; ""'~ ..:.·..!--. t ·-~-c. 'l~ ~n~·(:'\"\"' ':'\.C""t "d ]• . _ ................ ~""'· ~-·'-"····l ...... '=''~ ..... n ~u .. ~ 1 (...1! ........... _ ... ~. .. ~• .._ .n t-i··'"' c~·":"·.=•l1,:...:·t ""'"''-i:o.1~ .,...,..r:..,t·"'- 'h...-onq>l"~- Ir~n ....... __ .. \~. ___ ._ . ._._ ... _c __ -- --~---~·'!31 -..L __ .1 '-- .. _

C.'!!·.:e ~~~{ i.n to i;1""li~~ er:ls;e of J"):?;Jl~JiJ~ tcy e A11d :-o.E COltrse, the hme::::l. C:·3.n i::azpayar: has contributed 1n;r.d:.:-•.:•:!s <.1f .millions of: <3olL::t:::s to this cor tupl:io:1 .•

, ... . D • .i.n "explosive.

.!.,~i.3 In"'~i s.i. b'!.t;

. --- .. ---·------·.-------

19S3: But.

. • . . ·.

I ..:..· £";-- t

.• '.· .:· !.'.

<..:1: .-! !..- t-:.(.; !_. (: J.- i .: -~·:3. ~--1-t i. s :._ 1> .·· .:. ......... •!-:.:"!rll ("!-in' r-··'1 J..'t.r.;, -.!..:. ··.·.- -_;~ .... - .. -_,.-,""'. "' "'-~ ·- \... \....l.L·- '-l:"·-- r_ !".. :;.; ... ·• u

Te!1e!:::ln ··- !)c)t f::·.!.)Zn ·:::.:1· ~:··-~::_~S£~1 ." r~~~ admit·in9ly; ":lt \·las ;:_._ t·.::?.l ,J.),F,.~~s J::->nd 0 ~: ~ :: t:.! ~.: 5. () ;1 • 1

' .

,. Ge.ilc>ial FazoJ.l::1h Z;=Jhcdi, ~ the I:',~m the CL'\.

c 1"10 s ~~ to r c:t.) 1-::h.:;e ~- .. ·;t.)S s aL1..:.::·sh, \·: :;. s '~ l :; o ~l c~;~ .-:; 1- ~~! {; te.c '·JO ·-t:-.y 0 .c: .::' ::..y I·:)· ~~~::;~)n ;: ,- 1. ·-- t- '"\'')I .• -- J-'·'c"" ~1 -- -- r'~ -I'-, • ...,,_,. ' l.. .J.J. .l.. Vi,_.; .t....;t.....J...' • J~ ~- ,J\. _,_.\,. l.- •-·· ·"'I " -r.!.!!~~;._.-Ht~

ladies' rn~n, he fought the Bols~eviks, ~35 captured by the Kurds, and, in 1942, was kianapped by the British, wh6 suspected him of Nazi intrigues. Durin•J ~·io-cld '\'Jar II the British ~nd the P.11Ssia.ns jointly occupied I~~n •. British ag~nts, after ~ , __ S:is.!:chi:~g z·eh~di, · claiwed. they f:~t~nd i:l1e foll(_~wi:1g. items in his bedroom: a coll.::ct.ion. of German· -automatic ;..;eapons, silk un<1,~.n ... •ea-c, some o·pium, letters from German parachutists op2rating in the hil.ls, and an i.llustra1:.:::d .r:egisL.~r o: T·::l:c~ran' s · most exquisi'te pros ti tutcs.

After· t~e war Zahedi rapidly ~ov~d back into· pub 1 ic Life... Ii'a was I1in i.ster of: In b;rio.c when Nossad..-~tJh beca.:tnt~ Premif.?:C in 19 Sl. 1'-!·.)sSude'jh nation<;-tlized the Bri t.ish-O'.·med .;,nglo- I.!.·<'mian Oi.l Cor.rpany j.n April and seized the 1-:··...l•Je J'..bi"i-:1an refinery on the Persia_n Gulf.

---· "------------------------· -· ... *irWioiill'·"=·iiol-*lt.l•""_."',._t>lloiio·zw.,;·lii:ft!IOiio(tllot-··.oJ-trr.. .. u• .... ,ttr_~oo· olliisn;W···!ii;iiaiu·ii!i·•r..xlltioiloz ...... ....,t..,rn"'· eoii''""iio·---ioll.t:O.idelili>iiisOoi;·..O;a~~-·-

' - .......... ·,- :. -, "'\"' -. .,l,, .·,\ '· : ;: ;.: ~. · .. ,

i n :..-:- ::: .:~ 1. 1 ;-; . : : . -c .3 i . •. t. :-.. ...

~- ', . ! : ....

-,,__! l,.,)J:_ ! .... :·_;:! L~•"' .. ·i.·:.~}

. : .:--; ,_;, y Ci. '-. •.-:.: t ·.:: l' -:: il ~~ ·- -·- _-; (: \·' ·~ 1 t 1

i;;t:::~_li-

;;2:.1'.>~ ~:i-~-:.n. :!c! · ... _·,:s 'i_· .. _ ... ·. n. ~.i_~..:-:.!.:~:~.s i~i~:-c:s. i~i.s ft::l11i..:l:, t]·:r! ?.r;.··:=;i,::~~·.-li-~ t :: :·:··::·::Oitd :;l:•:1, ' . .-.~.~s Z!l:;;o nair;ed .Kermit.~- r~i~ ·.-:.-1_:3 ·:p-·.:;(!:i'•L·::d frc·;~ H.:!.::vacd just bf~fo:t·,~ ~-;,·).;:ld 'i:'a.c l {, ,:,:!•1 ]1;1 t.;:1':3~1~: history thGrc ~:=d ~- _1 ·; ~ -~~ t: __ ::~; _ ;:-:~~;-~.::: i ~-~': -c,: ::_ ~ T:~s t i:. n C..:! o £ Technology • .:. .. \!! :.:::-~'"'' In·.l.t:t.l.l-::'~.i. \-..·r11l~ ~-"''.1 .. c..l C1t !{-?.-~"\.-"2-t"'d. lie left the ~caJ~~ic life to serve in the ass, then joined t!H~ CIA aft~~:c i.:he \.;ar ns a Hicdlc East special.ist. His father h~d died in Alaska curing t:he Har; his

1 .... • ~· ~ l t... d .... .. d" d unc. e, or:.v;.:::.(u .. er. .. ef-:.?r?. T-..eo ere t-~:;.)0~3E.:"./e.Lt, 1e ·~·n !·::-,.::: i.'Ai:-l•:l·H.~~ <:-->f ~-:o~_:V1-3ndy a ~'·?.~t' 1_at~~r¥'

T;i,~ .Bri ti-~h <t.nd 1\:r .. ~ric:ln c.;o-v~ern~uents had--- .~ ~ .. · ..... '

to·;;,:;-;:her oeciC:.::!d to ;7:o;_.:.!\t <"~n Of>:O!~ation to over- .... thea~ ~cssadegh. The CIA's esti~atQ was tha~·it \··-01..11:_1. ~_;·t~c,:::;:2~•1 b~·=·:!tl sa tJ1·::= cc)J~l}: t. i :.)11 s ~.:-:~re right; .in a sb)~,u:Jc-:-.rn the :9.:::0?1~ of I ran :..;ould_ be loyaL to t::: ::- S?-:.:=.h. '.!~e L--.:.sk o t' n.!~-, "5..::r; the O?eration

.... t -·~. .,.., . ., - . . ~ , ., -"" ' t t .,...en... o .l:'.l.m. r<o~seve.~.c., t.:ft<-:-n ·~He Cth. s op opa~-,-a.·_:".(J_r ___ in the Middle E~st.

~ooscV<?lt-·0nt:2~~j·~c. Ic1~1 l;:::gu!:ty. He drove ac1:os s the bo.cdet', ·c;::'<~·::hC!d 'I'eh;:r;!n, and then a !;_'O?p•::d Out of sight. He had to I :·:d. :!lee he had be2n in Iran before ~nd his ~aca ~~s known. Shifting his headquaxters scv!;ral ti.mes. to keep one· 5tcp ah~ad of Mossadegh 1 S aga~ts, Roas~v~lt operated outside of the protection of t:he knecicat'i Embassy. He did have the help·:-

..... ~-;--)",:;;a..·

of e:1bout five 1!.!-nericans, including some of the- ,.,.

•.

:_·.

·~1'· ·-· .... ·:!. -!

:·.'

~: i .. -~

. - ."l

f i ' i -~·~ 1 :.;_ i ;·. ~

:~:-:

f.--

CIA !i~cn s tf·d:ioned in the erro.bassy. · .- - 1 --' ., (?.' ·. - :-:i!:~-~-:. - "•"7• -·~_. -~-~-~

- . -·=:.J;·_.i ·--":3:-·~~;:·---~- . . .· .. · .. -~·i".-.~ .. _ ... r~

In addition, there \vere SCV•3'n local. agentS;·};_¥,.,,,~ - -~_-;;-: _ i1'= iilcludin.g two top Iranian intalligence operati.ves>· ·';t~t , .. < These b-10 men corr.rounicated -w·ith ·-Roosevelt --"~;1b,~~;~;:.~ __ -_· _· .. _·:._-~~..;-;!·_;· ~

h . .L. t . t d. . -. d h . ·~---1"-n-,-- . - . ~~ •• ,... . ---t ro•.1gn · cu ... ou s -- J.n ·erme ~ar~es ~.~.an e·"=:-:r·~:,:;[~~;f·;:F~~·I""- · -~~":-;f#.•-~;.-~-p.::-nt.:!v8r sa•J ~-hr.orn during ·th ~ ~•ntire operation' : ---~~f'[;';;·~ :_;·-.·.~; "';;<~~n~~i.~~--: ~

... .... ~ • \; I;! - • ' . • ~ .:;;~>;tJ.-_';::<: .f c '· ': '~.,; ~~ '.;:tj:~~:<; ft J\s the plan for revolt '.vas hatched, Bcigadier . . · ·:-:J:-:.t{'~- t

Ger.e!~al H. Nol'."i\l~n Sch\-:arzkopE, ,.,·ho \::Sed to . ,,:;:~--:.:_ · ·- · -- --~.--\:~t'· :_· ~t "'=" • d" ' "B · c ·t "t d ' .. ~·,;· ..... ·."' __ -.', .. ·.-r-£-._:-;.l' C:P.~.-c: . .:lt:' on t:a l.CJ s. ang .uu~. ~.cs, u~ne. up ::-:~·y, 1·:·.:.~~,,~_,_>:~-~:::.r~~~f~' t;::·

J.n 'I'e~~~ran. · Re hild rcorga.ruzed t.he s~~~·s._7['~}~·1~:-:,~~:·,_. :·:,~·j~~~:i,~

.. ..:..-:.~···· . :;•

. ·- .. . f;iJ!J_~~~7!1!1 . . ·.,,:iii·. ·-~~i~i.l~~~~f:;~t:. .:·i·~--:~~··:.· ~~e;~~~~~~~!~il~~B :.;~:~~ .,-"""-··--·.··~

. ~-- 5.-i.~.-'._':~-- :. -,~.,~~. t'$01·:::, ... : ., -. . .. : -~ .;;~-r;:~t.~~~- '·. .. ~- .. . 4

- .. ... G

~ ·:c<t .! :.~ .; :: \:; .,_. ·:: ,-.: -=.:.:·-: · .. ~ ·; ~ \:. }~)l..::·:.,·n f<.):t. ... !-Jts 5.1···"-~';; ·

bc:.l.J~r ~~ :i (~ !: -:;.r:- :t i·!r:; c· ~-..! s !:~ ·.-.:~ ... ~! ' . • _:: 11 ~~ ... -!:: ~!·:i. r.l~ (! ~-: ::·,..;

JeT:~~ c~y ~:; t,::_ {: t! ~~·:1 ) • .i.C\:! :i. :i. ~~- ::: ·:. 2 • S~-'" ~;·.,·A r ·,:}· .. t::'p f 1

on old Jr: i_,::nd of Z.::_~-il?.(~i 1 s, cla ii>.:d he \·/ZiS in tc.~-·n "j,):,;f.:. t.o see old f:r:L();1ds <i•J:'iin." But l1c ·1":.;1 ~~ f'~~ ct C.' .E . t:ht:~ C&I)•?.'r: ;~ 1.: ~-·:')n-

-:.:_·. -·n-o~ j:..ugust 13 -th~ Sh-"lh sign~d a ,:~~cree

di$::~ i.ssintJ l•!cssadegh and n3.ming ~:ahedi a·s Pr-::::w'Ll:!.C. 'l'he. uncooperat.t ve Hoss.::degh arrested t.he unfortunate colonel \-Jho brought in his · notice of dismissaL. Mobs rioted in the s tr.€:·2ts; the thi:cty'-tiu:ce..:..year-old Shah and his queen (at that tinie the b~a.uciEul Sor.:..ya} . f.led to BcLghdad by· plane f:r:om their palace on t.hc Cai:5pL~.n Sea.

.l:\:-..c t\·;a chaotic days 1 Roosevelt lost· co~-­muni•.:ation with his two chief It:'~nian .~gents. Hc:-H:~.'hile~ the Shah ·had rr:aac: his ·.-:::.y to ?.o;:;.3; Allen Dulles flew the.ce ·to confc:r: \vith hii:l. Princess Ashral:, the Shah's at;:trnctive twin. sis te:r:, t:r:icd to play a p.:;.rt: i.n tJ..:~ inter­national intrigue,. bu'!.:. ·th~ Sh<t.h. x.~ fused to talk to· her.

In Teheran, COHlrnunist .m.obs c<.,n.troll~d the :.:;treets; they destroyed statues of the Shah to celebrate. his depa.cturc. Su..:Uenly, the opposition to . .l'1qssadegh <.::onsolidated. The

.. . : . ,. ~

A:z:my b(~gan _rounding· ·UP demon.fi.f:r~_t(.)rS.:- Early ... ;<i- ··; ·- "··· . on .:!\ugus·t 19 Roose-velt, from his hiding place,.=;~-'t:'~:f:_:~ -- . :: __ gave orders to· his Iranian agents to gat· -'.~::7:;·:},~,,:-.· ... -.

eve_~-yone ~~ey cou'·~~ f~nd into t:he ~t?.eets •. :~·:i.~~J(~;~;: __ ", The agents went into the athlet~c. clubs · _,i;!ir~': •; . ..:..:· · ,,

in •reh-eran .and rounded up a:. str-ange • assortinent:·Y.~ .. · ....... '... · '--·~ · -·- " -:,.tt.:·~i~~· ~- ~ •of <:.-:eight-lifters,. muscle-men and gy'mitasts ~·-.,~=~~;8~j};:~,;:,, .. ~~.,~3>~;~;: :. :. The odd procession made its··\;,ay through the ·.·;r~:=<~.-, ·- ·.~.-:~-r>\~-- ~ bG.:·:•"ars shouting pro-Shah slogans. The cro,oid :'.>>·, .·.·:····.:.:.:_'J,.!;;·:·~.·~·,~.: ... _:_~}_:}.:~.~.:( · ' -gce· . .,r rapidly in size.: By mid-•:~orn.in.g it 1.o;as ..• ' . _,._, cle<!.r the tide had turnl?d against r-Tos.s•3degh ~)i:,:.;J . . · ·· .:-.,~~.;;, __ .

and noth~ng. cou~d. ~to~ ~t~ _: ·.:. .· ': _·:,=;~:~ ... ~-~:~~:·:::F:i~f.~~~~~~:;f~.'<p.··~·~{::,·~<~~~:·~ Zahed~ carne out of h:1..d~ng and ·took over·~_.,;.;::;.'.:~· .. ,·,._.· .-~'-;r~ .. ~~lf.

Th!:! Shah. returned from e;.::il~ ~ ;·.rossadegh · -::~·-.:-::~:£.:.. . · .~~!},i.j~;~:.c,. \·:·.~~•' l.:. to jail and tha leaners of tha ~~,Jdeh. ·· ··><;~;;_~~. . · · '-:"j~~~Y:·: ·

.......... ·.;~·e e~~ri~:4::~;1.zr/;~;··' ~.~~-?t_ ..... ).~tm;:.l:·:gll~jsiec···f~lt·c. '.~-~Si~:~;· .. -n· .. .,. •• G .. :;;;;~eu\IJ-, ~.·.·i~~ · ;·~$, .... ,,;..\/ .• i1.·~· ';" ..... ~>-,-;.:.· :t..:.:~:,:· ..

. :=.~~~#A~:~:. ,, -- ... : _i:.~~~~~~·:."~~i.-~::~;;;:~~<. · .:. -.-., ... :·:~~~!t~~{~$ ~!t.t~~t~~~ib.~~r~·:.::~~~-~~~.. ,~g!;.: . ·:.~.~wr~.J£ .~ .... ,,, 't. r.;.· ,. . ·. ·-~·i·\;(~1<.~ ,..,!J•.tfj' ·\•\"- ,····""~iA4· ..... · , ... ~-i:E ··"'~"· . , ........... ·-~· . . ~ ··~· -~ :-:~~; :Je=.:~~~r::tt~~- ·~ .. ;_;~:1~;§:~~1~~'·. .·~:~~~~

. ' .:.

~·· ;,

"'"··j

·-;:--..

I : t I

..

,_ ... . .. ""tct

... .. : .. . ........ . , .•. ·. . . . -. ~ ·, -i···· ... .....

.:;o:\.:<:eo·-·\~···lj· r:.:t T':.~~rl 1 !5 '-··· ·:·, t-._· .. :c~:eo::-;t, l'J'~1 31 ,·-.n .i!~~-_._ ~··· ... rt.~-:- . .-:.: ... :t1. ' .. :.-··:::';':rt: 5 ··:· . .-:'!f !·-:,::st;_::.r~11 ,.:,i.l (;-:·:::r:,..;r,ics si.;~!~· J ,:9. t·.·.~·-;-:~::. .... ·--fj ~.,..,.:: ., ...... : .. - t~·~:l,;·t ',-.;i tl1 Jrz1n for - -" -" - ..... it.:5 ~-::·1 l.... ~).="h.1(·:.C it, tf-i.::! f~J~H'l!::r !-·!lg]_u·-Ir:ctrliC.:!'l 0.; 1 .,. ____ ,;,-.. ,,, ,,, •.•• .. ~roo ~ -.)- -· ___ ;.. a o~-c~-o iJr. 7'.:-n...,~-l· c"'n ... f ..... ' .• · •• '!;,~ .. ::.~.}: .; ... ,_ -~·J ~.:•.;- .• .... "";1\,..t J-- "'""'l. \ .............. ~ ....... .,..,-.

c--~::.~ ·, :~ i :_-~:.- ·~:<~ :~2-.cif~~~:~: -=~2.~.~- ~c~~--~ 1 ;~ ~~~~" 7~ell •J,:)t .:...--:. t·'\.:··--~ ... 1c. c .... , ... u t"".;.a c .. _., ..... p""-t;: ... .:. ... a .1: -'·--' .. -"'- . .L......Je d~s ?~troles 6 pe~cent. Iran got half of the 1nul~~:7 ~-r.illioi"',-doLla.c i.ncc;rie f1:o:m the oil fields ~)r .. d;~t: t.he deal, -t.he Anglo-IJ:anian ·:..·as assured . ~ .. a ·:~':.•:,.~::.:n::;::p':ion ['ci~'m(:nt of $70,000,000 •...

·. :'

~:~':~ \.i.nit:.::-·d St.:t,'?~~: of CC"l.lr~•3; h<·l~~ J"!f'.!V•i'l7

O ~fl"··i-lllv ~cl~=~~~d ··~ c-,~ta ~~lo The . .1.... '-----~ -- "' "" "'-~ '-'-"" c ... e .. 11. o:~ _._,_. •:;.. -··

clo:~.::·~~t. Dnllcs ca..--r.e· to doing so •.;as in a CBS f:!?.L:~'.d sion .shry;,r in 1962, af-i.:.ec his cetirer!~·:~nt f t>:;.-~l ~~he (_:1·.;. ... l 0 l~t~ ~·.\·:.-:; ..=:s:·.:(;.c1 -... -]1~~ t.~-:~--c it \.·:.~ s true t1Fit "the CD\ p;:-oplc s~?C~lt li.b:-•.-.::.lly millions--· of ~~llars _hiring ?SC?l0 to riot in the.strcGts -~:=;!1t.1 1;0 otl.:c ... c t115.i1·.:rs, ti~ 09..t. rid of ;~·!ossade~·lh. T_s- \·-;1..,, .•• ,. ·>r.v'-'il1·,,,,.J"O"l r··:.n"' "';-y ::..!,c·-.·t t'n ;,-'-?" ..

• • ...-_.. l.. '- (1.-' •.4 \.. • .. ":;J .l \.. '-' '.... ~ ::J.. ~L .._, ) \• . '-oo~ol- •.

"~·h?.ll," Dull...;:~>. replJ_;;;d, "I c.'irl. say sta t. ... ~:·!1~~nt thi'ii.: \...:<~ spt:~nt i·~1·'3.I1Y (10 ll.:irs that is utterly fHlse.~

did their p;·:rt

i:hat doing

: --~~:··- .·· ·-:--.'

·----·-- --- ------Gul.f Oil,

...... i . .. ··~-

'.: ,•.'.··

... - ··-" ~ ..

. .· ·-.

. !-

'. ! ..

-~

. :-:;·

. · .. :. r· . ., ·~-.. "\ . ..._ .\. "...: ;, _::. I :) ~-

-:1 :i.t~ ~: i.i t .. (l.(" i .~") l :=- i:"" (;;i·~:t t·~l... _"·~, ~1 J·: (.:!!:.··· ~'"-<! •.12 ·; 11 .;, :·; .. !_ ~- ~-= ~

1·~·t:t1tn to l:~CJ\.;~!t:' C)f t:i ~.:·: ._: ~··.:11try 's (J~5 . .:_£·\--j =?.3::·:!1 ~·1'.)11::~-::!:~ .. ].(.:l R:i.. :!:::1 PJ11ll-_'\r.i.

lSIS3,

.~ . · ·Tile ·~.rnite House stalled Ho:-:;sa<Jcgh for one· i:lonth; t.hen tu:cned dm~n the c1.·afty prcmi~r ;-:i th a b1un t no.- ·rhis ·,·.'flS a calculated r{sk at best.

... 'if

·~.•- ··-··r.: a _3.~,...]·'1g - , 1 ·n· .::-~,...~ ·'-h":ITo ,.,... ____ .. ;:.nh .J.t_ ,-..!.·~..:~ c: '..i.":-.• • .. .. L (_jcilt1!.)._e_ 1 ~.a. ...f-l':lt_;•~, '-'!'-~'- .:.•Jv~~·-..4\..l:_'":; ...

·.,•.-..)t::l.d r:oi: x·r::>!i•:i.in ir1 pO\.,.t:.C to t;d.£J:Y O'..i.l:. i1is t1n:-.;ai:. It ;.; .. 1s 1 as \-Jell, a situation ~vhich required a .. little doing. The doing began in short order th!-·Y.~';h a Ghain of sl:canc.:;er-th~n-fiction circum­st~nc~s invblving [Alleni Dulles, a diplomat, a princess and a ·policGnan.

On· August tECnth Dulles packt:!d h.is ba•JS a:..1d. fl~w to Eu~ope to join his wife for a vacation in tht~ S\.;iss_ A. ips. 'l'he political :;i tuati.on in Teh:=r~m ~.;as becoming more conspi:ral.:_..-J.cial by the hour. Mbssadeg~ ~as ccinsorting with a R~ssian diplomatic-economic mission. Loy ~enderson, Uni tvd States 1\ .. iilbassac1or t.o Iran, felt he could le.:tve his post .for a short "hoLiday .. in Switzer­land. Princess Ashraf, the attra~tive and strong-,.,illed brunette bvin sister of the Shc::th,_ d~ose · the s.:Uue \·leek .to fly to a S>·liss alpine .resort.:~:·.:.:· It •,.;a5 reported that she had had a sto:cmy session .. '~ with l1e.c brother in l1is pink ruarbla- palace, · - · ··· bt:-c.::::,.Jse of his v,'lci1lating in faci_ng up to · :·,· · .- ::A~:;.·.~~-··-.. f_~_·::_._.-_·.-·,-;-:os?a.degh •. ·-

• ; c· :~·-· . _)-~::~~~~:~-{~. ·~ The ~·fourth of the assorted characters in this. ;v: ~ . ; . ·~. ·;'~,;:_,;7"',; .. :'..,·:·

dr<tit:a, Brig. Gen. H. Norman Scht.;artzkopf, at ·:-'::~{.~;;,.~~·Y·-.' ::::~~;·.~g~,~~~~:.

this time took a flying va~ation across. the :j:~:~·;'<-:·'·_··>.~·~_:.;:~~-"~f:t::r~::-~: ?·LiddlE'! E.1.st. His itinerary included apparently·· ·.·· -~.;!~:-:.-~: · aimless and leisurely stops in Pakistan, Syria, :.: .. <:-.,: Leb.1non --~.and Iran.· . Sch\.;art:zkopf is best -":-:'::;.:<~> kn0\ .. 11 to the public as_ the man "who conducted . - :.,; ~-:.:.:... '.-,.::_;::,.;,t-":(1~-;t the Lindberg kidnapping il-:.vestig.:l t.ion in 1932-, .- · . · '· .· ... \~''.0f.;.~t'! · ~-'hen he- ;.~as head of tha t:e\~ ,'"'Je-c-sey st.:: te pol ice. ~-j~:·~-~.}~.i.,,;Y;>;!• "\•1t fco'n 1942· thr0''(..1h 1°43 h,:, "..-;.:-:.s d~t::.iil2,d. to -·.-:·~:"z;r.;;.:-tl::···"'· -··. - •• . ·- .... .,.., • ~ - - ···. }f.:~-~ .. ).:..>-

r·r.H\ t·.o reorganize the Sh::.h's nat.io:1al police .: .. ::L~J.·:~··:.: . . . . . ·~ ' .. ·::~ i;}_~:~-~-.' ·-.. ;·_-~;~:~ .. ~~~~->-.. . -· .. . .

. ;·· :··:· - .· '_.! - ..;.:·_._ ;• ~\·:~·

-.

,. • r

... ...... . .. ... •· ""·•·.)o: . • ., . ·~.:·~~--~-- .:.

. :" ' (

er ,., '? .,.. ttt • n.-.a

G

t- ~-· I .. • ::.? • '·-.. .. - . . ~ : . : ::: \..-.: .. ·,

. ·- · .. _; ...... .

. ·;

i;~lit:~( .. ~:l. c:~ ; ....... \:<·.:.:. :-:! .-' :- .. ~;::.i:~.:..:.t LJ-~c :'3!1.-:h, '...: z: ·~:\·: 1 ..: ·c1 \J ':.! () .f ·_ .. ; :·} i ~~~ !1 ~.! _1_ :.· :)_-~ : :· .: .. ::; r;; t.~ l"l ~- s l: r_j •.tl•:i L:e co~mt:cd>"'in to :r·..:;;:;·,:n ].::··-•,11 .ind f:._, •. :i.liaciLy ;..;ith . ~

~·~-~~~d.lt! :r:: :;5t: r_:·::.:.::::·t:!:::)l·::···_ly·.. ~:-~c-:~·l--.-:;~:;::~~:!:tJL)f r~cc .. ;z~1e f .t" j_ ',:·;; <1 .. -":"; : .. ! .j, \. : . ..::. --... .. ?... ~~ •") -~::. ·~.:. ·.) ~ ~ ; .. ! i.~ }! i l"! (3. 5. -.. ..: i ·:: -:_: -~l 1 s ,:"! s ~ltlj. e:~~~:!. l7 :1~!J.()ll:.l~! Y~31t.:··lli 1 his (=(1ll.~~agt:.e on 1:1;,?. p~:'lit::a f~,cce 1 3!1d l~f .. 1e S£1-Eth l1l.r~1seJ .. f.

Sch~~rtzkopf ieturned to Iran in August of .. • 1. ;;_; ~; -~ 1 j-, •:! S :-;. id 1 "j l.l$-'..:_ 'CQ S0:::8 Old fCleiid S again • U .

• ~ .. ,.! .~,..,,., '-'····~ , •.• ....,,.,.,.-~1 ••1'11 _, .. ,.,,. -;·-,·.r ~O'"'DRP~l.·On .. · '-·".""..':. i...·.-: !. ~ t .• .. ..! .._ l.!l_ .. :;'-:.:;! -~,. .! c.,.1 :."{ - ~..i.t.!••:f C-.1-.J.. t- .a!_& _._t- ·- _.",

w.ith ~h0 events thnt followed his cenewal o£ · Z!CZ:i~!·:! in tZi.nce:J1-liiJ~i "'h~i ·t!1 tht~ Sl1 ah Zir"!d. Zal1el1 i. · 0 u t ~.: s ~~~(., s !;..:-1 ·:! ~:~9 ~1. -.~lll\i t !z.:~. Russi an l-;;:(."'::-,ug .J. r~ .• :1a pcc·'s r.::Ji1.r:-d ner:vc<>l::;ly /\t Sch•.:;:n:t;:;kopf's pL .. ~~·;..:_~J.t(:~r:: i11 I .t.·~;;rl 1 (1~.:·lor~l·:>[~~;:-:~~Jt!3 :...;::~~i c.t~d .:L.O ·unfold

On 'i'hu:::sd.J.y 1 :~u,:Just thi:c t<;:.?n th, ·the Shah s·;:c1(}c~nl"\r iSSl1cc1 ~~ t:1~:i:t1 .. ,.J.C·-f!c1crt_;·d uJ.-:as~: · l·!ossat1egh

- . J

\ ... -.=.~~ ousb~d. by royal d·~· .. :; cc~e <'l.nd hi:_; :.;uccessor as p~ernicr was to ba G~~erDl Z~h0di. The Shah (,;t-t-:f_11 rt:~(1 t!zt~ co.lc .. ,r1el ()f t}·le :-!!lp,:_~rit=tl _Gu.:!~.:ds to set·ve the not.ice on ·!-~CS$E!d8•Jh. 'i:'\.oJO Gc!.ys later~ "'! t lT' i c3 night ()j: S:.3.l:\l :rd a_y, .t"'!tlgt:.s t f i. f teen th, the··

-- --~ -~

., 1 • • .., • I • " t - • d - :.·. ·.- . co~one. went c~ ~ossaaegn s rcs1~enca o fln .~~· h.irr:s,.-~_lf and his p.ta f::)un surcound.;,.:cl by i:a.n.;~s and •. , · ·· ·· <<:~~~·~: jeeps. 'L'he colon.:-.:1 _;;;::,s clupp.:-d- in jail, ar!d, - ~.-:~::.. _ ,:":·"'/'ff~~;._ .-!·!oss.:~degh proclairned i:ha·t the revolt had been_~~~.:.,;;i:~~-;_-:'(:0::--i?4,:j·; I_:!• ... ·

• ,c·} .-.. d '"''· ""' c-• h - d 1 ·"" ., - => t,.• • - • ts·· '· .: · -.~ -,-;·i-;;.-:-.; • (~r\~ . ., 1~ • t.f\- ,,na, ,:1!1• 1J .• -, q._.c~en, u..:<l.ng ~:\.:en_. · .. :··: .. · .. :·:~·::.:•-·;· .-

at: fac1.~ value fl,::d to Rome by ~·ay of Iraq. · :;'~~i.~~;;?l:'·~;~:: -'.·:t~-~;-L:;.:.;.;- ~~ On \.Vednesd.J.V, Au<·; us t nineteen tl~ ~vi th. the army . . · -· · :.:,::.,. i

.... J • , "'... - ~ - ..,......... f.

st.-~nding close guai.·d around th·~ uneasy capita1"i.-~·.--L >:···_.:· "< ·: .. :· :_-. _ ! ~o- 7"": ·•t":to-·-.;- ~ .. ::. •t-· .. 1 t .. - 7~~--~..:·_::·: · . .;;:'~:J~~·:· f a grol..--=-que Z:Jroc.._~::. ,c,n M,.ac. l. !:»- \,ay a ong n~mf.: .. ~=·"". ':. :. . .;;r:::~~~~:.. ;

..,:. t·'-".:..t le"'(1~ng '-o· .... ~~ o '"'·=-·~ .,...... t""f =J."''h:.···an ·;. T~""";;;·e·'.:"§¥.!•· .:·: -· .:.· ·'.-.···-'"'!..~~. · ~-,..~~;.;.~. -.<·: ~(.. ~~ r.; •• ..I- ._ t.,.JU,;: .... ~.<;...,_'- •J '-.L C:::~. • • .... J.:L.~.•--... ~·-""·i ·.· ·.;·.~~~~~f:l'!:·-•rf

\..=ace t•;.r;1blers t:urning h.:-trv::lsp:ci:~·~s, , .. ~aicht lifters · ··;,<[f~;;\ .. ~:·; ·: t: .... .tclit:g i:ron ba.cs and H.re.stl~~.C:i i).exi;.g their'.: ... \~;·:~w:.¥~~:·:_·.-: h.~c.:::o!J. .1\s S'-""ectat()Y.'S g:ce'>>l' in nu!'n.ber, the bizarre· .. >:=:,:·i¥·,, :._

- - • . . . ·.. .. -· ·:. , ..... •-""t!···;; ... . asso::tr::<~nt of pe:t.·fo.r:r.t:-l.·s beg:1-n shout~ng pro-Shah·.· .... • . ,_:,~.:·.";-'('!.,·.~-·:. .. s 1 og?: r'! s :\ n · nn iso n. ~rh e crowd took up the chant .. : . · .. ~ '· ~.t;.::i{/':~'j,) '= - -... 1 ,_ 1 -. :> f't ""r n r:> ..... ~- ., ~. ~ , •• o-. - ':10 .:> t t• ···"· .. ~ . - .;· . ~.'i' .· -~:;;."·!":.' ..,,_c t....ll!:.!rt, "·- ~ O--~ !:-'- t;-·-·.--l. .... ~ .. s ,, m-n , r.e . . .. .. -.-,-~:7:~ .. ~''>·-. ., - . , . '- , . . '. d h . - ., ... L-:.."'!.i.:mce ·Jr L"lUO .• J.G psvc.~O.i.0-1:1' s-;..;u::.g .ag;J:.l.nst L'JOSsa ea •. ··J.i-1'!:;:-rF··,:

.... ... - J .. ~ ... ,--:-~+'"- . . ' . . - ... ,;.~~:-- :

·---~;.::-~ ~:. ~ _-," .\i: . · ..

· · - · · ..... ..,;:; i ... : · ;-,, :.a,f!I ... E,;:;_.. __ ·: .f'-~mi:cr.,:. !:"- -,__. ~-.~2:.'.€~~ .. -~:.:!·'.• .. "' "¥ •• • ~1 .,. 1 !~:: ~.!..:!- _-;-· t . :".~"l'·~-"Sl.t.:i~::!- ..... .:· . . ~'I -~;~~ ... "'. .._ '

-~---- ·'Aii;~-- ------ 0;i;::;~ . ;-----·· ·---:;~~A1iiF2I"~t:.~~·i~

il<l'g,!) __

I'

: J .. ..1. ;,_

6

..: ; 's :: .. :1 .. ::::

~;:~.~:1' s !.·:.~~:1-~ 1:.;...:··-;.:-::.n ... ~:~ .-:-:.:-; .= i :)::~. ~ :~.; ~ ---·~;·_ -~ o:t

a i:. -L i:. \ .. . _j c -~! i !i e 1·! .:; ~.1.!.: :; • --. : ·.J i J L f , j ll, f o l J ... ..: ·/ ~ · : ·J i:. if: ·~ "l: L c ;:!_ n..- s t~ :=-·1 :~ I:l i 1 :;.. t t; : -~ .. · ::. ~ ·- . ). t· i.~ iJ 1. .-; !-l d 1 ;_l:: i s (· i -::~ 5 I

1'"\'", l",:,t j··ro·,-~)~ a"', . .,.,.,,. __ ----,-~~ .... ,~,·-· r•1c···•-n'-•• i..--·-o ---~~·,: ... L _.. _ ... ..1. .. ... )l.. ~ _._<_;·"·"- .·:\_,.,•:.;.·:·.::. .. : .... '::,l• -~ ... ·.t••:..:.~ .. ~1..-.;;:) .~... .. 1--

. . . t -. .:! ~ ,_ • I 1 I -· a 1:)-<JJ1 icor:l!On axouno. t .)(~ Fl.'f~F!J.er: s r-1 . .:.ce. 1 r;cy $~.l!·1.:0:::!l1\.~ererl, i!.t&:d r-..!::J::;~·~.:tt]::: 1jl1 ;-;q£.; (.i-·;pt~l-~.!:t;d ~s i1a la .. y ~ ..... '.:!~tJincr i11. ft:.t.~:..::.C,i .. ~d, ~1.-3(1 i.~ st:.:~_;:,£:..~·::1 ~~ilk

. .... :J - -~-~ ...

paj "':.i"i1a s. In RC'T!1e .. 3.· b~~-vj.lJ.e· c,:~d ~:C:!l-~'~ ~;1·1~:~.11 pr0?a:r:r~d

to fly home and install Zahedi es premier and to givt~ Lean a pro-~·-Testern regime.

'Xht1s it -..-;as·· that: t:he st1:.:d:egic 1 if:tle nation of I.c:m w .. ~s 't:•~scued from the cl~Jsing clu.t:ch of· 1·!cs..::o~<T. Equally important:, the physical .:::·.,~cr- .. thco::r~v of l-•iossac1egh. \vas accomplislv;d by l:ha Iranians • • 1 ...,....s.... • " .. .., • • ~ ,......._7'\ I --cnr:.'ms~?.. ves. .1.. '- ~s tne gu.1.c:.~ng p.-c.:-ml.se CJ: t-.t~'1 s thi·rd fo:rce i.:ha·t one mi1st develop and nurture indi,_;-~.:·!rtc)\.lS f~ec~dom leg.i~')l1S arni)£1:._l ct:.l_:.ti"' ... ·e- or t.hr<:>-:-~ !:f:ned people t:vho st::-::.nd ready to take pe't-so!1aJ.._ r ; ... k- for ~~~.1!::;,...:,.... O"'' _,J·· .. -_.·-.J·v 45 . .. . ~. s ... . .. _ . ,_ .... ..._ .vn L • o _ .[ -.. _ •

.. J::cn.-"~ ·than a ::t'e<1;r later, Crosby ~;oyes, \...rz:iti~g in the

.':nd Princes::; Ashraf being,. in Zur:L::h the same \'leek in August,

2nd n-:entio.n..;d Ge:r.er.al Sclr . .;ar~-!}~opf's visit ia detail. ·livi t..~out

ri:..J.king any direct accusations, he hinted:· "It is po~si.bie

i:hat th<~ CIA ztgents \·Those dep·arf;ure from :rran -,·las observed .. . :_:~~.-:;-:.- _. :.: ...... .

and repor-ted were .on purely routine .•,: : .... ·' ~ .• ..i. .·;i::~~- f - •.

It is pos:~ible ;~~.:..:.as- a :·leading

intelligence missions. " .. . .

.-::-.;...--... . . .... , ...

trip to

a 'policy of studied indiffel..-e:tc~~· on the part of the ·state

.-

-~-.:-·---------·----- . :. i ;;~:~ ) ..• ~-t~it~~:. ·~:> ?.:L•:!-..·?1.(1 ,-:._tld Glat1~'S :Harkness, "ri'h2 ~-!j•st.cr-ious 9oings of ·-- ~:·:--:<·_-,-_._~L.'l .• " 'i''," ··-,.1-u··c-1"'"' -~,..en"nH:r ..,c..,··>- 1'-.~ ....... , . .,.,-h . .,. ... 6 l•_1~A, Pr"'. 65-or3. " - -L<- .:::- •.• - J. ""'A- .C.v· -'-1:..7. L _.,.,. ~ 1 ••'-' ..-~,;;. ..• ~.,_ • ._ , _...,. • J:' ...

~eprin6~:1Sy--speciai permission-of 'i'he S ... "!t.u:::-C:av Evr!ninq ?ost. (") 1954 'T:;~ Curtis P_uo_lishing C<.:-~l~p~ny. ._\_ ·· ..

. ~;:;ii~ht ~~~; .. liT:~ ~- : ~~£;i;{r;[;,~~:c{ · .. · . :~,.:L: .. : . . .-At<,, r --- ·- .tEe----· ;:I,i1Br·-~-~7-:'7~~-iiJ£~:::::;~~~~l.l~0i0~~~~t

; ;

f •

: j_

.•.

-· ! -- \ ,:_ .. . ~ ·. -

1 i :.- •:'\ 1 '\.! .. -,.' .. -...

(-, 'c••':', ... \...:.&....\...

-·~

LO the

to

Tt lS possiblB th~t Allen Dulles is

a critic~l ~~nent.

·'·

~

--.J;r_. . .--r·.: ;_; :::-7 ;~~.:~~--.... -;~; .

... ~-!-~·· :-.~--:·!_ ·:-·-~ .:.::~:-i~-~1-~~-\-· ·-·._ .... ~ .·

·.

......

---;

, .. .''.

,:;-):~Y< ·-

-~: - , ... . . · ~:-:.-~·-.:_:/·-~ >· ..... _...: .

•. ·-• .:.~. ··:.;"=':. . .:t_.:._ ...

:·->~;.;,:,,- .:c,: .

~~~~,--_~ .

~-~~-:-,~-

t

\

I I

l I I I I

i: \ i

I i· ' \. ~

i ~ t• •

-t .• i~ 1. ·. ~--.:

,..-. ~:

~·

~-

j,

~:

L '

·i

·' I l

t I

:

·•

l 1 ! ~

i I t

I

' ·\ .;

}-

~.:. 6.::: :::

-!-

. ·.~·4'·"~1:.t: ~! -. ; : ~>;~~~::..;. :··~.:4.,.i.•''i '"·J.~ J -----~: '- .. . ··~~,-,.. • 1-·~.,[E't•·__,'·'~ .. ; ···'!..':·:·:.

• , I .;.!'..., ~" •-' ... ;i..llt f l~·~.t1 ;.-·{J:.~o~ .. .;t_'J..- "Jf· .. -~:·~· ·-:~~:-...... ~"··- • ~-~ ~-~.J ~~ ..... ~ .. ~~·-~-"i.·:...~::ly.~ ..;.. ... ;~ ..,. ·~.,··- ... ,. -,. :--·<:tB?t;;.,...,.,.,.- .. - . , . . 'i¥-:< : ,_-:· :_~!:~~~~~;~~;~rP:~ :~: -­~.~.fl(~.{,,:. ~- s:~?~>1~i.~~{;::;;~·~-:_,~~ ~:

' c... -·.

t rn~ foll?·Nin:; is a u.s. Emba~S)' trons.l:st"io11 of the Court of f:l..!vision v~rJict a~Jc.in~t :~osadcCJ .:.nd P-i.:lh;, l_j'.nd.:!d do.-wn on 12 .1'-'y 19511. lt. r~vie~·l!. th~ ca~e, su:715 up the ,;,;_.·r:J~S .Jguinst the t~10 tkf~:1C,)nts, 3nd CX.!:r:lin•~S th.:Jir rO?:>p.:ctiV•) de.f~,,se •.. It oujects to dn::l overrules tho ve:~ict of th~ .~iTit~ry C'ourt oTrirst Inst-.nce ;.Jnd conclud..!s by rcs~nt~ncing tha defendants.

Under the indictment issued by th~ Anny Pros·~cutr>r, the ac•:us.::d

·~Jen:~ charg.!d ,.,.; th tha fo11 owing:

In conn,~ct'ion \·Ji th Dr. Hoh<>;-rpnt:~d 1\osdJeq--

1. Grd~r for tha arrzst of Col. N~matollah Hasiri (now brigadier gen3ra1), Co.'Tllnander of the Royal Guards, \·1ho carried the ordc:r for the dismissal of Mosa~eq; 2. Unlawful ~rrBst of official ~n~ ncnofffci~J parsons; 3. Disarming of the Royal r.uurds protecting H!H the Shah <lnd the royal palacus; · 4. Sealing of the royal p~laces, ~i~possessi~g the offitiils and guard of th~ Royal Court from· the properties and palaces of the Shah;' . 5. Issue of tel egr<lms_ to the_ Irani i::ln.J'm~<JssaJors ~broad instructing the:n not to contact Hlj1 t!ie Shah; f... Issu~ of in~ructions for omission of the Shah's n~me fro,n the morning and ~veni·ng pr<:~yers in.the military centers; ]. Issu:: of instructions for the hofding 9f .ncctin:;s by taking ,;dvantagc of Government propaganda faci1itit!s Hith a vi~w to insulting the mon.lrch and the cons ti tuti onal re!;li me, .:.nd Lro~:.d-casting the 1oeetings by radio; . .- -." . · 9. Issue of instructions fo~ pulling cloHn and breaking tha statues of the late Shah and ~ha pres~nt Shah ~ith a view to hurni lic.ting the royal household and encouraging insurg::mts to rise against the co,nstitutiona1 monarchy in !ran; ·· · , 9. lssue of instructions for the dissolution of the MaJlis; 10. Issue. of instructions for keeping under surveillance _tha ~1.1bars of the-roya1-h~us'.ah~ld.in Azerbaijan;:·-_.·· .. _ .• .. :.- · 11. Issue .Of instructiohs. for the unlawful arrest of G~n~ral Zahe<!i, th~ Prima ,;i~istcr appointee !..y th~- Shc:sh, .:.nd .the

··.·.._

of fer cif a rowan! to· the- person c;;Jpturi ng him; ·12~ tiim1nation of the royal ~nthem from the proJram of Tehran Rad1 o; and . • · :,. ·· ~-13. r.cti on for the formation of a ragency ~~u~cn by referendum. .. ·'. '' '·~~- -·· -~ · . . . : ·. ; . -~:- -·.-~.'":~ .. =~;;I_.;:::::. . ... • ..

In connecti o:t wit~ Brig~ Gan. Taq1 :h~hl1: · , ... ··. -'. .:. . -·~ ... - - ' •· ... ·... -· .. -·-;

. . •·. ..: .·.'' -· ........ ~ ~ "1

1. Arrest of Col. Nem.atoqah Nasid (now bdy.Jciicir 9i:neril1) · who \vcss carrying th2or<:I~r for_ Dr·~ Hosadeq's'dismissiJl,···and other officers without any legaJ·\-J.lrrant; ' 2. Disarming of th.J Roy<ll Guards; '-_

-"

;: .:, -~~·:·~~~:~ .. :~::- ·-.-_!- ..... ~. -..... - -

. - ---~- .... - .. ,...,.......,......_,..,....,._,~,,...,..--~:-.:-,. _,..,_ - ..... -=.c_""'.;··.-"'='.··""::>"'Z: ... ::"'.;-_--"7:""-:--~":=,--:--r:!';,;::~:::",~:.-..,... ,..., _..,...:_.'""-,:-. ----,._,. __ ;-::_::-: •• :-::-::-::. -:"::--~-::::~~·-~·""""'' .:-:',--,-,~.....,....,=-·.,., .. -"" .. ""':. -=~--7"", ":": •• :-. -~~ --::.:~.~. ..-~;: !'; ~ ,_, :. -

1 7. . ...... . . - . ·;·_:-~·-, . -..... ~ ·. . . . .. ~-- .

• • . • _; < ~- . ~ • ,~:·:,.~ •• :· : ·:~:iif~ft.~~L:iit~~~f~~~i;~ .:::;jt~~--~~; ·;;u~~1~L J:~i~(;~~~~~;~~::~~,f~::;: ~.

.. ,·~

..... , f.

3. lssu~ of instructions 'or the ~nission of th~ Shdh 1 s n~me from the :nor:lin~ .. md cvc-:1ing pruy~rs of the sol.~i.:!rs; <.Jnd 4. Issue of instructions thilCth·~ ci~Jno,strati,ms of th~ Tud:.:h ?.J.rty should not.IJc chc~;.ked .::snJ insurgents should r•ot lc pr~ventc-J Tro'7n~m;)ldn-:;··,:k·m':'lnstr.,tions c.g.linst rll/1 the Sh~h ~nJ that those ~cople pulling down the st~tucs of the l~te Shah and those of the prc~~~t Shah should not be checkzd.

ay virtu< of Article 317 of the 1-\r:ny Judicial :l;•G P;.::~al Law, cupital

puni s'-lm..:nt was dciol.lnJed for the C.~Jove-n.:;rned. The case HaS rl.!forr..:c1 to the

Coi.Jd of F'irst-1n.st-:.nce_; 1vhich Court .::.ftl!r p~rforning the le-gal for:naliti..!S

{ d • pon cu . .

re~.:1rd to:_Art_f~~~-E_!-~!13--of~-~-he Armr Judicial and ?enal l.:J\i_, Article 44 of

the. Criminal Cod~, and Article 46 of th~ same law, since th~ accused is

over 60 years of uge, he "::as condel7111cd to _thre-e y;ears of ·sol~ tary ir;)pd son­

•~IC!nt; !,t!r.ual ?.iah1's of-fence \vas found to conform\·lith para9raph {b) of

Article 330 of the Army Judicial and ?enal l~i ~nd he was conde~ncd to two

years of corractional impriso:-tt•1Cnt and pennan~nt. dismissdl from the Army

(c.ccording to Article 298 of the_ Ar~y ·Judici~l and Penal ·t'aw}~ ,· __ · ·,_. . ~ . . . . . . ..

Aft~r the co:r.~.mication of the verdict issued 1 the ;Hlit<iry Prose~ ··;:

cut or and the ~cc~sed apred 1 ed for i.l ·revision accor~..ii i"l9 to Arti Cl cs ztr ··:::.":.' ·::1:.

and 218 of the Army Judic-ial and.PenalLavl and Articla 219 of~-the s·dme' ,/ -. . . . - ~ ;::, ..i.}. ' ;/;_;·. ~ - - - _... . ...

La~. The cas~ \vas r-..:ferred to this cdurt ac.:oni1ng to Filo rlo.109 1 on

,.

Tho Court of nevi si on \·JdS formed on Apri 1 8 aft.::r pass thro~gh the . . . .... ','':\

neccssdry fonnalitio.ls, and listaned in nine sessions to the,-~xpl;:.nati~n~-. . .... . .. . ... ("'.-:-::-: . . ·.. . ..

of ~!te ?ros~cutor· and th,e objections of the accus~d and t!1'Ci.r ciafcnse ·.:!~-

. c~uns~t s a lout th~ defects of the fi 1.: dnJ the incoiilpctencc ·of .tne. c~c>u~f:=:.:·:

. .,· .. ::··_

·F-2:;:;>' ·'· · "~,L?::~:} - :. ;. ;~.':: .. -: .... ~-- -~ ..... ·· .- -~ ...... -~ ·-· .

.· _..,. ___ ·~------

~·.- '-)~.

,._ ....... -~-····-' .;;:I.7·. : . ...:-·.·.'.;_ ."~"'··~~·:.}i.:...:--~·~:· _, .. .i,

-:-~

"'. -.: •...• · ···'':;:;,L:~ ~ --·~~~~;):.~1~;:;.: ;;;; .~;; i->:,,..~,~c-.~···'·· .. :., .. ';.: ·-_

.:.; ·- .. ; .. ~ .. 1

··:-~-:·~ .. ,

.; :~

•

!' · ...

Jn J',?ril 22, 1~5'•, the ori.:~inal m.:-.::~Lcrs of the Court l·~' a 11'<1jority vota ,· ~

of SlX to o;,c cid not fincl the ohj ~ctinr'S of th:.> ac~US'.'d .>nd thc\r - - ~

defens~ ~ounsJls ~Lout th~ d~fcct~-~f the file ~nd inco~pcnt~ncc of the ,

substance of the! accus<~tions lc-v.::llcd ag<.dnst l::;,th of th~ ac.;us~d. The

Court of Revision, in 17 sessioi"ls held fro;;1 April 23 to ·~ay )2 1 listened

to the obje-ctions of t!1e Proset:ut'Jr 1 the accuszd, dod th.air defense

counszls in r•!spect to the vc;:r.:ict issuzd l.y the Court of First Instance, { . . .

' . -and to the last dcfcnczs of the above-n<3,•i<:cl. 1\t: iZ:20 p.:n~ on Hay iZ,

1554, it declared th~t the maite~ h~d Lcen sufficientiy debated and . ., . - - .

announced an vdjour:n11ent of the triul. The Court ir.v-.:-diately started

itsdeliber.;tioos, ~nd\·1ith due~re-;ard to ~he subs.tunce of Article 209 .. of the Army Judicial .:;n¢ Penal Law ·cnmpleted the dcliherc~ti0nS at '3:30p.m.

on ~ay 12, 195~~ and issued the following verdict:

Court's V<:rclict

A. The main objections of the Prosecutor and the ac.;useJ to the v~rdict issued i>y the :ourt of F"icst lnstanc~ .:Jre as tmC:c:r:

. -

Swrr.1ary_ of -the 'ohjecti ens of the Army Prosccu tor to the verdict issued--by _the Cour_t of- First Instance in ra:;ard to t:r. 1-\ciha:irn~J · ;·\os-adeq. ~- -.· · , ·-

. . ~ . :-...:, .·· -·"~: ·:.

-~·

1. HIM 1 s statements -to the effect that he '.J~ived his claims, for the injustices rendered t; him ~y ·the accused have been int~rpreted by the Court of First lnst~nc~ as the pardoning by HIM of his p~rsonal claims 1 while in fact~ personal ri~ht has a special intcrpretati<:mfrom the judicial vicwp•,int. The Court's int~rpretation is-not jJroper, Lccause HIM the :inah had not lodged- a pe~son'a1·~ 1 a'im.asainst Dr.. Hosad~q ~o ·that he could ~·li th:Oraw "his. c1 aim in c!ue course •... : ,, '> ·i '

2. Si ~~~ ~~~·-~o~~~:t:~;~,~· -~i~rs t ·1 ~s t~~c~:---ha~: ~ul ~~ -tl~.n the .:ri;,;as attribut~d to ur~ ;'\oha~·,aJ :-iosa.::~q corr~sponc -..ri th .Article 317 of the Army_ Judicial· ilnd Penal LJ\'1 ~ncl hess issu.:?tf its verdict

.~lith dt..:e re~<Jrd to ::'rticle 4f of the Crir.1in.-.1 Co.:Je, iJnd s;nce the a~"Jo· .. ·.!-n~l'i'led's cri.n~ is i;orn~J out ::.y th.: ci rcuH:;t.:lnces ·-,n~ntione~ i!"l, the -~~-"'.'·'.:! 1 iJr. i'10ha~n<Jd ;;oses.::eq .ipparently shoulc ht.ve l.,.aen co:~cc~.!d, to t.!_n _yc:ilrs•- soli t.Jry cof1fi~e•;)'!nt.

'};c·-~~,i~~~~::~~.~i,_ )' .. :-<:,:.??t"J:'J::.,!Q<>c. . .• , .• > . . . . . ·', ::·· ,(.T' , <i"~:-t<>;?~>:·:~ ;.".-~:.,

:~ .'

. ···"'". ~ . . .

--·--~~----~-.--- .•. ----- ..... -, . ____ .__....,. ··--- . - . ~. ; . ~ - . .. - :--...... . - ·.·: .-:'_; -..... _

. '., ·-·-~ .•,, ~~:i~~;~d:~~~::.;_:~ .. -,:~· \,;,~. ___ ,,:Ji:: •·:.r .. ·fL·.

··-:, :;~, ~ .-:-1~- ; -: \ , .. ·. ~:.:..:..~~·-• .. :=-~:, -~~-1 :~,:~~;\:--~~: ~· ... .:.;-;~:~-!. ~···- ,;. ~· .•. ·~...;o ... ~~

.I

I'\. :. · . ~-:' ;,_. j, ~.. j'

~ ... ,_: -:

3. Another mi s t·lkc mlde t y _t~~ Cnurt is th-!t reference has bl.'t:n ;n.:;c;e in the vcrclict· to . .J.rticle '.J-'• of the Crin1inul Co-:;~, 11~ne ·this /,rticlc r.-;f~rs to·., ,,,itiu~tirJn of t~.e ori9inal p:mis!1onent.,__a11u_Dr ... ;-~oha ~-;~J H~s.:.o::.;q h;.s ·t~{!n c-:>.ide.;'lned to thrc.'! y.:;;,rs' solitary CO:lfine:r:~-lt. T:1~se t110 f·..tCtS ~r.! contrddictory.

4. The Court of first Instanc.:! h~s not stu ted in the verdict · .. ;:,ether the verdict \-J.lS is:;ued by a un.:::nL.1·:-us or rnJjority vote.

Su.:~1..:ry oF the ouj!:ctions rois~d by t:1e f..rr;~y Prose:cutor <s;:juinst the Court 1 s vert:ict in co•lth:ction 1-;ith (;cn·:!r.ll ~:iahi.

1. T:v~ Court has not o!Js.:rv~d f\r ti ct cs 202 and 217 ~f the ,;r:11y Judicial and Fcnal L.3'"' {the CoiJrt'~ -.,.crcict 1nust be substuntiatcd and borne· out by f.Jcts. in conncc ti on Hi th th~ cd:ileS attributed to the accused <~l'ld th..::i ,- con for.T1i ty ;.ti til the: r~:: l ~;;a;;t. rcgu~ ~-

.tions) •. Horeover- the suLordin~tc punish!71ent {dismissal fro.-n t'\rmy service) 1:1hich u:ust n~vcr l>e r,;.!nt1oned in the_ verdict has been mentioned contrury to Article 293 of the Army Judicia) and Penal L~w.

2. The Court's reasoning in rc~ard to th~ ~cfc~ses put up by· the Gefcn:!!e 'counselS of the accused S!.lppor ts the bi 1 1 of in<:!ictmt:nt .:~nd lhe Pros~cutor' $ stater.Jcnts r:l<lde in the Court. The Court has ci)rtsicered the General's .:;ct.ions as ht;5tile and as having been carried out with ill-wi11 ~nd for the purpose of overthro\-ting th~ r.l'!n-archy. llo\-lever~ t:l_e punish£1lent decreed has been mace to conform wi~.h l\rtiCle 330 of the._Juc.licial la•"l., i.e., the neglig-i:;nce.of-'Juty yis~·.:(-viS-:the~orc~rs of":_the.irl'l1y.;~: '-~-·.:~>-<~, - - : :·.;: ;J;::-: _; -:."'·:~:~:p~:{~O:JJf-·.:(·/.:?;;; .. _ :·-:-:·:, : . __ '-:~:\~;:;rt::~:c:_:::,:,:::-;;~·:_;;~f;:'j,~::::

3. Toe Court has ~':lnsicler~d General Riahi respor1~-.iblc for the·;~· actions attributed to him ~nd h:.~s affirmed the bill of indictment; but !ldS made. an oversi gl]t i~ fitting the crime to the relavunt.·: article of the Law. For the Court has in its verdict made cl~~~ th~t the issue of th~ in~tructions for the omission ~f the Shah's nruue frorn ·the· morning arid evening prayers, and the fai 1 ure to .. ··_· · check the pulling clown of the statues and the-explicit announce-' men t that the :ihah· was a fugi tfve were meant to overthrow the m·m9rchy. Therefore the crime co;n::1i t ted by the a!:.ove-ncsmed .:on­forms vd th hrt i cl,.e_ 317 o~-- tf-)e i\rmy Judicia 1 and Pen~ll Law.

Sumn'-'ry of:the OLj~cti ons.flabcd by: Ge~~ral Ri ahi. and !\\ s ~- .•. Defense Cou_nsel· to the Verdict issued by the Court of Fir,st Instance:

. . . ._ ~ ~ ... :---.. ·~;~-~t~c:~--·~::-;~:-~:~~~1/~?;._·.-~~:~~-: _· ,_~ ... -.~ .. _ .. --~ ~ )~-~~~<- . -~--__ ;.... ~ 1. _\lith regar.dfo'f;.rtic·~-~ 330-of the Army.Judici<lJ ond Penal ..

law, ~eneral Ri ~hf_.>:~as._not_ne~l ~c ting _his milj tafy'·duti as \-whi1 e executing the ordc:rs,o_f h1s·sup~riors; ~ojh~'t-_the.~ourt of first Instance shou 1 d not h~ve conc•;r:-neo hf•;'l--accordi ng .. to Para_gre1ph {b) of Article 330 of ·th~ Army Ju•.!tcial and P::!nal Law.· .. '-. ·· ·, ··

·. ': :..·;.

- • - . .:..>-:: ·:.:

. <· ·~ -';~;~~: .L~:~i~~1-;~}~-~5:- . :~, -~ = ::: }>~~:"~:~} • -. : ,....._·~ -'/~~~~-..... .,:~\;~,;_.~- ~; ·-· ._, .. r . .

-: ... · ; ~ . "

. ·- . -·- . - . . - . . ' .

I _-------~~_.. .... -~ ": · --~-~~-r-~ ~~: ::-;; t-::·-~.7"'~ .. =--: ... ~:~~~--:- :- ~r:;;- ~--"='-- .. _. ..--~-~~-- --...,...,.....- -·-..--- .. ---~---·...:-.-~~- ?;···--·'" · .

. ··. ~, .. _-· :,;_ .. _:_,:_;: .. ~;~·.:A-~/i-f:~~~:~_;:~.ltl:~J:._;;._,;~;, .. ;~.'·:~:~t!.:·~~~~-j~~~~~;.:-~G.-L__,i~··:;~'!~i;.,~;. . .~-,

- ,._

- > .::;

, :·-.,

- ·-·-

. ; ,.... -~~

!

~Silii/BI ,,,,, .:. ..... !/ .. f

. ..-

·., 2. The Court h~s, by·~~tting forth its rensons, c~nsiJ~rcd that the Article referr~d tr:f by the Prosecutor Jid not corr~s­pond with the accusations t_:;vclled as;<dnst Gcnt:ral 1\iahi und th~ Cour_t cx;.:l.ne..ra tet! the: a;_cJ.!sed of the churgcs 1 cve11 c-d a;ainst him. Th:::refore, th.::re \vc,-e no. grou:-tds for thl! /\rn1y Pros..::cutor to request that the s~ne accus~tions be ag~in lcvelled agoinst the accused.

3. During A:.~-:.Just lf--1;? Dr. i-',o;.,.;rn;,,ad Hosadeq held a le:J<Jl ~nd official title as far as .1}] ~•mt officers 1·1ere conc~rned and no one I·Jas i!~vare of the co.-n.n.:.nd dismis:iing hir.1; hen.:c the le;alfzation of Hosadeq 1 s orcl&rs. Moreover, ever since HIH the :ihah ordained that General Riahi, the th~n Chief of Genera) Staff, should r~ceiv~ his ·orders directly from the then Hinis­tcr of t:ational' Defens;:!, the t1lnister was the only lawful' c~~nancler of G~neral Riahi.

4. In cor)nection \'ilth the or.1ission of the-Shah's nasne from the :o1orning and evening prayers to \vhich the Court has alluded, this had nothing to d~with_th~ direct will of G~nera1 Riahi, hence .the Aiticle-~egarding the c~ncellation of an instruction c6uld not apply. to him.-· The Co:rr.~ander of tho:! ~fficers' Co11eg~ ask~d for ins_tructions·i~ this_connection in order that probable incid~nts.might.be averted, and the th~n Chief of General Staff reported the maner to the l1lni ster of ilati ona1 Oefcns!:! and co;•.municc.ted the order issued_by the H1nister.

The Su:n:-.i.2ry of the Object1 ons of Dr. i~oha;;l:nad t\osaceq and his lo~,-ter to the Verdict of the Court of First Inst.:mce:

1. Concerning th~:- arre~i 'of--~61. Nematollah l!~siri {p;esently abrigac.Her general), i.f I m2cnt to conceal the disposal order$

,I Wl')uld not have giv~n_a receipt for it. This order 'could not. possibly have remained_ a secret even though Col oneJ tbsi d Hess «1rrested •. His fol 1 oi:1ers and some other no doubt knew of it·~ He was 'detained because he had come to- my house at_- 1 :00 . a.m~· =-,_ to arr~s t"•ne .<md' com;>l et:e "his coup' d'etat. \Jhen he understoo-d that the guards of my h6use were increased, he only su~mitted_ the order. of His :i~jcs ty. · · .. _

,.· 2. The Court of First Ins~ance said that I iSsued a notice <ibout dn_ imc.ginary_ coup d'etat in order to cal J the Koyal Guards aggr~ssor~ and to provoke th~ fo 11 owers of I:Ji s Majesty, ana that I detained ~the· fa_i thful servants of the _monai·ch ·so th<>t people tnight be_i_ocifed_against;this regime. I did not i~sue any order

-to arrest the followers of the:-monarchy. The police forces \~ere res pons ibl e for all th~ action_s wh~,ch took place •... The duty of the Royal '.judrds _is to pro~ect His: Haj\!sty and the royal palaces • It c<:mnot arrest mrnf~ter:-s .or' 'Iiajl is deputies •. ·. ... . ., . ··~.

....... _-::· ;.' ;. . . _·-:

: , :.: ;-'-... _:: ... - - - . -

.... -...... ·.;.7

: :. ~

..... , • .~ ' " ~ . . : ' ·.·I. ' ,-: ••

·:-<:{..··· .•. _· _.<·;:.~;~"::.;:t~~·:::· :·~ :~·:·:~~::~:·(~~ ' :' . , • • • "•' C• -·-· ._ .. ,_,.......,..__._ • '• ·:-• - •• 1 ',,, ~ • ·- • '' •

-"-.:~- '----~-~~~-:~--:-~:~-~.,_·:···."-•;- ·-·~- ··: -·~;:~-::-·..-._-_·-:- , .. ~-··:?:"·~~·-.-~~~~--!"~:-~:::0·- -­~-. . . ~

.. <I -~' - • .·!· • ' • ' ' ! -~ ..._ · .. _;,. '~ • • ·:.~ .•o~

--~-- -,,_,., .. ·. _,_.... :,:.i:~.:-,.-~:~· _;:;:~ ~,,;_;,,.~.lt:.)~;!,.,~:.,~~:;. ... }.:h,,_-l< ·:·:.; ,.;: ;r._;: ::·.::{!] .•. ; ~ .. ;.·.-~,;~~: .. ;~.,,~i~~-~~-.:~,,.;.~·!~~·'·.i/~.~7. ,·;·:-~ ...

- .... ~ ~'!

I

;_

:'::

i-

~ . .

,,(; ;_,,:..,.;. .l.. :-

A<;l-~ i . :: -·~ ~ ~ ' : i r J~. ·

3. The Court of F'irst.lnstance said th;:Jt I orJcr~d th~ noyal Guards to be c!isarctcd ~o th0:1t h~>cn His ;~.:1jcst>·rcturned he \.J:oul a have no one to protect him and h<.:nce the rn~bs Cl"lul d h••ve _f_:c~dom pf _?_~tion. liy pt~rposc \l.lS to prevent ilnotht:r coup d 1 etat. - -----

4. You ~aid that I s~aled th~ royal pal~ccs in or~ar to c!~prive His ii.'"jesty of his own properties_. 3cc~u:;e His tlajesty left the c0untry 1-wi thout a:1y previous notice, my .Jction Has simply to protect the royal properties.

5. The Court of first Inst .. ncc m~ntioneu thi: fact that tclc--·gr..:.ms \,;ere sent to thz Em~assics of lrc1n in forei~n countries,

fori.Jid\!ing the 1~mbers 'to meet Hi:; 1-'~ajcsty. I have no kno•..r­ledge of_such telegr~ns dnd if Fatcrni should say that I told him to so so, I shall beur uny punish1ncnt set by law.

6. The Court or f; rst Inst.:;.nce ill so Sui d th,it 1 ord~r~d the o~.1ission of the n.lme of -His Hajcsty from the morning c.nd

. evening prayers of the sol dt crs. 1 t v.ras thought that His Majesty did not wish to have his name prior to that of lrdn~ ·so th~ order·.,,..as given to the soldi..!ni to i>ray only for the perpetuity of !rdn • .r-fter_al-1, if' the soldiers pray for the perpetui-ty of 1 ran,' thi_s- oces not mean that treachery was m~a-t t tn h1s 11ujesty. ;_ -_ ·

]. The Court of first Instan~e s~id that ~osad~q and his friends me.:;nt to insult His H.-:ljesty by allo~Jing th~ people to d;::man-strat~ and t.:Jkc part in m::!etings. U!1e-aever the r~pre- . s~ntatives ofth~ guilds or _the !lational (jsil pur.ties asked to be al1o\o~ed to demonstrate~ tii.:-y ~.;ere gL·~ the right to co so · provided that the leftwing parties were not p~rrnitted to take part~ to talk, or to d;!;nonstrate •. -The meeting of. th~t cay had no -other ~asi s. __ If_ the spe3kt;rs said things and c!i d l'lrong, it' was not my f<~ult and 1- s!iould not be blam.::d for their actions.

.. - :l~;~ ..... :. ·:: > . :r -:·~~ :~- .~ -! ·-. -: ~~~-_,~; __ :: ~~~ ~-~ .·~; .-- ~~- -~~·;:, ~ -~-: .- ~~-~~ ~~;~(, . ..-.: ~- ~ ~- : :- ·~~~~···~- • • . ' - - • ...... ~ .. 8.- The-Court of First Instance bi!lieved the destruction of the st._;tu~s- of His Maj~sty . ..Jnd his father \,as to .excite the people . against His Hajesty and- his pow~rs. I knoh' nothing of the · dt:s;ruction of th~ stu.tu~s. In th~ f_.irst place.~ i:lstallation of the statu~s was against th~ Sh..Jri~t. I WdS told on AuJust 17 th ... t. th~ leftwing parties ·intended to d~stroy the·. st.:.tuC:s of ~~za :shah~:- _l f they: \"out d ha~~ JorH~ _so, the Cov.:rr)~nt \>loul d hav.::. been ac;cused of having-:cooperated with them •. · To prevt:nt this, the :•atitmal(ist] -p~{rties and':£;ui1ds did_ so· and _their ~ctio~s ~·Jere t.Jk~n on1 y .on the bi.JS is of opinion e:sn:::. not _ ~o -~xci tc the pcopl e ·a~ainst the mo~arc!l1c<~1 rc9i~. _ :~:, ;~,.--;·: :.;~.~,:~Li .- . -- _ ·

7 -. _;:· • -.~' ·~\ .::·-f.~·-::.:.'"1 -~~- .. :....~··r~~~ -· (~ ..... ; ·>. ~ . 9. 1\bout dissolvins''t.heJ-\ajlis', the Court"of Fir_st lnst..Jt::~ce:·: s-1-id: "The procla:;;atil')n of th~ accused to J'issolv~ the t\~jlis~ h<id no prcced;!nce in the p~rtia.l'l'!ntary history:of-i/.:tn ~nd~;=- • indic<Jtes that h~_\.., .. mt.to put un ~nd to th~ parl1~:nentary.regime .me: to the fvndamcn~uls __ ot.t'le ov.:~n.n~nt of this""country." .First .. -·> '·[,';;'~:1Gf:·. . . ·. '. }<;ii.t':~t;,;;(

··' .. F .6 ... ~ .. ~ . .:._. " ~ .. ~~f .... ·-~··~·

. --:~,·:-:-~ :· ~.~;:.::::·2.,~.l~0Et::·;_.~f[ ~I1iiH£J(i;,i,{.;~l,,iL~ ..

,- .. ,·.

.· .. · .. :4 ...... _ "·--~-:-_1-:

..

·-i.

!

. -.Y

1\P?L:JiJIX F

. I ,,,ust s.::~y th,~t if .:m-~ct.~-tnich h.Js not l;e~n dona b(;forc and is not ,..,ri ttcn in th~ l.:.ws ts· carried out, one cannot s<Jy th..tt it is a cri~e. s~coqdly, our Constitution is ~ased upon 90V~rn­m:;:nt ot"thc -p·::ople ana"by th~ people so a rcf<.:rcndtJm which is also based on t~e S'-li~ principles fs cc-,npletcly logicill cl:1d legal. Thirdly, rcf~rcndum is a good tool in th~ hunds of governments by '~1ich they can rely upon the people. _For these r~asons, a referendum w~s for the ~enefit of the.country dod ccmocracy.

10. About the arr~st of th~ ro)'al f;.,mlly i:1 Azcr!Jaij'-n I :;lUst --s~y ~hat I k~o~ nothing ~nd the police have done th~ir duty •. ·

11. The Court of F~rst Instance rcfcrr~d to the ord~r for the imprison::l.::nt of Gcinerul Zah.::di, the e1~ctcd Prim~ ilinistcr~ He \"as appointe-d after l '-!~s dismissed and Lct;~•use m't ~iov~rn­m~nt could not arrest him, no crim~ has t~ken pl~ce th~t I

::rnay:.be. puni s·hed for.

12.- The Court of First lnstdnce th~u~ht that t-h~ omission of­the N...atio~al i'\nt 11~m from Radio Tehran t-~as against the customs of the country. ·1 did not give an ordar for the om~ssion of the tfc.t!cnal A nth<?m, hu~~ _I personally believe _th<lt s_~me iluthori­ti ~s could ca\Js~ t roubl c for' those per sons \-Jho go to pt ~c.6s - ·· for fun and hc.lr the Anth~.il but mi_ght not honor it as they · sho~ld. I a~ sure ~ou do not want the people t? be Lothcred by ~v~ry possible m~thod.-

13. Th~ Court referred to- the forr:hlti on of th~ Reg.~ncy Counci t~rough a referendu;n. This action of min~. is tht.i t.est clue 'to_ s!-!_ow that my d::!eds didno't follo~., the contt::nts of r.rticle 317 of th<: Army Judicial and Penal L:l\-t·. If my deeds were according to th~ thre'e subj!::'cts,of th .. a i\rt)cl.!!, I did not hav..: to for.-;, ~ R<!g::mcy C::"'uncil , __ thro-ugh a refer~ndum. I i.nt:::ndl!d to send some n:pr~s;:nta...tives:~to Ro_me so that they aaight beg His. :-t.ajesty to return or. to -appo-int jhe ~e_g~ncy Council in case-His Majesty ci d not\'iisn to return~ If-His Hajesty ~'lould not appoint the ~c:sency Courici 1, there was no Hajli s and the Gov:::rn;ae.nt had no ri g.,._t to do so ::!ithcr. The only-?ossi!>le solution ''~as t!1rough a refer~n­dtr.n,' \lhi ch in turn is neither against the 1 at·J.:o nor the L:;,:nefi ts of t~e country. ' · ·

a. _Co:1sid~ring the o!Jj~ctions 'in the appeals. of the Army .Pros~·cutor, Dr.~11o!'la!!r.!adlios.lJ~q (accused tlo. 1), Gen. Tuqi Riahi (accuse.dilo.-2)

·andtheir la-.'ly"ers~ Hh1ch s::~med to be acc~pt.:lble, for _the follo~iing re.:~scms th~ verdict ·of the Court of First Instance _is invalid; _

1: ·. ·-. ' ... :·. -.: ·.:'• .. ...... -In- the case of Or. 11ohain.01ad _l-io3ad~q: . _;:~-t~~;-~:1:it;:~·{:~;:;f- ::::

first, ... 5 the Army Prosecutor oLj~ct, the Cou'rt _of First In~ce thought that tile C':l.imlunic~t,ion ofthe R9yal~ourt m~_.int th.st His Haj:!sty overlt1ol<ed J1is-'persona1 r.iJhts. n1is is not so brc<!us.:

.• His_i~.ljes~ty•s.:posf~.i_~n"-'_is~'s-o :high thdt it j~s not allo\-1 hi;n to

:---.J ' • - ... .. • ·.. • .. __ ~-::- . . - .. . ' ~ . . .... - .

·· t>..!c~.Ite a priv~te:_:---~~iloreov.:'rt the ~fferise·: ~~as ·.n·9·t- a~-­,:.erso!'lal one_ so t-----...:.nd~d party would ov:::rlook 1ns nshts.

--.._.....--. ...... . . . . :'· : -·;------~·- . . . . - ... '·.· :,. ~-;-~ -.. ~; ·: "': ::-~ •' .-:.-... .... . ,: .. ..,. ......... "":.... . ·-··-~:-. -~ :~· . ~ ~ "':~·:, ·."":".. • . """"'-r·-~ ... :(7:::·~~.:~.-;-:--:-· .· · .. . ' -· ~- _·.: ... ~-;_,.-~: ~~ . .:"'.'- -.·-.;~~~-:~:·~ .... :·;-'·~;. . .. .. . - ~:. . .-:;--:~. · .. •. .... . _·,·-: .. :::.

· . . -~ -·''"--- .;, -. ..:.:_ ---~-- :~:.."'_;_ .... ..::.:::~..: __ ..:.;.~~~:~.-~;,;.~_.f.!.;:.~4£~::::~~ <~ ... ::_;,.,,.. :- JL ::;· : . ·~:a~::;:{~~~, .. ~ ·t.;;~~.:~::~'"*'· ;·; ..

.. ' ·--~

,

In ud,:itinn to th•t, accor~fng to Artic1~ ~5 of th~ :ri1n'in.Jl Coc.!, parJo:-1 cun cn1y ~--,; ~hicn wh:::n the crim~ hns ::..:.:n cstc.b-1 i ~hcd. For th.:s~ -r~.:sons, the.: r"cf.:!ll!nC~ of th~ Court to the i.I~OV~ Co..:..Il...1U0l..Cut-lon<is J:w:.~1id.

Secondly~ consid~rfni the natur~ of the ~ccuswtion ~nd the reasoning used by the ~Court of F'i rst Inst.mc;! \ollt.!:r.:::by it com­p-:.rcd the p:.mi!>ln!nt to th.Jt of 1\rticl~ 317 or the Anny Judicial <>nd ?~nal La~t, :.nc obs!rving f.rticlc 46 of th~ Cdirli:H.d Cod.:, th.:: ?unis!-un:::nt ffx~d for hi.-;~ i.·las snlit.;.ry C-:lnfincr;)-~nt. ~cci.lusc: t:1e· saiJ r.rtic1-~ has f"iX"ed the rnaxir.turrl ... nd mini<:~um pcnalti~s of solitc:ry confin.=:o<":nt, '"ithout taking the .nitigating circu.:~st.lncc.s

--into-Cl"'nsic.\:r.:.t'ionJI t!H: p.:dou of solitary confincitl::nt could be fixed without dny troubl~. Althnu~h the Court tri~d to reduce th~ sentence ulld r~f~rrcd to J\rticle 46 of th'.! Cri:ninal Code~ th: eff=ct of this ~rticlc is not noticed i~ th~ fixing of tht:: pura is hm.!n t.

·rn the cas~ of G :nera 1 Ri ah i:

ikcord-ing t9 ,~-\rticb 713 of th~ Constitution und Articl.::s 202 -and 217 of the Ar;nyJudidal and Penal La~.,., th~ v..!rdkt of the

Court hac to b~ r~dsonabl~ and the Court had to pay Cdrcf~l utt~ntfon to the:: .occus<ttions~ ·not ._only ·;s th~ v=:rdict of the· Court dbo~t ']en•. Taqi Ri dhi unr~d-Son.Jble, !>ut ul so his deeds do nCit corr~.spond to sectio;'16 of Article 33 of th~ Army Judicial .:md P:!nal L3w (this Articl~ concerns th.:: failur~ of CQiir.1C.nc!ers to fulfill tho::-ir militc:Jry ciiJties in sp•.:cio_l drcumstc:nccs}. On the oth~r hand, the Court c.•f First. Inst .. nc.:: ·rcr.sone:d th .. t the c.ctions -Jf Or. :·tos.:;C::::q (.::.ccu£~d No;. 1) corrcspond~d to nrticle . 317 of th~ Army Judici~l .::.n~ Pen~l Law. n1e Court also related .!}1 the dccus.:ttions aJainst Gcn~ral Riahi {accused ~!o• 2) to'·· ":" some of the deeds of Jr. ;-\os.:.d~q, .Jii~ctly .1nd indirectly •. · Therefore, _the verdict \::las !Ji vcn on the b.:ss is of th~ un·i ty of ;" th~ir Crllil~SI.; illthOUfiJ\COnsf~ering th::ir confessions, on;: Corl~\: s::e that the· crim~s\o~~re;not t~e s.:dn~ for both of th"czn. For. this reason the verdict-Of th~ Court of first Inst.:mcc is·not -'·-

:·. '-::. - - ·•:: :. ..~·- - ~-~-::- . -··:=. _ .. -'• -~- -~ -. ·:--:~~-~=<.

• •r o ----+.-?: corcect.

For t~:: i.)ov.:: r::!.;sons, the verdict of th~ Court of .=irst Inst.:~nce is c;nccllec! in uccorccnce with Arti.::l_.:: 233 of the Anny JuJiCial c.onC.: ?en31 l::;:..o~ .a~d the verJict of this Court is now announced for Dr •

--Hosi:..~e<: (six votes to ~e)·dndGcneral ~ic::.hi (five votcs.to :. • •• -r -. _:-~:i~~~~)~>·· ~;\~~- .. -- ' .- ... :..

For Or~ rlosa~eq: ~<--:;·; ::·!. .:-~~:-~. "" . '··: . ~-- . - -. . - .. -~t~\~+St-::·':~-: ·.

lie confessed to so·:ne of his crir~=-s eand b)l rn:::..sns ·of fall ~cious ·· · .:.nJ confus·ing argum::nts h:: tried to escape th~ :punishm~nt for:._: .. :. the rest. Consid.::ring his file dnc th:: testimony of \·lltn~sses_b in th~ Court# his C.ef(;ns:: did n-:>t influence:: the.'vcrdict of th::< Court, ..:one! non:: of it h.:tc! dny jucicial volue. _His i~:"lor • .mce' · ' of S:'li;le of the ev~nts (such .1s the _t~ele:1r::.ms to lra.!li..:ln amoassa~ ..:ors on.!erins them not. )o :nee;~ Hi_~- M<:~j~~ ty 1 for~~ti on _of me~tings ..

. ._ .... . ,:. f'. . . .· ' -: . .,....· ~-~ ~ ' . ~ •. - 'J •. .• - - . . ~

_ through ;JOV;!~nr.~::n t.l 1 f ucj lit i~·s ~ .t .. '.'~__,}rech .1 t · the_ an::c ti ".~.; of ·_ ·::.;<~;: i\u;-.Jst-1~ 1 1953 ~~!i_}:~~o ~~cl:;. re;;.:.~d-:,d_by .. the~~~-'"'"'~>= ...

- . . --~~~~~'":i~:'<(:~·~::-::-c:;::. ~-:~:;:-~ .. '-? :'~- ·. ; •.• -' "~':>f:'> ..

--·- ·--. -- --·· . ..- --7--:

.~

• .. ·~ r

\

. - ~ ...... .

L.i __ .·""f·:....-~-·.:··/

,;,ccuscd .15 his For.:i\;n :~·itli~t.:r, the c..'.:l:.tru.:tion of th: st<.~tu=s ·of His 11.:Jj~sty ... n~ those of ~.:::z.s Shuh, ..:nd the urr.::st of th.: royal f.Jmi 1 y) ~oes -nb't s~.::rn acc~ptaiJl.: t.ccuusc ne \-J.JS Prir.1e Hi:"list~r, th-:>ugh illegd11y, ;.,nd ciCcor·.:ing to i1rticl~ 61 of the-· Con~t i~ uf<~ on;.:::.d l'"d lllQ 1\i ni st.:r. is r.!SI~on~i b 1 e for all \!Vent!>. . ------

In S·:--.r~ pl <.tC.:!S he h.:~s~sho~-r·n sood will such uS concerning the. foron.::tion of a ;(:~cncy Council throu9h a rl!f'.::rendum .luout \~:,ich he fr;.:n<ly said, 111\y int·::nti•JflS ':Jcr;! to s~nc so.n~ r.:prcscnt;:.tiv:::s to fb;OJe in or..!.!r to beg His ,·\..Jjcsty to return und if His r1ajesty did not wish to do ~o, to hcg him to ap~oint the R~~cncy Council. In c<.>sc His .il:.j!str die! not ::I:Jree to -=ith::r of those t•-IO r::qucst's, the r!~g..!ncy Council W::JS t~ b~ .Jppoint.::d by a rcfcr.::ncwn.11 Th;! Prosecutor of this Court L~licves that his st<>t~Jncnt is ncith~r 1·:-;pl nor logical; th-=r:::Forc he docs not .;,cc;!pt it.,. If Hosad.:q w=re right,· he would hav~ sent the r~pres=nt~tives to ~orne during th.:: four days of his illegal rc~irne. Hlth"ough he h3d all poss­ible tile~ns of transport.jtion .. me so on in his h.:mds, he did not do so. ilo action was. tukcn for the O:jJ;:;oint•n¢nt of rcprescntutiv-=s to he sent to Ro;:1::: •. His good \vi 11 did not ev~n induce him to .s~nd uircs C:irectly or.indir.!!ctly {thr0ugh the_ Embc..ssi~s of In~n in Bet!jhdad~.::nd_Rom::) to His Haj~sty a.lthougl\ he could h.1v~ cone • so. Qn the· contrary, the. t:::lcgrzms s.::nt to the Iranian arnb.:ss;:­dors in for~i gn cou=1tri.::s shO\v etnd prove th..:.t he· did not intend t~ sho\·J !]OoC~·J1.11 in tl1i s C.:lse. -~··· ~ .. -. ~-·

Likc1-1is..!.in conn~ction with ti1e or.1ission of the Shuh 1s n-ame from th:: m:Jrr.ing .:me! evening prc:.y::rs· in milit<~ry c-=ntcrs~ his stat:­ments arc contr_.:~dictory t!' thos~ rn·J.:!: by _t;cneral iHuhi b-=ca:Jse th~ accused h3s st., ted: "Since it \'li:IS assu:"il~d th..1t Hli1 the s:1ah die not ~~; sh hi~ n...o;ne to pr~t~de that. of I rim~ it 1-I.:IS ord-=red that th~ sol di crs should r-ray for the country~ in· orc:J~r th:at - =­

HH-1 t!1~ Shan mi ~ht rei _gn in an inGcp-!nd-..:~t ..1nc! fr.!~ c~uiltry:; _ the morning .and ~vening pray~rs of the solci..!rs for th;: continu.:d~ l!xist.:nc::: of lr&n (;oeS.. not in<!ic.:.te any tr~..1son <a~uinst ri!rl th6

. Shah,.," ·;: ,'\':~~- ',:; ;_,.,,,~>~ ,_(:-'?-:-t: -·. · ·. · _ .· ... ; · · .~: ~: ; .::~:?.).,~£::;~. :General RialH .. h~s.dl}e.iJ;::o:that en th:: proposal of the t.o,~•lint.Z.:r ·of the iHlitciry Col1e~e in "order. to pn:v.:!nt und.::sir.sble CV;!nts

tho!: prc..yer in qu:stion \o~,as. chang~G '-lith. th;! <>cvic.: of Dr: :'\osa­<l.:c;; ~'lo',..r~v.:::r, th~ s.1i~ .:..ccus.:cl {Dr. Hosadcct) h<ls not been ul.l:: to Frove his :.::ood ~.,ill in <Jlt..:dny t:,~ onornin~ :li'1d <::.:.cning · pruy.:rs or in omitting JHi\ the Shah's n.:..:r:: fr·::.m the pr.:.y::rs, > . .1nd h.::s not sho~-.rn \·Jhy h~ did not toke t!'lis ..sction !..cfore · · rccc;'tv'ing hb \Hs.nissul or·.:lcr, or ho\i' it h;:;pi:n.:d th.-t th:se ev.:iits :·Jhich "A:rc u::;c!inst th: !ilon.:1rchy oc.:,..!rr·.!t: .:tft.::r the· · is~uc of th.: Jism'iss<.~l orc~r und his r.:fus.:.l to·o~cy_it •• ' Th~r~for~~ in· short, th..:: .tctiviti:s of th~ u!.:·o·r..:-n ... :r:::~ fro:n . - . . "U~$t J6 ·.lt 1:00 .1. 1 :'1. until t\U:;iUSt 131 ~ingly o;,C: <=:?.lle~tf~~l~·, cl=,.;rl)• full unckr Articl~ 317 of th: ;'\r:ny_Ju~i_cL.al ;.~oc PcniJl ;·. L.Jw. Co:"lsi d<:dng the· fuct th.Jt the ·.r:.1y f'rosecutorj ~pplied for ~ r~vision of the vcrdi~t fs~u~d by th~ Co~rt o,,fiist lnst~~~~~ t~~ -.::'ov~-n.:.;n:cl is, :;y virtu:: of ,\rticlc 317 of th~ .:•rr.1y Judicial • .nd ?::n.:;) LJ•.o~, ~ond~ . .-:~•~.:: tQ thr.:e y~c=.rs of solit .. .[y i-.,..ristl:,_

m~~t, c~n;;i~.:rl~lg'_th: fac -~is' ?~~.~Js ov~i~~ixt)·.y.!.J~{~· -

. ', ?:,r~ ,;i'' ~"¥\. ,~ · -~ :~~. ~y~:!}'t'Ff~,;~/{~~~jH~~t:j :': -~- . i . .... :·.•

:' '·

:j

.. ~·

-]

,

{ i. .

~~~~ . ~:.:-~

- ~ j_./ . ::0.-

Th·~ f'~rio~ of his .:!:o:t:nUt:on ·~ince ,\u~'.J5.t 15, 1953, olJ:JSt Je C-::.:'uct~J fro;n th:: p.!dC~ of. hi:; it.lp.(i:>onl:t."nt.

•

--·~ ........ In ull _th.: .l•:tion:; Ct!-"•l•llttcd by hit:t 1 ~..:n.:r:.1l 1-:i<lhi's .. drn W..JS m;::r~ly to fu.::ilit.lte "th~ .JC'!-Ii.::vc:;,.:nt of the c.Jl;;}S of the a c~:us~d ~:o. 1 (~r. ::o:;.:.i:'~q). '.f.dl.: hyving full kno\-il~.1ae of the u'i rus .:..;nd o~j.:..: t iv~s of the· .:1! ov.:: n-.~:n~d, he hus coll uC.::-=1-i ·,.,i th ~ccus.::J ;io. 1 t-:. · . ..,::.:~l:en t~: sense of roy.:.l ty, :;h..:k.! t!-1~ f-OSltlon oft,:: i.1Qn..Jrchy, c:liminc.t::: til::: a:Y..;Pu.n~ntS

__ \·Jhic!J. inc:;icut:d th~ -'!xist::nct! of t!-1: monc..rchy, -=nl..:o•Jr<JjC i:h= <:dv.:::rs ... ri~~ of t'•~ :non:1rchy c.md th-:: c.rmy, .:Jnd pros~cut.:: those H:1os.; h~arts '.·Jere kin.::l-:;d \-lith th.:: fire: forth:: love of t:le ~ing a~d the mon..Jr~hy. The issye of the instructi~n for th.:: alter~.tion of the inorning ..:ind cv.::ning pray::rs by·o;:li~ting the Shaht s nc:;:n~ frnr.1 th~ pra)'er, th.:: d~sput:ch of" t~ie:::ro:.:uas tc. the:

.6th At-::ry D~vision of Fars .:.nd the: Hilit<~ry.Gov.-:rnor of AliCIC:an to the eff::ct that th~ $hc>h \'>'~S u fu~itivo!, th~ fact th..1t he

. C:i d not pr.;:vent th~ pulling 0o!m of th~ st.itu~s; ·and th~ instruction foi shootin3 on .C"U:jUSt 19 <.:t in.::iviJuals \-;ho ~:1::.ni- • f~sted the~ir royal f~.:ling!:> ·.-.re, in tl1e opinion of th~ jti"ry, suff_i ci :::nt proofs to- cor robor~t~ his co 1 t aborut ion· ilnd camp 1i ci ~y \-lith jcc_us:::d No. 1, Or. :-ton.:l.mnad llos..1deq. ·. , .~~--·

• -;. ~-- . .

Th=r~fon:~ the abov~:..na;r,;C: \-las_--.;n e:cc01n?l ice of Or~ Uoh::nn1~·d t\os~Jcq, ~nd by virtu;: of Articl~ 317 of the Army Judic:i31 .:.nd. p,!ndl t.aw ::1nd l.rti"cles 23 ~nd: 29 of th~ Crianin.:~l Cod~, 'lnd J.lrti cJ e 3u of til~ s"..Ii i L~~~~ h~' ; s conC::::mno!d to thre.!! y~urs imprison:nent '"ith h<.rd tabor •. ,~The .P~riod of.hi:S ~<!tcntion s)nce hu-JUSt 19 will be_deduct~d fror.1 his term 'of ;,~lptiscnan:::nt.

". .._~. -~-:~·-·- .: _=.:~-:;~,_·. ~ -- -~ -- :. . :.-: ·~·::;·~;~~~~~~~:: ·-;--~' .. , . : . . -

1\n <lfip:-il1 m.!Y be mddc to t:1:= .Supr::m.e Cou-rt ~::Jainst th¢':a!,ove v-!rcict l'lithin t:::n d.Jys of its dccl.:ration, lvith -Juc -reJ;)rd to the circu:nst.Jnces .. m:r.tioned in urticle 2~3 of the -Army Judid .:1l a.'1d r~n.ll Ll\·l. . .

.. -~ ·.:·.~ -~·~::<··:.~:. - . - .· - ... .-: ........:

Prc:siC'.:mt of th; Court .... of P.evisi.-:-n for· the Events. of August 16 to 19.;- 1353~--~ ••• -.-;' •• ~ •••• G::n~ral Javadi - ... :._.-.

--~ ··:·J·- :~~~~;--. -..... s; o]Q"<Iture of the Jury:- : ~cn:;:ral._lsa· H.!!d~yat

-Ebr .:1hi iii it',3l i

t-::ly 12, 1954 (3:30p.m.)

. : ~'

· G::neral 1\,;isroll..!h N-loshn~vi !:.m

. Gen.:::r.:~l l\;;m~cl Ajud~ni {sobsti tut~) ... G~n~rdl Esi:it.otlilh Zarqarni (~·ssist..:~nt) .·.tt.{:ol. Al<lr.rari, ."'• .. n:~y Prosecutor

--~ ~ -

. . . -

' .. ···-···:·.!.• 'f,{p0~~~~"i';:::i·~~.:--~:·<· ' ;·~:-,):-:'.; ~~-~j:; ;; ' ------~-~~---_-_ -~~~~~~~~