National Science, Technology and Innovation Systems in Latin America and the Caribbean

8/8/2019 National Science, Technology and Innovation Systems in Latin America and the Caribbean

1/176


2/176


3/176

ce oli Stu and ocume LA Vol. 1.


4/176

The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in thispublication and for the opinions expressed herein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO,and do not commit the Organization.

The designations employed throughout this publication and the modality of presentation ofdata, do not imply the expression of any opiUSDnion whatsoever on the part of the UNESCOconcerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or the delimi-tations of its frontiers or boundaries.

UNESCO 2010

Regional Bureau for Science in Latin America and the Caribbean

Edificio MERCOSURDr. Luis Piera 199211200 Montevideo, UruguayTel. (598-2) 413 2075

Fax: (598-2) 413 [email protected]

First edition: February de 2010

ISBN: 978-92-9089-154-3


5/176

Argentina....................................................................................................................7

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.................................................................................15

Bolivia, Plurinational State of .....................................................................................21

Brazil .......................................................................................................................27

Chile ........................................................................................................................39

Colombia ..................................................................................................................47

Costa Rica ................................................................................................................53

Cuba ........................................................................................................................59

Dominican Republic ..................................................................................................65

Ecuador....................................................................................................................71

El Salvador ...............................................................................................................77

Guatemala ................................................................................................................83

Honduras..................................................................................................................89

Box: The S of UNESCO in the Caribbean: its beggining...........................................94

Jamaica....................................................................................................................95

Mexico....................................................................................................................101

Nicaragua ...............................................................................................................109

Panama..................................................................................................................115

Paraguay.................................................................................................................121

Per.......................................................................................................................125

Trinidad and Tobago.................................................................................................131

Uruguay..................................................................................................................137

CARICOM Countries.................................................................................................145

Box: CARISCIENCE .................................................................................................151

Appendix 1 .............................................................................................................157

Appendix 2 .............................................................................................................162Appendix 3 .............................................................................................................165

Appendix 4 .............................................................................................................171

Appendix 5 .............................................................................................................173

Appendix 6 .............................................................................................................174


6/176


7/176

(*) This section was prepared by Martin Vieira Dieste, under the direction and supervision of

Guillermo A. Lemarchand. Lenin Henriquez and Paula Santos collaborated during the work.

Translation:Irene Delgado and Blima Ginzo Daz, Public Translators.Proof-reading: Paula Santos and Kirsty Lee Holstead.


8/176


9/176

Population (in millions) (2009) 40,9

Percentage of Industrial Growth (2008) 6,8

GDP in billions [USD PPP] (2008) 5739,0

GDP per capita [USD PPP] (2008) 14200,0

Percentage of composition per sector (2006)

Agriculture 9,9

Industry 32,7

Services 57,4

Gini Coefficient x 1000 (2006) 513,0

Percentage of national debt /GDP (2008) 48,4

Human Development Index x 1000 (2007) 866,0

Gender Development Index x 1000 (2007) 862,0

Percentage of literate adults (2006) 97,0

Percentage of women /S&T staff (2007) 49,2

Public expenditure on education /GDP (2006) 3,8

Percentage of R&D expenditure /GDP (2007) 0,5

R&D expenditure per capita in [USD PPP](2007)

60,7

Researchers per 1000 members of EAP [FTE](2007)

2,4

Patents requested (2007) 5617,0

Patents granted (2007) 2922,0

Dependency rate (2007) 4,5

Invention coefficient (2007) 2,7

Publications in SCI Search/ 100,000 inhabi-tants (2007)

15,5

Publications in SCI Search/ millions [USD] inR&D (2007)

5,6

R&D budget in millions [USD PPP] (1999) 1506,2


Patents per capita(residents)

Publications listed in the SCI

SCI Scientific publications per million of i nhabitants

Expenditure in S&T activities

Percen

tageo

fthe

GDP

USDPPPper

cpita

Percentage of GDP

USD PPP per cpita

Total FTE S&T staff

FTE S&T staf per 1000 EAP

Total FTE S&T staff

To

talFTES&

Ts

taff

FTES&Ts

tafper

1000EAP

Patents per cpitarequested by residents

Patents per cpitagranted to residents

Pa

ten

tsperm

illiono

finha

bitan

ts

Pu

blica

tions

lis

ted

inthe

SCI

SCISc

ien

tificpu

blica

tions

perm

illiono

fin

ha

bitan

ts

Scientific publications listed in the SCI

Graph elaboration by UNESCO based on data provided by the UnitedNations Statistics Division and RICYT (2009).


10/176

In 2007, Argentinas System of Science,

Technology and Innovation (STI) underwenta re-structuring process that resulted in the

creation of the Ministry of Science, Techno-

logy and Productive Innovation (Ministerio de

Ciencia, Tecnologa e Innovacin Productiva

- MINCYT). Its main functions are: Coordina-

ting the actions of the Systems actors, asses-

sing the activities of bodies in charge of STI

promotion and execution, and formulating STI

policies jointly with the Cabinet for Science

and Technology (Gabinete Cientfico y Tecno-

lgico- GACTEC).

GACTEC is an inter-ministerial body in charge

of formulating STI policies through the appro-

val of pluri-annual plans submitted by the

MINCYT. It is also responsible for defining STI

policy priorities and for allocating the public

sector budgetary resources for Science and

Technology. Its members are representatives

from various Ministries, and it is chaired by

the Head of the Cabinet of Ministers.

Additionally, the National Council for Scienti-fic and Technical Research (Consejo Nacional

de Investigaciones Cientficas y Tcnicas -

CONICET) is a decentralized entity within the

jurisdiction of the MINCYT, whose objective

is to promote and implement scientific and

technological activities in accordance with

government policies, priorities and guideli-

nes set forth in the National STI Plans. The

sytem of executing units of CONICET consists

of 105 research institutes, 6 regional centres,and 2 service centres. In addition to these,

the National Research and Services Labs (La-

boratorios Nacionales de Investigacin y Ser-

vicios- LANAIS) provide services to the scien-

tific and academic community, as well as to

the general public.

The National Scientific and Technological

Promotion Agency (Agencia Nacional de Pro-

mocin Cientfica y Tecnolgica - ANPCYT)

was created to fund the STI by channelling

economic resources and to manage the eco-

nomic demands of promoting and developingthe field. With regards to its structure it is a

decentralized body that reports to the MIN-

CYT administered by a nine-member board of

directors. The Technological Fund of Argenti-

na (Fondo Tecnolgico Argentino- FONTAR),

as well as the Scientific and Technological

Research Fund (Fondo para la Investigacin

Cientfica y Tecnolgica - FONCYT) and the

Trust Fund for Promotion of the Software In-

dustry (Fondo Fiduciario de Promocin de la

Industria del Software- FONSOFT) are all partof the Agency. Created in 2005, the Argen-

tinean Nanotechnology Foundation (Funda-

cin Argentina de Nanotecnologa - FAN) is

a non-profit entity which has to set the basis

for promoting the development of national hu-

man and technical infrastructure in the field

of nano and micro-technology.

Lastly, the Inter-institutional Council on Scien-

ce and Technology (Consejo Interinstitucional

de Ciencia y Tecnologa - CICyT), created byLaw N 25,467 (2000), has the function of

coordinating the systems bodies, seeking ex-

change and cooperation towards more effecti-

ve institutional programmes and projects. Mo-

reover, the CICyT is oriented towards defining

common policies, as well as a closer linkage

to the community and the production sector.

After the 1999 World Conference on Science

held in Budapest, the Science and Techno-

logy System of Argentina underwent several

reforms, both at the legislative and institu-


11/176


12/176

tional levels. The following changes are to be

outlined:

Law N 25,467 regarding STI (20 Sept-ember 2001): Sets forth the objectives ofScience and Technology policy, defines the

responsibilities of the State, creates theGACTEC, the Federal Council on Science,Technology and Innovation (Consejo Fe-

deral de Ciencia, Tecnologa e Innovacin- COFECYT), the ANPCYT and the CICYTand defines their respective entitlements.It also defines guidelines for policy plan-ning and assessment, and for the fundingof research and development activities,

among other regulations;

Law N 25,922 for the Promotion of theSoftware Industry (07 September 2004):Creates the Trust Fund for Promoting theSoftware Industry (Fondo Fiduciario dePromocin de la Industria del Software -FONSOFT) which is administered by the

ANPCYT;

Law N 26,075 for Education Funding(January 2006): Establishes that inves-tment in education and STI by the Natio-nal Government, the governments of the

Provinces and those of the City of BuenosAires, will be increased progressively up to6% of the GDP for the year 2010;

Law N 26,270 for the Promotion of Mo-dern Biotechnology (25 July 2007): Crea-tes the Fund for Promoting New Enterpri-ses in Modern Biotechnology (Fondo deEstmulo a Nuevos Emprendimientos en

Biotecnologa Moderna);

Law N 26,338 (06 December 2007):Creates the MINCYT as a response to the

need to promote research and the applica-tion, funding and transfer of scientific andtechnological knowledge to society;

Law N 26,421 (11 November 2008): Es-tablishes that the Network of ArgentineanResearchers and Scientists Abroad (Pro-grama Red de Argentinos Investigadores y

Cientficos en el Exterior- RAICES), crea-

ted within the framework of the MINCYT,is to be considered as part of the Statepolicy, and will define its main objective.

Three initiatives for the promotion of a grea-ter interaction between the private sector andother actors of the Science and TechnologySystem at the international level are to be po-inted out:

The Secretariat for Scientific and Techno-logical Articulation (Secretara de Articu-

lacin Cientfico Tecnolgica) (MINCYT):Aimed at fostering the linkage betweenacademic agencies, universities and R&Dinstitutions towards greater coordinationin research activities;

The National Inter-university Council ( Con-

sejo Interuniversitario Nacional): An orga-nization that encompases all the nationalpublic universities. Since 2001, it has helda cooperation agreement with the Indus-trial Union of Argentina (Unin Argentina

Industrial) to work jointly in the creationof cooperation opportunities between theproductive sectors, the public and privateuniversities, and the rest of the scientific,technological and education system;

The Network for Technology Linkage ( Redde Vinculacin Tecnolgica - RedVT) bet-ween public universities in Argentina: Its

overall objective is to coordinate the effortsof technology-related areas for promotingknowledge contribution and cooperationbetween Argentinian universities and thesocial, productive and governmental sec-tors.

Furthermore, there are innitiatives in the formof programmes and projects that also contri-bute to articulating the Science and Techno-logy System with private actors:


13/176

INNOVAR Programme (2005): A platformfor launching products and/or processeswhich have outstanding design, technolo-gy or originality. It is aimed at consolida-ting an environment favourable to innova-

tion in society;Fund for Scientific and Technological Re-search (Fondo para la Investigacin Cien-

tfica y Tecnolgica - FONCyT): FundsProjects for the Adjustment and/or Im-provement of Infrastructure (Proyectos deAdecuacin y/o mejora de infraestructura- PRAMIN), Projects for Infrastructure and

Technological Equipment (Proyectos de In-fraestructura y Equipamiento Tecnolgico- PRIETEC), Scientific Meetings (Reunio-

nes Cientficas - RC), Projects for equip-ment modernization (Proyectos de moder-nizacin de equipamiento- RC), Research

and Development projects (Proyectos deinvestigacin y desarrollo - PID), Orien-ted Scientific and Technological ResearchProjects (Proyectos de investigacin cien-tfica y tecnolgica orientados - PICTO),and Projects on Scientific and Technolo-

gical Research (Proyectos de investigacincientfica y tecnolgica- PICT);

Venture Capital Programme for Enterpri-ses in the Field of Science, Technologyand Productive Innovation: Promotes theinvestment of venture capital and favoursthe initial phases of emerging enterprises.

Projects in Strategic Areas ( Proyectos enreas Estratgicas- PAE), and ProductiveClusters Integrated Projects (Proyectos In-tegrados de Aglomerados Productivos- PI-TEC): Intended for strengthening research

and technology innovational capacity, withfocus on the strategic sector through thepromotion of public-private associations;

Sectoral Fund ( Fondo Argentino Sectorial-FONARSEC): The Secretariat for Planningand Policies of the Ministry of Science,

Technology and Productive Innovation, in

addition to the Agencies, is currently as-sessing alternative funding schemes thatare complementary to those already avai-lable, such as the mechanisms of sectoral

funds. The FONARSEC is a new fundinginstrument of the Agency that is compli-

mentary to the lines of action developedby the FONCYT and the FONTAR;

Technological Fund of Argentina ( FondoTecnolgico Argentino- FONTAR): It fundsinnovation projects through different ins-truments implemented by public calls or

permanent windows of opportunity. Pro-jects funded by the FONTAR include: tech-nological development and modernization,

patenting expenses, technological servicesfor institutions and for SMEs, training, te-chnical assistance, technological advisory

programmes, entrepreneurial incubatorsand technology parks and poles.

National Institute for Industrial Techno-logy (Instituto Nacional de TecnologaIndustrial - INTI): This institute has theobjective of promoting competitiveness inthe industrial sector through the transfer

of research and technology;

National Institute for Agricultural Tech-nology (Instituto Nacional de TecnologaAgrcola - INTA): Its main objective is tocontribute to the competitiveness of theagriculture, forestry and agro-industry

sector throughout the nation, by providingsupport to STI and technology transfer, wi-thin a framework of ecological and socialsustainability;

Integrated Fund for Regional Development

(Fondo Integral para el Desarrollo Regional- FONDER): A programme framed by the

current public STI policiesand focused onthe strengthening of local productive de-velopment processes from an integratedapproach.


14/176

Science and Technology opportunities are clo-sely related to the expertise of researchers andmore specifically to the dynamics of scientificnetworks. Since the Budapest conference in1999, the following initiatives in search of

better collaboration and stronger scientificnetworks are to be pointed out:

Argentinean Science and Technology In-formation System (Sistema de Informa-cin de Ciencia y Tecnologa Argentino -SICyTAR): A system consisting of variousdata bases (CvLAC: rsums, GrupLAC:

directory of research groups and scientific

and technology institutions) that gathersall actors in the National Science and Te-chnology System;

European Union Liaison Bureau (EU):Since 2005 this bureau has assisted the

Argentinean scientific community and hasprovided it with information regarding pos-sibilities for cooperation through the EUFramework Programmes;

Consulting Committee on InternationalProgrammes on Science and Techno-logy Cooperation Abroad: Intended for

strengthening international linkage withResearch and Development institutionalrepresentatives from other countries, andfor establishing contact with Argentineanscientists residing abroad;

Argentinean-Brazilian Biotechnology Cen-tre (Centro Argentino Brasileo de Biotec-nologa - CABBIO): A coordination entitythat includes a network of biotechnology

research groups. Its objective is to promo-te interaction between scientific centresand the productive sector.

Argentina has considerable STI human ca-pital. The Argentinean System is orientedtowards promoting its own growth, develop-ment and strengthening through the followinginitiatives:

Postgraduate and Doctorate scholarships:There are two main modalities of scholar-ships, one of which is co-funded by en-terprises, the other is fully funded by CO-NICET. They are granted for postgraduatestudies in both national and internationaluniversities;

Career of Science and Technology Resear-

cher of CONICET: Intended for encoura-ging permanent full-time work of resear-chers in Science and Technology;

Human Resources Programme ( Programade Recursos Humanos- PRH) of the FON-CyT: Funds Projects for Doctorate training

in Priority Technology Areas (Proyectos deFormacin de Doctores en reas Tecno-lgicas Prioritarias - PFDT), the TrainingProgramme for Technology Managers andTechnology Linkage (GTec), and Researchand Development Programmes for the

Settlement of Researchers (Proyectos deInvestigacin y Desarrollo para la Radica-cin de Investigadores- PIDRI);

RAICES Programme (2008): Intended forstrengthening Argentina Science and Te-chnology capacity through linkage with

Argentinean researchers working abroad,and for promoting the permanence of re-searchers in the country as well as the re-

turn of all those interested in developingtheir activity within the country;


15/176

Programme for Hierarchization of theScientific and Technological Activity:Implemented in March 2004, orientedtowards improving the working conditionsof researchers and scholarship beneficia-

ries, as well as at updating their remune-ration in order to keep them within the sys-

tem and promoting the inclusion of youngindividuals;

Science Fairs: Public exhibits of Scienceand Technology work done by school chil-dren and young students, organized byformal education authorities. They also in-

clude the participation of other non-formaleducation actors (science clubs) to attractyoung students to pursue their studies in

scientific careers;National Science and Technology Weeksfor Young People: These include a num-ber of activities scheduled by research

centres, museums, science clubs and uni-versities aimed at raising public awarenesson Science and Technology issues withinthe community, specifically in relation toS&T education;

Year of Science Teaching (2008): This ini-

tiative includes two schemes: The Scien-tists go to the schools Programme, andthe Bicentennial Scholarships Program-me for Scientific and Technical Careers;

University Professors Incentives Program-me: Aimed at allocating salary incentivesto ranked university professors working in

the field of R&D at national universities.

Argentina has subscribed STI agreementswith over 150 countries and stands out for the

number of ongoing projects and cooperationprogrammes with Brazil, Chile, Mexico, theU.S., and Canada in America; France, Bel-gium, England, Germany, Holland and Italy inEurope; China, Israel and Japan in Asia, and

South Africa in Africa. Also, the following pro-

grammes and projects should be mentionedas they are Argentinas most ambitious and areevidence of a significant international trend inthe Argentinean System:

CYTED Ibero-American Programme: Oneof the main areas of international partici-pation of Argentina;

Ibero-American Network for Local Knowled-ge and Practice on the Plant Environment(RISAPRET) within the framework of theCYTED Ibero American Programme;

BIOTECSUR is a biotechnology platformfor the MERCOSUR (the Common Marketof the South) originating in the BIOTECH

- MERCOSUR EU project for the develo-pment of specific R&D actions focused onregional priorities;

Argentinean-Brazilian Biotechnology Cen-tre (Centro Argentino Brasilero de Biotec-nologa - CABBIO): A coordinating entitythat includes a network or biotechnology

research groups. Its objective is to pro-mote interaction between science centresand the productive sector by means of twotypes of activities: The implementation of

bi-national projects for research and thedevelopment and training of high-level hu-

man resources with courses at the Argen-tinean/Brazilian School of Biotechnology(Escuela Argentina Brasilea de Biotecno-loga- EABBIO);

Pierre Auger Project: A basic science ini-tiative that aims at the study of the cau-

ses of the existence of known high-energyradiation such as the cosmic rays. Theserays originate in outer space and upon rea-

ching the surface of the Earth are sensedby the detectors at an observatory locatedin the Argentinean province of Mendoza;

Gemini Observatory: Made up of two op-tical/infrared telescopes, one located atthe Mauna Kea volcano in Hawaii and theother on Pachn Hill in Chile. Both opera-


16/176

te with the cooperation of Argentina, Aus-

tralia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, the U.K andthe U.S..

Morning Constellation: An internationalinitiative for observing the Earth, consis-

ting of the US satellites Landsat 7, Eo-1and Terra and the SAC-C Argentinean sa-tellite. The Constellation increases syner-

gy among different instruments, providesnew capacities for observing the Earth, ex-plores the usefulness of autonomous navi-gation techniques and allows instrumentsaboard the different satellites to obtain

images of different resolutions in differentbands;

Italian-Argentinean Satellites System for

Emergency Management: This is a jointinitiative of argentinian and italian spaceagencies to prevent, mitigate and assesscatastrophes, to preserve the environment

and to improve agriculture. This is the firstsatellite system in the world designed spe-cifically for this purpose;

Multinational System of Specialized Infor-mation on Biotechnology and Food Techno-logy for Latin America and the Caribbean

(SIMBIOSIS) for Latin America and theCaribbean: A virtual network for connec-ting scientists, experts and research cen-tres interested in biotechnology, food te-chnology and biodiversity. It is sponsoredby the member States and the OAS. The

SIMBIOSIS network provides informationon existing research programmes, nationalinstitutions, development efforts and hu-man capacity for STI;

Great Hadrons Collisioner (also refered to

as European Particles Accelerator): Thisis a highly sophisticated 27-kilometer un-

derground ring located in Geneva, Switzer-

land. It was built by the European Particle

Physics Lab (CERN) with the objective ofreproducing the physical conditions thatgave origin to the Universe and to find theso-called Higgs boson.

UNESCO-AUGM Ecology and EnvironmentChair La Plata National University Bue-nos Aires Argentina

UNESCO-AUGM Micro-electronics Chair Rosario National University Rosario Argentina

UNESCO-COUSTEAU Eco-technical Chair General San Martn National University

Buenos Aires ArgentinaUNESCO Chair on Science and Technolo-gy Indicators Quilmes National Universi-ty Buenos Aires Argentina

UNESCO Bio-physics and Molecular Neu-robiology Chair Southern National Uni-

versity Baha Blanca Argentina

UNESCO Women, Science and Techno-logy Chair Latin American Faculty ofSocial Science (Facultad Latinoamericanade Ciencias Sociales, FLACSO), Argenti-nean Academy Seat Buenos Aires Ar-gentina

ANPCYT: www.agencia.gov.arBIOTECSUR: www.biotecsur.orgCICYT: www.cicyt.mincyt.gov.arCOFECYT: www.cofecyt.mincyt.gov.arCONICET: www.conicet.gov.arGACTEC

: www.mincyt.gov.ar/gactec.htmMINCYT: www.mincyt.gov.arSICYTAR: www.sicytar.mincyt.gov.ar


17/176





Percentage of composition per Sector (2008)

Agriculture 3,8

Industry 37,6

Services 58,6







Percentage of Public expenditure on education/GDP

-

Percentage of expenditure in Science andTechnology activities /GDP (2008)

2,5

Expenditure in Science and Technology activi-ties per capita in [USD PPP] (2008)

326,7


0,4






4,6


0,2

R&D Budget in millions [USD PPP] (1999) 746,8





Percen

tageo

fthe

GDP

USDPPPper

cpita

Percentage of GDP

USD PPP per cpita

Total FTE S&T staff


Total FTE S&T staff

To

talFTES&

Ts

taff

FTES&Ts

tafper

1000EAP



Pa

ten

tsperm

illiono

finha

bitan

ts

Pu

blica

tions

lis

ted

inthe

SCI

SCISc

ien

tificpu

blica

tions

perm

illiono

fin

ha

bitan

ts





18/176

In 1999 the Ministry of Science and Tech-

nology, currently named Popular Power Minis-

try for Science Technology and Intermediate

Industries (Ministerio del Poder Popular para

Ciencia, Tecnologa e Industrias Intermedias -

MPPCTII) was created to provide the national

System with a more coherent structure and

functionality. As the entity which governs,

coordinates and articulates the system, the

MPPCTII focuses its efforts on connecting di-

fferent agents and institutions and on formu-

lating scientific policies.

STI activities are performed by the Founda-tions for the Development of Science and

Technology (Fundaciones para el Desarrollo

de la Ciencia y la Tecnologa - FUNDACITE),

which are the bodies responsible for the pro-

motion, support, strengthening, coordination

and management of scientific and technolo-

gical activities, seeking to attain feasible al-

ternatives that may enable the improvement

of productivity and efficiency of various eco-

nomic sectors.

On the other hand, the Corporation for the

Scientific and Technological Development also

exists, whose main objective is the execution

of activities related to the encouragement,

development, investment and promotion of

the Venezuelan technological and scientific

sector.

There is also a group of specialized institu-

tes and offices that perform STI activities:

Fund for Telecommunications Research and

Development (Fondo de Investigacin Desa-

rrollo de las Telecomunicaciones - FIDETEL),

Superintendency of Electronic Certification

Services (Superintendencia de Servicios de

Certificacin Electrnica - SUSCERTE), Vene-

zuelan Institute of Scientific Research (Insti-

tuto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientficas

- IVIC), State Research Centre for Agro-Indus-

trial Experimental Production (Centro de In-

vestigaciones del Estado para la Produccin

Experimental Agroindustrial - CIEPE), Foun-

dation Engineering Institute for TechnologicalDevelopment (Fundacin Instituto de Inge-

niera para el Desarrollo Tecnolgico - FIIDT),

Zulian Institute of Technological Research

(Instituto Zuliano de Investigaciones Tecno-

lgicas - INZIT-CICASI), Quimbiotec, Centre

for Research in Astronomy (Centro de Investi-

gaciones de Astronoma - CIDA), Venezuelan

Foundation of Seismological Research (Fun-

dacin Venezolana de Investigaciones Sismo-

lgicas - FUNVISIS) and Foundation Institute

for Advanced Studies (Fundacin Instituto deEstudios Avanzados - IDEA).

With regard to the funding of the system,

the National Fund of Science, Technology

and Innovation (Fondo Nacional de Ciencia,

Tecnologa e Innovacin - FONACIT) has the

mission of providing financial support for the

execution of programmes and projects as defi-

ned by the MPPCTII.

Finally, the National Observatory of Science,

Technology and Innovation (Observatorio Na-

cional de Ciencia, Tecnologa e Innovacin

- ONCTI) is the body that evaluates the Ve-

nezuelan System by providing STI indicators

that measure the social and economic impact

of STI policies and programmes.

The Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic

of Venezuela (December 30 1999) includes

the STI in its Third Title relating to Duties,

Human Rights and Guarantees, in particular,

into Chapter VI referred to Cultural and Edu-


19/176


20/176

cative Rights. Article 110 states the respon-

sibility of the State in the promotion, fundingand development of Science and Technologyactivities, and the duty of the private sector ofproviding resources for the field.

There also exist other important legislativemodifications:

Organic Law on Science, Technology andInnovation (September 21 2001): Setsforth a framework for strengthening the

social capacity of creation and the absorp-tion of knowledge, adapting the supply ofScience and Technology developed in thecountry to the social demand, stimulatingtransfer of knowledge generated in re-

search institutes to the rest of society andits appropriate application oriented to thesolution of problems of national interest;

Organic Law of Telecommunications (June12 2000): This law creates the Fund forResearch and Development of Telecom-munications (Fondo de Investigacin De-

sarrollo de las Telecomunicaciones - FIDE-TEL);

Decree 825 (May 22 2000): Declaresaccess to and use of Internet as priority

policy for the cultural, economic, socialand politic development in Venezuela, for

which the State institutions must promotepublic access and the development of in-formation contents linked to the processof educative formation of the population;

Partial Regulations of the Organic Lawon Science, Technology and Innovation(2006): with reference to contributions

and investments, they state that STI fun-ding is not only the responsibility of theState, but also of other societal actors,in particular enterprises. The law statesthat enterprises must contribute between0.5% and 2 % of their gross income to the

development of research projects.

The existence of a Plan of Science and Tech-nology 2030, must be mentioned. Elaboratedon a participative basis with the presence ofrepresentatives from all the Systems actors,

it has the purpose of improving the coherenceof STI policies in-line with the needs of theproductive sector of the country. Additionally,there exists a series of initiatives that seek toimprove relationships between the scientificcommunity and the productive sector. Among

them, the following are to be illustrated:

Launching of the Simon Bolivar Satelli-

te (October 29 2008): It is designed tohandle signals of TV, radiotelephony, highspeed internet, videoconferences, specificapplications in programmes of telemedi-cine and tele-education, support to social

missions, control of processes and infor-mation of defence and security;

National Centre of Information Technolo-gies (Centro Nacional de Tecnologas deInformacin - CNTI): It is oriented towardspromoting and backing activities such as

teaching, research and scientific and te-chnological development between insti-tutions, academies and R&D centres. Italso seeks to develop strategies in areas ofinformation technologies that enable thepromotion of their implementation, to de-

velop human resources education and tofoster the bases for the creation of laws forthe use of said technologies.

With regards to collaboration and the streng-

thening of networks, the Venezuelan Associa-tion for the Advance of Science (AsociacinVenezolana para el Avance de la Ciencia -


21/176

AsoVAC) has a particular importance. It is an

organization mainly formed by scientists andassociated professionals, whose mission is

oriented to favour the progress of Venezuelanscientific research. The objective of AsoVAC is

to disseminate scientific knowledge producedin the country and abroad.

Additionally the Science Mission Presiden-

tial Commission is of relevance. Its objectiveis to incorporate and articulate the different

STI social and institutional actors througheconomic, social, academic and political net-works for the intensive and extensive use of

knowledge, according to the endogenous de-velopment. Venezuela has also proceeded to

the development, broadening and consolida-ting of the National Network of Seismological

Observation.

Finally, between 2001 and 2008, 623 Net-works of Productive Innovation were created

to promote social and economic local develop-ment, starting with a cooperative and associa-

tive organization of producers and communi-ties, consolidating the production of products

with national added value.

Between 2000 and 2008, 653 operativeInfo-Centres and 13 Mega-Info-Centres were

created all over the country, thus facilitatingaccess to ICTs to 2,000 communities. New

universities have also been founded (Boliva-rian University of Venezuela, Sucre Mission,

University of Security, University of Arts,Bolivarian University of Workers, Salvador

Allende Latin American School of Medicine,Latin American Institute of Agro-Ecology). Inaddition, the foundation of 24 more educative

centres is being planned.

On the other hand, it must be mentioned thatthe FONACIT promotes the international mobi-

lity of researchers for the presentation of theirworks in science, technology and innovation

events, as well as for attending short courses

and internships in Venezuela or abroad.

Additionally, the function of Venezuelan Foun-

dation of Researcher Promotion (Fundacin

Venezolana de Promocin del Investigador -

FVPI) is the strengthening, development and

support of activities of scientists and techno-

logists, acting to stimulate quality in the pro-

ductivity of scientific research and technolo-

gical development. Finally, the Programme of

Promotion and Incentive to National Research

stimulates high level talent in institutions of

higher education and of research of public

and private sectors.

In the last decade Venezuela has multiplied

its international connections with regard to

STI. The following are illustrated below:

Strengthening of institutional projects

such as University of the South and Insti-

tute of High Strategic and Historical Stu-

dies for Latin America and the Caribbean;

Negotiation and subscription of new coo-

peration agreements with equivalent insti-

tutions in the field of STI with Argentina,

Brazil, Chile, China, Cuba, Ecuador, India,

Peru and Uruguay;

Participation in mixed commissions of high

level and working groups with: Cuba, Fran-

ce, India, Iran, Italy, Russia, who agreed,

in the joint action plan, to develop actions

with regard to STI;

International Cooperation with Cuba in

education and health, and with Argentina,

Brazil and Nicaragua, to genetically im-

prove herds;

Cooperation with China for constructing

and putting into orbit the Simon Bolivar

Satellite from the Satellite Centre of Xi-

chang;


22/176

Creation of the Antarctic Presidential Com-mission: The two first Venezuelan expedi-tions to the continent were undertaken;

Project Cacao Route in America: culturaldiversity and endogenous development:

Collaboration in research projects at theregional level with Colombia, Cuba, Ecua-dor and Peru;

There also exists the Multinational Sys-tem of Specialized Information on Biote-chnology and Food Technology for LatinAmerica and the Caribbean (SIMBIOSIS),which is a virtual network aimed at con-tacting scientists, experts and research

centres interested in biotechnology, food

technology and biodiversity. It is sponso-red by its member states and the OAS. TheSIMBIOSIS network provides informationon research programmes in process, natio-

nal institutions, development efforts andhuman capacity for STI.

ASOVAC: asovac.netCENIT: www.cenit.gob.veCNTI: www.cnti.gob.veFONACIT: www.fonacit.gob.veMPPCTII: www.mct.gob.veONCTI: www.oncti.gob.ve


23/176





Percentage of composition per sector (2008)

Agriculture 11,3

Industry 36,9

Services 51,8







Public expenditure on education /GDP -



9,0


0,3



Dependency gate (2001) 6,5




4,9






Percen

tageo

fthe

GDP

USDPPPper

cpita

Percentage of GDP

USD PPP per cpita

Total FTE S&T staff


Total FTE S&T staff

To

talFTES&

Ts

taff

FTES&Ts

tafper

1000EAP



Pa

ten

tsperm

illiono

finha

bitan

ts

Pu

blica

tions

lis

ted

inthe

SCI

SCISc

ien

tificpu

blica

tions

perm

illiono

fin

ha

bitan

ts





24/176

The Bolivian Innovation System (Sistema

Boliviano de Innovacion - SBI) includes tho-se Science, Technology and Innovation (STI)

actors that work in a coordinated manner to

generate integral solutions for productive, so-

cial and environmental problems, with a par-

ticipative, equitable and sustainable develop-

ment approach. The SBI is comprised of four

institutions that operate together towards the

promotion of STI activities in the country.

Firstly, the Vice-Ministry of Science and Tech-

nology (Vice Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnolo-

ga- VCyT), a body reporting to the Ministry ofPlanning for Development and is responsible

for the design and implementation of the SBI.

It is in charge of the planning and support

for scientific and technological development.

There is also the Inter-ministerial Commission

of Science, Technology and Innovation (Co-

misin Interministerial de Ciencia Tecnologa

e Innovacin CIMCITI), which was created

in 2001 and is responsible for formulating

the STI policy in Bolivia. The Commission isdirected by a representative of the President

of the Republic. It is also composed of the

Ministers of Education, Culture and Sports;

Sustainable Development and Planning; Eco-

nomic Development; Economy; Agriculture,

Livestock and Rural Development; and Health

and Social Security, respectively.

STI activities are carried out by means of two

mechanisms. Firstly, through the SBI Tech-

nical Unit (UT-SBI), whose main functions

include the implementation of policies defi-

ned by the VCyT. At the operative level, the

functions of the Technical Unit are focused on

supporting Innovation Platforms by defining

innovation projects. Secondly, universities

carry out 80% of all R&D activities. The uni-

versitiy system includes 10 public universitiesin addition to the Bolivian Catholic University

and the Military School of Engineering.

There is also the National Science, Techno-logy & Innovation Office (Secretara Nacional

de Ciencia y Tecnologa e Innovacin - SENA-

CITI), the body that presides, coordinates andmanages all actions defined regarding scien-

ce, technology and innovation policies. It isresponsible for the yearly budget for funding

STI activities, and reports to the Presidencyof the Republic. The creation of a unique and

integrated Innovation Fund is ongoing. It willaddress priority platforms through internatio-

nal cooperation funds, contributions from theprivate sector, and/or its own funds.

Another fundamental component of the SBI isthe National Council on Science and Techno-

logy (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolo-ga). It is responsible for proposing guidelines,

strategies and regulations relative to science,technology and innovation, as well as for the

elaboration of the National STI Plan, and thecoordination, follow-up and assessment of the

National STI Plan activities. It is also respon-sible for managing national and internationaltechnical and financial cooperation resources

for promoting Science and Technology, in co-ordination with the Ministry of Economy.

Lastly, the National Network of Science and

Technology (Red Nacional de Ciencia y Tec-

nologa- RNCYT) articulates and strengthensofficial centres and institutions, as well as

universities and private entities in the field ofresearch. It is part of the National Platforms

for Innovation (Plataformas Nacionales deInnovacin -PNI) that allows the system to

participate in strategic areas (such as hydro-carbons).


25/176


26/176

The only law relating to the System of Boli-via from last decade is Law No. 2.209-2001,also known as the Law for Promotion of Scien-

ce, Technology and Innovation (8 June 2001),which constitutes the legal framework of theSBI and defines the entitlements of the abo-ve-mentioned institutions.

Firstly to be mentioned are two articles of LawNo. 2.209 which set out the framework forcooperation between the scientific communityand the private sector:

Article 28 of Law No. 2.209-2001: Thisarticle states that public or private entitiesmay associate with each other or with pri-

vate actors, national or foreign entities inorder to carry out scientific, technologicaland innovation activities aimed at imple-

menting the National Science, Technologyand Innovation Plan;

Article 35 of Law No. 2.209-2001: Thisarticle rules that public funds for sectoraland social funding will determine specificlines of credit for scientific research andtechnological development in the sector.

The following initiatives have also been im-plemented for promoting interaction betweenthe private sector and the other actors in the

System:

Bolivian Agricultural Technology System(Sistema Boliviano de Tecnologa Agro-pecuaria- SIBTA): Created in 2000 as amodel for articulating private and publicsectors. It is composed of the Foundationsfor Technological and Agricultural Deve-

lopment (Fundaciones para el Desarrollo

Tecnolgico y Agropecuario - FDTA), Pro-

jects for Applied Technological Innova-tion (Proyectos de Innovacin TecnolgicaAplicada- PITA) and the National Strate-gic Innovation Projects (Proyectos de In-

novacin Estratgica Nacional -PIEN), inaddition to the administrative component;

National Institute for Innovation in Agri-cultural and Forestry Innovation (Institu-to Nacional de Innovacin Agropecuaria yForestal- INIAF): Founded for implemen-ting programmes and components of theSectoral Plan, as part of the research de-

velopment, generation and transfer of te-chnology in benefit of all rural actors. Onemust be aware of the ongoing transitional

process of the SIBTA, towards turning theINIAF into the new body that will regulatepolicies for research, generation, transfer

and spreading of agricultural and foresttechnology in Bolivia;

First International Science & Technolo-gy Forum for Industrializing Lithium andother Evaporative Resources (2009): Aninitiative for assessing the status of STIin transformation processes of evaporative

resources in basic chemical products (li-thium carbonate and others), and derivati-ves (lithium ion batteries) through the linkof the knowledge-producing and industrialsectors with the State.

In what concerns cooperation between scien-tists and network promotion and support,Bolivia has concentrated efforts on the Pro-

gramme for the Protection, Recovery and Sys-tematisation of Local and Ancestral Knowled-ge, for Social and Productive Development.The programme is responsible for defining aLaw for Protection of Indigenous Knowled-ge, as a means of protection mechanism forintangible heritage, supported by the Systema-

tization and Appreciation of ethnical knowled-


27/176

ge. Other projects in this programme are: 1)

National policy on intellectual property; 2)Mechanisms for the protection of intellectualproperty in strategic issues; 3) Recording in-cremental knowledge; 4) Recovery and sprea-

ding of local knowledge and ethnical knowled-ge through Information and Communications

Technologies (Tecnologas de Informacin yComunicacin - ICTs) and the Law for the pro-tection of indigenous knowledge.

Also, the Vice-ministry of Science and Tech-nology has proposed the creation of the Boli-vian Scientific and Technological InformationSystem (Sistema Boliviano de Informacin

Cientfica y Tecnolgica- SIBICYT) as part ofthe National Development Plan (Plan Nacio-

nal de Desarrollo-PND) and of the strategy forgenerating a scientific culture with featurescharacteristic of the country. The main objec-tive of the SIBICYT is to develop a knowledge

culture based on the access, exchange andgeneration of scientific and technological in-formation. Therefore, it proposes to work onthe development of systems, networks and STIinformation sources, as well as popularizationof the STI. Through such objectives, the SI-

BICYT will be able to improve the articulationand linkage between the national productiveand state knowledge-producing sectors.

In the areas of education and the promotion

of human resources in STI, the following pro-jects are to be highlighted:

Prizes and awards: National Science Prize,

National Technology and Innovation Prize,National Scientific Journalism Prize;

Bolivian Institute of Biodiversity Researchfor Development: intended for developing

and promoting STI for making use and

preserving biodiversity resources, basedon combining traditional knowledge regar-ding uses and handling, and the technical-scientific research of their properties;

Bolivian Organization of Women Scientists(17 June 1999): Its objective is to promo-te and prioritize the scientific and tech-

nological potential of women by encoura-ging and increasing their participation inissues significant to the development ofthe country, as well as optimizing theirskills and talents in benefit of the Bolivian

society;

National Plan for Digital Inclusion ( PlanNacional de Inclusin Digital - PNID):

This plan outlines a number of actions forattaining targets sought by the NationalDevelopment Plan, oriented at generatinga scientific and technological culture and

at reducing the digital gap in Bolivia, bypromoting ICTs.

STI International cooperation in Bolivia is

scarce. Only the Workshop for Promoting Wo-men in the Area of Science, Technology, Engi-neering and Innovation in the Southern Cone(held in combination with the IADBank) is tobe mentioned here.

UNESCO Environment and SustainableDevelopment Chair San Simn Universi-ty Cochabamba Bolivia

INIAF: www.iniaf.gov.boVCyT: www.conacyt.gov.bo


28/176


29/176






Agriculture 6,7

Industry 28,0

Services 65,3







Percentage of Public expenditure on education /GDP (2006)

4,0



108,0


1,3






12,2


4,3






Percen

tageo

fthe

GDP

USDPPPper

cpita

Percentage of GDP

USD PPP per cpita

Total FTE S&T staff


Total FTE S&T staff

To

talFTES&

Ts

taff

FTES&Ts

tafper

1000EAP



Pa

ten

tsperm

illiono

finha

bitan

ts

Pu

blica

tions

lis

ted

inthe

SCI

SCISc

ien

tificpu

blica

tions

perm

illiono

fin

ha

bitan

ts





30/176


31/176


32/176

The node of the Brazilian science, technology

and innovation (STI) system consists of theMinistry of Science and Technology (Minist-

rio da Cincia e Tecnologia - MCT). Created

in 1985, its area of responsibility changed

by means of Decree Law 5,886 (6 Septem-

ber 2006), and include: Defining the natio-

nal policy on STI; planning, coordinating and

supervising Science and Technology activi-

ties; establishing national policies relative to

bio-security, space and nuclear energy and

controlling the exports of sensitive goods. It

acts as Secretariat of the National Council forScience and Technology (Comisso da Cincia

e Tecnologia - CCT), the body responsible for

assisting the Presidency of the Republic in the

definition and implementation of the national

policy on scientific and technological develo-

pment. The CCT has 13 representatives from

the Federal Government, 8 representatives

from the productive sector, and 6 represen-

tatives from the STI sector (universities and

research centres). These members are organi-

zed into committees by topic and sector andare responsible for producing reports, studies

and reference terms.

Among its dependent agencies, the MCT in-

cludes the National Council on Scientific and

Technological Development (Conselho Nacio-

nal de Desenvolvimento Cientfico e Tecno-

lgico - CNPq), the Funding Entity for Stu-

dies and Projects (Financiadora de Estudos e

Projetos- FINEP), the Coordinating Authority

for Perfectioning Higher Rank Staff (Coor-denao de Aperfeioamento de Pessoal de

Nvel Superior - CAPES), the National Bank

for Economic and Social Development (Ban-

co Nacional de Desenvolvimento Economico

e Social BNDES) and the National Scien-

ce and Technology Development Fund (Fun-

do Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientfico e

Tecnolgico - FNDCT). The CNPq promotes,

encourages and funds technological develop-

ment through a variety of instruments related

to the funding of postgraduate studies, the

funding of STI projects, and the support of

STI events and publications. Alongside, theFINEP is the main funding institution for STI

activities at the federal level and supports

projects through the following instruments:

Non-reimbursable financial support for STI;

reimbursable support for innovation at enter-

prises; non-reimbursable funding for entrepre-

neurial innovation, and investments (venture

fund, seed capital and venture capital funds).

The BNDES funds mainly social and econo-

mic projects that may include STI activities

through the Investment Funds Programme,the CRIATEC Programme and the Technology

Fund (FUNTEC). Lastly, the FNDCT is made

up of sectoral funds such as: Biotechnology,

aeronauIcts, energy, agro-business, fuel oil,

and minerals, among others. .

The MCT also includes four thematic secreta-

riats that carry out their institutional mission

and report to the executive Secretariat. They

are: The Secretariat for Research and Deve-

lopment Policies and Programmes (Secretarade Polticas e Programas de Pesquisa e Des-

envolvimento - SEPED), the Secretariat for

Science and Technology for Social Inclusion

(Secretaria de C&T para Incluso Social- SE-

CIS), the Secretariat for Technological Deve-

lopment and Innovation (Secretaria de Desen-

volvimento Tecnolgico e Inovao- SETEC),

and the Secretariat for Computer Science

Policies (Secretaria de Poltica de Informtica

e Automao- SEPIN). They are responsible

for articulating, managing and implementingpolicies and programmes relative to their spe-

cific areas. They are related to the MCT, the

National Committee on Nuclear Energy (Co-

misso Nacional de Energia Nuclear- CNEN),

the Brazilian Space Agency (Agncia Espacial

Brasileira- AEB), the National Technology Ins-

titute (Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia- INT),


33/176

the Brazilian Physics Research Centre (Centro

Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fsicas - CBPF), the

Telecommunications Research and Develop-

ment Centre (Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvol-

vimento em Telecomunicaes - CPqD), the

National Biosafety Technical Commission (Co-misso Tcnica Nacional de Biossegurana -

CTNBio), and the Centre for Strategic Studies

and Management (Centro de Gesto e Estudos

Estratgicos- CGEE).

It must be pointed out that several ministries

are also responsible for implementing STI

activities through different research centres,

foundations and committees. They include:

Ministry of Mining and Energy: Leopoldo

Amrico M. de Mello Research and De-velopment Centre (Centro de Pesquisa e

Desenvolvimento Leopoldo A Miguez de

Mello - CENPES-PETROBRAS), Electric

Energy Research Centre (Centro de Pes-

quisas de Energia Eltrica- CEPEL-ELEC-

TROBRAS);

Ministry of Health: Oswaldo Cruz Fund

Institute (Fundao Instituto Oswaldo

Cruz- OCRUZ);

Ministry of Defence: Aeronautics Techni-

cal Centre (Centro Tcnico da Aeronuti-

ca- CTA), the Brazilian Army Technological

Centre (Centro Tecnolgico do Exrcito -

CTEx);

Ministry of Development, Industry and

Foreign Trade: National Metrology, Nor-

malization and Industrial Quality Institute

(Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normali-

zao e Qualidade Industrial- INMETRO),

National Industrial Property Institute (Ins-

tituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial- INPI);

Ministry of Agriculture and Supplies: Bra-

zilian Agriculture Research Enterprise

(Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agrope-

curia- EMBRAPA), Food Technology Ins-

titute (Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimen-

tos- ITAL).

Additionally, the Brazilian Industrial Deve-

lopment Agency (Agncia Brasileira de Des-

envolvimento Industrial - ABDI), created in

December 2004, funds STI industrial activi-

ties through the following programmes: The

promotion of practices relative to productive

development and innovation environment,

sectoral competitive funding and funds for

strategic areas.

The Technological Research Institute of the

State of Sao Paulo (Instituto de Pesquisas

Tecnolgicas do Estado de SP- IPT) and the

Foundation for the Promotion of Research ofthe State of Sao Paulo (Fundao de Amparo

Pesquisa do Estado de So Paulo- FAPESP)

are to be mentioned at the federal level. It

is the most important R&D institution in the

country, which applies approximately 3% of

the total R&D budget. The FAPESP supports

scientific and technological research through

scholarships and financial support to research.

The latter belongs to the network of State

Foundations for Supporting Research, which

includes 21 foundations at the federal level,

organized by the National Council on Foun-

dations for the Protection of Research (Con-

selho Nacional das Fundaes Estaduais de

Amparo Pesquisa- CONFAP). They manage

the PAPPE (Programa de Apoio Pesquisa em

Empresas) technological fund, along with the

FINEP.

Regarding the monitoring of STI activities, it

is the responsibility of the executive entities

or the funding entities. The national Systemis assessed by MCT Office for Oversight and

Evaluation, by means of indicators elaborated

at the General Indicators Coordination de-

partment.


34/176

In the past decade, Brazil has accomplishedsignificant reforms in its innovation system,including:

Law 9,478 (6 August 1997): Creation ofthe Petroleum Oil sectoral fund;

Laws 9,991 to 9,994 (24 July 2000):Creation of sectoral funds relative to Ener-gy, Space, Water and Mineral Resourcesand Transportation;

Law 10,197 (14 February 2001): Creationof the Infrastructure sectoral fund;

Law 10,332 (19 December 2001): Crea-tion of sectoral funds relative to Aeronau-tics, Agro business, Biotechnology, Healthand Green/Yellow (university-enterpriseinteraction);

Decree Law 4,728 (9 June 2003): Appro-val of by-laws and organizational chart ofthe CNPq;

Law 10,893 (13 July 2004): Creation ofthe Waterways sectoral fund;

Law 10,973 (2 December 2004) or In-novation Law: Sets forth incentives forinnovation and scientific research in theproductive sector and defines regulationsapplicable in the STI sector;

Law 11,077 (30 December 2004): Crea-tion of the Computer Science and Amazonsectoral fund;

Law 11,080 (30 December 2004): Crea-tion of the ABDI and definition of its

functions;Law 11,196 (21 November 2005): De-fines tax incentives for technological re-

search and innovation;

Law 11,487 (2007): Regulates tax exemp-tion for enterprises dealing with STI acti-vities;

Law 11,540 (12 November 2007): Defi-nes the functions of the FNDCT.

Of importance are the facts that Brazilianefforts to provide the innovation system withthe financial resources correspond to the re-

sults expected, and that between 2000 and2008, Brazil more than doubled the R&Dbudget.

Created in 2004, the Law on Innovation isa significant initiative for strengthening re-lations between the industry and scientific

and technological sectors. The Law sets forthmeasures for promoting innovation and re-search in the areas of science and technologyat the production level, and favours interac-tions between the different actors involvedin STI activities. The Law has three compo-

nents: Building an environment adequate forestablishing strategic alliances among uni-versities, research centres and enterprises;measures for encouraging the participation ofscience and technology institutes in innova-

tion processes; and incentives for innovationinside enterprises. The main funding instru-ment is a subsidy that allows for the provi-sion of financial support to innovative SMEsthrough the FDNCT .

Additionally, the law known as Goods Law(2005, Lei do Bem) is intended for promo-ting private R&D investment, fundamental for

improving competitiveness in Brazilian enter-prises. More specifically, the objective of thislaw is to increase the capacity of enterprisesfor developing technological innovation thatmight result in improved quality, productivityand competitiveness. The incentive is propa-

gated through tax deductions such as incometax, social contribution on benefits, and re-turn of taxes on the purchase of technologicalequipment.


35/176

There are also a number of programmes su-

pporting the interaction of the productive sec-

tor and STI actors:

COOPERA: A cooperation programme be-

tween institutes, technology centres and

enterprises. Provides financial support to

cooperation projects on R&D and innova-

tion;

ASISTEC: Programme for support to tech-

nological assistance. Provides SMEs with

assistance and technological consultancy

from Technological Research Institutes

(IPT) for solving technological problems.

INNOVAR venture capital programme: An

aid for technology-based enterprises to

have resources for funding their scienceand technology projects. The project is

intended for building an institutional envi-

ronment favourable to venture capital ac-

tivities in the country, so as to strengthen

technology-based new and emerging en-

terprises in Brazil, thus eventually contrib-

uting to the national technological devel-

opment, and the creation of income and

employment;

Enterprise incubators: Among the differ-

ent enterprise incubation programmes,

Juro Zero, a programme including low

rate loans, is worthy of recognition, as is

the National Cooperative Incubators Pro-

gramme (PRONINC), aimed at articulating

the knowledge areas of Brazilian univer-

sities with popular groups interested in

generating income and employment by

the constitution of popular cooperatives or

self-management enterprises;

Support Programme for Research and In-novation in Local Productive Arrangements

(PPI-APL): Financial support for activities

developed by Science and Technology in-

stitutes, oriented towards providing tech-

nological assistance, providing services

and solving technological problems in en-

terprises, by forming conglomerates typi-

cal of local production arrangements;

Programme for Technological Support to

Exports (Programa de Apoio Tecnolgico

Exportao - PROGEX): Support to tech-

nological assistance by technological re-search institutes for improving export per-

formance by small enterprises;

Incentive Programme for Innovation in

Brazilian Enterprises (Pro-Innovation):

Consists of funding with reduced taxes

for implementing research, development

and innovation projects in Brazilian enter-

prises;

Mobile Units Programme (Projeto de Uni-

dades Mveis de atendimento tecnolgico- PRUMO): Supports the assistance and

provision of technological services by

technology research institutes to micro

and small enterprises by means of mobile

units that include laboratory equipment;

Brazilian Technology Network (Rede Brasil

de Tecnologia - RBT): Providing support

for projects which involve collaboration

between supplying enterprises and scien-

tific-technological institutes with competi-tive replacement of imports in selected

sectors (currently petroleum oil, gas and

energy).

The main objective of the RBT is to promote

the articulation of different areas in the fede-

ral government, Brazilian universities, private

enterprises and financial agents. It is specifi-cally aimed towards stimulating development

of technological sectoral networks, the crea-

tion of work groups of the government, enter-

prises, universities and research centres, and

at promoting coordinated initiatives in line

with research and development.


36/176

The organization of STI conferences that in-

clude the scientific community, the govern-

ment and enterprises, and promote scientific

and technological debates for defining natio-

nal priorities should be illustrated as they are

the instruments that help define long termobjectives and assess STI investments. Lastly,

the Knowledge for All programme aimed

at the popularization of STI in young people

with the purpose of arousing their interest in

Science and Technology careers should be

highlighted.

The most important institution for supportingtraining of human resources in STI is the CA-

PES, referred above. It includes an array of

funding instruments, which include:

CAPES/SPM: For the incentive of scienti-fic and technological research and the tra-

ining of human resources holding postgra-

duate degrees, also including the gender

aspect;

CAPES/FCT: Supports joint projects on re-

search and scientific cooperation in Brazi-lian and Portuguese universities promoting

postgraduate education and the perfectio-

ning aspect of professors and researchers;

CAPES/Ministry of Science and Techno-

logy (Argentina): Through the aid of joint

research projects stimulates the exchange

of teachers and researchers between Bra-

zil and Argentina in Postgraduate Progra-

mmes of Higher Education Institutions.

The programme is oriented towards edu-

cating high level human resources in Bra-zil and Argentina, in the different areas of

knowledge;

Programme for Guest Professors fromAbroad (PVE): The objective of the progra-

mme is to support Brazilian postgraduate

studies through the incentive of having

foreign professors with differentiated edu-

cation and renown expertise in the various

related areas of work;

PEC-PG Programme (Programa de Estu-

dante-Convnio de Ps-Graduao): The

objective of the programme is to allow ci-

tizens in developing countries with which

Brazil has cooperation agreements rela-

ting to education, culture or STI, to attend

postgraduate studies in Brazil;

Jlio Redecker Programme: The exchan-

ge is an agreement between Coordina-

tion of Higher Level Staff Perfectioning

(Perfeccionamiento del Personal de Nivel

Superior - CAPES/MEC), the House of Re-

presentatives, the Ministry of EducationFoundation, and the Committee for Edu-

cation Exchange between the United Sta-

tes and Brazil (Fulbright Committee). The

programme was implemented in order to

increase Brazilian knowledge on the U.S.

and on the bilateral relations of both coun-

tries;

LATTES System: Is a data base at the

CNPq including rsums and an inventory

of Science and Technology institutions.The data from the platform may be used

both as support for management activities

and for support of the definition of policies

for the STI area;

Pro defence Programme: An agreement

between the CAPES and the Ministry of

Defence. The programme is open to the

participation of private and public Bra-

zilian institutions, which include those

postgraduate plans with lines of researchin national defence;

French Brazilian Doctoral School Progra-

mme (Collge Doctoral Franco-Brsilien -

CDFB): An agreement of the CAPES with

the Council of Presidents of French Uni-

versities (CPU);


37/176

CAPES/FULBRIGHT Programme: The CA-PES, in combination with the Fulbright

Committee, offers full doctorate scholar-

ships in the U.S. with the purpose of su-

pplementing the efforts of postgraduate

programmes in Brazil, in search of traininghigh level professors and researchers;

CAPES/Cofecub (CAPES/ Comit Franais

pour lvaluation de la Coopration Univer-

sitaire avec le Brsil) Edict: The objective

is to promote scientific exchange and tostimulate the training and perfectioning of

postgraduates and teachers linked to post-

graduate programmes at higher education

and research institutions through joint

projects in research, oriented at training

high level human resources;

CAPES/PIBID (CAPES/ Programa Institu-

cional de Bolsas de Iniciao Docncia)

Edict: The programme is aimed at contri-

buting to an increased average of schools

participating in the Intermediate Level Na-

tional Exam. This action intends to attainthe target plan Compromise: All together

with Education, which is part of the De-

velopment Plan for Education (PDE - Plan

de Desarrollo de la Educacin);Higher Studies School: Gathers top-in-ternational-level foreign professors and

researchers for monographic courses at

Brazilian universities. This is an initiative

of the CAPES aimed at strengthening, ex-

tending and grading postgraduate progra-

mmes at Brazilian institutions.

The CNPq also offers a variety of postgraduate

scholarships in the country and abroad (scho-

larships for the promotion of Science and Te-

chnology, apart from subsidies for researchat institutions, for researchers and for State

research foundations). The various forms of

aid include the subsidy of science publica-

tions, the support provided for the training

of researchers through science exchanges or

the promotion and attendance at meetings

and science seminars and conferences. The

most requested form of aid is the support to

research projects made through public calls

or edicts. The main Edicts published with re-

sources from the CNPq are: Universal, Millen-

nium and Casadinho, and those resulting fromjoint efforts with Foundations for Supporting

Research at the federal state level (FAP- Fun-

daes de Amparo Pesquisa) known as Pro-

nex (Programa de Apoio a Ncleos de Exce-

lncia) and the First Projects Programme.

The national strategy in this field has been to

maintain the existing international agreementsand to seek new agreements on scientific and

technological cooperation with partners who

share the same interests. Bilateral agree-

ments have shown a significant development

and nowadays Brazil has ongoing agreements

with the following countries: Germany, Argen-

tina, Bolivia, Canada, Chile, China, Colom-

bia, South Korea, Spain, the United States,

France, India, Italy, Japan, Morocco, Mexico,

Pakistan, the Netherlands, Paraguay, Peru,

Portugal, the UK, Romania, Russia, Sweden,

Switzerland, Tunisia, Uruguay and Venezuela.

There is also the Multinational System of

Specialized Information on Biotechnolo-

gy and Food Technology for Latin America

and the Caribbean (Sistema de Informacin

Multinacional de Biotecnologa y Tecnologa

de Alimentos para Amrica Latina y el Cari-

be - SIMBIOSIS), a virtual network aimed at

connecting scientists, experts and research

centres interested in biotechnology, food te-chnology and biodiversity. It is sponsored by

its member States and the OAS. The SIMBIO-

SIS network provides information on current

research programmes, national institutions,

and efforts relative to development and hu-

man skills in STI.


38/176

The following is a list of regional level projects

in which Brazil has taken part:

The Argentinean-Brazilian BiotechnologyCentre (Centro Argentino Brasilero de Bio-tecnologa - CABBIO). It is a coordinating

entity that comprises a network of biote-chnology research groups whose objectiveis to promote interaction between science

centres and the productive sector. For thatpurpose, it carries out two types of activi-ties: The implementation of bi-national re-search and development projects and thetraining of high ranking human resourceswith courses of the Argentinean Brazilian

Biotechnology School (Escuela ArgentinaBrasilea de Biotecnologa -EABBIO);

BIOTECSUR is a biotechnologies platformwithin the MERCOSUR that originates inthe BIOTECH - MERCOSUR EU projectfor development of specific R&D actionsfocused on priority issues for the region.

At the multilateral level, Brazil has subscribedagreements with the following organizations:Americas Free Trade Area (rea de Libre Co-mercio de las Amricas - ALCA), Latin Ame-rica, the Caribbean and the European Union

(Amrica Latina, Caribe y Unin Europea -ALCUE), Brazilian-Argentinean BiotechnologyCentre (Centro Brasilero-Argentino de Biotec-nologa - CBAB), Brazilian-Argentinean Nano-technology Centre (Centro Brasilero-Argentinode Nanotecnologa - CBAN), International Ge-neIcts and Biotechnology Engineering Centre

(Centro Internacional de Ingeniera Genticay Biotecnologa - CIEGB), Portuguese-spea-king Countries Community (Comunidade dosPases de Lngua Portuguesa - CPLP), Orga-

nization of the Amazonian Cooperation Trea-ty (Organizao do Tratado de Cooperao

Amaznica -OTCA), Programme on ThematicCooperation in Science and Technology (Pro-grama de Cooperao Temtica em Matriade Cincia e Tecnologia - PROAFRICA), SouthAmerican Programme for Supporting Science

and Technology Cooperation Activities (Pro-

grama Sul-Americano de Apoio s Ativida-des de Cooperao em Cincia e Tecnologia- PROSUL), Specialized Meeting on Scienceand Technology (Reunin Especializada en

Ciencia y Tecnologa - RECYT), Latin Ameri-can Technological Information Network (Red

de Informacin Tecnolgica Latinoamericana- RITLA), and the Science Academy for Deve-loping Countries (Academia de Ciencias paralos Pases en Desarrollo - TWAS).

Parallel to this, there are other cooperationstrategies that are currently under develop-ment and have been prioritized, such as the

promotion of the south-south cooperation(mainly between South America and Africa),

the incentive of cooperation among regionalgroups (MERCOSUR), IBAS (India, Brazil andSouth Africa), and CPLP. Each agenda variesaccording to shared interests of partners, and

includes, among others: Climate change, re-newable energies, and sustainable exploitationof natural resources, biofuels, nanotechnolo-gy, aerospace technology, ICTs, biomedicalsciences and enterprise innovation.

UNESCO Biology of Form and Develop-ment Chair Rio de Janeiro Federal Uni-versity (UFRJ) Rio de Janeiro Brazil

UNESCO Jos Reis Chair on ScienceSpreading University of Sao Paulo SaoPaulo Brazil

UNESCO Chair on South-South Coopera-tion for Sustainable Development ParFederal University Belm Brazil

UNESCO Chair on Water, Women and De-

velopment Ouro Preto Federal University(UFOP) Ouro Preto Brazil

ABDI: www.abdi.com.br/AEB: www.aeb.gov.br/


39/176

BNDES: www.bndes.gov.brCGEE: www.cgee.org.br/CNEN: www.cnen.gov.br/CNPq: www.cnpq.brCNTBio: www.ctnbio.gov.br/CONFAP: www.confap.org.br/

IPT: www.ipt.br/FINEP: www.finep.gov.brMCT: www.mct.gov.br


40/176


41/176






Agriculture 4,8

Industry 50,5

Services 44,7







Percentage of Public expenditure on education /GDP (2004)

3,4



76,6


2,0


Patents granted (2008)736,0




21,7


4,6






Percen

tageo

fthe

GDP

USDPPPper

cpita

Percentage of GDP

USD PPP per cpita

Total FTE S&T staff


Total FTE S&T staff

To

talFTES&

Ts

taff

FTES&Ts

tafper

1000EAP



Pa

ten

tsperm

illiono

finha

bitan

ts

Pu

blica

tions

lis

ted

inthe

SCI

SCISc

ien

tificpu

blica

tions

perm

illiono

fin

ha

bitan

ts





42/176


43/176


44/176

The Chilean innovation system is led by the

Presidency of the Republic, upon the assis-

tance of the National Council on Competitive-

ness Innovation (Consejo Nacional de Innova-

cin para la Competitividad CNIC) created

in 2005. This Council proposes the general

guidelines for defining a National Innovation

Strategy, to be considered by a Committee of

Ministers for Innovation, which is the eventual

body to define the national policies on Scien-

ce, Technology and Innovation (STI), for the

long, medium and short terms. These three

Documents

National Science, Technology and Innovation Systems in Latin America and the Caribbean