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Volume – 04, Issue – 01, January - June, 2015/ ISSN 2278-3199

National Research Journal on 'Social Issues and Problems' / I

ISSN 2278-3199

Volume - 04, Issue - 01, January - June, 2015.

A Half Yearly Peer Reviewed Multidisciplinary National Research Journal

of Social Sciences & Humanities

National Journal on……

Chief Editor

Dr. C. B. Masram Principal

S. N. Mor Arts, Commerce & Smt. G. D. Saraf Science College,

Tumsar Dist. Bhandara.

Editor

Dr. Rahul Bhagat Associate Professor & Head Department of Sociology,

S. N. Mor Arts, Commerce & Smt. G. D. Saraf Science College,

Tumsar Dist. Bhandara - 441912

Published By

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

S. N. MOR ART, COMMERCE & SMT. G. D. SARAF SCIENCE COLLEGE,

TUMSAR, DIST. BHANDARA - 441912.

[email protected] / [email protected] Website - www.snmorcollege.org.in

Phone No. - 07183-233300 / 07183-233301 Mobile - 09422113067 / 09420359657


National Research Journal on 'Social Issues and Problems' / II

A Half Yearly Peer Reviewed Multidisciplinary National Research Journal of Social

Sciences & Humanities....

'Social Issues and Problems'

EDITORIAL BOARD

Chief Editor: Dr. C. B. Masram,

Principal, S. N. Mor Art, Commerce & Smt. G. D. Saraf Science College, Tumsar, Dist. Bhandara.

Editor: Dr. Rahul Bhagat, S. N. Mor Art, Commerce & Smt. G. D. Saraf Science College, Tumsar, Dist. Bhandara.

Editorial Advisory Board -

Dr. Pradeep Aglave, Head, P. G. Dept. Dr. Ambedkar Thought, R. T. M. N. U., Nagpur.

Dr. Suresh Waghmare, Head Dept. of Soci., Rajshree Shahu Maharaj College, Latur (MS)

Dr. Jagan Karade, Dept. of Sociology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur (MS)

Dr. Sanjay Salunkhe, Head Dept. of Sociology, D. B. A. M. University, Aurangabad (MS)

Dr. R.N. Salve, Head, Dept. of Sociology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Dist. Kolhapur.(M.S.)

Dr. Sujata Gokhale, Head Dept. of Sociology, S. N. D. T. University, Mumbai (MS)

Dr. Shivcharan Meshram, Principal, Kamla Nehru Govt. Girls College, Balaghat (MP)

Dr. B. K. Swain, Head Department of Sociology, R. T. M. Nagpur University, Nagpur.

Dr. Smita Awchar, Professor, D. B. A. Marathwada University, Aurangabad (MS)

Dr. Prakash Bobde, Ex. Professor and Head, Dept. of Sociology, R. T. M. N. U., Nagpur.

Dr. Ramesh Makwana, Department of Sociology, Sardar Patel University, Gujrat.

Dr. M. B. Bute, Principal, Santaji Mahavidhyalaya, Nagpur.

Dr. Ashok Kale, Principal, M. B. Patel College, Deori Dist. Gondia (MS)

Dr. Anil Surya, President, S. M. S. New Delhi.

Dr. Kalyan Sakharkar, Head Dept. of Sociology, P. N. College, Pusad Dist. Yeotmal (MS)

Dr. Arun Chavhan, Head Dept. of Sociology, Vidhyabharti Mahavidhyalaya, Amrawati (MS

Dr. A. P. Jadhao, Head Dept. of Sociology, Lemdeo Patil College, Mandhal Dist. Nagpur.

Editorial Board Member -

Dr. R. K. Dipte, Dept. of English, S. N. Mor College, Tumsar.

Prof. R. U. Ubale, Dept. of Marathi, S. N. Mor College, Tumsar.

Prof. R. O. Belokar, Head Dept. of Pol. Science, S. N. Mor College, Tumsar.

Associate Editors -

Dr. Saroj Aglave, Head, Dept. of Sociology, Mahila Mahavidhyalya, Nandanvan, Nagpur.

Prof. Baban Meshram, Head, Dept. of Sociology,N. M. D. College, Gondia Dist. Gondia.

Dr. Sushma Bageshwar, Head, Dept. of Socio., Gadgebaba College, Hingna Dist. Nagpur.

Dr. S. D. Pawar, Head, Dept. of Sociology, N. J. Patel College, Mohadi Dist. Bhandara

Dr. Dipak Pawar, Head, Dept. of Sociology, Women's College, Nandanvan, Nagpur.

Prof. Priyadarshan Bhaware, Head, Dept. of Socio., Badrinarayan Barwale College, Jalna

Dr. Rajendra Kamble, Head, Dept. of Socio., Indira Gandhi College, Kalmeshwar, Nagpur

Prof. Jaindra Pendse, Head, Dept. of Sociology, Sevadal Mahila College, Nagpur.

Dr. D. T. Shende, Deptt. of Socio., Mahatma Gandhi College, Parshiwani.


National Research Journal on 'Social Issues and Problems' / III

PEER REVIEW COMMITTEE

Dr. Sai Chandrmouli T. (English), Railway Degree College, Secundrabad (AP)

Dr. Balvindarsing Ghotra (English), Govt. P. G. College, Jind (Haryana)

Prof. J. V. N. Rao, (English) S. N. Mor College, Tumsar Dist. Bhandara.

Dr. Anil Nitnaware (Marathi), M. B. Patel College, Sakoli Dist. Bhandara.

Dr. Shailendra Lendhe (Marathi), R. T. M. Nagpur University., Nagpur.

Dr. Guruprasad Pakhmode, (Marathi) Pragati Mahila College, Bhandara.

Dr. Hariprasad Chourasiya (Hindi) Principal, M. B. Patel College, Salekasa.

Prof. Gajanan Polenwar, (Hindi) Arts, Commerce College, Koradi.

Prof. Mastan Shaha, (Hindi), Department of Hindi, N. M. D. college, Gondia.

Dr. R. R. Sinha (Sociology) Head Dept. of Sociology, Hislop College, Nagpur.

Dr. Sanjay Dudhe (Sociology), Arts, Commerce College, Koradi Nagpur.

Dr. Ashok Borkar (Sociology), R. T. M. Nagpur University, Nagpur.

Dr. S. S. Bahekar (Geography), Principal, S. S. Girls College, Gondia.

Dr. Deva Bisen (Geography), M. B. Patel College, Deori Dist. Gondia

Dr. Tarachand Gedam (History) Sant Gadge Maharaj College, Hingna.

Dr. Mubarak Qureshi (History), G. B. Mahila College, Tumsar Dist. Bhandara.

Dr. D. D. Kapse (History), Samarth College, Lakhani Dist. Bhandara.

Dr. Madhuri Nasre (Home Economics) S. S. Girls College, Gondia.

Dr. Vidhya Thawakar (Home Economics), Ashok Moharkar College, Adyal.

Prof. Subha Ghadge, (Home Economics), J. M. Patel College, Bhandara.

Prof. Vikas Jambhulkar (Political Science), R. T. M. Nagpur University, Nagpur.

Prof. Atul Kadu (Political Science), Bhiwapur Mahavidhyalaya, Bhiwapur.

Dr. Sharda Mahajan (Political Science) N. M. D. College, Gondia.

Dr. S. S. Meshram (Economics), J. M. Patel College, Bhandara.

Dr. Manoj Sonkusre (Economics), M. B. Patel College, Sakoli.

Dr. Anuradha Patil (Social Work), Manavlok Social Work College, Ambejogai.

Dr. B. R. Deshmukh (Social Work), G. N. Aazad Social Work College, Pusad.

Dr. Sanjay Aagashe (Phy. Edu.) S. N. Mor College, Tumsar.

The Editors or Publisher do not assume responsibility for the opinions

expressed by the authors of the papers.


National Research Journal on 'Social Issues and Problems' / IV

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National Research Journal on 'Social Issues and Problems' / V

A Half Yearly Peer Reviewed Multidisciplinary National Research Journal of

Social Sciences & Humanities....

'Social Issues and Problems'

- CONTENTS –

Sr.

No. Subject Authors Page

1 The History of Sevagram Ashram Dr. Sunil Chawale … 1

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National Research Journal on 'Social Issues and Problems' / VI

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Mobile – 09420359657, 08857078577

Volume – 04, Issue – 01, January - June, 2015 / ISSN – 2278-3199

National Research Journal on ‘Social Issues and Problems’ /Page 1

‘THE HISTORY OF SEVAGRAM ASHRAM’

Dr. Sunil Chawale, Dipt. of History, N.J.Patel College, Mohadi.Dist Bhandara

Email – [email protected], Mob. No. - 9823470366

The river wardha lends it’s name to the

district that developed from a little village called

Palakwadi. This village is the district

headquarters today. Little or nothing is known of

early history of the district. Historical evidence

tells us that the Maurya, Shunga, Satvahan,

Chaluka, Rashrakut, Yadava and Gond dynasties

ruled wardha and it’s Vicinity. The Nizam and

Nagpurkar (Raghuji Bhosale) also ruled over this

territory for a short time. 1 The existing wardha

district was part of Nagpur district till 1862.2

When Mahatma Gandhi started his

padayatra (foot March) in 1930 from Sabarmati

Ashram to Dandi for the Salt Satyagraha, he

had decided not to return to Sabarmati till

independence for india was attaind.3

Independence was not attained at that time and

Gandhiji was imprisoned for more than two

years. On this release, he spent sometime

travelling. He decided to make a village in

Central India his head quarters.4 He came to

Wardha in 1934, at the invitiation of Jamnalalji

Bajaj.5

In April 1936, Gandhiji established his

residence in the village Shegaon which is

renamed as Sevagram,6 which means village of

services’.7 Gandhiji was 67 years old when he

came to sevagram. From thereon. Sevagram has

become an inspiring place. Many decision on

important national matters and movements were

taken at Sevagram. It became the central place for

a number of institution for the nation building

activities devised by Gandhiji to suit the inherent

strength of this country.8

Shegaon is a small village 8 km from

Wardha town in Maharashtra and 75 km from

Nagpur. In spite of many practical difficulties.

Gandhiji decided to settle there. In those days the

village was surrounded by forest on all sides.

Snakes and scorpions were a common feature.

There was only one footpath or cart track to

Wardha. No Post- office or telegraph office

existed. There letters used to be brought from

Wardha. There was another village in this region

named Shegaon, made famous by the residence

of Saint Gajanan Maharaj. So, Gandhijis letters

used to get misdirected. Therefore, It was decided

in 1940 to rename this village as SEVAGRAM or

the village of service.9

Polytical Importance: Sevagram is found

more importance not only in India but in world

also in Indian freedom movement, Sevagram and

wardha District became immortal. As per

Gandhiji’s directions, Aacharya Vinoba Bhave

settled at Paunar and constituted the Ashram on

the bank of river Dham at the Wardha- Nagpur

road.10 Wardha is a sister city for sevagram and

both were used as major centers for the Indian

independence movement.11

Many important leaders had visited

Sevagram due to giving the new vision for

Political, Social as well as Educational methods.

President Rajendra Prasad, Moulana Abdul

Kalam Azad, Pt. JawaharlalNehru, Acharya

Kriplani, Lal bahadur Shastri, Veer Sawarkar,

Subhashchandra Bose, Khan Abdul gaffer khan,

Narayanji Agrawal, Rajashri Tandan, Dr.

radhakrishnan, Indira Gandhi, Acharya

Aryanayakam, Dr. J.C. Kumarappa, Kamraj,

Acharya Dharmadhikari, Poet keshavsoot, Ram

Manohar Lohiya, Sarojini Nayadu etc. great

leaders had also come in Sevagram.

Regarding Indian freedom Movement,

various important decisions have been taken in

Sevagram Ashram. Therefore it was also known

as the non-government Capital of India.

Diffirent religious, various ladies-gents delegates

from other countries visited the Ashram and met

Gandhiji to resolve the Political, Social issues.

The British representative Lord Lothian visited

Wardha and travelled by bullock cart. Madam

Chang Cashek from China, Lui Fisher could

understand the real problems of India by visiting

the Ashram.12



Share in Freedom Struggle: From the year

1934, when Mahatma Gandhi staying in

Sevagram, many important decisions for Indian

future has been taken in that environment. The

Indian freedom movement directed from the

Sevagram. Gandhiji had initiated his personal

‘Satyagraha’ of 1940 from Ashram. Vinoba

Bhave was the first Indian ‘Satyagrahi’ of this

movement All British rules have been

intensifying opposed by the ‘Bharat Chhodo’

(Leave India) Movement. Which was started

from Sevagram Ashram only?

The Prayer of Sevagaram, March of paunar

and Ashti’s Revolutionary Freedom is nothing

but the soul of Wardha District As of the other

districts in Maharashtra State, though Wardha

District is smaller in area but greater in its fame.

Sevagram is found more important not only in

India But also in the World in Indian freedom

movement.

References –

1. R.V. Russell Gazetteers wardha dist 1906.

2. http//Collectorate.wardha;wardha.nic.in/

3. www.gandhiashramsevagram.org (Retrieved

17 June 2014)

4. http//en.wikipedia.org/wki/sevagram

(Accessed 12 June 2015)

5. Desai Mahadev “Day to Day with Gandhi”

sarva seva sangh prakashan 1968.

6. Bombay chronicle 07-03-1937

7. Harijan 08-08-1936

8. http//en.wikipedia.org/wki/sevagram

9. www.mkgandhi.org/sevagram (Accessed 12

June 2015)

10. http://www.jamnabajajfoundation.org

(Retrieved 17 June 2014)

11. Ibid

12. http//en.wikipedia.org/wki/wardha_district(A

ccessed 12 June 2015)



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xjtk vkf.k rRle lqfo/kkaP;k ekx.;kapk lekos'k* gk fu;kstukpk [kjk vFkZ vkgs- Hkkjrkyk Lokra«; feGkY;kuarj Lora= HkkjrkP;k ljdkjus dY;k.kdkjh jkT;* gh ladYiuk fLodkjyh vkf.k R;kuqlkj miyC/k lalk/kukpk mi;ksx dj.ks] mRiknukr ok< dj.ks] yksdkauk lkekftd lsok iqjfo.ks bR;knh dk;kZdfjrk fu;kstu dj.;kr vkys o ;kdfjrk ljdkjus iapokf"kZd ;kstukaP;k ek/;ekrwu ns'kkpk fodkl dj.;kl lq#okr dsyh-

1950 yk ;kstuk vk;ksxkph LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh- ifgY;k iapokf"kZd ;kstusiklwu rj ckjkO;k iapokf"kZd ;kstukaapk ukxjh fodklkckcrpk vk<kok iq<hyizek.ks vkgs-

1½ ifgyh iapokf"kZd ;kstuk % ifgyh iapokf"kZd ;kstuk 1951 rs 1956 ;k dkyko/khdfjrk fuf'pr dj.;kr vkyh gksrh- ifgY;k iapokf"kZd ;kstusr ukxjh fodklkyk frrdsls izk/kkU; ns.;kr vkys uOgrs- ;k ;kstusr 'ksrh] vksyhrkP;k lks;h] mtkZ vkf.k okgrqdhP;k lk/kukoj fo'ks"k y{k ns.;kr vkys gksrs- lgdkjkrwu lektkpk fodkl lk/k.;kdfjrk iz;Ru dsys xsys- ;k ;kstusr [kk|kU; vkf.k dPpk ekykps mRiknu ok<fo.ks] vkS|ksfxd fodkl vkf.k jkstxkjkaP;k la/kh fuekZ.k dj.ks] lkekftd dY;k.kkoj vf/kdkf/kd Hkj ns.ks] ;q/n o ns'kkP;k foHkktukus ns'kkP;k vFkZO;oLFksP;k vlek;kstusr lq/kkj.kk dj.ks- ;k ckch jkcfo.;kr vkY;kr- ;k ;kstusr fnYyh 'kgjkP;k fodklkpk c`ng vkjk[kMk r;kj dsyk xsyk- gk vkjk[kMk uarjP;k ;kstukae/;s brj uxjkadfjrk vkn'kZ Bjyk- ;k ;kstusph lokZr eksBh miyC/krk Eg.kts jk"Vªh; mRiUukr 18 VDds ok< fuf'pr dj.;kr vkyh- ifgY;k iapokf"kZd ;kstusr okLrfod [kpZ 2]37]800 djksM #i;s >kyk vkgs-

2½ nqljh iapokf"kZd ;kstuk % nqljh iapokf"kZd ;kstuk 1956 rs 1961 ;k dkyko/khdfjrk gksrh- ;k ;kstusps eq[; oSf'k"Vî Eg.kts v'kk izdkjP;k fofo/k ;kstuk jkcfo.;koj Hkj ns.;kr

vkyk dh T;keqGs lektoknh Lo#ikpk lekt fuekZ.k gksbZy- ifgY;k ;kstusr Ñ"kh fodklkyk izk/kkU; ns.;kr vkys gksrs rj nqlÚ;k iapokf"kZd ;kstusr m|ksxkaP;k fodklkyk vxzØe ns.;kr vkyk- yksdla[;k fu;a=.kkdjhrk l[kksy iz;Ru] lkoZtfud miØekauk izk/kkU; rlsp Ñ"kh vkf.k y?kq m|ksxkauk izsj.kk ns.;kpsgh /kksj.k ;k ;kstusr gksrs- ;k ;kstusP;k dkGkr vkS|ksfxdj.kkoj Hkj nsÅu lkoZtfud {ks=kP;k ek/;ekrwu eksB&eksBs iksykn] jlk;us vkf.k brj mi;qDr izdYi mHkkjY;k xsysr- R;keqGs jkstxkjkP;k la/kh fuekZ.k gksÅu 'kgjhdj.kkr ok<>kyh- ;k ;kstusoj 4]67]200 djksM #i;s okLrfod [kpZ >kyk-

3½ frljh iapokf"kZd ;kstuk % frljh iapokf"kZd ;kstuk 1962 rs 1966 ;k dkyko/kh njE;ku jkcfo.;kr vkyh- ;k ;kstusdfjrk okLrfod [kpZ 8]57]700 djksM #i;s >kyk- frlÚ;k iapokf"kZd ;kstuse/;s Hkkjrkph vFkZO;oLFkk vkRefuHkZj dj.;kps y{; Bso.;kr vkys gksrs- fodklkdjhrk leku la/kh r;kj d#u fodkl vkf.k mRiUukrhy vlekursyk nwj dj.;kpk ladYi dsyk xsyk gksrk- jk"Vªh; mRiUukr njo"khZ 5-00 VDds ok< dj.ks vkf.k HkkaMoykps fu;kstu v'kkizdkjps djk;ps dh gh izfro"kZ 5-00 VDds ok< dk;eLo#ih jkghy- vUu/kkU;kP;k n`"Vhus ns'kkyk Lokoyach d#u vko';d rso<îk dPP;k ekykps mRiknu d#u m|ksx/kan;kapk ;kpk fodkl djus vkf.k ns'kkckgsj fu;kZr ok<fo.ks- ns'kkvraxZr eqyHkwr m|ksxkpk fodkl d#u euq";cGkpk vf/kdkf/kd mi;ksx d#u jkstxkjkP;k la/kh eksBîk izek.kkr fuekZ.k dj.ks gk gksrk-

;k ;kstusvarxZr izFker% lerksy izknsf'kd fodklkP;k vuqla?kkus uxjs vkf.k xkokps egÙo v/kksjsf[kr dj.;kr vkys- îzknsf'kd fodklkpk n`f"Vdks.k* vlkok vls Bjfo.;kr ;sÅu R;kdfjrk

1½ ukxjh Hkweh fu;kstu 2½ 'kgjkrhy tfeuhP;k fdaerhps fu;a=.k



3½ egkuxjkpk fodkl vkjk[kMk r;kj dj.ks bR;knh dkes jkT; ljdkj vkf.k LFkkfud iz'kklukph tckcnkjh jkghy] vls Li"V dj.;kr vkys-

4½ tsFks 'kD; vkgs frFks uos m|ksx tuoLrhiklwu nwj] 'kgjkckgsj mHkkjys tkosr vls Bjfo.;kr vkys-

ukxjh fodkl vkf.k fu;kstukP;k n`"Vhus frljh iapokf"kZd ;kstuk ,sfrgkfld o eSykpk nxM Bjyh-

4½ rhu okf"kZd ;kstuk % phu dMwu 1962 pk Hkkjrkojhy gYyk vkf.k ikfdLrku lkscr 1965 ps >kysys ;q/n] ;keqGs frlÚ;k iapokf"kZd ;kstusuarj yxspp poFkh iapokf"kZd ;kstuk fØ;kfUor gksÅ 'kdyh ukgh- fodklkpk dk;ZØe okf"kZd ;kstukaP;k vk/kkjkoj lq# Bso.;kr vkyk- 1966&67 ;k okf"kZd ;kstusoj 2]13]700 djksM #i;s] 1967&68 ;k okf"kZd ;kstusoj 2]20]500 djksM #i;s vkf.k 1968&69 ;k okf"kZd ;kstusoj 2]28]300 djksM #i;s [kpZ dj.;kr vkys

5½ poFkh iapokf"kZd ;kstuk % ;k ;kstuspk dkyko/kh gk 1969 rs 1974 brdk gksrk- ;k ;kstuspk mís'k ^fLFkjrs lkscr ok<* ¼Growth with Stability½ gk gksrk- ;k ;kstusr fu;kZr ok<fo.;kdfjrk 'ksrh O;olk;kyk vf/kd izkFkfedrk ns.;kr vkyh gksrh- R;kpcjkscj /kkrw] ef'ku] 'kDrh o ifjogu m|ksxkrhy fujarj fodklkyk mÙkstu ns.;kph rjrqn d#u tursP;k mi;ksxkr vlysY;k oLrwaps mRiknu ok<fo.;koj Hkj ns.;kr vkyk-

;k ;kstusr eqacbZP;k fodklkdfjrk 1974 yk egkjk"Vª ljdkj}kjk êqacbZ egkuxj fodkl dk;nk eatwj dj.;kr vkyk- flMdksph LFkkiuk dsyh xsyh- egkuxjkaP;k ok<hpk osx vkf.k xjt y{kkr ?ksÅu fu;ksftr fodklkdfjrk fnYyh] c`gUeqacbZ vkf.k dksydÙkk ;k egkuxjkapk o R;kaP;k vkliklP;k izns'kkpk vH;kl dj.;kr vkyk- dsanz ljdkjP;k fu/khrwu panhx<] xka/khuxj] Hkksiky vkf.k Hkqous'oj ;k jkT;kaP;k jkt/khP;k 'kgjke/;s fodkl dkes dj.;kr vkyh- uxj fodklkr vMFkGk vk.k.kkÚ;k dk;nîkaph nq#Lrh dj.;kps funsZ'k jkT;kauk ns.;kr vkys- 'kgjkaP;k vf/kdkj {ks=kP;k ckgsj ;s.kkÚ;k tkxkalkBh egkuxj izns'k fodkl fu;kstu izkf/kdj.k

cufo.;kP;k lYykgh jkT; ljdkjkauk ns.;kr vkyk- rlsp egkuxjs vkf.k R;kpcjkscj jk"Vªh;n`"Vîk egÙokP;k laLFkkauk fo'ks"k vkfFkZd lgk¸; ns.;kr vkys gksrs- ;k ;kstusoj ,dw.k O;; 15]779 djksM #i;s dj.;kr vkyk gksrk-

6½ ikpoh iapokf"kZd ;kstuk % ikpO;k iapokf"kZd ;kstuspk dkyko/kh 1974 rs 1979 gk gksrk- eqækfLQrh o brj dkgh dkj.kkaeqGs poFkh iapokf"kZd ;kstuk fo'ks"k va'kh fodklkr Hkj Vkdw 'kdyh ukgh- R;keqGsp ikpO;k iapokf"kZd ;kstusr ^xjhch fuewZyu vkf.k LofuHkZjrk* gk mís'; izkIr dj.;kpk ladYi dsyk xsyk- xjhch fuewZyu gk ,d ufou mn~?kks"k gksrk- R;kyk mís'kwu dkgh fof'k"V /;s; Bso.;kr vkyh gksrh- oLrwaP;k fdaerhoj fu;a=.k Bsowu fLFkj Bso.ks] mRiUu vkf.k miHkksxkP;k vlekursyk nwj deh dj.sk o brj dkgh /;s; gksrh- ;k ;kstusr fo'ks"k o rkaf=d fodklkyk izk/kkU; ns.;kr vkys gksrs- ;k ;kstuk dkGkr deky tfeu /kkj.kk dk;nk 1974 ykxw dj.;kr vkyk- rlsp 1975 yk eqacbZ egkuxj izns'k fodkl izkf/kdj.k Eg.ktsp MMRDAph LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh- dksydÙkk] eqacbZ] psUubZ ;k 'kgjkauk fu;kstu iw.kZ fodkl vkf.k cdky fLFkrh nwj Ogkoh ;kdfjrk vkfFkZd lgk¸; ns.;kr vkys gksrs- rlsp egkuxjkauk ;k fu;kstu dkGkr fo'ks"k egÙo ns.;kr vkys gksrs- ;k ;kstusP;k dkGkr dk¡xzsl ljdkj lÙksrwu oafpr >kyh vkf.k 1977 yk turk ljdkj lÙkk#<>kyh gksrh- turk ljdkjus ;k ;kstusyk e/kkrp jí d#u fu;kstukph ufou ladYiuk ^jksyhax Iyku* (Rolling Plan) fLodkjyh- ;k jksyhax Iyku pk vFkZ vlk dh izR;sd o"khZ ;kstusph eqY;akdu d#u R;k vk/kkjkoj iq<hy o"kkZdfjrk ;kstuk cufo.ks gk gksrk- R;kuqlkj o"kZ 1978&79 yk v'kh ;kstuk ykxw dj.;kr vkyh- ;k ;kstuk dkGkr 39]426 dksVh #i;s [kpZ >kys-

7½ lgkoh iapokf"kZd ;kstuk % lgkO;k iapokf"kZd ;kstuspk dkyko/kh 1980 rs 1985 gk gksrk- ;k ;kstuk dkGkr ,dw.k okLrfod [kpZ 1]09]292 dksVh #i;s >kyk- turk ljdkjps iru gksÅu bafnjk xka/khP;k usr`Rokr dk¡xzsl iqUgk lÙksr vkyh- ;k ;kstusr Ñ"kh vkf.k m|ksx ;k nksUgh ?kVdkauk etcwr dj.;kps fuf'pr dj.;kr vkys



gksrs- fuekZ.k gks.kkÚ;k leL;k ;kstukc/n i/nrhus lksMowu fodkl njkae/;s egÙoiw.kZ ok< dj.;kps] loZlkekU; ukxfjdkaP;k thouekukr lq/kkj.kk dj.ks] yksdla[;k fu;af=r dj.ks o ns'kkrhy {ksf=; vlekurk deh dj.;kps izeq[k mfí"V Bso.;kr vkys gksrs- ukxjh fodklkckcr ;k ;kstusr fo"ks’k rjrqnh dj.;kr vkY;k uOgR;k-

8½ lkroh iapokf"kZd ;kstuk % ;k ;kstuspk dkyko/kh gk 1985 rs 1990 vlk gksrk- ;k ;kstusr m|ksxkaps vk/kqfudhdj.k vkf.k mPp ra=kpk okij gs y{k Bso.;kr vkys- ;k ;kstusph izeq[k fo'ks"krk Eg.kts ekuo lalk/kukP;k fodklkdfjrk f'k{k.k] vkjksX;] foKku o ra=KkukP;k uo&ufou i/nrhapk fLodkj d#u jkstxkjkP;k ufou la/kh fuekZ.k dj.;koj Hkj ns.;kr vkyk gksrk- ;keqGs ;k ;kstukdkGkr 'kgjhdj.kkpk tksj idMyk xsyk- 1989 e/;s 'kgjkaP;k fodklkdfjrk ukxjh LFkkfud LojkT; laLFkkauk oS/kkfud ntkZ ns.;kP;k iz;Ru gksÅu dsanz ljdkj] jkT; ljdkj] LFkkfud LojkT; laLFkk v'kh jpuk djkoh vls fo/ks;d ekaM.;kr vkys i.k rs laer >kys ukgh- uarj rs nq#LR;k d#u 1992 yk 74 O;k ?kVuknq#Lrhus eatwj >kys- ;k ;kstukdkGkr 2]18]729 djksM #i;s [kpZ dj.;kr vkys-

9½ vkBoh iapokf"kZd ;kstuk % vkBO;k ;kstusr izFker% fu;kstukP;k i/nrhr ifjorZu dsY;k tkÅu izR;sd {ks=krhy dk;Z{kerk ok<fo.;kdfjrk mfí"V fu/kkZfjr dj.;kr vkys- ;k ;kstuspk dkyko/kh 1992 rs 1997 vlk fu/kkZfjr dj.;kr vkyk gksrk- vkf.k ;k ;kstusvarxZr 7]98]000 djksM #i;s [kpZ >kyk-

;k ;kstusP;k dkGkr eqacbZ] dksydÙkk] psUubZ] caxGqj vkf.k gSnzkckn ;k ikp 'kgjklkBh êsxkflVh* ;kstuk vfLrRokr vkyh- ;k ;kstuspk mís'k rhoz vkfFkZd fodkl fuekZ.k {ks= o Ñ"kh {ks= ;k nksUghapkgh fodkl] fu;kZrhr 10 VDds ok< fu/kkZfjr] eksB;k 'kgjkr gks.kkjs LFkykarj.k Fkkacfo.ks ygku o e/;e 'kgjkapk fodkl dj.ks gk gksrk-

10½ uooh iapokf"kZd ;kstuk % uoO;k iapokf"kZd ;kstuspk dkyko/kh 1997 rs 2002 gk gksrk- HkkjrkP;k Lokra«; fnukP;k 50 O;k ok<fnolkP;k vuqla?kkus gh cufo.;kr vkyh gksrh-

;k ;kstusr êqyHkwr U;qure lsok* oj Hkj ns.;kr ;sÅu fi.;kps ik.kh] izkFkfed vkjksX; lsok o cs?kjkauk ?kj] eqykauk iks"k.k vkgkj] xkao&xkao] xkao&'kgjs] 'kgjs&'kgjs iDD;k jLR;kauh tksM.ks] jkstxkj fufeZrh] loZizdkjP;k misf{kr leqgkapk fodkl vkf.k iapk;r jkt laLFkkauk l{ke dj.ks gk gksrk-

;k ;kstusvarxZr izFker% 'kgjkdfjrk 1990 yk Lo.kZ t;arh 'kgjh jkstxkj ;kstuk lq# dj.;kr vkyh] 1997 yk >ksiMiêh iwufoZdkl dk;ZØe lq# dj.;kr vkyk- LFkkfud LojkT; laLFkkauk ¼uxjikfydk o egkuxjikfydk½ vkfFkZd Lok;Ùkrk ns.;kr ;sÅu R;kauk vk.k[kh l{ke dj.;kdjhrk fodsanzhdj.kkoj Hkj fnyk vkf.k ukxjhdj.kkph O;kIrh ok<fo.;kr vkyh-

;k ;kstusoj ,dw.k okLrfod [kpZ 8]59]000 djksM #i;s [kpZ >kyk-

11½ ngkoh iapokf"kZd ;kstuk % ngkO;k iapokf"kZd ;kstuspk dkyko/kh 2002 rs 2007 gk gksrk- 'kgjkaP;k fodklklanHkkZr [kkyhy dkgh mfí"Vîs fu/kkZfjr dsyh xsyh gksyh-

1½ vkfFkZd fodkl d#u ;k fodklkpk Qk;nk izR;sd O;Drhps thouLrj mapko.;kdfjrk dj.ks- 2½ ;k ;kstusP;k iq.kZRokcjkscj] xjhchps izek.k 26 VDD;kao#u 21 VDD;kaoj vk.k.ks- 3½ yksdla[;k ok<hl fu;af=r dj.ks o dY;k.kdkjh jkstxkjkr ok< dj.ks- 4½ loZ f'k{kk vfHk;kukarxZr 2003 i;±r loZ 'kkGk ckgî eqykauk 'kkGsr nk[ky d#u 2007 i;±r ikpO;k oxkZi;±r dks.krhgh xGrh u gksrk ikpO;k b;Ùksi;±r f'k{k.k iw.kZ dj.ks- 5½ loZ {ks=krhy ckye`R;wP;k njkr deh vk.k.ks- 6½ iznqf"kr u|kauk 'kq/n dj.ks-

ngkO;k iapokf"kZd ;kstusr ukxjh fodklk ckcrP;k [kkyhy egRoiq.kZ ckch ?kMwu vkY;kr-

1½ 2002 yk 'kgjkrhy nkfjnzî js"ks[kkyhy fo'ks"kr% ekxkloxhZ; turslkBh ?kjs cka/kwu ns.;kdfjrk okfYedh&vkacsMdj vkokl ;kstuk lq# >kyh- 2½ 2005 yk tokgjyky usg# jk"Vªh; ukxjh iqufuekZ.k ;kstuk lq# dj.;kr vkyh vkf.k R;keqGs uxjkaP;k lks;hlqfo/kkae/;s ok< gks.;kl enr >kyh- 3½ egkuxjkaP;k lqnajrk] LoPNrk vkf.k cdkyrsyk vkGk ?kky.;kdfjrk ^'kgj fodkl izdYi* o NksVîk



e/;e 'kgjklkBh ^,dkfRed fodkl izdYi jkcfo.;kr vkyk- ;k ngkO;k iapokf"kZd ;kstusps Qfyr Eg.kts ukxjhdj.kkeqGs ns'kkph vFkZO;oLFkk cGdV >kyh- ;k ;kstusoj 15]25]000 dksVh #i;s [kpZ >kyk gksrk-

12½ vdjkoh iapokf"kZd ;kstuk % gh ;kstuk 2007 rs 2012 ;k dkyko/khr jkcfo.;kr vkyh gksrh- ;k ;kstusr osxoku o loZlekos'kd fodklkps /;s; Bjfo.;kr vkys gksrs- fodkl nj 9-00 VDds fuf'pr dsyk gksrk- ra=Kkukpk Hkjiwj okij] lk{kjrk ok<fo.ks] ckye`R;w o ekrk e`R;w deh dj.ks] ns'kkvarxZr lkr dksVh jkstxkjkph fufeZrh dj.ks] 'kq/n fi.;kps ik.kh o eqcyd oht iqjfo.ks] i;kZoj.kkph 'kk'orrk] fyax fo"k;d vlekursr ?kV dj.ks] lkoZtfud {ks=kph ik;kHkwr {ks=krhy eDrsnkjh u"V d#u [kktxh xqaro.kwdhyk iks"kd okrkoj.k r;kj dj.ks bR;knh ;kstusph izeq[k mfí"V gksrh- th- Mh- ih- ok<hps okf"kZd ljkljh y{k 9 VDd Bso.;kr vkys gksrs- ;k ;kstusoj 71731 djksM #i;s okLrfod O;; >kyk- ;k ;kstusr ukxjhdj.kkP;k cqf/nyk vuq#i 'kgjkpk fodkl dj.;koj tokgjyky usg# jk"Vªh; ukxjh iqufuZek.k ;kstuk ¼JNNRM½ P;k ek/;ekrquHkj ns.;kr vkyk gksrk o ns'kkrhy fuoMd 'kgjkae/;s eqyHkwr lqfo/kk o ,dkfRed fodkl dj.;kdMs y{k dsafnzr dj.;kr vkys gksrs-

13½ ckjkoh iapokf"kZd ;kstuk % ;k ;kstuspk dkyko/kh 2012 rs 2017 fu/kkZfjr dj.;kr vkyk gksrk- 12 lIVsacj]2012 jksth fu;kstu eaMGkus ckjkO;k ;kstusP;k elqn;kyk ekU;rk fnyh- ;k ;kstusps mfÌ"Vtyn] 'kk’or vkf.k vf/kd lekos’kh o`)h gs gksrs- tkxfrd eanheqGs ;k ;kstuspk fodkl nj 11 O;k ;kstusis{kk 9 VDD;ko#u 8-1 VDds fu/kkZfjr dj.;kr vkyk gksrk- d`"kh {ks= 4 VDds rj dkj[kkunkjh 10 VDdsBso.;kr vkys gksrs- ckjkO;k iapokf"kZd ;kstusr uxjkaP;k fodklkdfjrk ukxjh ik;kHkwr O;oLFkk vkf.k iz'kklu] jktho vkokl ;kstuk] >ksiMiê;kaps iquoZlu o f’k{k.k bR;knh mfí"Vs Bso.;kr vkyh gksrh- ;k ;kstusr lw{e] y?kq vkf.k e/;e m|ksxkalkBh 8060 y{k ph rjrwn dj.;kr vkyh gksrh- ;k ;kstuspk visf{kr [kpZ 47-7 y{k dksVh brdk gksrk-

7 ,fizy rs 12 es 2014 P;k njE;ku 16 O;k yksdlHksdfjrk Hkkjrkr lkoZf=d fuoM.kwdk ?ks.;kr vkY;kr- ;kr dk¡xzsl o fe=i{kkph lÙkk tkÅu Hkkjrh; turk i{k o fe= i{kkph iw.kZ cgqerkus lÙkk vkyh vkf.k ufou ljdkjus ckjkO;k iapokf"kZd ;kstusyk jí d#u ufou i;kZ;kph ?kks"k.kk dsyh- R;kuqlkj 1 tkusokjh 2015 yk ^furh vk;ksx* ¼uW'kuy bfULVVîq'ku QkWj VªkUlQkWfeZax bafM;k½ ph LFkkiuk dsyh- Lora= HkkjrkP;k 65 o"kkZP;k bfrgklkr 12 iapokf"kZd ;kstuk ns.kkÚ;k fu;kstu vk;ksxkph tkxk vkrk furh vk;ksxkus ?ksrysyh vkgs- >kysY;k cnykauk rqyukRedfjR;k dkgh o"kkZuh vH;klkyk ;sbZy i.k R;keqGs ckjkO;k iapokf"kZd ;kstusps ewY;ekiu oLrwfu"Vi.ks djrk ;sr ukgh-

Lokra«;kuarj fu;sktu vk;ksxk}kjs dkGkuq#i iapokf"kZd ;kstukaP;k mís'k o vkjk[kMîkr cny d#u cjhp izxrh xkByh- ijarq T;k izek.kkr fodkl gks.ks visf{kr rso<k >kyk ukgh- ;kps izeq[k dkj.k Eg.kts Hkkjrh; lektkrhy fu;kstukP;k ekxZ vkysyh vMFkGs gs vkgs- tls fuj{kjrk] tkrh;okn] /kek±/krk] jktdh; xVckth] #<hxzLrrk o va/kfo'okl] O;kogkfjdrspk vHkko] lk/kulkeqxzhph derjrk] xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy izHkko'kkyh ¼fof'k"V tu½ oxZ] loZ lkekU; turspk mnkflu n`f"Vdksu o izeq[k Eg.kts vfrfjDr yksdla[;k ok< gks;- lanHkZ %& 1. egktu MkW- latho- 2011] Hkkjrh; lekt dk

fo’odks’k- ubZ fnYyh % vtquZ ifCyf’kax gkÅl- 2. frokjh 'kkjnk- 2009] uxjh; lektkL=- ubZ

fnYyh % vtquZ ifCyf’kax gkÅl- 3. vkxykos MkW- iznhi- 2002] ukxiwj % Jh lkbZukFk

izdk’ku- 4. vdjkoh iapokf"kZd ;kstuk] http://www.mr.

wikipedia.org/wki... 5. Hkkjrh; ukxjh /kksj.ks vkf.k ukxjhdj.kkpk

iapokf"kZd vk<kok] http://www.mr.

krishnasmpscupsc.in 6. Hkkjrkph vFkZO;oLFkk http://www.mr.

wikipedia. org/wki...

7. fnyhi frokjh] fodkl fu;kstukrhy okLro]http://www.diliptiwari.com/blogpost9

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ckS/ndkyhu f'k{k.k i/nrh MkW- jkgqy Hkxr] lekt’kkL= foHkkx izeq[k] ,l- ,u- eksj egkfo|ky;] rqelj ft- HkaMkjk-

f'k{k.k Eg.kts ln~xq.k gks;- Hkkjrkrhy

ckS/ndkyhu f'k{k.k /keZrRokoj vk/kkjhr vlY;keqGs R;ke/;s ikfo«;] lqfprk] lnkpj.k] uhfreÙkk ;kaps egRo vf/kd vkgs- R;klkBh 'kq/n vkpj.k o uhfreÙkk ;kaph fufeZrh Ogkoh Eg.kwu f'k{k.kkP;k ek/;ekrwu ekxZn'kZu gks.ks vrhvko';d vkgs- Hkkjrkr rFkkxr Hkxoku cq/nkauh lexz ekuotkrhyk ekuorsph f'kdo.k fnyh- eu'kkarhpk lans'k fnyk- ek.klkrhy lerk] ca/kqrk] Lokra«;] /keZfujis{krk bR;knh ?kks"k.kk 2600 o"kkZiwohZ izR;{k dk;Zokghr vk.kY;k R;k rFkkxr Hkxoku cq/nkps rRoKku ikyhHkk"kk o lkfgR;ke/;s vkgs- ije'kkarhpk ykHk ?ks.;klkBh] voxq.kkauk nwj lkj.;klkBh f'k{k.kkph furkar xjt vlrs- O;Drh dsoG f'k{k.kkus lk{kj gksr ukgh rj pkfj«; laiUugh gksr vlrks- ckS/n /kEekr ^fuokZ.k* izkIr dj.ks gs ftoukps vafre /;s; ekuys tkrs- ;k fuokZ.kkizr iksp.;klkBh f'k{k.k enr djhr vlrs- lR;] vfgalk] lerk] ca/kqrk bR;knh rRokaph f'kdo.k f'k{k.k izfØ;srwu feGr vlrs- ,[kknh O;Drh laiw.kZ xq.klaiUu vkgs vls Eg.krkr rh O;Drh ;ksX; rs f'k{k.k gh izkIr dysyh vkgs vls osxGs lkaxkos ykxr ukgh-

loZ izdkjP;k izo`Ùkhekxs ekuoh eu vlrs- eukrwup lk/;k izo`Ùkhph fufeZrh gksr vlrs- 'kq/n o fueZG eukus dk;Z dsY;kl lq[k ik;koj yksG.k ?ksrs- la;fer vkpj.kkus O;Drh Lor%yk vkn'kZ fl/n d: 'kdrks- gh ckS/ndkyhu f'k{k.ki/nrh vktgh vR;ar xjtsph vkgs- T;keqGs vktph fi<h loZxq.klaiUu cuw 'kdsy- Hkkjrkrhy cq/ndkyhu f'k{k.k i/nrh gh f'ky] izKk;qDr f'kLr gksrh- izkphu dkGh f'k{k.k izfØ;k eBkrwu fogkjkrwu pkyr vls- rsFks fHk{kqaP;k fu;a=.kk[kkyh laiw.kZ f'k{k.k O;oLFkk gksrh- f'k{k.kkpk vFkZ lrpfj= O;Drhaph fufeZrh dj.ks vkgs R;keqGs v'kk fooknkrwu fo|kFkhZ pfj=oku dls ?kMrhy ;kapkp fopkj dsyk tkr vls-

ckS/n lkfgR;kae/;s ^vÙk fni Hko~ Lo;a fni gks* vls EgVys vkgs- Eg.ktsp Lor%p fodkl Lor%p djkok Eg.kwu vkpk;kZauh ekxZn'kZu dj.ks vR;ar egRokps vlys rjh Lor% Lor%pk ekxZnkrk gksÅ

'kdrks gk fo'okl fuekZ.k gks.ks egRokps vlrs- ;klanHkkZr /kEein ;k xzaFkke/;s rFkkxr Eg.krkr

^vÙkk gh vÙkuks ukFkk dks gh ukFkks ijksflekA vÙkHkko lqnukso ukFkd yHkrh nqYyHkAA* ¼izk- eftr iBk.k &96½ laHkfor O;Drh Lor%yk ;ksX; f'kLr ykow 'kdrs

vkf.k gh f'kLr fuokZ.kkizr ?ksÅu tkr vlrs- gsp f'k{k.kkps [kjs /;s; gks;- ckS/n /kEekph f'kdo.k feGkoh Eg.kwu eBkaph o fogkjkaph fufeZrh dj.;kr vkyh gksrh- ;k Bhdk.kh dsoG fo|kF;kZaukp uOgs rj lektkrhy brj ukxjhdkaukgh lnkpj.kkps f'k{k.k ns.;kr ;sr gksrs- Eg.kwu ;k f'k{k.k iz.kkyhps Lo:i fgrO;] cgqtu lq[kk; vls >kys gksrs-

f'k{k.kkps Lo:i % ckS/n rRoKku ykSdhd ikjekFkhZd nksUgh lR;kaoj fo'okl djrks R;kuqlkj f'k{k.k ,d v'kh egRoiw.kZ izfØ;k vkgs th ekuokyk ykSdhd o ijekFkhZd nksUgh ftouk;ksX; cufors- ijekFkhZd ftou Eg.kts fuokZ.k gks;- [kjs f'k{k.k rsp vkgs ts O;fDryk fuokZ.kkizr ?ksÅu tkr vlsy- ckS/n /kEeke/;s vKku/kkjdkrwu KkukdMs us.;kpk ekxZ f'k{k.kkpk vkgs] dkj.k f'k{k.k O;fDryk izdk'keku djrs- O;Drhpk fodkl djrs- ;k n`"Vhus ckS/ndkyhu f'k{k.k i/nrh Js"B ntkZph gksrh- Hkkjrh; O;Drhyk dsoG ckg; eukus eksBs gks.ks ukghrj eukph lwfprk fuekZ.k d:u eukus eksBs gks.ks vko';d vkgs-

f'k{k.kkpk mís'k % ckS/n rRoKkukuqlkj thou nq%[kkuh Hkjysys vkgs- g;k nq%[kkph dkgh dkj.ks vkgsr-] nq%[kkpk 'ksoV dj.ks laHko vkgs rj nq%[kkaP;k eukpd mik;gh vkgsr- nq%[kkps dkj.k vKku vkgs- gs vKku nwj dsys rj nq%[kkapk var 'kD; vkgs- f'k{k.kkpk mís'k O;Drhyk vKkukrwu ewDr dj.ks vkgs- ts nq%[kkps dkj.k vkgs-

laiw.kZ nq%[k rsOgkap u"V gksÅ 'kdrkr tsOgk tUe&tjk&ej.k ;kiklwu ewDrh feGsy- dkj.k tsOgki;Zar gs uko:ih 'kjhj vkgs] gs tx vkgs vkf.k ;klkscr ekuokpk lca/k vkgs rksi;Zar dks.kR;k uk dks.kR;k izdkjps nq%[k ykxysp jkg.kkj- T;kyk lkalkjhd lq[k letys tkrs rs {k.khd vkg-s R;kpk



'ksoV iqUgk nq%[kkrp gksr vlrks- ijarw ;k fujk'kktud n`"Vhdks.kkeqGs O;ogkfjd f'k{k.k i/nrhps mís'k fu/kkZjhr dj.ks v'kD; okVrs Eg.kwu cq/nkauh e/;e ekxZ vkf.k v"Vkfxad ekxkZph LFkkiuk dsyh T;kr R;kauh f'k{k.kkph mfí"V;s Eg.kwu la?kVhr dsys vkgs- tls 1½ lE;d n"Vh 2½ lE;d ladYi 3½ lE;d okd~ 4½ lE;d deZ 5½ lE;d vkftfodk 6½ lE;d pkfj«; 7½ lE;d Le`rh 8½ lE;d lek/kh ¼izks- e/kqlqnu f=ikBh o fouk;d f=ikBh&324½

f'k{k.k i/nrh % ckS/ndkyhu izkFkfed f'k{k.kkr izkd`r Hkk"kk] O;kdj.k] lkfgR; bR;knhaps v/;;u dsys tkr vls- rlsp okpu] ys[ku] xf.kr ;koj Hkj fnys tkr vls- rs pkaxys lk/; >kY;koj rdZfo|k] fpdhRlkfo|k] v/;kRefo|k] f'kYifo|k bR;knhapk ifjp; d:u ns.;kr ;sbZ- R;k dkGkrhy izkFkfed f'k{k.k ekSf[kd Lo:ikps gksrs- 'kCnkaps mPpk ;ksX; d:u y{kkr Bsok;yk f'kdfoys tkr vls- ;k dkGkr f'k{k.kkps ek/;e ikyh ¼ekx/kh½ Hkk"kk gksrh- uarjP;k dkGkr fyih izpkjkr vlY;kps fnlrs- ¼fHkls] pOgk.k]toyxs 398½

vkpk;kZOnkjs O;k[;ku % O;k[;ku ,dkp osGh vusd f'k";kauk fnys tkr vls- O;k[;krk vkiY;k fo"k;kr fu".kkr vl.ks vko';d vls- ;k O;Drhe/;s vkpk;Z fdaok O;k[;krk vkiY;k Kkukps fo"k;kuq:i izn'kZu djk;pk ijarw f'k"; vkivkiY;k ;ksX;rsuqlkj xzgu djhr vlr-

vkpk;kZOnkjk ygku&ygku lewgkae/;s f'k{k.k ns.ks % ;k i/nrhe/;s v/;kid ikap fdaok lgk f'k";kauk ,dkposGh f'k{k.k nsÅ 'kdr vls- v/;kid izFke Lor% ikB r;kj d:u ;sr o f'k"; R;kps Jo.k djhr- iq<s v/;kidkps vuqdj.k djhr rsgh ikBkarj djhr vkf.k v/;kid R;kapk ikBkarjkrhy pqdk 'kks/kwu dk<r R;kauk ;ksX; ikBkraj djfor vlr-

O;k[;k % f'kdfo.;kP;k ikBkph fdaok ladYiusph fdaok lq=c/nKkukph v/;kid O;k[;k djrkr vkf.k f'k"; e/;se/;s 'kadk mifLFkr djrkr- v/;kid R;k 'kadkps fuj{k.k djrks gh izfØ;k rksi;Zar pkyrs tksi;Zar f'k"; gs Kku iw.kZ xzg.k djhr ukgh-

ppkZ % dBh.k v'kh fo"k; oLrw fdaok rRoKkukoj fo|kFkhZ ijLij ppkZ djrkr o ;k ppsZrwu gk dBh.k fo"k; lksik gksÅu letyk tkrks-

ojhy lkeqghd v/;;u v/;kiu i/nrhf'kok; dkgh oS;fDrd v/;;u i/nrh lq/nk gksR;k-

1. lq=kkauk okjaokj Eg.kwu eq[kkxz ¼ikB½ dj.ks- 2. rF;kauk Lej.k dj.ks o R;kapk lap; dj.ks- 3. vH;klklkBh vlysY;k lkeqxzhoj iqu% iqu%

euu dj.ks- 4. euu dsY;kuarj vkRelkr dsysY;k

vH;klkyk n<rkiwoZd y{kkr Bso.ks- ¼izks- e/kqlqnu f=ikBh o fouk;d f=ikBh&237½

ckS/n rRoKku % xkSre cq/nkapk tUe b-l- iwoZ 563 e/;s >kyk- ;KdkaMkrhy fgald czkEg.k /kekZP;k izfrfØ;k Eg.kwu ckS/n /kEekP;k rRoKkukpk mxe >kyk- cq/nkaP;k e`R;quarj f'kod.khckcr fookn fuekZ.k >kY;keqGs ex/ktoG jktx`g ;sFks ,d ifj"kn Hkjyh cq/nkfo"k;h vlysY;k J/nk o fo'okl vkf.k cq/nkph f'kdo.k ;kaps ladYi b-l- iwoZ 241 yk frlÚ;k ifj"knsr dj.;kr vkys- ;k ladYiukl fiVd Eg.krkr- gs fiVd rhu gksr-

1. vf/k/kEefiVd & cq/nkpk vk/;kRehd n`"Vhdks.k

2. fouefiVd & f'kLrhps fu;e 3. lq=fiVd & cq/nkauh lkafxrysY;k xks"Vh o

cks/kdFkk fuokZ.kkdfjrk v"Vkfxad ekxkZus tk.ks vko';d

vkgs pkfj«; o uSfrd fodkl gs cq/nkauh /;s; Bjoys ukgh rj pkfj«;lao/kZu o uSfrdrk ti.;klkBh v"Vkafxd ekxZ lkafxryk- R;klkBh /;ku/kkj.kk o lek/kh gk fopkj v"Vkafxd ekxkZP;k ek/;ekrwu ekaMyk vkgs- cq/nkauh fuokZ.kkyk egRo fnys vkgs R;klkBh R;kauh vk/;kfRed Kkukpk ekxZ lkafxryk vkgs-

cq/ndkyhu 'kS{kf.kd vH;klØe % xkSre cq/nkauh 'kS{kf.kd vH;klØekr izkFkfed f'k{k.kkoj tkLr Hkj fnyk gksrk- ckyd ygku vlrkaukp R;kP;koj pkaxys laLdkj gksow 'kdrkr- jk"VªfufeZrhlkBh eqY;koj vk/kkfjr mPp f'k{k.kkP;k vH;klØekr fofo/k fo"k;kapk varZHkko dsyk gksrk-

izkFkfed f'k{k.k fou;xzaFk vH;klØe



izkFkfed f'k{k.kkr ys[ku] okpu o rdZ ;kapk lekos'k gksrk- mPpf'k{k.kkl f=fiVd] fou;fiVd] ferhnaiVk] tkrd dFkk bR;knh lkfgR;krwu O;DrhP;k varjaxkrhy loZ eqY;kauk Li'kZ dj.kkjk fofo/kkaxh vH;klØe gksrk-

xq: f'k"; laca/k % xq: o f'k"; ;kaps laca/k pkaxys vlkos vls cq/nkaps er gksrs- R;keqGs xq: fHkD[kquk vR;ar egRokps LFkku gksrs- fHkD[kwauk osxosxG;k ukokus lacks/kys tkbZ Kku ns.kkÚ;k fHkD[kwauk lqrfud] fo"k; f'kdfo.kkÚ;k fHkD[kwauk fu.kZ;?kV] ea=fo"k;d ekfgrh ns.;kpk fHkD[kwauk efrdk?kj vls lacks/kys tkbZ- vH;klo;kps izeq[k fo"k; /kEe] fou; o ekr`dk gs gksrs- fHkD[kwa f'k";kauk iq=kizek.ks okxfor R;keqGs R;kaP;k okx.kwdhrwu f'k"; R;kapk vknj djhr vlr- fHkD[kwaph jkg.kh lk/kh] vkRela;eu foOnrk Eg.kwu fHkD[kw f'k";kauk vknj.kh; okVr- R;keqGs vkn'kZ xq: & f'k"; ijaijk ckS/n dkGkiklwup Hkkjrkyk ns.kxh feGkysyh vkgs vls Eg.krk ;srs-

rFkkxrkauh Lor%yk vykSfdd ekuys ukgh- vki.k LoxkZrwu vkyks vkgksr] nSoh 'kDrh ?ksÅu vkyks vkgksr- ,[kkn;k nsorspk vorkj ok nwr vkgksr vkf.k yksdkapk m/nkj dj.;klkBh vkyks vkgsr vls ekuys ukgh- vki.k brjkalkj[ksp ekuo Eg.kwu tUekyk vkyks vkgksr] ijarq fof'k"B izdkjs iz;Ru d:u cq/nrRokph izkIrh dsyh- loZlkekU; ekulkrp cq/nRokps cht vlrs- ¼fHkls] pOgk.k] toGxs & 01½ R;kpk fodkl gksbZy v'kh f'kLr iz.kkyh R;kauh :tfo.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk Eg.kwu cq/n dkGkrhy f'k{k.k i/nrh vkn'kZ ukxjhd ?kMfo.;kphp izfØ;k dsyh vls Eg.krk ;sbZy-

fu"d"k Z % vk/kqfud dkGkr f'k{k.k i/nrhps Lo:i [kqi cnyysys vkgs- f'k{kd o fo|kFkhZ ukrsgh lkeqdkxz cnyys vkgs- [kktxh f'k{k.k laLFkk] Mksus'ku] Li/kkZ ;keqGs eqY;k f'k{k.k uke'ks"k >kys vkgs- fon;kF;kZae/;s u'kkckth] fgaldrk] vkRegR;k] dkWih dj.ks] isij pks:u us.ks v'kk ?kVuk ?kMrkauk fnlr vkgsr- T;keqGs Hkkjrkrhy f'k{k.k O;oLFkk iw.kZr% dksyeMyh vkgs- v'kk ;k vkOgkukuka'kh nksu gkr dj.;klkBh cq/ndkyhu f'k{k.k i/nrhps egRo vktgh dk;e vkgs- R;k dkGkrhy r{kf'kyk] ukaynk bR;knh fo|kihBs txizfl/n gksrh- vktek= Hkkjrkrhy ,dkgh fo|kihBkpk Øekad tkxrhd Øeokjhr ykxr ukgh- Eg.kwu cq/ndkyhu f'k{k.k i/nrh vkn'kZ gksrh vls EgVys tkrs- lanHkZ xzaFk %& 1. Hkkjrkrhy ckS/n /kEekph pGoG & laiknd &

MkWa- iatkc pOgk.k] MkW- jkepanz fHkls] izk- guqear toGxs] vWOgku iCyhds'ku] ,fizy 2013] ok/kok dkEIysDl] y{ehuxj] fnYyh-

2. MkW- vEcsMdj dk f'k{kk n'kZu & izks- e/kqlqnu f=ikBh] fouk;d f=ikBh] vksesxk iCyhds'ku] ubZ fnYyh- 2013

3. cq/n vkf.k cq/nokn & MkWa- iatkc pOgk.k] MkW- jkepanz fHkls] izk- guqear toGxs] cGhoar izdk'ku] ukansM & 21 vkWDVks- 2010-

4. lerkeqyd lekt ,oe~ lkekftd ifjorZu ds ;qxiw:"k & MkW- fHkejko vEcsMdj] MkW- fojsanz flag ;kno] vksesxk iCyhds'ku 2011-

5. cq/n rRoKku & laiknd & MkWa- iatkc pOgk.k] MkW- jkepanz fHkls] izk- guqear toGxs] fueZy izdk'ku ukansM-



i;kZoj.k] çnw"k.k] vkf.k ekuo çk- feuk{kh cslsdj] lekt'kkL= foHkkx çeq[k] Jherh xksihdkckbZ Hkqjs efgyk egkfo|ky;] rqelj ekuokP;k mRiRRkhpk bfrgkl vH;klY;kl vls

fnlwu ;srs dh i;kZoj.kkph fulxkZph fufeZr vk/kh >kyh R;kuarj ekuokph fuehZrh >kyh- ekuokyk tx.;klkBh o i`Foh rykojhy ltho l`"Vh fudksi jkg.;klkBh LoPN o lqanj i;kZoj.kkph vko";drk vlrs- R;keqGs i;kZoj.k txsy rj ekuo txsy Eg.kwu i;kZoj.k 'kq/n Bso.;klkBh ekuo o i;kZoj.kkps larqyu dk;e Bsous vko';d vkgs-

5 tqu gk tkxfrd i;kZoj.k fnu Eg.kwu ;kgh o"khZ vki.k lktjk d# ;k fno'kh 'kkldh; 'kS{kf.kd vkf.k fulxZ çseh laLFkk o brj laLFkk T;k i;kZoj.kk'kh tqGysY;k vkgsr- R;akP;k ikrGhoj i;kZoj.k fnu lktjk gksbZy NksVs&eksBs çdYi] dk;ZØe lktjs gksrhy- njo"khZçek.ks tkxrhd cks/kokD; oj dk;ZØe gksÅu ex lkyk cnyk çek.ks iq<P;k P;k o"kkZP;k tkxrhd i;kZoj.k fnuki;Zr lkjs fol#ugh tkrhy-

;ankpk 2015 pk tkxrhd i;kZoj.k fnukpk fo"k; ^^'kk'or okij vkf.k fufeZrh** gk vlwu ^^lkr'ks dksVh LoIu] ,d xzg vkf.k dkGthiwoZd okij** vls ?kks"k okD; vkgs- ;kpk vFkZ 'kkLor fodkl lk/k.;klkBh vkiY;kyk i;kZoj.k iwoZd fufeZrhph xjt vkgs- th i`Foh ojhy loZ lektkrhy ekuo tkrhph lqcRrk] lekurk vkf.k 'kkarrsps LoIu] i`Fohojhy uSlfxZd lk/kuakpk dkGtiwoZd okij /kkj.k {kersr jkgqup lk/; gksbZy-

vki.k vkt i;Zar o`{kkjksiu d#up i;kZoj.k fnu lktjk djhr vkyks- R;kekxph eq[; Hkqehdk v'kh dh tqu P;k lqjokrhyk ykoys dh jksis ikolkG;kP;k pkj efgU;kr eqG /kjY;kus R;kaph tx.;kph {kerk ok<rs- iajrw vkt o`{kkjksi.kkpk dk;ZØegh vkSipkjhd >kY;kps fnlwu ;srs- fu;kstu ulY;keqGs QDr lektkr vkiyh çrh"Bk ok<koh vkiys uko Ogkos lektkrhy yksdkae/;s vkiY;k dk;kZps egRo ok<kos- ;kp dYiusrwu o`{kkjksiu dsys tkras- Eg.ktsp fu;kstuk vHkkoh jksis tx.;kph lqrjke 'kD;rk ulrkauk lq/nk o`{kkjksiu lekjaHk mjdys tkrkr- xsY;k 50 o"kkZr dsysY;k vusdo`{kk

jksi.kkpk fopkj dsY;kl vkiY;kykyk tk.kors dh 50 VDds ykoysY;k >kMkiSdh 25 VDds >kMs tjh ok<yh vlrh rj vkt ns'k gjhr >kY;kus i;kZoj.kkps vusd xaHkj ç'u fuekZ.kp >kys ulrs- Eg.kwu o`{k lao/kZukph tckcnkjhph [kk=h >kY;k f'kok; o`{kkjksiu d#up u;s-

i;kZoj.k Eg.kts dk;\ i;kZoj.k Eg.kts vkiY;k lHkksorkypk ifjlj-

i;kZOkj.k gk 'kCn eqG Ýsap 'kCn Enviran Eg.ktsp Surrounding or encircle ;k 'kCnkiklwu r;kj >kysyk vkgs-

Qad o oMuYl ;kaP;k ers ^Ô;Drh tho dhaok leqg ;akp vfLrRo o fodkl ;koj ifj.kke dj.kkjk ckg;fLFkrh ?kVd fdaok oLrq Eg.kts i;kZoj.k-**

tWkulu gdZ ;akP;k ers] î;kZoj.k Eg.kts i`Fohojhy i;kZoj.kkps vkdyu o ekuoh thoukpk i;kZoj.kkoj vl.kkjk çHkko ;akpk vH;kl gks;-*

;k i;kZoj.kkr 1½ okrkoj.k 2½ Hkqvkoj.k o 3½ tykoj.k] ;k rhu vitSfod ?kVdakpk vkf.k ftokoj.k ;k tSfod ?kVdakpk lekos'k gksrks gs loZ ?kVd fulxZfufeZr vkgsr- ekuo tkrhps lqj{khr o lq[knk; vLrhRo gs iw.kZr% i;kZoj.kkrhy uSlfxZd ?kVdakoj voyacwu vkgs- i;kZoj.kkP;k uSlfxZd ?kVdk f'kok; ?kjs] jLrs] dkj[kkus] /kj.ks] iwy] okgkus bR;knh euq";fufeZr ?kVdaklkBh lekos'k gksrks]

;k euq";fufeZr ?kVdakuh cuysY;k i;kZoj.kkyk lakL—frd i;kZoj.k vls Eg.krkr- v'kkçdkjs fulxZfufeZr curs FkksMD;kr ¼1½ uSlxhZd i;kZoj.k ¼2½ lkaL—frd i;kZoj.k vls i;kZoj.kkps nksu çdkj iMrkr-

1½ 'kgjh i;kZoj.k o 2½ xzkeh.k i;kZoj.k- gs lakL—frd i;kZoj.kkps nksu çdkj-

Hkqdai] vrho`"Vh] vuko`"Vh pØhoknG gh uSlfxZd i;kZoj.kkph leL;k vkgs- çnw"k.k gh ekuo fufeZr i;kZoj.kh; leL;k vkgs- uSlfxZd lk/ku laiRrhpk cs'kqekj okij dj.;ke/kwu çnq"k.kkph leL;k fuekZ.k >kyh- çxr jk"Vªs ¼fodlhr jk"Vªs o



fodkl½] yksdla[;k c`/nhpk ncko gs uSlfxZd lk/ku laiRrhpk cslqekj okij gks.;kps eq[; dkj.k vkgs vls ekurkr- Eg.ktsp çnw"kukph leL;k gh fodklkRed leL;k vkgs-

nsokus vkiY;kyk lqanj vkdk'k fnys lqanj çdk'k fnyk] [kG[kGrs ik.kh fnys ek= vki.kp R;k ik.;kr fo"k dkyoys vlkp çnq"k.kkpk ljG vFkZ vkgs- dkj.k ekuokP;k tx.;kP;k çfØ;sr R;kP;kdMwu dkgh fu#i;ksxh oLrq fdaok æO;s i;kZoj.kkj Qsdyh tk.ks o rh i;kZoj.kkyk gkf.kdkjd Bj.ks ;kykp çnw"k.k Eg.krkr- mnk- iWkyhFkhuP;k fi'kO;k fu#i;ksxh Eg.kwu QsdY;k tkrkr- R;k ekrhe/;s dqtk;yk 15 o"ksZ ykxrkr- ekuokyk ekrhr dqyk;yk QDr ikp o"kZ ykxrkr g;k iWkyhFkhu ekrhr dqtrgh ukghr- vkf.k ik.kh ns[khy eq# nsr ukghr- ;keqGs tehu catj gksrs- v'kkpçdkjs pkj pkdh] nqpkdh okgukrqu fu?k.kkjk /kqj o fu#i;ksxh ok;q i;kZoj.k nq"khr djrks-

FkksMD;kr ekuoh gLrs{ksikeqGs i;kZoj.kkr ?kMwu ;s.kkÚ;k vkik;dkjd cnykl çnq"k.k vls Eg.krkr-

çnw"k.k EgVys dh i;kZoj.kkP;k Úgklkps ph= mHks jkgrs- ok;q ]ty] /ouh yksd ¼ekuo½ ;akP;k lkscrp ?kku] dpjk] ?kudpjk ] çnq"k.k gh ladYiuk iw<s ;sr vkgs- rhgh vfr'k; mxz LO#ikr

?kudpjk Eg.kts dk;\ ?kudpjk Eg.kts fu#i;ksxh o R;kT; oLrq

gks;- ;k ?kudpÚ;kph foysokV ;ksX; rÚgsus ykoyh tkr ulY;keqGs tehuhps çnq"k.k eksB;k çek.kkr gksr vkgs- vkf.k ;kpk ifj.kke lekt ftou tx.kkÚ;k ekuokojp ukgh rj ;k lektkr fulxkZP;k lk/khU;kr jkg.kkjs tho tarq] i'kq i{kh ;akP;kojgh gksr vkgs-

1½ ?kudpjk çnq"k.kkph dkj.ks %& çR;sd ?kjkrwu njjkst nq/kkP;k ih'kO;k iWdhaxps Mcs o ih'kO;k] dsj] dkxnkps rqdMs] Qsdys tkrkr- rs uh;ehr i.ks mpysys tkr ukghr- ;keqGs Mkl o jksxtarq fuekZ.k gksrkr-

2½ vkS|ksfxd dpjk %& fofo/k m|ksx] O;olk;kdjhrk ykx.kkjs lkfgR; ¼/kkrqtU; inkFkZ½

3½ ukxjh dpjk %& 'kgjkrhy dpjk xksGk d#u 'kgjk ckgsj dksBs rjh Qsdwu ns.;kps dke uxj ikyhdk djhr vlrs-

4½ fdj.kksRlxhZ dpjk %& gk lokZ/khd /kksdknk;d vlrks] v.kqmtkZdsaæs] la'kks/ku dsaæs] nok[kkus] dkj[kkus] ;ke/kwu cgsj Vkdyk tk.kkjk-

5½ —"khtU; dpjk %& r.k] dkMhdpjk] Hkqlk- gs loZ fodklkP;k çØh;seqGs ?kMr vlrs- i;kZoj.kkP;k fo"k;koj xaHkhj ppkZ djhr vlrkauk fodlu'khy ns'kkae/;s miHkksx ok<rp vkgs- R;kp ns'kkps vuqdj.k fodlu'khy ns'k djhr vkgsr- ,dhdMs uSlxhZd lk/ku laiRrhpk mi;ksx dlk djkok gk ç'u vkgs rj nqljhdMs v/khdkf/kd lalk/kukoj vkiyk gDd dlk çLFkkfir djk;pk] vkiY;k fodklkph fdaer nqlÚ;akoj <dyk;ph vlkp ç;Ru pkyq vkgs-

1980 P;k n'kdkr tkxrhd Lrjkoj i;kZoj.kk laca/kh dkGth tkxrhd ikrGhoj O;Dr gks.;kl lq:okr >kyh- brj ckcrhr erHksn vlys rjhgh i`Foh ,dp vkgs- R;koj gks.kkÚ;k ifj.kkekauk lekt thou tx.;kpk ekuokyk o ekuotkrhyk leksj tkoa ykx.kkj vkgs gs y{kkr ?ksrys tkÅ ykxys-

vki.kp Fkkacw ;k i;kZoj.kkpk Úgkl 1. vko';drk ulrkauk lax.kd can Bsok- 2. ikf.k xje dj.;klkBh xh>j ghVjpk

okij VkGk 3. iou pDD;akuk v/khd çk/kkU; n;k- 4. tkLr çnw"k.k u dj.kkÚ;k xkMhpk okij

djkok- 5. deh varj vlY;l xkMh ,soth ik;hp

pkykos fdaok pky.;kyk çk/kkU; n;kos- 6. ?kjkph jpuk uSlfxZd gok çdk'kiw.kZ

vlkoh- 7. yWku fdaok ckxaklkBh fBac flapupk okij

djk- 8. vkiY;k ?kjkrhy dpÚ;kps fu;kstu d#u

R;kpk fueqZyu djkos- i;kZoj.kkps egRo o ekuohdk;Z l|fLFkrhr ekuokpk fulxkZrhy gLr{ksi

ok<ysyk vkgs- fleasV] dakØhV P;k ok<R;k çek.kkeqGs taxy] olqa/kjsp lkSn;Z u"V gksr vkgs- ;kp dkj.kkeqGs i;kZoj.kkps larqyu fc?kMr vkgs- ;klkBh i;kZoj.kkps larqyu fc?kMw u nsrk R;kps tru dj.ks gs ekuokps çFke drZO; vkgs- tyçnw"k.k] ok;qçnw"k.k] e`nkçnq"k.k] /ouh çnw"k.k gs loZ R;kpkp ijh.kke



vkgs- i;kZoj.k vkf.k lekt ;akpk ijLij laca/k fulxkZP;k rRokoj voyacwu vkgs- uSlfxZd mRØakrhlkscr ekuoh lektkph mRØakrh gksr vlrs iajrq ekuo fulxkZP;k fu;aekaps mya?ku djhr vkgs- R;keqGs ekuokoj R;kapk çHkko ?kkrd vkgs ;kph tk.kho çR;sd euq";kyk >kyh ikghts Eg.kwup i;kZoj.kkps çnq"k.k vkiY;kyk Fkacok;ps vkgs- i;kZoj.kkps lao/kZu dj.;kph tckcnkjh vkiyh vkgs- R;kps tru dj.ks vkiysp drZO; vkgs-

i;kZoj.kkps j{k.k fg dsoG 'kklukph tckcnkjh ukgh rj lektkrhy loZp ?kVdakuh R;klkBh ç;Ru djk;yk gosr- vkiY;k Hkkoh ih<hP;k HkforO;klkBh rs Qkj vko';d vkgs-

^gj çk.kh dh ;gh iwdkj gjkHkjk gks ;s lalkjA gj çk.khdk ;s vf/kdkj goknkj gks ;s lalkjA Xykscy okWfeZax es djks lq/kkj

ns nks ekuo dks ;s migkj*A ;klkBhp---------- ^pyks yxk, ,d o`{k] cps rky&rMkx pkgs thruh rc ;gWk] uHkls cjls vkxAA /kjrh dks feys] pqujh /kkuh ekFk o`{k /kjk ds vkHkq"k.k] ekuo vc rks tkx*AA

lanHkZ lwph %& 1. lkIrkghd ldkG ¼ tqu 2015½ 2. Hkkjrh; lekt vkf.k lkekftd leL;k- jk- t-

yksVs & fiaiGkiwjs çdk'ku½ 3. vFkZfo'o] ,fçy & tqu 2015] ¼vk;Wkd

?kMkeksMhps =Sekfld½ 4. lekt çcks/ku i=hdk ¼vWkDVkscj fMlscj 2006½ 5. yksdjkT; ¼tqu 2008½ 6. Hkkjrh; lkekthd leL;k] MWk- rks".khoky] çk-

cqVs ¼fo'o iCyh'klZ½



mPp f'k{k.kkph nqjkoLFkk o ?kljysyk ntkZ ,d 'kS{kf.kd leL;k izk- vfuy jk- xkoaMs] lekt'kkL= foHkkxizeq[k] MkW- iatkcjko ns'keq[k dyk o okf.kT; ¼lk;ae½ egk- ukxiwj-

f'k{k.k gh dks.kR;kgh ns'kkP;k izfdz;se/;s

egRokpk ?kVd vkgs- vUu] oL=] fuokjk] vkjksX; g;k ekuoh lektkP;k t'kk eqyHkwr xjtk vkgs- r'khp f'k{k.k gh lq/nk ekuoh lektkph eqyHkwr o vrh vko';d v'kh xjt >kysyh vkgs- vk/kqfud dkGkr rj f'k{k.kkf'kok; fopkjp djrk ;sr ukgh- f'k{k.kk}kjsp ekuokpk lokZafx.k fodkl ?kMwu ;srks- f'k{k.kk}kjsp vKku#ih va/kdkj ukghlk d#u Kku#ih izdk'kkdMs tkrk ;srs- f'k{k.kkeqGs ek.kwl ?kMrks- f'k{k.kkeqGs ekuokr uSfrdrk fuekZ.k gksrs- pkaxys dk; okbZV dk;\ g;kph pkaxyh let f'k{k.kkeqGs O;Drhyk feGrs- O;Drhyk lektke/;s LFkku o ntkZ f'k{k.kkeqGsp izkIr gksrks- f'k{k.kkeqGs lektkps larqyu fVdwu jkgrs ns'kkpk fodkl gk Hkkoh fi<hoj voyacwu vkgs- tj ns'kkph Hkkoh fi<hp tj mPp f'k{k.kkiklwu oafpr jkgr vlsy rj ns'kkpk fodkl dlk ?kMwu ;sbZy\ i.k l|fLFkrhr mPp f'k{k.kkph th okrkgkr >kysyh vkgs- mPp f'k{k.kkpk tks ntkZ ?kljr pkyysyk vkgs] f'k{k.kkyk ts cktkjhdj.kkps Lo#i vkysys vkgs R;kiklwu vusd r#.k fi<h mPp f'k{k.kkiklwu oafpr jkgr vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs- o g;k loZ ifjfLFkrhyk 'kklukph f'k{k.kkdMs ikg.;kph mnklhu izo`Rrh o izHkkoh vaeyctko.kh dkj.khHkqr vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs-

f'k";o`Rrhpk ?kksG % Hkkjrkyk Lokra«; feGkY;kuarj f'k{k.kkpk Lrj mapko.;klkBh 'kklukus vusd 'kS{kf.kd /kksj.kkpk voyac dsyk- yk[kks] djksMks #i;s [kpZ dsys i.k rjhgh f'k{k.kkph xaxk 'ksoVP;k ?kVdki;Zar iksgpfo.;kr 'kklukyk v|kiikosrks ;'k vkysys ukgh- 'kklukus xjhc o nqcZy ?kVdkalkBh f'k";o`Rrh fnyh i.k R;k f'k";o`Rrhpk ykHk ek= xjhc o nqcZy ?kVdkarhy eqykauk feGr ulY;kps fnlwu ;srs vusd 'kS{kf.kd laLFkke/;s f'k";o`Rrhpk ?kksG fnlwu ;srks- vusd laLFkke/;s fo|kF;kZaP;k f'k";o`R;k laLFkkfudkaP;k ?k'kkr xsY;k- i.k 'kklu v'kk laLFkkoj dMd dkjokbZ djhr ukghrj R;kauk ikfB'kh ?kkyr vkgs- dkj.k vusd 'kS{kf.kd laLFkk g;k ekth vkenkj]

[kklnkj] ea«;kapk vlY;keqGs R;kaP;koj dkjokbZ djk;yk 'kklukps /kkMl gksr ukgh- izR;{k vaeyctko.kh gksr ulY;keqGs o 'kklu R;kdMs dkukMksGk djhr vlY;keqGs laLFkkfudkaps pkaxys Qkors-

mPp f'k{k.k gs QDr 'kgjh Hkkxkiwjrsp e;kZnhr >kysys vkgs- vtqugh xzkeh.k o vkfnoklh o nqxZe Hkkxke/;s mPp f'k{k.k iksgpysys ukgh vusd fo|kF;kZauk [ksM;krwu] MksaxjkG o nqxZe Hkkxkrwu mPp f'k{k.kklkBh 'kgjkr ;kos ykxrs- gh Qkj eksBh leL;k cuysyh vkgs-

f'k{k.k laLFkke/;s vlysyk Hkz"Vkpkj o of'kysckth % iwohZP;k dkGkr f'k{k.k lokZauk ?ksrk ;kos ;klkBh egkRek Qqys] eg"khZ dosZ] MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj] egkjktk l;kthjko xk;dokM] deZohj HkkÅjko ikVhy] MkW- iatkcjko mQsZ mik[; HkkÅlkgsc ns'keq[k] xkMxs egkjkt] rqdMksth egkjkt bR;knh egkiq#"kkauh o lektlq/kkjdkauh vkiys laiw.kZ vk;q"; 'ksoVP;k 'oklki;Zar [kphZ ?kkrys- f'k{k.kklkBh vgksjk= >Vys- i.k g;k Fkksj egkiq#"kkaP;k ukokus ek= f'k{k.kkpk [ksG[kaMksck lq# >kysyk vkgs- vusd laLFkkfudkauh g;k egkiw#"kkaP;k ukokus vkiyh nqdkus FkkVysyh vkgs- f'k{k.kkP;k ukokoj loZ= ljkZl ywV lq# vkgs iSlk defo.ks gsp R;kaps eq[; lk/ku cuysys vkgs- Lor%yk f'k{k.kegf"kZ Eg.kfo.kkjs vkrk f'k{k.klezkV >kysys vkgs- yk[kks #i;s Mksus'kuP;k ukok[kkyh ?ksÅu egkfo|ky;ke/;s izos'k fnyk tkr vkgs- xjhc i.k gksrd# xq.koRrkiw.kZ fo|kF;kZauk ek= izos'k ukdkjyk tkrks- R;keqGs vusd fo|kFkhZ mPp f'k{k.k ?ks.;kiklwu oafpr vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs-

rlsp egkfo|ky;ke/;s izk/;kidkph fu;qDrh djrkauk lq/nk yk[kks #i;s ?ksÅu fu;qDR;k dsY;k tkrkr- R;keqGs vusdkauk mPp f'k{k.k ?ksÅu R;kaP;kr U;quxaM fuekZ.k gksrks- vusd izk/;kid egkfo|ky;ke/;s fo|kF;kZauk ;ksX;izdkjs v/;kiukps dk;Z djrkauk fnlwu ;sr ukgh- dkh izk/;kid [kktxh f'kdo.;k ?ksÅu iSlk defo.;kP;k ekxs



ykxysys vkgs- i.k T;kaP;k toG [kktxh f'kdo.;k yko.;klkBh iSlk ulrks- R;kauk ek= v/;;ukiklwu nwj tkos ykxr vkgs- f'k{k.kkojpk R;kapk fo'okl mMr pkyysyk vkgs- f'k{k.kklkj[;k ifo= {ks=kyklq/nk Hkz"VkpkjkP;k fdMhus iks[k#u Vkdysys vkgs- f'k{k.kkrlq/nk jktdkj.kkpk f'kjdko >kysyk vkgs- o gk Qkj eksBk fparspk fo"k; vkgs- osGhp tj ;koj vkGk ?kkryk xsyk ukghrj ghp Hkkoh fi<h gkrkr canwd ?ksrY;kf'kok; jkg.kkj ukgh- ,danjhr g;k loZ xks"Vhapk lkjklkj fopkj 'kklukus djkok- ,o<hp vis{kk 'kklukdMwu vkgs-

la'kks/kukpk ?kljr pkyysyk ntkZ] fparspk fo"k; % ,dhdMs 'kklu la'kks/kukpk ntkZ mapokok ;klkBh yk[kks #i;s [kpZ djhr vkgs- i.k mPp ntkZps la'kks/ku [kjks[kjp gksr vkgs dk;\ g;kdMs ek= y{k n;k;yk 'kklukdMs osGp ukgh ! Research Eg.kts iwUgk iwUgk 'kks/k ?ks.ks gks;- ufou rRos fdaok rF;s 'kks/k.;klkBh vkf.k tquh rRos fdaok rF;kaP;k ijh{k.kklkBh dsysyk fpdhRld o i/nr'khj vH;kl Eg.kts la'kks/ku gks;- la'kks/ku gs ufou Kkukps laiknu dj.ks rlsp tqU;k Kkukps ijh{k.k dj.;klkBh dsys tkrs- la'kks/ku gh ,d ckS/nhd izfdz;k vlwu ;k izfdz;s}kjs Kku feGfoys tkrs- la'kks/kukpk ntkZ fVdwu jkgkok g;klkBh ;q-th-lh- o dsafnz; euq";cG fodkl ea=ky; uoufou 'kS{kf.kd /kksj.ks la'kks/kukP;k ckcrhr vk.krkauk fnlwu ;srkr- i.k izR;{k vaeyctko.kh ek= gksrkauk fnlwu ;sr ukgh- lgkO;k osru vk;ksxke/;s ;q-th-lh- us loZ izk/;kidkauk vkpk;Z inoh izkIr dj.ks vfuok;Z dsY;keqGs o R;kpk izR;{k laca/k izk/;kidkP;k osruok<h'kh tksMY;keqGs vusd izk/;kid bPNk ulrkauklq/nk la'kks/kukps dk;Z djrkauk fnlwu ;srkr- eqGkr vkMkrp ukgh rj iksgÚ;kr dqBwu ;s.kkj\ ;kpk fopkj Ogk;yk gok- la'kks/ku dj.;klkBh uqlrh izyksHkus nsÅu pkyr ukgh- myV izyksHkus nsÅu la'kks/kukpk ntkZ vf/kd [kkykor tkrks- eqGkr la'kks/ku dj.;klkBh izcG bPNk'kDrh vlkoh ykxrs] ftKklk vlkoh ykxrs] fpdhRld n`"Vhdksu vlkok ykxrks] izkekf.kdi.kk vlkok ykxrks] vkoM vlkoh ykxrs-

T;k O;Drhph la'kks/ku dj.;kph bPNk'kDrh izcG vlrs] euke/;s la'kks/ku dj.;kph vkoM

vlrs- ftKklk vlrs fpdkVh vlrs rhp O;Drh la'kks/kukps dk;Z izkekf.kdi.ks djhr vlrs- R;k O;Drhyk izyksHkukph xjt okVr ukgh- myV Lor%toGpk iSlk [kpZ d#u lrr dkghrjh uouohu Kku laiknu dj.;kpk izkekf.kdi.ks iz;Ru djhr vlrks- i.k vktP;k ifjfLFkrhr t.kq vkpk;Z inoh feGfo.;klkBh Li/kkZ pkyysyh vkgs- mBlqB tks ;srks rks vkpk;Z inoh feGfo.;kP;k ekxs ykxysyk vkgs- vkt vkpk;Z inohpk egkiwj vkysyk vkgs o R;keqGs vkt la'kks/kukpk tks ntkZ ?kljr pkyysyk vkgs- R;kfo"k;h ek= dks.khgh cksyrkauk fnlwu ;sr ukgh o Qkj eksBk fparspk fo"k; vkgs-

la'kks/ku gs ekuoh lektkP;k fodklklkBh vlrs- mi;ksxklkBh vlrs- i.k vktps la'kks/ku gs QDr oS;fDrd ykHkklkBh gksrkauk fnlwu ;srkr- ntkZghu la'kks/kukpk lektkyk dkghgh mi;ksx ulrks- g;kpk fopkj dqBsrjh Ogk;yk gok- T;kps la'kks/ku mRd`"V ntkZps o lektkP;k fgrkps vlrhy v'kkp la'kks/kukyk ekU;rk n;koh- ts.ksd#u la'kks/kukpk ntkZ fVdwu jkghy- g;klkBh 'kklukus o ;q-th-lh- us la'kks/kukP;k ckcrhr tkx#d jkgwu R;kph izR;{k vaeyctko.kh d#u mPp ntkZps la'kks/ku gksr vkgs fdaok ukgh g;kdMs tkrhus y{k n;kos- o la'kks/kukpk ntkZ mapokok- R;klkBh dBksj ikoys mpykoh ykxyh rjh pkyrhy i.k mPp f'k{k.kkP;k ckcrhr rjh 'kklukus vk'kkoknh n`"Vhdksu nk[kokok o ns'kkP;k fodklkr o izxrhl gkrHkkj ykokok-

mPp f'k{k.kklaca/kh 'kklukus o ;q- th- lh- us djko;kP;k mik;;kstuk o vaeyctko.kh &

1. lokZauk mPp f'k{k.k ?ksrk ;kos ;klkBh lks; dj.ks-

2. f'k{k.k laLFkke/;s ok<ysY;k HkjelkB Qh deh dj.ks-

3. f'k{k.klaLFkk pkydkaoj fu;a=.k Bso.ks- 4. izk/;kid fu;qDrhps vf/kdkj dsafnz; fuoM

eaMGkdMs n;kos R;klkBh fu;qDrh lanHkkZr lokZaph lkekbZd ijh{kk ?ks.;kr ;koh-

5. f'k{k.kkyk izkIr >kysys cktkjhdj.kkps Lo#i rkRdkG Fkkacfo.ks-

6. O;olk;fHkeq[k f'k{k.kkoj Hkj ns.ks-



7. la'kks/kukpk ntkZ fVdwu jkgkok g;klkBh dBksj fu;e r;kj dj.ks o R;kph izR;{k vaeyctko.kh dj.ks-

8. egkfo|ky;ke/;s eqyHkwr lqfo/kk miyC/k d#u ns.ks-

9. izk/;kid fu;ehr oxZ ?ksrkr fdaok ukgh g;klkBh loZ egkfo|ky;kae/;s C.C.T.V. dWesjs izR;sd oxkZr clfo.ks-

10. f'k";o`Rrhps okVi ;ksX;izdkjs gksrks fdaok ukgh g;klkBh y{k ns.ks-

11. fo|kF;kZauk oDr`Ro Li/kkZ] ppkZl=] dk;Z'kkGk bR;knh dk;Zdzeke/;s Hkkx ?ks.;kl izksRlkghr dj.ks o R;klaca/kh ijhi=d dk<wu R;kph izR;{k vaeyctko.kh gksrs fdaok ukgh g;kdMs y{k ns.ks-

12. fo|kF;kaZe/;s jk"Vªizse fuekZ.k Ogkos ;klkBh izR;sd egkfo|ky;ke/;s jk"Vªh;xhr Eg.k.ks ca/kudkjd dj.ks-

fu"d"kZ %& v'kkizdkjs vkt mPp f'k{k.kkP;k ckcrhr th okrkgkr >kysyh vkgs tks ntkZ ?kl#u pkyysyk vkgs- rh Qkj eksBh 'kS{kf.kd leL;k cuysyh vkgs- vusd r#.k mPp f'k{k.kkiklwu oafpr vkgs- T;kauh inO;k feGfoY;k R;kaP;k uksdjhpk iz'u fuekZ.k >kysyk vkgs- la'kks/kukpk ntkZ fnolsafnol ?kljr pkyysyk vkgs vusd r#.kkauk iS'kkvHkkoh uksdjh feGr ukgh- iSlk o of'kysckthyk egRo izkIr >kysys vkgs- f'k{k.kklkj[;k ifo= {ks=kr

jktdkj.kkpk f'kjdko >kysyk vkgs- f'k{k.kkojpk fo'oklp mMr pkyysyk vkgs- o gk Qkj eksBk fparspk fo"k; fuekZ.k >kysyk vkgs- osGhp 'kklukus g;k loZ leL;kaoj mik; ;kstuk d#u mPp f'k{k.kkpk ntkZ mapokok- rjp ns'kkpk [kÚ;k vFkkZus fodkl ?kMwu ;sbZy- lanHkZ %& 1. vrqy dksBkjh & mPp f'k{kk dh n'kk o fn'kk]

th CykWx ukjk;.kk fogkj ubZ fnYyh] fodhihMh;k] ,uDyksihMh;k

2. gjhjke tljk & vk/kqfud Hkkjr es 'kS{kf.kd fparu] ijes'ojh izdk'ku ch 109 fizr fogkj fnYyh-] 2009

3. panzdqekj Mkaxs & f'k{k.k'kkL=] fpjatho xzaFk izdk'ku iw.ks] 1963

4. MkW- izfni vkxykos & lkekftd la'kks/ku i/nrh'kkL= o ra=s] Jh lkbZukFk izdk'ku ukxiwj 2007

5. ,u- th- iokj & Hkkjrh; f'k{k.kkrhy vk/kqfud fopkjizokg] uqru izdk'ku iw.ks] 1995

6. S. P. Choube - Problems of Indian

Education, Vinod Pustak Mandir, Agra,

1970. 7. th- Ogh vdksydj & uO;k egkjk"Vªkrhy

f'k{k.k] fOgul izdk'ku iw.ks-



’kgjhdj.k o VkdkÅ dp&;kph leL;k % fo’ks’k lanHkZ ukxiwj foHkkx izk- t;ardqekj ,e- eLds] vFkZ”kkL= foHkkx izeq[k] ,l- ,u- eksj egkfo|ky;] rqelj

ekuofufeZr dkjok;kaeqGs i;kZoj.kkr izpaM

cny >kys vkgsr- tsOgk rkRiqjR;k vkfFkZd ykHkklkBh ekuotkrhps fgr y{kkr u ?ksrk i;kZoj.kkoj nqjxkeh ifj.kke ?kMowu vk.k.kk&;k drh dsY;k tkrkr rsOgk iznw’k.kkph fufeZrh gksrs- ekuoh d`R;keqGs osxosxGs iznw’kds fuekZ.k gksÅu rs i;kZoj.kkr lksMys tkr vkgsr vkf.k ;k iznw’kdkaeqGsp i;kZoj.k iznw’k.k gksr vkgs- iznw’kd gs ok;w:i] ?ku:i o nzo:i v”kk osxosxG;k voLFkke/;s vlrkr- iznw’kd ;kapk i;kZoj.kkr gks.kkjk f”kjdko vR;ar ?kkrd o fo’kkjh vlY;kus R;kps fofo/k tho?ks.ks ifj.kke tk.kow ykxys vkgsr- ejkBh fo”odks’ke/;s i;kZoj.k iznw’k.kkph O;k[;k iq<hyizek.ks lkafxryh vkgs-

l/;kP;k vQkV yksdla[;kok<heqGs o vkS|ksfxdj.kkeqGs i`FohP;k i;kZoj.kkrhy usgehP;k ?kVdkaO;frfjDr brj vik;dkjd ?kVd eksB;k izek.kkr i;kZoj.kkr f”kjrkr- R;keqGs i;kZoj.kkP;k fofo/k ?kVdkarhy larqyu fc?kMrs o i`Fohojhy ouLirh o izk.kh ;kaP;k thoukP;k lkrR;kyk /kksdk fuekZ.k gksrks- v”kk fØ;k&izfØ;kaeqGs i;kZoj.k iznw’k.k mn~Hkors-1 “kgjhdj.kkeqGs fuekZ.k gks.kk&;k leL;se/;s lokZr xaHkhj leL;k Eg.krs iznw’k.k gks;- “kgjh Hkkxkpk fopkj djrk ;sFkhy ok<rh yksdla[;k rlsp ?kjkph derjrk] nkVoLrh] okgukph ok<rh la[;k] m|kus] [ksGkps eSnkus] eksdG;k tkxk ;kaph derjrk ;keqGs iznw’k.kkr lkrR;kus ok< gksr vkgs- iznw’k.kkeqGs ukxjh Hkkxkrhy ekuoh thoukps vfLrRop /kksD;kr ;sÅ ykxys vkgs- ukxjh Hkkxkr izkeq[;kus gok] ty] tfeu] /ouh o dpjk ;kaps iznw’k.k vk<Grs-

ok<R;k “kgjhdj.kkeqGs dp&;kps izek.k fnolsafnol ok<r vkgs- R;keqGs dpjk iznq’k.kkps izek.kgh ok<r vkgs- vkt txkrhy cgqrsd “kgjkae/;s dp&;kph ;ksX; foYgsokV ykoyh tkr ukgh- uxjikfydk fdaok egkuxjikfydk LoPNrsP;k dkekr iq&;k iMr ukghr- fu;fer jLrs >kM.ks] dpjk mpy.ks] rks uqlrk Bjkfod tkxsoj vk.kwu u Vkdrk u’V dj.ks Eg.kwu Hkkjrkrhy “kgjs vLoPNrsdjhrk dqizfl) vkgsr-2 ?kjkrwu Vkdwu

fnysys inkFkZ o dkj[kkU;krwu Vkdwu fnysys inkFkZ ;kapk dp&;ke/;s izkeq[;kus lekos”k gksrks- gk dpjk dqtY;keqGs nqxZa/kh fuekZ.k gksrs- R;keqGs iznw’k.k ok<wu “kgjke/;s xWLVªks] lkFkhps jksx] dkWyjk] dkohG vls jksx ok<wu izk.kgkuh gksrs-

“kgjkrhy dpjk izeq[k pkj {ks=kae/;s fuekZ.k dsyk tkrks-

1. ?kjxqrh {ks= % Lo;aikd ?kjkrhy ?kk.k] isij] IykWfLVd] /kkrw] Xykl] ysnj] jk[k ;kapk lekos”k ;k {ks=kr gksrks-

2. m|ksx o O;kikj {ks= % iWdhax MCcs] isij] IykWfLVd] cktkjkrhy VkdkÅ oLrq] ukldk Hkkthikyk] ekal bR;knh-

3. nok[kkus % oS|dh; egkfo|ky;s o nok[kkus ;ke/kwu VkdkÅ ckVY;k] eqnr laiysys vkS’k/ks] jklk;fud izfØ;k;qDr vkS’k/ks] jksX;koj mipkj d:u ok;k xsysyh lk/kus ckgsj Vkdyh tkrkr-

4. lkekU; fBdk.ks % cktkjisBk] cl LVW.M] jsYoss LVs”ku] pkSd] flusekx`gs] fofo/k dk;kZy;s v”kk lkoZtfud fBdk.kh yksd dpjk tkLr djrkr-

1989 lkyh National Institute of Urban

Affairs ;kauh Hkkjrkrhy vusd “kgjkrhy vH;kl dsyk vkgs- R;kaP;k ers] ,dw.k fufeZr dp&;kiSdh 72 VDds dpjk xksGk dsyk tkrks- rj 28 VDds dpjk “kgjkr ?kk.k fuekZ.k djrks- ;k fu;ekuqlkj fopkj djrk ukxiwj “kgjkr njjkst 800 Vu Eg.kts 8]00]000 fdyks dpjk xksGk dsyk tkrks- Eg.kts ;k fBdk.kh xksGk dsyk tk.kkjk dpjk 72 VDds Eg.kts 8]00]000 fdyks vkgs- Eg.kwu 72 VDD;klkBh 8]00]000 fdyks rj 100 VDD;klkBh fdrh \ ;ko:u ukxiwj “kgjkr njjkst fuekZ.k gks.kkjk dpjk 11]11]111 fdyks vkgs- ;kpk vFkZ “kgjkr njjkst f”kYyd jkg.kkjk dpjk 28 VDds Eg.kts 3]11]111 fdyks vkgs- “kgjkr f”kYyd jkg.kk&;k dp&;keqGs iznw’k.kkr ok< gksrs- egkjk’Vªkr xsY;k iUukl o’kkZr fofo/k izdkjP;k iznw’k.kke/;s Hkj iMr vlrkaukp vkS|ksfxd dpjk] IykWfLVd] nok[kkU;karwu fuekZ.k gks.kkjk dpjk] fofo/k [kk.khrhy [kfuts] okgrwd



djhr vlrkauk fuekZ.k gks.kkjk dpjk] bZ&dpjk ;klkj[;k vusd ckch iznw’k.kkph rhozrk ok<fo.;klkBh dkj.khHkwr Bjrkr-3 ukxiwj foHkkxkrhy izR;sd “kgjkr njjkst tek gks.kk&;k dp&;kps fooj.k iq<hy rDR;kr fnys vkgs-

rDR;ke/;s ukxiwj foHkkxkrhy LFkkfud ukxjh “kklu laLFkk rQsZ “kgjke/;s njjkst xksGk dsY;k tk.kk&;k dp&;kapk fopkj dj.;kr vkyk vkgs- ukxiwj “kgjkr egkuxjikfydk dk;Zjr vlwu ;k “kgjkr njjkst 800 Vu dpjk egkuxjikfydsrQsZ xksGk dsyk tkrks- panziwj] o/kkZ] HkaMkjk] xksafn;k o xMfpjksyh ;k ftYgk eq[;ky;kP;k fBdk.kh njjkst vuqØes 120] 45] 22] 40 o 13 Vu dpjk xksGk dsyk tkrks- ;ke/;s panziwj “kgjkr egkuxjikfydk] xkasfn;k o o/kkZ “kgjkr ^v* ntkZph uxjikfydk] HkaMkjk o xMfpjksyh “kgjkr vuqØes ^c* o ^d* ntkZph uxjikfydk dk;Zjr vkgs- ^d* ntkZph uxjikfydk vl.kk&;k “kgjkr njjkst xksGk gks.kk&;k dp&;kps izek.k toGikl 10 Vu fdaok R;kis{kk deh vkgs- FkksMD;kr ukxiwj foHkkxkrhy fofHkUu “kgjkr LFkkfud ukxjh laLFkkrQsZ xksGk gks.kk&;k dp&;kP;k izek.kkr fHkUurk vkgs- ;ko:u vf/kd yksdla[;sP;k eksB;k “kgjkr njjkst tek gks.kk&;k dp&;kps izek.k vf/kd vlrs rj ygku vkdkjkP;k “kgjkr njjkst tek gks.kk&;k dp&;kps izek.k deh vlrs- R;keqGs vf/kd dpjk tek gks.kk&;k eksB;k “kgjkr iznw’k.kkps izek.kgh ygku “kgjkP;k rqyusr vf/kd vlrs- ukxiwj] panziwj

“kgjkr njjkst xksGk gks.kk&;k dp&;kps izek.k vf/kd vlY;keqGs ;k “kgjkr brj ygku “kgjkP;k rqyusr iznw’k.kkps izek.kgh vf/kd vkgs vls Eg.krk ;srs-

ok<R;k “kgjhdj.kkeqGs i;kZoj.k iznw’k.kkP;k T;k leL;k fuekZ.k >kY;k vkgsr- R;kr dp&;kps ,d=hdj.k o R;kph foYgsokV gh ,d eksBh [kpkZph rlsp i;kZoj.kkP;k n`’Vhus Qkj egRokph leL;k cuyh vkgs- dp&;keqGs tfeuhps iznw’k.k rj gksrsp f”kok; dp&;kph foYgsokV ik.;kr ykoY;kl ik.;kps o dpjk tkGY;kl gosps iznw’k.k gksrs- R;klkBh dp&;koj izfØ;k d:u R;krhy iquokZijkl ;ksX; ?kVd osxGs dj.ks] moZfjr dp&;kpk uk”k dj.;klkBh dp&;kps O;oLFkkiu dj.ks ;k lk&;k izfØ;spk esG ?kky.;kph xjt vkgs- ukxiwj foHkkxkr dp&;kps O;oLFkkiu dj.;klkBh dkgh “kgjkr “kkL=h; tfeu Hkjko i)rh ¼Land Filling½ [kksyxV tfeuhoj dpjk o ekrhps Fkj Vkdwu jksyhax dj.ks ¼Dumping½ ;k i)rhpk mi;ksx dj.;kr ;srks- ;k i)rhps dkgh Qk;ns&rksVs vkgsr- ;k i)rheqGs tfeuhps gks.kkjs iznw’k.k jks[krk ;sr ukgh- rlsp ukxiwj foHkkxkrhy dkgh “kgjkr dp&;k}kjs dkgh izek.kkr lsafnz; [kr fufeZrh ¼Composting½ rj Qkj deh “kgjkr feFksu ok;qph fufeZrh ¼Bio-Methanation½ dsyh tkrs vkgs- ;ke/;s foHkkxkrhy QDr dkVksy o dGes”oj ;k “kgjkr feFksu ok;qph fuehZrh dsyh tkrs-

rDrk ukxiwj foHkkxkrhy “kgjkr xksGk dj.;kr vkysyk dpjk o R;kojhy izfØ;kph lqfo/kk

v- Ø- ukxjh LFkkfud

“kklu laLFksps ukao oxhZdj.k

izrh fno”kh tek gks.kkjk dpjk ¼MSW

Qty./Day½

dp&;kojhy izfØ;k ¼MSW Processing Facility½

1 ukxiwj Corp. 800 Composting RDF

2 dkeBh B 7.5 Dumping

3 jkeVsd C 7.0 Dumping

4 dkVksy C 10.0 Bio Methanation

5 lkousj C 6.0 Dumping

6 [kkik C 4.2 Party Composting

7 uj[ksM C 7.0 Land Filling

8 dGes”oj C 6.0 Bio Methanation



9 eksokM C 2.0 Land Filling

10 eksgik C 1.5 Land Filling

11 o/kkZ A 45.0 composting & Dumping

12 iqyxko C 6.0 composting & Dumping

13 nsoGh C 5.0 composting & Dumping

14 flanh C 2.0 composting & Dumping

15 vkohZ B 4.5 -

16 mejsM B 12.0 composting & Dumping

17 HkaMkjk B 22.0 Land Fill

18 rqelj B 8.0 Party Composting

19 iouh C 1.5 Party Composting

20 xksafn;k A 40.0 Party Composting

21 frjksMk C 8.5 Party Composting

22 fgax.k?kkV B 18.0 composting & Dumping

23 panziwj Corp. 120.0 Dumping

24 cYykjiwj B 30.0 Dumping

25 jktqjk C 5.0 Vermi Composting

& Land Filling

26 ewy C 6.0 Dumping

27 czEgiwjh C 9.0 Dumping

28 Hknzkorh B 15.0 composting & Dumping

29 ojksjk B 11.0 Vermi Composting

30 xMfpjksyh C 13.0 Party Composting

31 oMlk C 11.0 Party Composting

Source: Annual Report on Implementation of MSW (Management & Holding) Rules 2000 for

the State of Maharashtra, 2011-12. Maharashtra Pollution Control Board, Mumbai.

(mpcb.gov.in)4

fu’d’kZ % VkdkÅ dp&;kph leL;k lksMfo.;kdjhrk Lor% ukxjhdkauh dp&;kiklwu vkiY;k xPphoj ckx Qqyokoh ts.ksd:u dpjk ckgsj Vkd.;kpk iz”u fuekZ.k gks.kkj ukgh- fdaok LFkkfud ukxjh “kklu laLFksus Lor% dpjk xksGk d:u “kgjkP;k ckgsj tehu fodr ?ksÅu QGckx r;kj djkoh- R;keqGs LFkkfud ukxjh iz”kklukyk ¼uxjikfydsyk fdaok egkuxjikfydsyk½ mRiUu feGsy o dp&;kph foYgsokV ykxsy fdaok ;k dp&;kiklwu LFkkfud ukxjh iz”kklukus fo|wr fuekZ.k djkoh o “kgjkyk ohtiqjoBk djkok- “kklukus izR;sd “kgjkr LoPNrk iFkds usekosr- “kgj LoPN ulsy rj eq[;kf/kdkjh o uxjk/;{k ;kaP;koj naMkRed dk;Zokgh djkoh- ts yksd jLR;koj ?kk.k]

dpjk Vkdrhy] xjtsis{kk tkLr ik.kh ok;k ?kkyorhy v”kk ukxjhdkauk R;kP;k jkgR;k ?kjklHkksorkypk ifjlj LoPN Bso.;kps o o`{kkjksiukps egRRo letkowu lkaxkos-

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P – 201-

3. Maharashtra State Environmental Pollution

Control Board, Mumbai, Annual Report,

2005-06-

4. Annual Report on Implementation of MSW

(Management & Holding) Rules 2000 for the

State of Maharashtra, 2011-12. Maharashtra

Pollution Control Board, Mumbai.

(mpcb.gov.in)

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Òkjrkr Qä ikolkGîkr Eg.kts pkj efgus ikÅl iMr¨- R;keqGsp T;k fno'kh 250 fe-fe-ikÅl iMsy R;kyk ikolkGh fnol Eg.krkr- egkjk"Vªkpk fopkj d¢Y;kl d¨d.k oxGrk ikÅl gk 30 rs 40 Vô¢ iMr¨- gs 30 rs 40 fnol Eg.kts ikolkGh fnol vlwu ;k fnolkrgh lrr 24 rkl ikÅl iMr ukgh- R;keqGsp fdrh rkl ikÅl iMyk gs e¨t.;kph i)rh lq: >kyh-

okLrfod Òkjrkrhy fuEeh /kj.ks gh egkjk"Vªkar cka/kysyh vlwugh 10 Vô¢ ik.kh ns[khy vMfork vkys ukghrj isj.khlkBh vlysY;k tfeuhiSdh



d¢oG 14 rs 16 tfeuhyk ik.kh nsrk ;sÅ 'kdrs- ;k vkdMsokjhr Òwty milwu fofgjhekQZr g¨.kkjs Çlpu lgÒkxh vkgs- iqjsls ik.kh gos vlsy rj R;klkBh lkrR;kus fu;¨tu i)rhus dkes djkoh ykxrhy o R;klkBh iqUgk miyC/k ik.;kps xf.kr] rs vMfo.;klkBh VkÃeVscy o okij.;kps osGki=d bR;knh x¨"Vh BjokO;k ykxrhy-

ÁR;sdkyk iqjsls ik.kh feGfo.;klkBh 'kklu Á;Ru djrs] /k¨j.ks r;kj dj.ks] iSls [kpZ dj.ks] ;¨tuk jkcfo.ks] /kj.ks cka/k.ks] ik.;kP;k VkD;k r;kj dj.ks] ikÃiykÃu Vkd.ks] fofgjh [k¨n.ks] c¨vjosy r;kj dj.ks b- i.k gs loZ d:ugh xsY;k 60 o"kk±r ik.;kpk Á'u lqVysyk ukgh- egkjk"Vª jkT;kP;k fuÆerhyk 55 o"ksZ g¨Åugh d¢oG 5 ik.kh ts fi.;klkBh ykxrs r¨gh Á'u lqVw 'kdyk ukgh-

egkjk"Vª 'kklukP;k fMlsacj 2007 P;k tufu/khcÌyP;k jkti=kr vls uewn d¢ysys vkgs dh] 'kklu ik.kh Á'u l¨Mfo.;klkBh njo"kÊ 600 d¨Vh :i;s [kpZ djrs- f'kok; O;olk;djkrwu th jôe tek g¨rs R;krys 200 d¨Vh :i;s j¨txkj gehP;k ek/;ekrwu ikolklkBh [kpZ g¨rkr- rjhgh gk Á'u lqVysyk ukgh-

egkjk"Vªkr u|kaph eq[; [k¨js Eg.kts rkih] oSuxaxk] iSuxaxk] x¨nkojh] d`".kk] ueZnk rlsp d¨d.kkrY;k vusd u|k vkgsr- ;k ik.kh Á'ukoj fopkj dj.;klkBh 'kklukus vusd vk;¨x osGösGh useys- Çlpu vk;¨xkph use.kwd d¢yh-5

LVhQu g‚ÉdXtP;k ers] ^îk.kh ;k inkFkkZps ek.klkus ,o<k uk'k d:u i;kZoj.kkpk fo/oal d¢yk vkgs dh ekuotkr thoar Bsok;ph vlsy rj ijxzgkoj tkÅu oLrh djkoh ykxsy-6

Òkjrkrhy ekUlwu ikÅl gk o"kZÒjkr 8660 rklkaiSdh Qä 100 rkl cjlr¨ R;keqGs gs ik.kh lkBo.ks tyO;oLFkkiukr egŸokps vkgs- gs ik.kh [kkyhyÁek.ks lkBfoY;k tkÅ 'kdrs &

1½ e¨Bh tyk'k;s o e¨Bh /kj.ks cka/kwu 2½ N¨Vs rGs o N¨Vs ryko cka/kwu 3½ tfeuhr f>jiowu o Òwty lkBÓkae/;s

lkBowu lq[ke¨xjh] jkGsxkofl)h o vYoj ftYákrhy

xkokauh gs fl) d¢ys vkgs dh] tylap gk d¢oG ik.;kph miyC/krk ok<kfo.;klkBh ukgh rj

xkokrhy xjhch nwj dj.;klkBh mi;qä vkgs- ;k}kjs j¨txkj miyC/k g¨Åu y¨dkaps g¨.kkjs LFkykarj deh g¨rs- ik.;kP;k miyC/krsus 'ksrh mRiknu ok<rs o xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk cGdV g¨rs- lkoZtfud tylap;kus xkork ,drsph Òkouk fuekZ.k g¨rs o lekt/ku r;kj g¨rs-7

,dk vH;klk}kjs vls y{kkr vkys dh] Òkjrkr 400 n'ky{k gsDVj ehVj ikÅl iMr¨ o 20 n'ky{k gsDVj ehVj ik.kh ckgs:u okgr ;srs- ;k 420 n'ky{k gsDVj ehVjiSdh u|kae/;s 180 rj 67 n'ky{k gsDVj ik.kh ÒwtykP;k #ikr vkgs- 247 n'ky{k gsDVj ehVjiSdh 150 n'ky{k gsDVj ik.kh leqækr o brj= okgwu tkrs- 173 n'ky{k gsDVj ehVj ik.kh ck"ihÒoukoj o tfeuhP;k vksykO;ke/;s ok;k tkrs- xkoke/;s N¨Vs ca/kkjs cka/kwu o u|kapk iwj vMowu vkiY;kdMs Òjiwj ik.kh miyC/k g¨Å 'kdrs-8

egkjk"Vªkrhy ÒaMkjk ftYákr d¨gGh lektkus 250 rs 300 o"kk±iwoÊ 4338 ryko cka/kysys vkgsr- gs ryko Eg.kts Çlpu o fodklkpk mŸke d.kk g¨rk- y¨dkaP;k ÄVR;k lgÒkxkeqGs gs ryko u"V g¨.;kP;k ekxkZoj vkgs- ;k rykokrhy ik.kh vktgh rkanqG o mlkP;k fidklkBh egŸokph vkgsr- 1961&62 lkyh gs ik.kh 78 ekx.khph iwrZrk djhr g¨rs- rj vkt gs ik.kh Qä 25 Vô¢ ekx.khph iw.kZrk djhr vkgs- tkxsP;k Ò©x¨fyd ifjfLFkrhuqlkj d¨gGh ryko cka/kk;ps- gs N¨Vs ryko o e¨Bs ryko v'kk nü Ádkjps g¨rs- mUgkG;kr gs ryko Qkjls mi;¨xh iMr ulr rjh ns[khy 'ksrh o eRL;O;olk;klkBh rs vktgh mi;qä vkgsr-

1950 lkyh ,fDlfc'ku v‚Q Á‚iVÊ jkÃVl~ vWDV ¼APRA½ gk dk;nk ykxw >kyk vkf.k rykokps gô ftYgk ifj"kn o ikVca/kkjs foÒkxdMs gLrkarjhr dj.;kr vkys- ;k ljdkjh [kkR;kdMs rykokph nq#Lrh o O;oLFkk ikg.;kps dke fnys i.k R;kaP;ktoG iqjsls lk/kulkeqxzh uOgrh- ik.khj¨/kd {kerk ok<koh o ik.;kps okVi lq/kkjkos ;klkBh 1960 e/;s 'kklukus uohu mik;;¨tuk vaeykr vk.kY;k- i.k gs uohu ÁdYi y¨dkaP;k vis{kk iw.kZ d: 'kdys ukghr- R;keqGs y¨dkaph rykok'kh vlysyh Òkofud toGhd deh >kyh-9



Òkjrkrhy ik.kh VapkÃckcrP;k dkgh uänh%&

Òkjrkr ik.;kpk Á'u gk Òh"k.k vlwu ik.kh VapkÃckckr dkgh uänh d¢ysY;k vkgsr-10

1½ Òkjrkr txkP;k 16 y¨dla[;k vkgs rj txkP;k Qä 20 Vô¢ tehu vkgs o Qä 4 Vô¢ tylaiŸkh vkgs-

2½ Òkjrkrhy x¨MÓkk ik.;kph njek.klh okÆ"kd miyC/krk 1951 lkyh 5177 D;qfcd feVj g¨rh- rh 2001 e/;s 1869 D;qfcd feVj ,o<h deh >kyh- 2025 e/;s rh d¢oG 1341 D;qfcd feVj ,o<hp vlsy-

3½ psjkiqaath gs txkrhy lokZr tkLr ikolkps fBdk.k vlwugh rsFks ikolkGk lq# g¨.;kiwoÊ fi.;kP;k ik.;kph VapkÃ Òklrs-

4½ ns'kkrhy 1@3 Áns'k T;kr egkjk"Vª] dukZVd] xqtjkFk] e/;Áns'k] jktLFkku] rkehGukMw] vka/kzÁns'k bR;knh vlwu rsFks usgeh nq"dkG iMr¨-

5½ e/;Áns'kkr fi.;kP;k ik.;kP;k VapkÃeqGs vusd naxyh >kY;k o R;kr vusd y¨d ekjY;k xsys-

6½ ukxjh y¨dla[;sP;k 40 y¨dla[;k gh nkfj|zjs"ks[kkyh vlY;kus R;kauk 'kq) o iqjsls ik.kh feGr ukgh-

7½ 2050 i;±r 50 is{kk vf/kd y¨d 'kgjkr LFkykarj djrhy o R;keqGs 'kgjkr fi.;kP;k ik.;kpk Á'u vf/kd xaÒhj g¨Ãy-

ojhy loZ fi.;kP;k ik.;kP;k VapkÃph dkj.ks Eg.kts ik.;kph ok<rh ekx.kh] ik.kh ok;k tk.ks] ik.;kpk milk] ik.kh Ánw"k.k] cnyrs gokeku bR;knh g¨;- ;koj ;¨X; mik;;¨tuk dj.ks vko';d vkgs-

8½ 'kq) ik.;kpk rqVoMk gk lkÚ;k txkr gGqgGq mxz Lo:i /kkj.k djhr vlwu xsY;k 'krdkrhy ;q)s gh rsyklkBh >kyh i.k ;k 'krdkrhy ;q)s gh ik.;klkBh g¨rhy vls Òkfdr rTKeaMGh d: ykxyh vkgsr-11

i`Fohojhy ik.;kP;k lkBÓkkr cny g¨r ulyk rjh y¨dla[;k ek= rhoz xrhus ok<r vkgs- njo"kÊ txkP;k y¨dla[;sr 8 d¨Vh y¨dkaph Òj

iMr vlY;kus ik.;kph xjt njo"kÊ 64 vCt ÄufeVj ;k xrhus ok<r vkgs- vkt toGikl 80 ns'kkale¨j ik.;kpk Á'u vk oklwu mÒk vkgs- ns'kkauk ;¨X; Áek.kkr ik.kh u feGkY;kl R;k ns'kkrhy 'ksrdjh 'ksrdh m|¨x o y¨dkaps vkj¨X; /k¨D;kr ;sÃy- ck"ihÒou o nq"dkG ;keqGs vusd ns'kkaph fLFkrh [kkykor pkyyh vkgs o ;kr Òkjrkpk vxzØe vkgs-

Òkjrkr ,dw.k 593 ftYgs vkgsr- R;kiSdh 200 is{kk tkLr ftYákae/;s Òwfexr ik.;kph ikrGh ÄVr vkgs- R;keqGs Òfo";kr Òkjrkle¨j ik.;kpk Á'u mxz Lo:i /kkj.k djsy- Òkjrkr njo"kÊ 4000 vCt ÄufeVj ik.kh o#.knsork Eg.kts ikÅl cgky djrs- R;kiSdh 1869 vCt ÄufeVj ik.kh u|kae/kwu okgrs o 1690 vCt ÄufeVj ik.;kpk mi;¨x d¢yk tkr¨- ;kpk vFkZ 1179 vCt ÄufeVj ik.kh leqækyk tkÅu feGrs-12

lanHkZ xzaFk %& 1. vfHkftr ?kksjiMs] îk.kh rs ik.kh* jktgal

izdk'ku] lnkf'ko isB] iq.ks] i`- 20- 2. eqdqan /kkjkf'kodj] îk.kh rqeps vkeps*] thou o

ti.kwdhfo"k;h lkjs dkgh] euksfodkl izdk'ku] iq.ks] i`- 16-

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izR;sd lektkr lkekftd fu;a=.k gh ;a=.kk

vk<Gwu ;srs- izR;sd O;Drhps O;DrheRo R;kps vkpkj&fopkj] bPNk] vkdka{kk] /;s; o fgrlaca/k osxosxGs vlrkr- R;keqGs tj izR;sd O;Drh vkiY;k eukizek.ks okxr vlsy rj lektkr vO;oLFkk ektsy- tks rkdroj R;kapsp er xzkg; /kjys tkbZy- lektkr lqO;oLFkk jkg.kkj ukgh Eg.kwu O;Drhps orZu larqyhr jgkos Eg.kwu lkekftd fu;a=.k vko';d vkgs- lektkr lqO;oLFkk jgkoh] ,sD;eku fVdwu jgkok] 'kkarrk ukankoh Eg.kwu lkekftd fu;a=.kkph O;oLFkk izR;sdp lektkr vk<Gwu ;srs- lkekftd izek.kds o lkekftd eqY;s O;Drhyk usgehp orZukcn~ny ekxZn'kZu djhr vlrkr- O;Drhps orZu vFkok O;ogkj gk lkekftd eqY; o izek.kdkauqlkj vlkos- v'kh lektkph vis{kk vlrs-

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îkjlaUl* ;kauh O;Drhl izek.kdkuqlkj orZu f'kdfo.kkÚ;k vkf.k orZu fu;af=r dj.kkÚ;k nksu ;a=.kk vlY;kps Li"V dsys vkgs- ;k nksu ;a=.kk iq<hy izek.ks vkgsr-

1½ O;Drhps lkekftdj.k dj.kkÚ;k ;a=.kk- 2½ O;DrhP;k fopyhr orZukl fu;a=hr

dj.kkÚ;k ;a=.kk- ¼MkW- izfni vkxykos&2013] 204½ ;k nksu ;a=.kkiSdh ifgyh ;a=.kk izfrca/kkRed

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lkekftd fu;a=.kkph ladYiuk % lkekftd fu;a=.kkph ladYiuk vR;ar izkphu vkgs- izR;sd lektkr gh ;a=.kk dk;kZUohr gksrh- lektkr tUekyk ;s.kkjh izR;sd O;Drh frP;k e`R;q i;Zar lkekftd fu;a=.kkP;k vf/kiR;k[kkyh jkgkr vls- lkekftd fu;a=.kkph ladYiuk izkphu dkGkiklwu vkgs- R;k lanHkkZr vusd fopkjoarkauh vkiys fopkj ekaMys vkgsr- ;k ladYiuspk lokZr izFke mi;ksx ^Leky o foUlsaV* ;kauh 1894 e/;s Întroduction to the study of society* ;k xazFkkr dsyk- R;kauh ;k xazFkkr Li"Vi.ks uewn dsys dh] lÙksojhy yksderkph izfrfØ;k gh lkekftd fu;a=.kkal vf/kd uktqd vkf.k dBh.k dk;Z cufors-

lkekftd fu;a=.kklanHkkZr lfoLrj v/;;u dj.;kps Js; ,MoMZ jkWl ;kauk tkrs- jkWl ;kauh 1901 e/;s Social Control gk xzaFk izfl/n dsyk- ;k xzaFkkr R;kauh lkekftd fu;a=.kkP;k ladYiusps lfoLrj foospu dsys- lkekftd fu;a=.kkps v/;;u dj.;klkBh jkWl pk gk xazFk egRokpk vkgs- lgkuqHkqrh ] lkekftdrk] U;k;kph Hkkouk] ;k lkekftd o`Ùkh vkf.k T;k lk/kukOnkjk leqg] O;DrhP;k O;ogkjkaoj yksd:<h] yksdfurhps ikyu dj.;kP;k n`"Vhus ncko Vkdyk tkrks ;k xks"Vhaoj jkWl ;kauh fo'ks"k Hkj fnyk vkgs- lekt vkiY;k lnL;kauk T;k lk/kukaOnkjk fu;af=r djrks v'kk lk/kukapk mYys[k jkWl ;kauh dsyk vkgs- pkyZl~ dqys ;kauh ^Human Nature and the social order* ¼1902½ ;k xzaFkkr O;DrhP;k O;DrheRokoj leqgkP;k nckokpk izHkko vkf.k R;akP;k O;ogkjkauk y{kkr ?ks.;kP;k n`"Vhus O;DrhP;k thou bfrgklkps v/;;u dj.;kP;k vko';drsoj Hkj fnyk- fofy;e lEuj] yeys] eVZu vkf.k ikjlaUl ;kauh lq/nk lkekftd fu;a=.kkpk fofo/k n"Vhdks.kkrwu vH;kl dsyk- ¼MkW- izfni vkxykos&2013] 205½

lkekftd fu;a=.kkpk vFkZ % Lokar«; gs LoSajkpkj cuw u;s Eg.kwu fu;a=.kkph ladYiuk vfLFkRokr vkyh vkgs- lq:okrhyk ekuoh lektkr fu;a=.k Eg.kts nqlÚ;k VksGhiklwu Lor%ps j{k.k dj.ks rlsp vkiY;k izeq[kkP;k vkns'kkps ikyu dj.ks



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;ko:u gs y{kkr ;srs dh] dqVqac gs lkekftd fu;a=.k dj.;klkBh vko';d ek/;e vkgs- T;keqGs lkekftd fu;a=.k gj izfØ;k ;ksX; rÚgsus jkcfoyh tkowu O;Drhps lkekftdj.k dqVqackvarxZr gksr vlrs-

eWdvk;Ogj vkf.k ist Eg.krkr dh] ^lkekftd fu;a=.k Eg.kts lekt O;oLFksr ,sD; fuekZ.k dj.kkjh vkf.k O;oLFkk fVdowu Bso.kkjh i/nrh gks;-* rj QsvjpkbZYM Eg.krkr] ^T;k izfØ;keqGs lekt fdaok lektkrhy dks.krkgh leqg vkiY;k ?kVdkadMwu ex rs ?kVd lewg vlksr vxj O;Drh vlksr vkiY;k vis{kkauk vuq:i vls orZu ?kMowu vk.krks- R;k izfØ;kapk leqPp; Eg.kts fu;a=.k gks;-*

,MoMZ jkWl Eg.krkr] ^ lkekftd fu;a=.k Eg.kts v'kh lk/kus dh] T;kaP;k ek/;ekrwu lekt vkiY;k leklanHkkZr fLod`r orZu izfrekukps vuqlj.k dj.;kps f'kdorks-* rj vkWxcuZ o fuedkWQ Eg.krkr] O;oLFkk vkf.k visf{kr fu;ekuq:i orZu dk;e Bso.;klkBh dks.kR;kgh lektkOnkjk VkdysY;k nckokP;k izfrekukl R;k O;oLFksps lkekftd fu;a=.k vls Eg.krkr-*

Eg.ktsp lkekftd fu;a=.k gh lkoZf=d Lo:ikph izfØ;k vlwu ;k izfØ;sOnkjs O;Drh vkf.k lektkoj fu;a=.k Bsoys tkrs- O;Drh vkf.k lektkoj izFkk] yksdkpkj] yksdjhrh] dk;nk /keZ bR;knh lk/kukOnkjs izR;{k o vizR;{k fu;a=.k Bsoys tkrs- lkekftd fu;a=.kkr fu;a=d vkf.k fu;a=hr vls nksu i{k vlrkr- lkekftd fu;a=.kke/;s f'k{k.k vuqu; vkf.k izfrdkRed lk/kukaP;k HkkSfrd cGkpk mi;ksx dsyk tkrks- lkekftd fu;a=.k gs fu;ksftr o vfu;ksftr Lo:ikps vlrs- lkekftd fu;a=.kkOnkjs O;Drh vkf.k lektkus izek.kadkuqlkj orZu djkos v'kh vis{kk vlrs- lkekftd fu;a=.kkrwu vuq:irk] ,sD;rk vkf.k lkrR; visf{kr vlrks- lkekftd fu;a=.kkeqGs lektkyk ;ksX; v'kh

fn'kk izkIr gksrs- lektkr LFkS;Z fuekZ.k gksrs- lkekftd fu;a=.k lektkrhy izR;sd O;DrhP;k O;ogkjkyk fuae=hr djrs vkf.k lkekftd ,drk fuekZ.k dj.;kps dk;Z djrs- O;DrhP;k dk;kZyk lektkus Lohd`rhiznku djkoh ;klkBh lkekftd fu;a=.k dk;Z djrs- lkekftd f'kLr yko.ks nks"kiw.kZ lkekftdj.k Fkkacfo.ks] O;Drh O;Drhe/;s lgdk;kZph tk.kho fuekZ.k gks.ks lkekftd o ekufld lqjf{krrk iznku dj.;kps dk;Z lkekftd fu;a=.kkOnkjs ikj ikMys tkrs-

dqVqac lkekftd fu;a=.kkps ,d ek/;e %dqVqac gs lkekftd fu;a=.kkps ,d izHkkoh ek/;e vkgs- O;Drh tUekiklwu rs e`R;qi;Zar dqVqackrp jkgr vlrs- dqVqackeqGs O;Drhps ;ksX; lkekftdj.k ?kMwu ;sr vlrs- lkekftd fu;a=.k lq/nk dqVqackrp f'kdfoys tkrs- ftou tx.;klkBh vko';d vls loZ Kku dqVqackrp feGr vlrs- lektkrhy vkn'kZ] eqY;s] izFkk] ijaijk] ladsr] fo'okl] izek.kds] bR;knh xks"Vhaph vksG[k dqVqackrp gksr vlrs- loZ eqY; o izek.kdkaps ;ksX; i/nrhus ikyu dsys tkrs dh ukgh ;kps fufj{k.k dqVqac djhr vlrs- Eg.ktsp dqVqackOnkjs lkekftd fu;a=.k Bsoys tkrs-

tUekyk ;s.kkjs eqy dksÚ;k ikVhlkj[ks vlrs- ckydkapk laca/k R;kP;k dqVqackrhy vkbZ & oMhy] cgh.k&HkkÅ vkf.k brj ukrsokbZdka'kh ;sr vlrks- izR;sd eqy vkiY;k dqVqackrhy vkpkj & fopkj xzg.k djhr vlrs- dqVqac gs ckydkph vk| ikB'kkyk gks;- dqVqackr ts laLdkj eqykoj dsys tkrkr R;kuqlkj ckyd orZu djhr vlrks- Eg.kwu lkekftdj.k o lkekftd fu;a=.kkP;k izfØ;sr dqVqackyk vf/kd egRo vkgs- dqVqackpk vkdkj ygku vlrks rsOgk eqykaps ;ksX; lkekthdj.k gksr vlrs- iajrq dqVqac eksBs vlsy rj vusd eqykaeqGs vkbZoMhykauk loZ eqykadMs lkj[ks y{k nsrk ;sr ukgh R;keqGs ckydkP;k eukoj foijhr ifj.kke gksrks-

cky vipkfjrk fdaok ckyxqUgsxkjh lanHkkZr Jherh galk lsB ;kauh eqacbZ] iq.ks vkf.k vgenkckn ;sFks dsysY;k v/;;uko:u ,dq.k ckyvipkÚ;kiSdh 48 VDds ckyvipkjh gs HkXu dqVqackrhy vlrkr rj fgys vkf.k czksuj ;kaP;k ers 50 VDds cky vipkjh gs HkXu dqVqackrhy vlrkr- ¼ MkW- izfni vkxykos] 2002 & 282½



ifriRuhP;k laca/kkpk Hkax gks.ks] U;k;hd i`F;dj.k fdaok ifriRuh iSdh dq.kk ,dkpk e`R;q gks.ks vFkok ;klkj[;k dqVqac la?kVukl Hkax dj.kkÚ;k ?kVuk T;k dqVqackr ?kMrkr v'kk dqVqackrhy eqykaps ;ksX; lkekftdj.k gksr ukgh- R;akP;koj lkekftd fu;a=.k jk[krk ;sr ukgh-

eqykaoj lkekftd fu;a=.k Bso.;klkBh dqVqackpk jksy egRokpk vlrks- ijarw dqVqackph vkfFkZd fLFkrh tj ;ksX; ulsy rj eqykaP;k fofo/k xjtk iw.kZ gksr ukghr- v'kkosGh R;kaP;kojhy fu;a=.k deh gksrs- v'kh eqys ?kjkckgsj vkiY;k xjtk Hkkxfo.;kpk iz;Ru djrkr- ;ke/kqu R;kaP;kr xqUgsxkj cu.;kph izo`Ùkh fuekZ.k gksrs- dqVqackph vkfFkZd fLFkrh gkgh lkekftd fu;a=.kklkBh vMFkGk Bjrks-

vusd dqVqackr vkbZ&oMhy eqykaoj oktohis{kk tkLr oS;fDrd y{k Bsorkr- eqykauk fu;a=.kkcjkscj 'kkGsr fdaok vU;= tkÅ nsr ukghr- eqykauk lrr /kkdkr Bsoys tkrs- lrr /kkdk[kkyh okojkos ykxr vlY;keqGs R;kauk ckyi.k daVkGok.ks okVw ykxrs- eqykauk Lora=i.ks dksBstk.;kph fdaok dks.kR;kgh okrkoj.kk'kh twGowu ?ks.;kph lo; gksr ukgh- v'kh eqys eukus nqcGh o ijkoyach gksrkr- vkbZ&oMhykaP;k /kkdkyk u tqekurk ,[kkn;k osGh ?kjkrqu iMwu tkrkr fdaok ftokpsp dkgh cjsokbZV d:u ?ksrkr- R;kaP;koj lkekftd fu;a=.kkpk okbZV

ifj.kke gksrks vls vk<Gwu ;srs- ¼jk-t- yksVs &1999 & 103½

dqVqackP;k rk.kr.kkokP;klq/nk ifj.kke O;Drhoj gksr vlrks- lkekftd fu;a=.kkP;k fo:/n tk.;kph izo`Ùkh v'kk O;Drhae/;s fuekZ.k gksrs ts ekufld o lkekftd n`"V;k lek/kkuh ulrkr-

vkfnoklh lektkrhy fo'okl ladsrkuqlkj ySafxd laca/kkoj fucZa/k Bso.ks vfuok;Z ekuys tkrs- ;k ySafxd fucZa/kkeqGs ;qokx`gkps izpyu >kys dkj.k ;qokx`gkrqu lkekftd ] jktfd;] lkaLd`frd f'k{k.k fnys tkrs- ts- 'ksDlfi;j ;kauh ekrkfiR;kaP;k ysafxd laca/kke/;s eqykeqyhapk vMFkGk ;sÅ u;s Eg.kwu R;kauk osxGs Bso.;klkBhp ;qokx`gs vfLrRokr vkyh vls er ekaMys vkgs- ¼MkW- izfni vkxykos] 2011 & 129½ lanHkZ xzaFk %& 1. lekt'kkL= fo"k; vkf.k ladYiuk] MkW- izfni

vkxykos] Jh lkbZukFk izdk'ku ukxiwj] 2013- 2. Hkkjrh; lekt iz'u vkf.k leL;k] MkW- izfni

vkxykos] Jh lkbZukFk izdk'ku ukxiwj] 2009- 3. Hkkjrkrhy lkekftd leL;k] jk- t- yksVs]

fiaiGkiqjs vW.M ifCy'klZ] ukxiwj] 1999- 4. vkfnoklh lektkps lekt'kkL=] MkW- izfni

vkxykos] Jh lkbZukFk izdk'ku ukxiwj] 2011-



^Lora=rk laxzke es iklh lekt dh Hkwfedk* MkW- izfni xtfHk;s] lekt”kkL= foHkkx izeq[k] u- i- f”kokth egkfo|ky;] eksokM ft- ukxiwj-

Hkkjr dks vktkn djus ds fy, tks vkUnksyu

pyk;k x;k ml Loar=rk laxzke es iklh tkrhdk cgwr cMk ;ksxnku jgk gSA mRrjizns”k rFkk fcgkj es iklh lekt dh tula[;k T;knk izHkko”kkyh ik;h tkrh gS- mRrjizns”k dh jkt/kkuh y[kuÅ ds okLrfod fuekZrk yk[ku iklh Fks- lu 10&11 oh ”krh bZ-es xkserh ds rVorhZ HkwHkkx ij yk[kux<h jgh gSA e/;dkyhu Hkkjr es iklh lekt es jktk&egkjktkvksus foj&fojkaxuk vksa us viuk ”kklu LFkkihr fd;k FkkA 17 oh ”krh bZ- l- 21 oh ”krh bZ- rd iklh lekt dk Loar=rk vkUnksyu es tks ;ksxnku jgk gS oks cgwr egRoiw.kZ dk;Z gSA blh rjg iklh lekt es ”kS{kf.kd oSpkfjd lkekftd jktuSrhd ØkaUrh yk fn;k gSA bfrgkl ls gh lekt dk cgqeq[kh mUurh ,ao fodkl gksrk gSA

izFke Lora=rk laxzke lu 1857 es vU; lekt dh Hkkarh iklh lekt dk Hkh egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA iklh lekt izkjaHk ls fuMj] cgknqj vkSj yMkdw tkfr jgh gSA ;g LokfHkekuh tkfr pkgs ?kj&ifjokj dh ckr gks vFkok ns”k&dky ifjfLFkrh dh] lHkh lq[k nq%[k dks >syus dh {kerk ds dkj.k ifjfLFkrho”k cny ldrh gS ijarq viuk lEeku [kksus ugh nsrh gSA ^îkfl;ksa dks ;g ekywe gks tkuk pkfg, fd gj xk¡o o ”kgj dh j[kokyh djuk] mudk iq”rSuh is”kk gSA ,slk lqYrku fcjthl dnj us vius rktiks”kh ds le; fnukad 6 twykbZ 1857 es ?kks’k.kki= es dgk FkkA iklh tkrh ds iqj[ks laqjxs mMkus es cMs iVkbZrnkj FksA laqjx dks [kksnus dk dk;Z vkSj mlls foLQksV djuk ,Waoa ”kgj dh j[kokyh djuk] mudk iq”rSuh is”kk gSA laqjx dks [kksnus dk dk;Z vkSj mlls foLQksV djuk ;g vfHk;ku ØkaUrhdkjh iklh djrs FksA bl dyk es ;s dq’ky gh ugh cfYd cgqr ekfgj FksA 1857&1858 ds Loar=rk laxzke la?k’kZ es iklh lekt us Hkkfxnkjh fuHkk;hA

tkxhjnkajks ds ekrgr Hkj&iklh jkor gks x;sA ftUgksus 10 oh & 14 oh ‘krh bZ- es ”kklu lRrk dk miHkksx fd;k] ogh dkykUrj es Hkw&Lokeh ls csn[ky gksdj jktk ls jad cu dj jktiwr ds v/khuLFk

Hkw&LokfHkRo;ksa xqMSr cu x;s dky ifjfLFkrh ds vuqlkj mues ifjorZu gks x;k] jkor ”kCn ^^jkÅr** ls cuk gS vkSj jkÅr dk vFkZ Js’V cgknwj gksrk gSA eq[;r% jkor tkfr cks/kd ugh Fkk ijUrq dkYkkUrj es jkor iklh tkrh ds vUrxZr gks x;hA

6 twu 1857 es egewnkckn ds jktk uokc vyh ds usr`Ro es ohj iklhZ;ks us Lora=rk dh yMkbZ es Hkkx fy;k FkkA ckjkcadh ls 500 ohj ikfl;ksa jkor us Loa=rk laxzke dh yMkbZ es Hkkx fy;kA 10 twu 1857 dks ohj eDdk iklh us 200 iklh ohj ds lkFk fpugV ds ikl la?k’kZ fd;k FkkA mles cgqr ls vaxzstks dks eksr ds ?kkV mrkj fn;k FkkA bl lkgliw.kZ n`”; dks ns[kdj dWIVu gsujh ykjsUl us foj eDdk iklh dks xksyh ekj fn;k vkSj iRuh fojkaxuk Ånknsohiklh ¼16 uoEcaj 1857½ dks fldUnj ckxes ”kghn gq, vFkkZr irh&iRuh ns”k dh vktknh ds fy, ”kghn gq,A ikfl;ks jkor ds cy ij ns”k HkfDr dh vy[k txk djds jsthMsUlh dks ?ksjus dk dk;Z fd;kA

Loar=rk laxzke ;q/n es ,slk dgk x;k gSA fd iklh yqd&Nqi dj ce o’kkZ djus es fuiq.k jgsA bl la?k”kZ es csxe gtjr egy cqjh rjg ?kk;y gks x;hA 500 iklh ohjksa us la?k’kZ eSnku ls lqjf{kr usiky igqpk;kA ckjkcadh ds rgfly Qrsgiwj [k.M fodkl foadjk fVdSrxat pkSjkgk ds igys ,d f”kykiV~V ij ,srhgkfld fooj.k vafdr gSA

bl ,sfrgkfld mRdh.kZ vfHkys[k ls ;g ckr fl/n gksrh gS fd iklh lefiZr ;ksxnku dk ftØ vfHkys[k es gksuk pkfg;sA [ksn dk fo’k; gS fd vkt Hkh fldUnj ckx es fojkaxuk mnknsoh ds Loa=rrk laxzke ds ;ksxnku dks udkjrs gSA D;ks dh Hkkjr es tkrh fo’kerk gksus ds dkj.k ,slk izrhr gksrk gSA

vaxzstks us ikfl;ksa ds LokfHkeku dks /oLr djus dh fu;r ls ohjkaxuk Ånknsoh ds ewyfuokl ¼llqjky½ mtfj;k¡o xkWo dk irk yxk;k vkSj iwjs xkao dks rksi ls mMk fn;kA ;gh dkj.k gS fd rRdkyhu lq[k&le`/nh ls jgus okys mTtoy xkos yksxks dk edku /oLr dj fn;k x;kA



jktk nqXkZfot; flag us 500 flikgh es vf/kdk”k {ks=h; xzkeh.k iklh lSfud ohj FksA tks eksgku d<okjk {ks= ds fuoflr xqMSy FksA ;s lSfud d`’kd ls ekyxqtkjh Hkh olqy djds jkT; rd igqpkrs FksA tuin mUuko ds y[kuÅ ekxZ ij yxHkx 10 fd- eh- nwj lMd ds ck;h vksj exk[kkjk uked d:ck gSA fczVh”k dky es ;gk ij ohj cgknwj ikfl;ksa dk ckgqY; {ks= FkkA dkuiwj Nkouh ls tujy gsujh ds usr`Ro es 20 tqykbZ 1857 dks mUuki es 2000 iklh cgknwjks ukxjhdksus vaxzstks dks [knsM fn;k FkkA 4 vxLr 1857 es ;q/n es 2000 iklh us eaxjokjk dh lMdksa ij tku U;ksNkoj dj fn;k FkkA og lc vKkr iklh;ksa dk uke dgh ugh gSA

mRrjizns”k es yxHkx lHkh fj;klrksacj ikfla;ksdk vf/kdkj FkkA eqlyekuksa us /khjs&/khjs lHkh fj;klrksa dks iklh jktkvks ls Nhu fy;kA 1850 bZ-es- y[kuÅ ds vkl ikl ds jktk iklh tkfrds Fks tks okftn vyh ”kkg dk dj nsrs FksA 29 ekpZ 1850 dks xaxk cDl us y[kuÅ dh ”kkgh lsuk vkSj vaxzstks dk lkeuk fd;kA ikfl;ksa us dIrku ,yMjVksu dks ekj MkykA fHkjh;k ds ;q/n es vaxzst lsuk gkj x;khA ckn es /kksds ls xaxk cDl jkor vkSj muds yMds j.kthr flag dks idM fy;k x;k vkSj 18 flrEcj 1850 dh okthn vfy ”kkgs ds vkns”k ls mudks Qklh ij yVdk fn;k x;k A

pkSjh pkSjk dk.M %& fnukad 5 Qjojh 1922 es pkSjh&pkSjk Fkkuk dks tyk fn;k ml dk.M es Hkh iklh yksaxks dks lgHkkx fy;k mles ohj vyxq iklh ,ao muds lg;ksxh yksax ltk lquk;h x;h FkhA egkRek xka/kh }kjk pyk;s x;s Hkkjr NksMks vkUnksyu es lu 1942 es cky dj.kik[ko dks 18 ekg dh ltk lquk;h x;hA

lfou; voKk&vkUnksyu es iklh;ksa us lgHkkx fy;k FkkA vktknh ds iwoZ iklh Hkj vkj[k dks fczVh”k ljdkj ds vaxst fopkjdks us ,d dksVh es j[kk FkkA mudk dguk Fkk fd iklh&Hkj vkj[k ek”kZy ¼cgknwj½ tkrs gS iajUrq vktknh ds mijkUr Hkkjr ljdkj Nkjk losZ{k.k djk;k x;k vkSj Hkj vkj[k dk thou Lrj j[kk x;k vkSj mUgs fiNMh tkfr es j[kk x;k bl izdkj Hkkjr dks vktkn

cukus es iklh tkrh ds yksaxks dk lg;ksx jgk vkSj vius cfynku ls ns”kks dks vktkn djkus es lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA

15 vxLr 1947 dks vktknh fey xbZ ijUrq fØehuy VªkbCt ds vUrxZr vkusokyj tkfr;ksa dh rc rd vktknh ugh feyh Fkh vkSj 1947 ds ckn 1952 rd ikap o’kksZ rd vuqlwphr tkfr ugh cfYd fØeuy VªkbZCl ds lwph dks foeqDr tkfr tutkrh es j[kk x;k ftlls mudh jktuSfrd lkekthd vkfFkZd fLFkrh ij cgqr cqjk izHkko iMk vkSj iklh lekt ij Hkh izfrdqy izHkko iMkA og f”k{kk rFkk lkekftd frjLdr tkfr es gks x;k Fkk vkSj mudk fodkl vo:/n gks x;kA

eqY;ekiu %& Hkkjr dks vktkn djkus es thu thu tkrh lewg ds ykssaxksus vaxstks ds fo:/n vkUnksyu es lfØ; lgHkkx Hkwehdk fuHkk;h mu tkrh lewgks dks vaxzst ljdkj us fØehuy VªkbZCt dk ntkZ nsdj mUgs vf/kdkj oafpr fd;k rks nqljh rjQ thl tkrh lewg ds yksx vaxzst ljdkj ds iz’kklu es lkehy Fks mUgksus bl tkrh lewg ds yksaxks lsuk es Hkjrh gksus ls jksdk vkSj mudks vf/kdkj oaphr djus es vaxzst ljdkj dh lgk¸;rk dh vkSj vius gh ns’k ds yksaxks ds f[kykQ “kM;a= dkjh Hkwehdk fuHkk;h ftlls dh vkt yMkdw tkrh lewg ds yksx vf/kdkj oaphr gks x;s xjhch njhnzrk es thuk th jgs mldk mRre mnkgj.k iklh lekt fn[kkbZ nsrk gS thl lekt us Loa=rk vkaUnksyu es Hkkx fy;k mudk dksbZ bfrgkl f”k{kk dh ek/;e ls iRrk ugh pyrk vkSj mudk lkekftd lkaLd`frd fojrk dh /kjksgj u’V djus es ‘kM;a=kdkjh yksx lkehy gSA ;g fl/n gksrk gSA

lanHkZ %& 1. MkW- pØik.kh ik.Ms; & oukS/kk ohj chjk 2. ;ksxs”k izoh.k & y[kuÅ ukek 3. jktdqekj iklh bfrgkldkj fctyh iklh dh

,sfrgkfldrk 4. jktdqekj bfrgkldkj vk/kqfud iklh lekt

dk bfrgkl



e/;dky esa HkfDr&vkUnksyu dk eqxydkyhu “kkldksa ij izHkko MkW-eqckjd dqjS’kh] bfrgkl foHkkx izeq[k] Jherh xksfidkckbZ Hkqjs efgyk egkfo|ky;] rqelj ft- HkaMkjk

¼egkjk’Vª½ eks- ua- 9890491326 Email: [email protected]

lksygoh “krkCnh fo”o ds bfrgkl esa ,d /kkfeZd iqu#RFkku dh “krkCnh ekuh tkrh gSA ;qjksi ds /keZ&lq/kkj dh egku fopkj&/kkjkvksa dh rqyuk Hkkjr esa uothou dh meM+ ls dh tk ldrh gSA Hkkjr esa tkxj.k dh ,d ygj vk;h ftlus mldh mUufr dh xfr dks rhoz dj fn;k vkSj jk’Vªh; thou dks “kfDr iznku dhA izse rFkk mnkjrk bl tkxj.k ds eq[; rRo FksA izse ekuo dks bZ”oj ls feykrk gS vkSj blfy, cU/kq ekuo ls Hkh] vkSj izse ls mRiUu mnkjrk us tkfr] /keZ rFkk deZ ds HksnHkko dks feVkdj ekuothou rFkk fo”oca/kqRo dh Hkkouk dks] lHkh /keksZa dk lkj gS] izfrf’Br fd;kA mlus fgUnqvksa rFkk eqlyekuksa] nksuksa dks] xkSjoiq.kZ vkn”kksZ ls vuqizkf.kr fd;k] vkSj dqN le; ds fy, os vius /keksZa dh rqPN ckrksa dks Hkwy x;sA mlus fgUnqvksa vkSj eqlyekuksa nksUkksa dks ,d uo;qx ds mn; dk lUns”k fn;k] eqlyekuksa ds fy, bZ”oj dh vuU; HkfDr dk lk{kkRdkj uo;qx ds lwpd FksA

Hkkjr esa e/;dkyhu eqfLye jkT; dk Lo#i bZ”ojlÙkkd Fkk A lYrurdky ls gh bLyke Hkkjr dk jkT; /keZ Fkk A dqjku ds fu;e dgrs gSa fd] eqfLye “kklu dk ije drZO; gS fd xSj eqfLyeksa dh ewfrZ;ksa dk fouk”k djsa rFkk muds fo#) /keZ&;q) ¼ftgkn½ djsaA mUgsa vFkkZr nkj&my&gcZ ¼xSj eqfLye jkT;½ dk #ikarj.k nkj&my&bLyke ¼eqfLye jkT;½ esa djsA1

lYrurdkyhu eqfLye “kkldksa us /keZ dks jkT; dk vk/kkj cuk;kA mUgksaus ifo= dqjku ds fu;ekuqlkj jkT; dh fo/kh ,oa lajpuk dhA fdarq eqxydky esa fLFkrh iw.kZr% fHkUu FkhA

eqxydkyhu /kkfeZd leUo; %& eqxydkyhu Hkkjr esa /kkfeZd lfg’.kqrk dh Hkkouk;sa vf/kd ewrZ #i ysus yxhA ckcj lYrurdky ds “kkldksa dh vis{kk vf/kd lqlaLd`r vkSj mnkj Fkk ijUrq mlus bLyke /keZ dks iw.kZ egRo nsdj dqjku dh uhfr dk gh vuqdj.k fd;k vkSj xSj&eqlyekuksa dks /kkfeZd Lora=rk dHkh ugha nhA2

og lwfQ;ksa rFkk vkfyeksa ls cM+k izHkkfor FkkA tc mls volj feyrk og lwfQ;ksa ds et+kjksa ds n”kZukFkZ igq¡p tkrk FkkA bczkfge yksnh ij fot; ds mijkUr 24 viSzy 1526 dks mlus “ks[k fut+keqn~nhu vkSfy;k ds et+kj dh ifjØek dhA ckcj esa /kkfeZd lfg’.kqrk ds fo’k; esa fo}kuksa esa ;n~;fi erSD; gSA3

MkW- jkeizlkn f=ikBh fy[krs gSa] ^^lqUuh er dk eqfLye gksdj Hkh og ml /keksZUeÙk vR;kpkj ls cprk jgk ftlls bZjku vkSj rwjku ds tu vkSj “kklu cnuke gq,A4

Ckkcj tc fganqLrku vk;k rc ckcj us fgUnqLrku esa /kkfeZd okrkoj.k dqN vkSj gh ik;kA ml le; Hkkjr ds fgUnw&eqfLye lekt esa fofHkUu izdkj dh /kkfeZd fopkj/kkjk;sa fo|eku FkhaA egku fp”rh lUr “ks[k lknqYyk ehj vCnqy fcyxjkuh ds usr`Ro esa ,d oxZ lkekftd ,drk] leUo;rk vkSj /kkfeZd lfg’.kqrk ds i{k esa Fkk] ckcj us vius jktuhfrd y{;ksa dh flf) ds fy, nksuksa gh oxksZa dh lgkuqHkwfr vftZr djus dk iz;Ru fd;kA vr% ;fn dqN ekeyksa esa vius /kkfeZd dV~Vjrk fn[kkbZ rks dqN ekeyksa esa /keZZ&lfg’.kq Hkh jgkA

jkeizlkn f=ikBh ds vuqlkj] ^^ckcj dks vius /keZ] ekSyfo;ksa] “ks[kksa vkSj eqtrfgnksa ds izfr xgjh vkLFkk Fkh] ijarq jktuhfrd {ks= esa og viuk fu.kZ; ml izHkko rFkk ladh.kZ ijke”kZ ls eqDr j[krk FkkA mlds njckj vFkok lRlax esa /kkfeZd ;k lkEiznkf;d Hksnksa vkSj fo”ks’krkvksa dks izR;{k gksus dk volj ugha ds cjkcj gh fey ikrk FkkA ;g lgh gS fd og fgUnqvksa dks dkfQj vkSj vQxkuksa dks vfo”oluh; ekurk Fkk( ijarq bu oxksZa ds usrkvksa vkSj tukssa ds izfr O;ogkj”khyrk] fouezrk vkSj lgkuqHkwfr ls izHkkfor jgkA** mijksDr rF;ksa ds laca/k esa ;g Hkh mYys[kuh; gS fd xq#ukud muds ledkyhu Fks rFkk os vius mins”kksa dk izpkj djus ds fy, iw.kZ #ils Lora= FksA5

gqek;q¡ dks viuh dksbZ vyx /kkfeZd uhfr fu/kkZfjr djus dk volj gh ugha feykA fQj Hkh gqek;q¡ us lYrur dh /kkfeZd uhfr esa FkksM+k cgqr



ifjorZu vo”; fd;kA ftu vf/kdkfj;ksa us gqek;q¡ ds lkFk bZjku dh ;k=k dh Fkh mlesa cSjke [kk¡ f”k;k er dk vuq;k;h FkkA ftlds dkj.k f”k;k er ds izfr lYrur dh /kkfeZd uhfr esa ifjorZu gqvkA vr% iwoZorhZ lqYrkuksa dh vis{kk gqek;q¡ us vius /kkfeZd fo”oklksa ls fHkUu erksa dh vksj vf/kd mnkjrk iznf”kZr dhA mldk ,d lnj vius /keZ ds fo#) er ds fy, izfl) FkkA

^^gqek;q¡ us cukjl ds taxeokM+h eB dh ns[kHkky ds fy, mÙkjizns”k ds fetkZiqj ftys esa 300 ,dM+ Hkwfe dk vuqnku fd;kA**6

vr,o gqek;q¡ dh /kkfeZd fufr ds laca/k esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd gqvk;q¡ ds “kkludky esa /kkfeZd lfg’.kqrk rFkk “kkfUr dh uhfr;ksa dk fodkl gqvkA mlus lkaLd`frd] lkfgfR;d rFkk /kkfeZd lfg’.kqrk dh uhfr;ksa dk ifjikyu lnSo vius “kkludky esa fd;kA

“ksj”kkg dh /kkfeZd uhfr ds fo’k; esa MkW- dkuwuxks us fgUnqvksa ds izfr /kkfeZd lfg’.kqrk dh le>nkjhiw.kZ uhfr cjrus ds fy, mldh iz”kalk dh gSA mlds vuqlkj fgUnw /keZ ds izfr “ksj”kkg dk >qdko ?k`.kkiw.kZ lfg’.kqrk ls vksr&izksr ugha] cfYd vknjiw.kZ O;ogkj FkkA7

“ksj”kkg ds O;fDrxr fopkjksa dks i`Fkd j[kdj ns[kk tk; rks og ,d lfg’.kq “kkld izrhr gksrk gS vkSj /kkfeZd vR;kpkj dh uhfr cjruk og cqf)ekuh ugha le>rk FkkA fgUnqvksa dks mlus rax ugha fd;kA mUgsa vius /keZ dk ikyu djus dh iwjh&iwjh NwV nhA tgk¡ rd lEHko gksrk Fkk] og jktuhfr dks /keZ ls i`Fkd gh j[krk FkkA ,d fgUnq “kkld ds Åij vkØe.k djrs le; tks /kkfeZd dV~Vjrk dk uewuk lkeus vk;k] mls NksM+dj mlds lewps jkT;dky esa efUnj&ewfrZ;k¡ rksM+us vkSj fgUnqvksa ds fo#) laxfBr izpkj djus ds iz;Ru dHkh ugha fd;sA bUgh rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd “ksj”kkg viuh cgqla[;d fgUnw iztk ds /keZ vkSj fo”oklksa ds izfr lfg’.kq FkkA9

vdcj us ikjLifjd lansg vkSj vfo”okl ds okrkoj.k esa ,d ,slh mnkj] leUo;dkjh vkSj nwjnf”kZrk iw.kZ /kkfeZd&uhfr fu/kkZfjr dh ftlus Hkkjr ds eqfLye vkSj fgUnw lekt ds chp [kkbZ dks cgqr de dj fn;k vkSj QyLo#i eqxy lkezkT;

dks LFkkf;Ro izkIr gqvkA iwoZorhZ eqfLye lezkVksa us Hkkjr ij fonsf”k;ksa ds Hkkafr “kklu fd;k Fkk vkSj eq[;r% blh dkj.k fofHkUu eqfLye jktoa”kksa dk mRFkku vkSj iru cM+s vk”p;Ztud <ax ls gqvkA

vdcj ls igys yxHkx rhu “krkfCn;ksa esa nkl] f[kyth] rqxyd] lS;n] yksnh vkSj lwjh oa”kksa dk mn; vkSj vLr gqvkA bu jktoa”kksa dh vkSlr vof/k 50 o’kZ ls vf/kd ugh jghA fgUnw turk eqlyekuksa ls bruh vyx jgh fd mlds fy, eqfLye “kkldksa ds uke] tUe LFkku ;k tkfr vkfn dk dksbZ egRo ugha Fkk] muds fy, rks lHkh fons”kh vfgUnw vkSj ;ou Fks] vdcj us fiNys bfrgkl dk ewY;kadu fd;kA og le> x;k dh tc rd /kkfeZd dV~Vjrk ds cU/kuksa dks rksM+k ugh tk;sxk] /keksZUekn dh nhokjsa /kjk”kk;h u dh tk;saxh xSj eqfLyeksa esa eqlyeku lezkVksa ds izfr fo”okl iSnk u fd;k tk;sxk] rc rd Hkkjr esa eqxy lkezkT; dh uhao etcwrh ls tek;h ugha tk ldsxhA vr,o mlus leUo;dkjh /kkfeZd uhfr vaxhdkj dhA10 vdcj us fgUnw jktdqekfj;ksa ls fookg fd;k ftlls mldh mnkjrk dh uhfr dks vkSj Hkh cy feykA11

^^vdcj ls iwoZ Hkh bl izdkj ds fookg&laca/k rks vo”; gq,] ijarq vdcj us iqjkuh ijEijkvksa esa ekSfyd lq/kkj fd;kA mlus viuh fgUnq jkuh;ksa dks vius /kkfeZd laLdkj laiUu djus dh vuqefr iznku dhA bldk izHkko mldh lkoZtfud /kkfeZd uhfr ij Hkh iM+kA tc jktegy esa ewfrZiwtk lgu dh tkrh Fkh rks egy ds ckgj mldks jksduk vlaxr FkkA bl izdkj vdcj vius ?kj esa gh fgUnw&/keZ ds izHkko ls f?kj x;k vkSj fgUnw /keZ ds izfr mldh tUetkr dV~Vjrk f”kfFky iM+ x;hA**12

blds vfrfjDr vdcj ds fopkjksa vkSj egRoiw.kZ /kkfeZd n`’Vhdks.k ij izHkko rRdkyhu HkfDr vkanksyu rFkk lwQh fopkj/kkjk dk iM+kA HkfDr vkanksyu ds fgUnw lUrksa vkSj lwQh Qdhjksa us /kkfeZd izFkkvksa rFkk deZdkaM dk [kaMu fd;k] /kkfeZd dV~Vjrk dk fojks/k fd;k vkSj thou rFkk pfj= dh ifo=rk ij cy nsrs gq, /keZ vkSj laLd`fr ds {ks= esa leUo; dh izdfr dks izksRlkgu fn;kA jkT;kjksg.k ds igys vkSj ckn esa dqN le; rd iatkc fuokl ds nkSjku vdcj us xq#ukud vkSj muds mÙkjkf/kdkjh xq#vksa ds izHkko ls mRiUu fgUnw &



eqfLye ln~Hkkoukiw.kZ okrkoj.k ns[kk ftldk mlij vuqdwy izHkko iM+kA

vdcj vkjaHk ls gh fo}kuksa rFkk lk/kw&lU;kfl;ksa ds lEidZ esaa jgk FkkA vkSj fgUnw /keZ ds cgqr ls fl)kar fo/kkuksa ls og ifjfpr Hkh FkkA lezkV us fgUnw /keZ ds cgqr&ls fo”oklksa vkSj fo/kkuksa dks viuk fy;k FkkA j{kk&cU/ku] n”kgjk] fnokyh vkSj clUr vkfn fgUnw R;kSgkjksa dks og cMs+ gh mRlkg ls eukrk FkkA13 dHkh&dHkh og vius eLrd ij fgUnqvksa dh Hkkafr fryd Hkh yxk;k djrk FkkA fgUnw jktkvksa ds fo/kku ds vuqlkj mlus Hkh izfrfnu izkr%dky viuh iztk dks >jks[ks}kjk n”kZu nsuk vkjEHk dj fn;k FkkA viuh ekrk ds LoxZokl ij mlus fgUnqvksa dh Hkkafr gh viuk eq.Mu djokdj “kksd euk;k FkkA ^^;fn fgUnw iafMrksa vkSj jktkvksa esa bruh mnkjrk gksrh fd os eqlyeku jktk dks fgUnw /keZ esa nhf{kr djus dks rS;kj gksrs vkSj ml le; ewfrZ&iwtk rFkk tkr&ik¡r dks nwj djus dh ps’Vk djrs] rks lEHko Fkk fd vdcj fgUnw /keZ xzg.k dj ysrkA**14

}s’kHkko ds gksrs gq, Hkh dsoy fgUnw turk gh ugha] cfYd fo}ku iafMr ,oa jktk Hkh vdcj dks vius esa ls gh ,d le>rs Fks vkSj fgUnq /keZ ds izfr mldk tks J)kHkko Fkk mlds laca/k esa mUgksaus ,d dgkuh Hkh x<+ Mkyh FkhA ;g eqrZtk gqlSu fcyxzkeh dh ^^gfndrqy vdkyhe** esa ntZ gS] ftls ys[kd us vius iwT; firk ls lquk FkkA dgk tkrk gS fd vdcj iwoZ tUe esa eqdqUn czEgpkjh uke dk ,d lU;klh Fkk] ftlus iz;kx esa bl mn~ns”; ls ri”p;kZ dh Fkh fd og nwljs tUe esa ,d “kDrh”kkyh {kf=; jktk cus vkSj Hkkjro’kZ ls bLyke dks fou’V dj nsA fdUrq nqHkkZX; ls ri”p;kZ esa fdlh izdkj dh dksbZ Hkwy jg tkus ds dkj.k mlus eqlyeku ?kj esa tUe fy;k fQj Hkh vius iwoZ&laLdkjksa ds dkj.k vdcj ,d fgUnw jktk dh Hkkafr O;ogkj djrk Fkk vkSj fgUnw /keZ&laLd`fr dk iwjk&iwjk [;ky j[krk FkkA** cgqr ls fgUnw rks vdcj ds n”kZu fd;s fcuk dysok Hkha ugha djrs FksA ;gk¡ rd fd dqN iafMrksa us ;g dguk Hkh “kq# dj fn;k fd] vdcj lkjs lalkj dk vf/kifr gS vkSj lkjs /keksZ dk vkfn L=ksrA vdcj us Hkh fgUnw fopkj/kkjk rFkk fgUnqvksa dk lk jgu&lgu viukus

dk iz;kl djrs gq, yksxksa ds ,sls fopkjksa dh cgqr dqN iqf’V gh dh FkhA15

Lkkjka”kr% HkfDr vkUnksyu ds lUrksa mnk- ukud] dchj bR;kfn dh ok.kh;ksa ,oa mins”kksa dk izHkko rRdkyhu “kkldksa ij n`f’Vxkspj gksus yxk] ftlls lekt essa /kkfeZd oSeuL; ds ca/ku f”kfFky gks mBs( vkSj bLyke us Hkkjrh; okrkoj.k esa lUriwtk dks xzg.k dj fy;kA 16

lanHkZ %& 1. vln] eqgEEkn ¼#ikarj½% n eWlst vkWQ n

dqjku] nkj&vy&vUgkyl] ftczkYVj] 1980 i`- 244

2. JhokLro],e-ih- lkslk;Vh vWUM dYpj bu fefM,oy bafM;k ¼1206-1707½] pkSx izdk”ku] vykgkckn] 1975] i`-149

3. JhokLro] vk”khokZnhyky% eqxydkyhu Hkkjr]¼1526-1803 bZ-l-½ f”koyky vxzoky ,UM dEiuh] vkxjk] 1974] i`- 36

4. izrkiflag] eqxydkyhu Hkkjr ¼1526-1626 bZ-l-½ fjlpZ ifCyds”kUl] t;iqj] 1994] iw- 90

5. f=ikBh] jkeizlkn] eqxylkezkT; dk mRFkku vkSj iru] fnYyh] 1961]i`-47

6. ogh] i`- 47&48 7. “kekZ] Jhjke] eqxy”kkldksa dh /kkfeZd uhfr]

y{ehukjk;.k izdk”ku] vkxjk] 1971] i`- 11-12 8. JhokLro] vk”khZoknhyky] i`- 116 9. ogh] i`- 116-117 10. izrkiflag] i`- 451-452 11. CykspeWu] vdcjukek ¼#ikarj½] [kaM&1] 1873]

i`- 159 12. “kekZ] Jhjke] i`- 216 13. vdcjukek] i`- 216 14. JhokLro] vk”khokZnhyky i`- 179 15. ogh] i`- 180 16. yqqfu;k] ch-,u- Hkkjrh; lH;rk rFkk laLd`fr

dk fodkl] vkWy bfUM;k fizUVlZ] vkxjk] 1951] i`- 34



ckcklkgsc MkW- Hkhejko vEcsMdj dh /keZifjorZu dh ?kks’k.kk & lu 1935 MkW- Vh- th- xsMke] bZfrgkl foHkkx izeq[k] lar xkMxs egkjkt egkfo|ky;] fgax.kk] ft- ukxiwj-

izkLrkfod %& gekjs ns”k esa lfn;ksa ls vNwr

dgs tkus okys djksMksa yksx fgUnw lektO;oLFkk dh nklrk esa ujde; thou th jgs FksA pkrqZo.kZ O;oLFkk ds uke ij lekt esa czkã.k] {kf=;] oS”; vkSj ”kwnz ;g pkj o.kZ cuk;s x;s FksA exj ckn esa ”kwnz o.kZ dk Hkh foHkktu djds vfr”kwnzzksa dk ,d mio.kZ cuk;k x;kA vkSj muls ,Slk O;ogkj fd;k x;k dh] og vfr fuEu tkfr dk ikWpok o.kZ gksA bu vfr”kwnzzksa dks uke fn;k x;k vNwrA ftudks Nwuk Hkh iki le>k tkrk FkkA ftudh ijNkWbZ Hkh vkneh dks vifo= cuk nsrh FkhA ftudks lc ds lkFk vke jkLrs ls pyus dh eukbZ FkhA xkao esa lc ds lkFk jgus dh eukbZ FkhA vPNk ?kj] vPNk diMkyRrk] vPNs crZu ;k dksbZ Hkh vPNh ;k ubZ pht dk bLrseky djuk muds fy;s xqUgk FkkA mWph tkfr ds yksxksa us bl vNwr yksxksa ij ukuk izdkj dh ikcanh;kW yxkbZ FkhA muds LosPNkpkj ds fups ;g vNwr tkfr ds yksx vkgs Hkj jgs FksA muds lHkh ekufo; ,oa uSlfxZd vf/kdkj Nhus x;s FksA blfy, mudh fLFkrh vR;ar n;fu; ,oa fpUrktud cu x;h FkhA cYdh lPpkbZ ;s Fkh dh] ;s djksMksa vNwr fgUnw /keZ dk gh ,d fgLlk FksA fQj Hkh mudks fgUnw /keZ ls gh cfg’d`r fd;k x;k FkkA

bu vNwrksa dks bl nklrk ls eqDr djus ds fy;s dbZ egkiq#’kksa us dksf”k”k dhA izkphu dky ls ysdj vokZfpu dky rd os egkiq#’k vNwrksa dks muds ekufo; vf/kdkj fnykus ds fy;s iz;kl djrs jgs] exj os Hkh vius dk;Z esa iqjs&iqjs lQy ugh gq,sA blfy, vNwrksa ds thou esa va/ksjk dk;e jgkA ,Slh gh va/k%dkje; fLFkrh esa vNwr lekt esa gh ,d egkekuo dk tUe gqvkA ftls vNwrksa dh] xqykeh dh tathjs rksMdj mudks muds ekufo; vf/kdkj fnykus FksA ml egkekuo dk uke Fkk] ckcklkgkc MkW- Hkhejko vEcsMdjA MkW- Hkhejko vEcsMdjus Hkkjr ds bfrgkl dh] xyr fn”kk esa cgusokyh /kkjkvksa dks eksM.ks dk egRoiw.kZ dk;Z fd;kA izpfyr vekufo; ijEijk dks rksMdj lekurk ij vk/kkfjr lektO;oLFkk ds fuekZ.k esa

egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;kA mUgksus vNwr lekt esa psruk ds lkFk&lkFk LokfHkeku ,oa egRokdka{kk Hkh mRiUu dhA *Lo;a dk m/nkj Lo;a djks^ dk egkeU= fn;kA mudk fopkj Fkk dh] vNwrksa dks muds lHkh vf/kdkj feyus pkfg;sA os Hkh midkj ds rkSj ij ugh] rks vf/kdkj ds rkSj ijA D;ksafd os Hkh fgUnw gSA vkSj ,d fgUnw dks tks vf/kdkj fey jgs gS] muds os Hkh gdnkj gSA

vNwrksa dk vf/kdkjksa ds fy;s la?k’kZ %& fo”o esa ,Slk dksbZ Hkh /keZ ugh gksxk] ftles fgUnw /keZ tSlh Hk;kud tkfr; fo’kerk gksA fQj Hkh ckcklkgkc dks yxrk Fkk dh] fgUnw /keZ ls NwvkNwr tSlh vekufo; ijEijk nwj djds lekurk ykbZ tk ldrh gSA blds fy;s lcls igys MkW- vEcsMdj dks vNwr yksxksa esa psruk fuekZ.k djuk vkSj mudk thou Lrj mUur djuk t#jh yxkA blfy, mUgksus 20 tqyS 1924 dks ^cfg’d`r fgrdkj.kh lHkk* uked laLFkk dh LFkkiuk dhA ftldk mís”k Fkk dh] vNwrksa esa psruk fuekZ.k gks] muds ekufo; vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk gks vkSj mudh mUurh gksA ftldk ?kks’kokD; Fkk] f”k{kk] la?kVu vkSj la?k’kZa bl la?kVu ds ek/;e ls MkW- vEcsMdj us vNwrksa dks txk;k] vius vf/kdkj ikus ds fy;s y<us dks rS;kj fd;kA blh psruk ls vNwrksa us egkM ds ponkj rkykc ij MkW- vEcsMdj ds usr`Ro esa lR;kxzg fd;kA ekuk dh ;g lR;kxzg ponkj rkykc dk ikuh fius ds fy;s fd;k x;k FkkA exj blds lkFk&lkFk ;g la?k’kZ ekufo; vf/kdkj ikus ds fy;s FkkA lekurk dh izkIrh ds fy;s FkkA bl lR;kxzg ds ek/;e ls MkW vEcsMdj dks lo.kZ fgUnqvksa dks ;gh crkuk Fkk dh] bl rkykc ds ikuh ij ftruk vkidk vf/kdkj gS] mruk gekjk Hkh gSA exj ;g ckr lo.kZ fgUnw le> ugh ldsA vNwrksa ds rkykc dk ikuh ihus ls rkykc vifo= gks x;k] gekjk fgUnw /keZ Hkz’V gks x;k] ,Slh xyr /kkj.kk eu esa mRiUu djds lo.kksZa us izfr”kks/k ysus ds fy;s vNwrksa ij /kkok cksyk vkSj fugRFks vNwrksa dks ekjk&ihVk x;kA lo.kksZa ds bl vekufo; O;ogkj ls MkW- vEcsMdj cgksr vkgr gq,sA vNwrksa dh ?kk;y voLFkk ns[kdj mudks cMk



nq%[k gqvkA exj blls Hkh tknk nq%[k mudks ml ckr dk gqvk dh] vNwrksa ds Nw tkus ls vifo= gqvk rkykc dk ikuh ”kq/n djus dk ukVd ns[kdjA egkM ds lo.kksZ a us ponkj rkykc dk ikuh ifo= djus ds fy;s izfl/n /kekZpk;Z czkã.k if.Mrksa dks cqyk;kA ^^/keZxzaFkks ds vuqlkj bl ty ”kqf/n ds fy, feV~Vh ds 108 ?kMs eaxok, x;sA mles rkykc dk ikuh Hkjk x;kA ckn esa mu 108 ?kMksa esa ngh] nq/k] rqi xk; dk xkscj vkSj xksew= Mkyk x;kA rRi”pkr~ bu ikSjkf.kd iqjksfgrksa us osneU=ksa dk mPpkj.k fd;kA vkSj bu 108 ?kMksa dks rkykc esa Mqcks fn;k x;kA ,Slh /keZfØ;k djus ds i”pkr~ lc lo.kZ fgUnw izlUu gks x;s] D;ksafd vc /kekZuqlkj vNwrksa }kjk vifo= gqvk rkykc dk ikuh ifo= gk pqdk

Fkk**A 1 vNwr yksx Hkh bUlku gh FksA exj muds Nw

tkus ls rkykc dk ikuh vifo= gqvk vkSj xk; ds xkscj&xkseq= ls ifo= gqvkA ,Slh xyr /kkj.kk iqjs fo”o esa Hkkjr ds fgUnw /keZ ds flok; dgh vkSj ugh gksxhA lo.kksZ a ds bl eq[kZrk ls MkW- vEcsMdj Øksf/kr gq,A vkSj mUgksus nqckjk ;g lR;kxzg lq# fd;kA ;g lR;kxzg dbZ fnuksa rd pyrk jgkA

,Slk gh ,d cMk lR;kxzg vNwrksa us MkW- vEcsMdj ds usr`Ro esa ukf”kd esa fd;kA ukf”kd ds dkykjke eafnj esa vNwrksa dks izos”k djuk euk FkkA blfy, vNwr Jhjke dk n”kZu ugh dj ldrs FksA exj ge Hkh fgUnw gSA blfy, gesa Hkh eafnj esa izos”k feyuk pkfg;sA bl vf/kdkj izkIrh ds fy, vNwrksa us 1930 esa lR;kxzg fd;kA dbZ fnuksa rd vNwr yksx fnu&jkr jke eafnj ds njokts ij cSBs jgsA fQj Hkh mUgs eafnj esa izos”k ugh feykA jke uoeh ds fnu lo.kksZ a us vNwrksa ij geyk fd;kA ^^lo.kZ fgUnw fx/nksa dh HkkWfr vNwrksa ij VwV iMsA bVksa vkSj

iRFkjksa dh o’kkZ gksus yxhA*2 MkW- vEcsMdj ij Hkh iRFj cjlk;s x;sA exj dk;ZdrkZvksa us mudh j{kk dhA bl geys esa dbZ vNwr ?kk;y gks x;sA

ukf”kd lR;kxzg dh okrkZ lkjs bykds esa QSy xbZ FkhA txg&txg lo.kksZ a us vNwrksa ij cfg’dkj Mkyk FkkA mudh jksth jksVh can dj nh xbZA mudks jkst dh t#jh phtsa feyuk can gks x;k FkkA vNwr yksx eafnj esa ?kwluk ugh pkfg;s blfy, eafnj ds lHkh njokts can dj fn;s x;sA ,Slk gh lR;kxzg

vNwrksa us vejkorh ds vacknsoh eafnj esa izos”k ds fy;s fd;kA iq.kk ds ioZrh eafnj esa izos”k ds fy;s Hkh lR;kxzg fd;k x;kA exj bldk ufrtk dqN Hkh ugh fudyka ;g lHkh lR;kxzg vNwrksa us vius vf/kdkj ikus ds fy;s fd;s FksA blls lo.kksZ a ds vf/kdkjksa ij dksbZ Hkh vkWp vkus okyh ugh FkhA fQj Hkh lo.kksZ a us vNwr lR;kxzgh dks izfrca/khr djds ;s fn[kk fn;k dh] vNwr lekt lo.kksZa ls fHkUu gSA vkSj os lo.kksZ a dh rjg vf/kdkj ikus ds gdnkj ugh gSA tc dh vNwr lekt fgUnw /kfeZ; gksrs gq;s Hkh lo.kZ mUgs viuk ugh ekurs FksA ^^ckcklkgkc vEcsMdj bu lR;kxzg vkUnksyu ds ek/;e ls #<hoknh fgUnw /keZ ij ftu yksxksa dh J/nk Fkh] muds vkpj.k esa] mudh oSpkfjd Hkwfedk esa vkSj fgUnw rRoKku esa tks folaxrh;kW vk;h Fkh] og nwj

djus dh la/kh mudks miyC/k djk nsrs gS**A3 exj bldk dksbZ Hkh vlj lo.kksZ a ij ugh gqvkA mYVk ;g lR;kxzg vkUnksyu nckus dh dksf”k”k mUgksus dh vkSj lR;kxzgh yksxksa ij vR;kpkj fd;sA

;soyk ifj’kn & 1935 %& egkjk’Vª esa ukf”kd ftYgs ds ;soyk xkao esa eqacbZ bykdk nfyr ofxZ; dkUÝsUl dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k FkkA dkUÝsUl esa yxHkx nl gtkj yksx bdðk gq;s FksA muds lkeus MkW- vEcsMdj us /keZ ifjorZu dk Bjko j[kkA vkSj ml ij eeZxzkgh O;DrO; fn;kA fgUnw lekt O;oLFkk esa tks yksx cfg’d`r ekus tkrs gS] mudks gjfnu dSls&dSls vR;kpkj lgus iMrs gS] ;g crkdj os dgrs gS dh fQj Hkh ge vius vf/kdkj ikus ds fy, dksf”k”k djrs jgsA exj Qk;nk D;k gqvkA gesa D;k feykA dqN Hkh ughA geus vc rd tks lgk gS] vkSj vHkh Hkh lg jgs gS] og lc fgUnw /keZ ds lkFk gekjk tks laca/k tqMk gS] mldk ufrtk gSA blfy, vc gesa fgUnw /keZ ls viuk ukrk gh rksM nsuk mfpr gksxkA vkSj ftl /keZ esa ”kkUrh] lekurk vkSj vkRelEeku gS] ,Sls /keZ dks viukuk gksxkA vc og le; vk;k gS dh] ge lc fgUnw /keZ dks NksMs vkSj dksbZ nwljk /keZ viuk,sA

MkW- vEcsMdj tku pqds Fks dh] vius fy;s vkSj vius vNwr lekt ds fy;s fgUnw /keZ dks NksMuk gh t#jh gks x;k gSA D;ksafd vxj ge lc viuh rjDdh pkgrs gS] rks og fgUnw /keZ esa jgrs dHkh Hkh laHko ugh gSA blfy, os vius vNwr



HkkbZ;ksa ls dgrs gS dh] ^^rqe Hkh vkSjksa dh rjg gh bUlku gksA bl fo”o esa viuh esgur ls dksbZ Hkh viuk mRd’kZ dj ldrk gSA rqe Hkh bl ns”k ds fuoklh gksA rqe Hkh nqljs Hkkjrh;ksa dh rjg lHkh vf/kdkj ikus ds gdnkj gksA exj vf/kdkj ekaxdj ugh feysaxsA D;ksafd] gekjs vf/kdkj Nhus x;s gSA vkSj ftu yksxksa us og Nhus gS] og yksx gesa gekjs vf/kdkj nsus ds fy;s rS;kj ugh gSA pkgs ge muds lkeus gkFk tksM+s] izkFkZuk djsa ;k muds ikWo iMsA blfy, gesa vius vf/kdkj ikus ds fy;s la?k’kZ djuk

iMsxkA**4 ,Slh gh cgksr lkjh ckrksa dk ftØ djds MkW-

vEcsMdj vkxs dgrs gS] ^^gesa fuEu vf/kdkj ikus ds fy;s Hkh fgUnw yksxksa ds lkeus fxMfxMkuk iMrk gSA fQj Hkh os ges dqN Hkh ugh nsrsA ge vius vf/kdkjksa ds fy, dksf”k”k ij dksf”k”k fd;s tk jgs gSA vkSj bl dksf”k”k esa geus tks FkksMklk /ku tek fd;k Fkk] oks Hkh O;FkZ esa xokW cSBsA vkSj mijls dYiuk ds ijs eku[kaMuk Hkh lguh iMhA exj fQj Hkh bldk fgUnw yksxksa ds mij] muds fnyksa ij dqN Hkh vlj ugh gqvkA vxj ge nqljs /keZ ds vuq;k;h gksrs rks ;s fgUnw yksx gekjk vieku djus dh

fgEer Hkh ugh djrsA**5 /keZ ifjorZu dh ?kks’k.kk %& fgUnw /keZ esa

iSnk gksuk gh lHkh vNwr lekt ds fy, ekugkuh vkSj dyad dk dkj.k cu x;k FkkA blfy, fgUnw /keZ ds uke dh eksgj yxkdj cSBus esa dksbZ eryc ugh FkkA D;ksafd fgUnw yksx vNwrksa dks vkneh dh rjg ftuk gh ugh nsuk pkgrs FksA ges”kk ds fy;s vNwr lekt lo.kksZ a dh xqykeh djrk jgs] ,Slkgh mudks yxrk FkkA D;ksafd tc tc vNwr yksx vius vf/kdkjksa dh ckr djrs] rc rc fgUnw /keZ ds /kqjhu vNwrksa ds jkLrs esa jksMk cudj [kMs gks tkrs FksA MkW- vEcsMdj us lu 1930 vkSj 1931 esa yaMu fLFkr jkWÅUM Vscy dkWUQjUl esa vNwr oxZ ds usrk ds ukrs fgLlk fy;k FkkA vkSj vNwr oxZ ds fy;s jktuSfrd vf/kdkj feyus pkfg;s] bldh iqjtksj odkyr dh FkhA bldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk dh] fczVh”kksa us vNwrksa dks jktuSfrd vf/kdkj cgky fd;sA exj blesa Hkh xka/khth us vMaxk MkykA vNwrksa ds jktuSfrd vf/kdkjksa ds f[kykQ os iquk ds ;sjoMk tsy esa vkej.k vu’ku ij cSBsA xka/khth dk

;s vfM;y ,oa vNwr fojks/kh joS;k ns[kdj MkW- vEcsMdj cMs gh nq%[kh gq,s FksA D;ksafd mUgs xka/khth ls le>kSrk djuk iMk vkSj vNwrksa ds dqN [kkl Lora= jktuSfrd vf/kdkj NksMus iMsA 1932 esa xka/khth vkSj MkW- vEcsMdj esa iquk djkj gqvkA exj bldk Hkh dqN tknk Qk;nk vNwrksa dks ugh gqvkA

bl ?kVuk ls Hkh MkW- vEcsMdj dks lh[k feyh Fkh dh] fgUnw lekt ;k fgUnw lekt ds usrkx.k vNwrksa dks muds vf/kdkj nsuk gh ugh pkgrsA vfirw vc gesa /keZifjorZu djuk pkfg;sA ;g lHkh ckrsa /;ku esa j[kdj MkW- vEcsMdj ?kks”k.kk djrs gS fd] ^^fgUnw /keZ esa iSnk gks x;k] ;g esjs vius cl dh ckr ugha Fkh] fdUrw eSa fgUnw jgdj e#axk ugh

;g esjs vius cl dh ckr gSA**6 MkW- vEcsMdj fgUnw /keZ NksMuk ugh pkgrs FksA os fgUnw /keZ ds vkykspd t#j Fks] exj fojks/kd ugh FksA mudk fgUnw /keZ ds o.kkZJe O;oLFkk esa fo”okl ugh FkkA D;ksafd ;g o.kZO;oLFkk gh lHkh fo’kerk dh tM FkhA blfy, blsgh [kRe djus dk iz;kl os ges”kk djrs jgsA ^êq>s izksVsLVaV fgUnw ds ukrs fgUnw /keZ esa jguk ilan gS]** ,Slk mUgksus dgk FkkA bldk ;gh eryc Fkk fd] fgUnw /keZ esa ifjorZu t#jh gks x;k FkkA

?kks’k.kk ds ckn %& MkW- vEcsMdj dh bl /keZifjorZu dh ?kks’k.kk us lewps Hkkjro’kZ esa rgydk epk FkkA fgUnw usrkvksa dks ckcklkgkc dk ;g [kqyk ,syku FkkA blfy, os lHkh fryfeyk mBsA bl ?kks’k.kk dh xqat lewps Hkkjro’kZ esa gok dh Hkkarh QSyh FkhA txg&txg vNwr oxhZ; yksxksa dh lHkk;sa gksus yxhA lHkkvksa ds o`Rrkar izdkf”kr gksus yxsA blls vNwrksa esa ,d ubZ ygj mRiUu gqbZA dbZ nfyr laLFkk vkSj la?kVu ds usrkx.k MkW- vEcsMdj dks feyus yxsA D;ksafd ;g ?kks’k.kk lHkh vNwr tkfr ds yksxksa dks viuh eqDrh dh ?kks’k.kk yxhA blesa os lHkh ,d u;s thou dh vk”kk ns[kus yxsA blfy, mUgksus bl ?kks’k.kk dk fny ls Lokxr fd;kA exj nqljh rjQ dV~Vj fgUnwRo okfn;ksa dks ;g ?kks’k.kk ilan ugh vk;hA mUgksus MkW- vEcsMdj ds mij vkjksi&izR;kjksi ”kq# fd;sA lekpkj i= Hkh blesa c<p<dj fgLlk ysus yxsA lksguyky ”kkL=h viuh fdrkc esa fy[krs gS dh] iatkc ds izfl/n fgUnw usrk HkkbZ ijekuUn us vius fgUnw uked v[kckj esa MkW-



vEcsMdj dh uk”kqØxqtkjh* bl ”kh’kZd dk vxzys[k fy[kk FkkA blesa os fy[krs gS dh] ^^MkW- vEcsMdj dks nks fgUnw jktkvksa egkjktk xk;dokM vkSj egkjktk dksYgkiwj us gtkjksa #i;ksa dh vkfFkZd lgk;rk ls bruk fon~oku cuk;k gS] fdUrw vEcsMdj dh ;g uk”kqØxqtkjh gS fd] os vkt djksMksa vNwrksa dks fgUnw /keZ R;kxus dk mins”k ns jgs gSA vkSj fgUnw cgwla[; dks bl ns”k esa vYila[;d cuk

Mkyus ij rqy x;s gSA*7 bl ?kks’k.kk ij xka/khth us Hkh viuk izfrdwy

O;DrO; fn;k FkkA mUgksus dgk Fkk dh] ^^MkW- vEcsMdj dk ;g O;DrO; tYnckth dk gSA euq’; dks thou esa /keZ dh t#jr gS] vkSj /keZ cnyuk

;g ckr ”kVZ cnyus tSlh ljy ugh gSA^^8 dqN fgUnw usrkvksa us rks ;s Hkh dg Mkyk dh] vc MkW- vEcsMdj eqlyeku cusxsa] ugh rks f[kzLrh /keZ viuk;sxsaA ml le; MkW- vEcsMdj us mu yksxksa dks tckc fn;k dh] ^^bl ns”k ds ge Hkh fuoklh gSA jk’Vªh;rk vkSj Lora=rk D;k gksrh gS] ;s vkils vf/kd ge tkurs gSA tks yksx ges ns”k ds izfr fu’Bk f”k[kk jgs gS] mudh usrkfxjh vkSj jktuhfr ge vPNh rjg tkurs gSA tc&tc bl ns”k ij vkiRrh vk;h] rc&rc geus viuk thou nkWo ij yxkdj ns”k dh j{kk dh gSA blfy, gesa fdlh ls

mins’k lquus dh t#jr ugh gSA**9 blds vykok dgha fgUnwokfn;ksa us vkSj dgha lekpkj i=ksa us Hkh bl ?kks’k.kk ij vkiRrh trkdj viuh fojks/kh jkW; tkfgj dh FkhA exj blesa Hkh dgha lq/kkj.kk oknh yksx vkSj lekpkj i= Fks] ftUgksus MkW- vEcsMdj dh bl ?kks’k.kk dk leFkZu fd;k FkkA

;soyk ifj’kn esa dqN Bjko Hkh ikfjr fd;s x;s FksA mlesa dgk x;k Fkk dh] ^^vNwr yksxksa us vc viuh ”kfDr O;FkZ esa xokauk mfpr ugh gSA blfy, vc mUgs lR;kxzg dk vkUnksyu [kRe djuk pkfg;sA vkSj fgUnw lekt ls vNwr lekt dks eqDr djuk

pkfg;sA**10 MkW- vEcsMdj us tkuk Fkk dh fgUnw /keZ esa

muds lekt ds fy;s u vkRelEeku gS vkSj uk gh lekurkA vkRelEeku vkSj lekurk dk vHkko O;fDr esa vkRefo”okl dh mRiRrh gksus esa vojks/kd gksrk gSA vkRefo”okl ds fcuk izxfr ds iFk ij

pyus ds fopkj eu esa vk gh ugh ldrsA vr% mUgksus vNwrksa ds fy, fgUnw /keZ dks drbZ mi;qDr

ugh le>kA**11 /keZ ifjorZu dh bl ?kks’k.kk dk vNwr lekt

ij cMkgh ldkjkRed ifj.kke gqvk FkkA vc rks vNwr lekt ckcklkgkc dks viuk m/nkjd le>us yxk FkkA bl lekt esa ckcklkgkc ds izfr vlhe J/nk mRiUu gqbZ FkhA blfy, /keZ ifjorZu dh ?kks’k.kk gksrs gh vNwr yksxksa us vius xans vkSj uhp ekus tkusokys dke can dj fn;sA feF;k /kkj.kk;saokys fopkj NksM fn;sA lo.kksZa us yknh gqbZ xqykeh ds f[kykQ mUgksus cxkor djuk ”kq# dj fn;kA Lora=rk dh ,d ubZ mehZ muesa fn[kkbZ nsus yxhA gkykWdh lo.kksZ a us Hkh mudks nckus dh iqjtksj dksf”k”k dhA muij cfg’dkj Mkyk x;kA mudh jksth jksVh can dj nh x;hA fQj Hkh ugh ekus rks muij ”kkjhfjd vR;kpkj Hkh gksus yxsA os lHkh vR;kpkj vNwrksa us lgsA fQj Hkh mUgksus viuk LokfHkeku ugh NksMkA MkW- vEcsMdj ds crk;s gq;s jkLrs ij os pyrs jgsA D;ksafd mudks viuh xqykeh dh tathjs rksMuh FkhA

eqY;kadu %& lu 1935 ds bl /keZifjorZu dh ?kks’k.kk ds ckn MkW- ckcklkgkc vEcsMdj us 14 vDrqcj 1956 dks ukxiwj esa ckS/n /kEe nh{kk dk vk;kstu fd;kA vknjf.k; HkUrs panze.khth buds gkFkksa MkW- vEcsMdj us Lo;a nh{kk yhA vkSj mUgksus Lo;a vius gkFkksa ikWp yk[k vuq;k;h;ksa dks nh{kk nhA fgUnw /keZ dks NksMdj os vius vuq;k;h;ksa ds lkFk cq/n ds lerkeqyd /kEe ds vuq;k;h cusA

;gkW ;s loky iSnk gksrk gS dh] MkW- vEcsMdj us lu 1935 esa gh /keZifjorZu dh ?kks’k.kk dhA fdUrw 21 lky ckn 1956 esa /keZifjorZu fd;kA mudks rks /keZifjorZu djuk gh Fkk] exj blds fy;s mUgksus bruk le; D;ksa yxk;kA bldh Hkh rhu izeq[k otg FkhA ,d rks ftl oDr mUgksus /keZifjorZu dh ?kks’k.kk dh] ml oDr flQZ fgUnw /keZ NksMus dh ckr iDdh gks xbZ FkhA fdUrq blds ckn dkSulk /keZ viukuk gS] blds ckjs esa mUgksus lkspk ugh FkkA nqljh ckr ;g Fkh dh] /kekZUrj.k mudks vdsys ugh djuk FkkA rks lHkh vNwr HkkbZ;ksa dks Hkh vius lkFk nqljs /keZ esa ys tkuk FkkA blfy, mudk eu ifjorhZr djus ds fy;s le; dh t#jr



FkhA vkSj rhljh ckr] os fgUnw /keZ ds usrkvksa ,oa fgUnw /keZ ds iaMhrksa dks] fgUnw /keZ dh #<h&ijaijkvksa esa] o.kZ ,oa tkfrO;oLFkk esa ifjorZu ykus dk volj iznku djuk pkgrs FksA rkfd os vkSj mudk vNwr lekt fgUnw /keZ dks NksMdj nqljs vU; /keZ esa uk tk;sA exj fgUnw usrkvksa us vkSj iaMhrksa us mUgs fujk”k fd;kA

?kks’k.kk ds ckn MkW- vEcsMdj Hkkjro’kZ esa fo|eku lHkh /keksZ dk v/;;u djus yxsA mUgs ,Slk /keZ viukuk Fkk] tks lHkh vNwr yksxksa dks lekurk vkSj ca/kwRo dh Hkkouk ls viuk;sA mles fdlh Hkh izdkj dh NqvkNwr dh Hkkouk;s uk gksA blfy, mUgksus f[kz”pu] bLyke] fl[k ,oa ckS/n /kEe dk xgu v/;;u fd;kA vkSj blesa ls cq/n ds /kEe dks viuk;kA D;ksafd cq/n ds /kEe esa gh mUgs vNwr tkfr dk Hkfo’; mToy yxkA

MkW- vEcsMdj us fgUnw /keZ esa ifjorZu ykus ds fy;s th&tku ls dksf”k”k dhA fdUrw os mles dke;kc ugh gq;sA vxj fgUnw /keZ ds eqf[k;k] mudh fgUnw /keZ esa ifjorZu ykus dh rMi dks le>rs vkSj cnyrs ifjizs{k esa fgUnw /keZ esa ifjorZu djds vNwrksa dks Hkh muds ekufo; vf/kdkj iznku djrs] rks os dnkfi /kekZUrj.k ugh djrsA exj fgUnw /keZ ds /kwfj.kksa us mudh ckrksa dks utjvankt fd;kA blfy, mUgs etcwj gksdj ;g dne mBkuk iMkA

lu 1935 esa tc MkW- vEcsMdj us /kekZUrj.k dh ?kks’k.kk dh] rc muds tks fVdkdkj Fks] mUgs yxk dh MkW- vEcsMdj dk ;s jktuSfrd LVaV gSA os /kekZUrj.k oxSjk dqN ugh djsaxsA vxj dHkh djsxs Hkh rks muds lkFk dks gh ugh tk;sxkA mudks vdsys dksgh fgUnw /keZ NksMuk iMsxkA fdUrw ,Slk gqvk ughA tc MkW- vEcsMdj us /kekZUrj.k fd;k] rks yk[kksa yksx muds lkFk fgUnw /keZ ls ckS/n /kEe esa pys x;sA ;s fgUnw /keZ ij cgqr cMk vk?kkr FkkA vkSj blds ftEesnkj Fks os yksx] ftUgksus MkW- vEcsMdj vkSj muds vuq;k;h;ksa ds vf/kdkjksa dh vuns[kh dhA nqljh vksj MkW- vEcsMdj us /kekZUrj.k djds Hkh Hkkjrh; laLd`rh dh xfjek dks Bsl ugh igWwpk;hA cYdh cq/n ds /kEe dk Lohdkj djds

Hkkjrh; laLd`rh dks mUur fd;k] Hkkjrh; laLd`rh dk xkSjo c<k;k A

lanHkZ %& 1. “kkL=h] lksguyky] ^ckcklkgkc MkW- vEcsMdj ds

laidZ esa ipkl o’kZ*] izdk”ku& Hkkjrh; ckS/n egklHkk] vEcsMdj Hkou] ubZ fnYyh] prqFkZ laLdj.k & 1998] i`’B Ø- 232-

2. ckyh] y- j-] ^MkW- vEcsMdj thou vkSj fe”ku*] Hkhe if=dk ifCyds”ku] tkyU/kj ¼iatkc½ 1974] i`’B Ø- 91

3. laiknd eaMy] ^ckcklkgkc vkacsMdj xkSjo xzaFk*] laiknu & izk- ;kno xk;dokM] izdk”kd & lkS- uafnuh xoGh] lezkV uxj] dksYgkiwj] iz- vk- ,fizy 1991 i`’B Ø- 570

4. uo;qx] eqacbZ] rk- 18] fMlsacj 1936] i`’B 33- 5. laiknd eaMy] ^MkW- ckcklkgkc vkacsMdj ys[ku

vkf.k Hkk’k.ks]* [kaM & 18] Hkkx & 1 izdk”kd & egkjk”Vª ”kklu] eqacbZ] iz- vk- 2002] i`’B Ø- 238

6. ”kkL=h] lksguyky] ^ckcklkgkc MkW- vEcsMdj ds laidZ esa ipkl o’kZ*] izdk”ku & Hkkjrh; ckS/n egklHkk] vEcsMdj Hkou] ubZ fnYyh] prqFkZ laLdj.k & i`’B Ø- 238

7. fdRrk] i`’B Ø- 11 8. [kSjeksMs] pk- Hk-] ^MkW- Hkhejko jketh vkacsMdj

& pfj= xzaFk] [kaM & 6] o 7] Hkkx & 1 e- jk- lkfgR; laLd`rh eaMy] eqacbZ] iz- vk- 1985] i`’B Ø- 86

9. <kd.ksdj] gfj”k jkenkl] ^lkE;okn] xka/khokn fo#/n ekuorkokn* izKk izdk”ku] ukxiwj] iz- vk- 1966 i`’B Ø- 72

10. lk- turk] eqacbZ] fn- 22 Qsczqokjh 1966] i`’B Ø- 1

11. jkW;] fgeka”kq] ^;qx iq#’k ckcklkgsc Hkhejko vEcsMdj*] lerk izdk”ku] fo”okluxj] ”kkgnjk] fnYyh] iz- vk- 1990 i`’B Ø- 98-



Hkkjrh; cSadksa dk fodkl MkW- nkeks/kj ,u- HksaMs] lg;ksxh izk/;kid] oqesUl dkWyst vkWQ vkVZl vWUM dkWelZ] uanuou ukxiwj-

vkt gj ,d O;Drh dk ^cSad* ds lkFk jkstejkZ

dk lEca/k gSA cYdh ,Slk Hkh dg ldrs gS fd vkt O;Drh ds jkstejkZ ftanxh dk ^cSad* vVwV fgLlk cu x;k gSA fdarw Hkkjrh; lekt esa cSad dh mRiRrh dSls gq;h \ cSad dk O;Drh ds lkFk bruk xgjk lEca/k dSls izLFkkfir gqvk \ Hkkjrh; lekt esa cSad dk fodkl fdu voLFkkvksa esa gqvk \ blds lanHkZ esa cgqr de O;Drh tkudkjh j[krs gSA ;gh ckr mtkxj djus dk iz;kl izLrqr “kks/k i= dk izeq[k fo’k; gSA

^cSad* bl 'kCn dh mRifRr ds lanHkZ esa nks izek.k gS] izFke izek.k ds vuqlkj ^cSad* 'kCn dh mRifRr bVkfy;u Hkk"kk ds 'kCn "BANCO" ;k "BANQUE" ls gqbZ gSA tcfd fOnrh; izek.k ds vuqlkj cSad 'kCn dh mRifRr teZu Hkk"kk ds 'kCn "BANCK" ls gqbZ gSA ftldk vFkZ gS la;qDr dks"k] vFkkZr~ ml le; yksx csap ij cSBdj eqnzk dk ysu&nsu djrs Fks] blfy, cSad ^csap* dk ,d fodflr :i gSA

^cSad* ;g laLFkk vkt lekt ds jkstejkZ ds ftou dk ,d vko';d vax cu xbZ gSA ges cSad bruh ifjfpr gS dh] ge mldh O;k[;k djus ds ctk, mlds dk;ksZals gh mls vf/kd tkurs gSA cSad dh O;k[;k djusdk iz;kl dbZ cq/nhthoh;ksa us fd;k gSA orZeku lekt esa cSad dk Lo:i vkSj mldk dk;Z fnuksafnu c<rk tk jgk gSA vktdh cSadksa dk Lo:i izkfpu dky dh cSadksa dh rqyuk esa dkQh ifjofrZr gqvk gSA vkSj Hkfo";dh cSad vktdh cSad dh rqyuk esa dkQh vWMOgkUl cSad gks ldrh gSA dgus dk eryc gS dh] dky ds vuqlkj cSad dk Hkh Lo:i vkSj dk;Z cnyrk tk jgk gSA blfy, cSad dh dksbZ Hkh ,d O;k[;k lnk ds fy, ekU; ugh gks ldrhA cSad dh dqN O;k[;k fuEuizdkj ls fd x;h gSA

fQ.Mys f'kjkr ds vuqlkj] ^cSadj og O;fDr] QeZ ;k dEiuh gS ftlds ikl O;olk; ds fy, ,d ,slh txg gS tgkWaa tek ;k eqnzk laxzg ;k MkIVª vkSj pSd ls Hkqxrku ;k olwy dh tkus okyh jkf'k;ksa ls

[kkrs [kksys tkrs gksa] vFkok tgkWa LVkWd] ckW.M vkSj /kkrq ds vk/kkj ij eqnzk ds vfxze ;k _.k fn;s tkrs gksa vkSj fofue; i=ksa o _.kksa dks dVkSrh vkSj fcdzh ds fy, vuqeksfnr fd;k tkrk gksaA1

dzkmFkj ds vuqlkj] ^cSadj vius rFkk vU; yksaxks ds _.kksa dk O;olk;h gksrk gS] vFkkZr cSadj dk O;olk; vU; yksaxks ls _.k ysuk vkSj mlds cnys esa _.k Lohdkj djuk rkfd eqnzk dk lap; vFkok l`tu gks ldsA^2

izksQslj fduys ds vuqlkj] ^cSad ,d ,slh laLFkk gS tks O;fDr;ksa dh lqj{kk dk /;ku j[krs gq,] mUgs vko';drkuqlkj _.k iznku djrh gS rFkk yksx viuk iSlk mlesa tek djkrs gS] tc mUgs mldh vko';drk ugh gksrhA^3

Hkkjrh; cSafdax fu;eu vf/kfu;e] 1949 ds /kkjk 5 c ds vuqlkj] ^cSafdax ls vk'k; _.k nsus vFkok fofu;kstu ds fy, turk ls /ku tek djuk gS] tks ekWax djus ij ykSVk;k tk ldrk gS rFkk pSd] MkIVª vFkok vU; izdkj dh vkKk Onkjk fudkyk tk ldrk gS*A4

cSad dh mijksDr ifjHkk"kk ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS] dh cSad og laLFkk gS tks turk ls tek ds :i esa /ku Lohdkj djrh gSA turk dks tek /ku okil fudkyus dh lqfo/kk nsrh gSA turk dks _.k iznku djrh gSA m|ksxksa vkSj O;olk;ksa dks Hkh _.k nsrh gS vkSj cSafdax O;olk; ls lEcfU/kr vU; dk;Z djrh gSA

Hkkjr esa cSadksa dk fodkl %& Hkkjr esa cSadksa ds fodkl dks fuEufyf[kr Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS &

1- izFke voLFkk %& (lu 1806 rd) Hkkjrh; lekt esa cSad ds fodkl esa bl izFke voLFkk dk vuU;lk/kkj.k egRo gSA fczfV'k 'kkludky ls iwoZ ns'k esa cSafdax dk fo'ks"k fodkl ugh gqvk FkkA eqfLye 'kkludky esa cSafdax dk dk;Z izk;% egktuksa ,ao lkgwdkjks Onkjk laiUu fd;k tkrk FkkA 17 oh 'krkCnh esa fczfV'k 'kkludky ds lkFk gh Hkkjrh; lkgwdkjh foRr O;oLFkk dks xEHkhj vk?kkr yxkA



bldk eq[; dkj.k ;g Fkk dh lkgwdkj vaxzsth Hkk"kk ,oa fczfV'k cSafdax iz.kkyh ls ifjfpr ugh FksA vr% buds LFkku ij /khjs /khjs Hkkjr esa vk/kqfud cSafdax iz.kkyh dk fodkl gksys yxkA 18 oh 'krkCnh esa bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh us cEcbZ rFkk dydRrk esa dqN ,tsUlh x`gksa dk foRr iks"k.k bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh ds vf/kdkjh;ksa ,oa deZpkfj;ksa Onkjk gh fd;k tkrk FkkA bu ,tsUlh x`gksa dk eq[; dk;Z bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh dks lSfud vko';drkvksa ds fy, :i;k m/kkj nsuk] d`f"k mit dh fcdzh ds fy, _.k nsuk] dkxth eqnzk dk fuxZeu djuk rFkk yksaxks ls fu{ksi (Deposits) Lohdkj djuk FkkA ;wjksih; cSfdax i/nrh ij vk/kkjhr Hkkjr dk izFke cSad fons'kh iwWath ds lg;ksx ls ,ysDts.Mj ,.M dEiuh Onkjk cSad vkWQ fgUnqLFkku ds uke ls 1770 esa dksydkrk esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k Fkk]5 fdUrq ;g cSad 'kh?kz gh vlQy gks x;kA bl izdkj 1806 ls iwoZ Hkkjr esa cSadks dk dk;Z bu ,tsUlh x`gksa Onkjk gh lEiUu fd;k tkrk FkkA

2- fOnrh; voLFkk %& (lu 1806 ls 1860 rd) lu 1813 esa bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh ds okf.kT; vf/kdkj lekIr gks x, FksA blds ifj.kkeLo:i ,stsUlh x`gksa dk Hkh iru gksuk izkjEHk gks x;k FkkA blds ckn ns'k esa futh va'k/kkfj;ks Onkjk rhu izslhMsUlh cSadks dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA lu 1806 esa cSad vkWQ caxky] lu 1840 esa cSad vkWQ ckWEcs rFkk 1843 esa cSad vkWQ enzkl dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA6 ;nkih ;g rhuksa cSad futh 'ks;jgksYMjks ds cSad FksA rFkkih bu fruksa cSadks dks 'ks;j iwWath esa ljdkj Hkh dqN fgLlk FkkA vr% ljdkj bu fruksa cSadks ij viuk fu;=a.k j[krh FkhA bu cSadks dks ljdkjh cSadj ds lHkh vf/kdkj izkIr FksA fdUrq 1862 ds ckn Hkkjr ljdkj us bu cSadks ls uksV tkjh djus dk vf/kdkj okil ys fy;kA ljdkjh cSad gksus ds dkj.k ljdkj Onkjk buds dk;ksZ ij dqN izfrca/k Hkh yxk, x;s FksA 1921 esa bu fruksa cSadks dks feykdj bEihfj;y cSad vkWQ bf.M;k dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ vkSj 1 tqykbZ] 1955 dks jk"Vªªh;dj.k ds mijkUr bldk uke cnydj LVsV cSad vkWQ baMh;k j[k fn;k x;kA7

3- r`rh; voLFkk%& (lu 1860 ls 1913 rd) Hkkjr ljdkj Onkjk lu 1860 esa ,d la;qDr iwWath

dEiuh vf/kfu;e ikfjr fd;k x;kA blds vUrxZr] cSadks dk lhfer ns;rk (Limited Liability) ds vk/kkj ij xBu fd;k tk ldrk FkkA bl dkuwu ds QyLo:i Hkkjr esa la;qDr iwWath okys cSadksa dh LFkkiuk esa cgqr lgk;rk feyh FkhA ifj.kker% ns'k esa vusd la;qDr iwWath cSad LFkkfir gks x,A muesa izeq[k cSad Fks & bykgkckn cSad (1865)] ,ykbUl cSad vkWQ f'keyk (1881)] vo/k dkWef'kZ;y cSad (1881)] iatkc uW'kuy cSad (1894)] ihiqYl cSad vkWQ bf.M;k (1901)A lhfer ns;rk ds vk/kkj ij 1881 esa LFkkfir vo/k dkWef'kZ;y cSad Hkkjrh;ksa Onkjk lapkfyr igyk cSad FkkA iw.kZ:i ls Hkkjrh; ns'k dk igyk cSad iatkc uW'kuy cSad FkkA mUuhloh 'krkCnh ds vUr rd Hkkjrh; cSafdax {ks= esa dksbZ fo'ks"k izxrh ugh gks ldh FkhA fdUrq chloh 'krkCnh ds izkjEHk vFkkZr 1906 ds ckn cSfdax dk ns'k esa cMs iSekus ij foLrkj gqvkA eq[; :i ls mRrjh Hkkjr esa u, cSadks dk tky&lk fcN x;k FkkA bldk eq[; dkj.k ns'k esa Lons'kh vkUnksyu dk izkjEHk fd;k tkuk FkkA bl vkUnksyu ds dkj.k yksxksa us fons'kh cSadks dk cfg"dkj djds Hkkjrh; cSadks ds lkFk O;olk; djuk vkjEHk dj fn;k FkkA blh vo/kh esa ns'k ds rRdkyhu pkj cMs cSadks & cSad vkWQ bf.M;k (1906)] lsUVªy cSad vkWQ bf.M;k (1911)] ,ao cSad vkWQ eSlwj (1913) dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ vkSj vU; NksVs cSadks dh la[;k 500 rd igqap xbZA

4- prqFkZ voLFkk (lu 1913 ls 1939 rd) %& 1913 ls 1917 dk dky Hkkjr esa cSafdax ladV dk dky ekuk tkrk gSA izFke egk;q/n 1914&18 ds izkjEHk gksus ds lkFk gh] Hkkjrh; cSafdax dh bl rhoz o`/nh dk dze vo:/n gks x;kA lu 1913 esa vusd Hkkjrh; cSad vlQy gks x,A Hkkjrh; cSadks ls tu&fo'okl lekIr gksus dh otg ls tekdrkZvksa Onkjk vius fu{ksi fudkyus izkjEHk dj fn, x, rFkk Hkkjrh; eqnzk cktkj esa eqnzk dh cgqr deh gks xbZ FkhA izFke fo'o;q/n dh lekIrh ds i'pkr ns'k esa iqu% cSafdax fodkl dh nj rst gqbZA 1917 esa m|ksxksa dks foRrh; lgk;rk iznku djus ds mnn~s'; ls VkVk vkS|ksfxd cSad dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA lu 1921 esa rhuksa izslhMsUlh cSadks dks feykdj bEihfj;y cSad vkWQ bf.M;k dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ] ckn esa lu 1955 esa ml cSad dk vkaf'kd



jk"Vªªh;dj.k dj fn;k x;k vkSj bls LVsV cSad vkWQ bf.M;k dk uke fn;k x;kA

5- iape voLFkk (lu 1939 ls 1946 rd) %& ;g vo/kh cSafdax foLrkj dh vo/kh dgh tk ldrh gSA fOnrh; egk;q/n ds ifj.kke Lo:i mRiUu eqnzk izlkj ds dkj.k tu lkekU; dh ekSfnzd vk; esa o`/nh gks xbZ] Qyr% lHkh cSadks ds fu{ksi c< x,A ;q/ndky esa c<rh gqbZ vkfFkZd le`/nh dk ykHk mBkus ds fy, iqjkus cSadks us ubZ ubZ 'kk[kkvksa dh LFkkiuk dh rFkk u,&u, cSadks dh Hkh LFkkiuk dh xbZA Hkkjr ;qukbZVsM dkWef'kZ;y cSad rFkk fgUnqLFkku dkWef'kZ;y cSad vkfn dh LFkkiuk Hkh blh dky esa gqbZ FkhA ;q/ndky esa cSadks dh fuos'k fufr esa dqN vk/kkjewyd ifjorZu gq, FksA cSadks us ljdkjh izfrHkwfr;ksa es igys dh vis{kk vf/kd /ku yxkuk izkjEHk dj fn;k FkkA ;q/n ds iwoZ Hkkjr ds vuqlwfpr cSad vius fuos'k ;ksX; /ku dk 54 izfr'kr ljdkjh izfrHkwfr;ksa esa yxk;k djrs Fks] ijUrq ;q/ndky esa mUgksaus bls c<kdj 61 izfr'kr dj fn;k FkkA blh izdkj Hkkjrh; cSadks us igys dh vis{kk vf/kd uxn dks"k j[kus izkjEHk dj fn, FksA

6- "k"Be~ vof/k (lu 1947 ls vc rd) %& Hkkjr ljdkj us fjtoZ cSad vkWQ bf.M;k dks vf/kd 'kfDr'kkyh cukus ds fy, 1 tuojh] 1949 dks mldk jk"Vªh;dj.k dj fn;k rFkk Hkkjrh; cSafdax dk leUohr fu;eu djus ds fy, ekpZ 1949 esa Hkkjrh; cSafdax vf/kfu;e ifjr fd;k x;kA bl dkuwu ds vUrxZr vuqlwfpr cSadks dk fujh{k.k djus ds fy, fjtoZ cSad dks vf/kd O;kid vf/kdkj iznku fd, x,A ns'k ds xzkeh.k {ks= esa cSafdax lqfo/kkvksa dk fodkl djus ds fy, bfEifj;y cSad vkWQ bf.M;k dk 1 tqykbZ] 1955 dks vkaf'kd jk"Vªªh;hdj.k dj fn;k x;k] rFkk bldk uke LVsV cSad vkWQ bf.M;k dj fn;k x;kA blds lkFk vU; vkB] (tks orZeku esa lkr gS) cSadks dks blds lgk;d cSad ds :i esa cny fn;k x;kA ftUgs LVsV cSad lewg ds cSad dgk tkrk gSA ;s cSad Fks & LVsV cSad vkWQ fcdkusj] LVsV cSad vkWQ gSnjkckn] LVsV cSad vkWQ bUnksj] LVsV cSad vkWQ eSlwj] LVsV cSad vkWQ lkSjk"Vª] LVsV cSad vkWQ ifV;kyk vkSj LVsV cSad vkWQ =ko.kdksjA cSadksa dks vkSj vf/kd

lektksi;ksxh cukus ds mnn~s'; ls] ns'k ds ,sls 14 cMs O;kolkf;d cSadks dk 19 tqykbZ] 1969 dks jk"Vªªh;hdj.k dj fn;k x;k] ftudh tek,a 50 djksM :i, ls vf/kd Fkh] ;s cSad Fks & lsUVªy cSad vkWQ bf.M;k] cSad vkWQ bf.M;k] iatkc uW'kuy cSad] dsujk cSad] ;wukbZVsM def'kZvy cSad] flaMhdsV cSad] cSad vkWQ cMksnk] ;qukbZVsM cSad vkWQ bf.M;k] nsuk cSad] bykgkckn cSad] bf.M;u cSad] bf.M;u vksojlht cSad vkSj cSad vkWQ egkjk"Vª A blds 10 lky ckn 15 vizSy] 1980 dks iqu% mu futh cSadksa dk jk"Vªªh;dj.k fd;k x;k] ftudh tek,a 200 djksM :i, ls vf/kd FkhA ;s cSad Fks & vkU/kzk cSad] iatkc vWUM fla/k cSad] U;w cSad vkWQ bf.M;k] fot;k cSad] dkWiksZjs'ku cSad vkSj vksfj,aVy cSad vkWQ dkWelZA 4 flrEcj] 1993 dks ljdkj us U;w cSad vkWQ bf.M;k dk iatkc uW'kuy cSad es foy; dj fn;kA blls jk"Vªªh;hd`r cSadks dh la[;k 20 ls ?kVdj 19 jg xbZA

1949 dk cSadhax fu;eu vf/kfu;e ikfjr gksus ds nks n'kdksa ds Hkhrj Hkkjrh; cSadksa dk dbZ ek;us esa fodkl gqvkA bl vo/kh esa cSadksa dk HkkSxksfyd] dk;kZRed vkSj <kapkxr n`f"V;ksa ls fodkl gqvkA ysfdu vuqlwfpr cSadksa dh la[;k 94 ls ?kVdj 76 jg x;h vkSj xSj&vuqlwfpr cSadksa ds egRo esa Hkkjh deh gq;hA cSafdax fu;eu vf/kfu;e us fjtoZ cSad dks O;kikfjd cSadksa ds fu;eu ds fy, foLr`r vf/kdkj fn, ftlds Onkjk mlds fy, cSafdax O;oLFkk esa vusd <kapkxr lq/kkj dj ikuk lEHko gqvkA vkSj blh ds vk/kkj ij Hkkjr esa cSadksa dk rsth ls fodkl gqvkA

lanHkZ lwph %& 1. Dr. L. N. Koli, UGC NET/JRF/SLET, Commerce,

Third Paper, Upkar Publication, Agra, 2009, page

no. 691U

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid.

5. Pratiyogita Darpan, Samanya Adhyan, Bhartiya

Arthavyavastha, Upkar Publication. Aagra, 2009.

page no. 129.

6. Ibid, page no. 129.

7. Ibid.

Published By

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

TUMSAR, DIST. BHANDARA - 441912. [email protected] / [email protected] Website -

www.snmorcollege.org.in Phone No. - 07183-233300 / 07183-233301 Mobile - 09422113067 / 09420359657

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NATIONAL JOURNAL ON - snmorcollege.org.insnmorcollege.org.in/ressearch_journal/social_issues_problems_vol_4... · Dr. Sujata Gokhale, Head Dept. of Sociology, S. N. D. T. University,