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A presentation about the three national identities in Great Britain.
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National Identities In Great Britain
National Identities In Great BritainWales, Scotland & Northern IrelandThe nitty-gritty of history of the 3 nationsWales: beyond Offas DykeScotland: wheres my kilt and whiskey?Northern Ireland: Were Irish, but were Protestants, but were British, but were IrishGENERAL OUTLINE
Historical OverviewHistorically: all 3 nations > non-AS rootsAfter the Anglo-Saxon invasion most Celts > driven to the peripherySeparation from PD England:Offas Dyke > WalesHadrians Wall > ScotlandNature (the sea) > Ireland
History: WALES5th century: the birth of national identityLlywelyn ap Gruffydd: last Prince of Wales (1282) > Edward I secured Wales under Englands rule15th century rebellion: Owain Glyndr restores independence brieflyMid. 15th century Wales annexed once more and Anglicised under Henry VIII20th century: growth of national feeling; 1997 national assemblyAfter the Roman withdrawal from Britain in 5th century;Gruffyd The Great: the one who ruled over united WalesThe English imposed their laws, the official language was English, Welsh no longer allowed (Henry VIII Bible in Welsh)Plaid Cymruwas formed in 1925 and theWelsh Language Societyin 1962.Tony Blair agreed to Welsh assembly in 1997
4
History: Scotland4 different nations > one (out of Picts and Scots): Kenneth I MacAlpinFought fiercely with the English, yet 10th c. > friendship saught to end wars1320 Declaration of Arbroath: statement of national identityWell into 16th c. > alliance with France against England1603 the Union of the Crowns: Scottish King James VI rules England1707 the Act of Union; 1997 Scottish Parliament
Declaration: total independence from the English; a declaration to the pope of the sovereign stateThe Scots supported France in the 100 years warJames VI rules England after Edward Is death5
History: Northern Ireland5 kingdoms; the North > UlsterIreland: catholic since 5th c. > religion very important12th c. Pope grants Henry II permission to bring Irish under Romes rule Elizabeth I > planted Scottish protestants in N. Ireland > Ulster = ProtestantIrish hatred for English due to harsh politics > 1922 Ireland granted independence, North stayed1960s > unification of Ireland a fail > conflict continues
> Anglo-Normans claimed Ireland for the English crown
6WALES: WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE WELSH?
WALES
Wales is an artefact which the Welsh people produce if they want to (Gwyn Alf Williams)Wales a part of the UK and of the European Union so people can regard themselves as Welsh as well as being legally British and European
WALES vs ENGLAND
LANGUAGE: until very late in the nineteenth century most people in Wales spoke WelshWales had a distinctive religious cultureCeltic games like bandoDistinctive musical and poetic heritageWALES: who are Welsh?
the most important element of the countrys identity is its language and that the true Welsh person is a Welsh-speakernon-Welsh-speakers who regard themselves as truly Welsh and reject the language as the sole or even main definerpeople who were born in the countryDue to the National Population Survey in 2009
The closer people live to England the less Welsh they feel:Along the border national identity is weaker, while the heartland of Welshness is in the South Wales Valleys
WALES:
WELSH
more democratic, more liberal, more tolerant than people from many other areas of Britain
TraditionsScottishness vs. BritishnessStrong Scottish Roots
SCOTLAND: WHERES MY KILT AND WHISKEY? ScottishTraditionallyFamous peopleKilt & Tartan
Shortbread
Whiskey
David HumeAlexander Graham BellRobert BurnsSir Arthur Conan DoyleDavid Livingstone
Scottishness vs. BritishnessFrom 1707 people developed a dual identity, a complex mix of Scottishness and Britishness which has endured to a greater or lesser extent to the present day
Scotland was an ancient nation which had long developed beliefs, stories, myths, songs and hero figures which ensured a strong sense of national identity
Scottishness vs. Britishness (2)New hero figures embodying Scottish values emerged, none more important than Robert Burns
Old heroes were reinvented for new times
The dual identity from then to this point, was never static, but constantly renewed and its markers reinvented for new times in the 20th century
Homecoming Scotland 2014A year-long programme of events and activities to showcase all that's great about Scotland
Popular: people from around the world come to uncover their Scottish ancestral roots
Traditions in ScotlandThe video is about how traditional Scottish food died out in the 60s and how it is being revived in the 21st century
http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-25966146
Northern Ireland: BICOMMUNALISM
BicommunalismBi- - having two
Communal (conflict) between different communities, especially those having different religions or ethnic origins
Communalism - Allegiance to ones own ethnic group rather than to the wider society
Oxford English Dictionary
Bicommunal conflict: Roman Catholics vs. ProtestantsNorthern Ireland example of ethnoreligious bicommunalismIn Northern Ireland Protestants 63%; Roman Catholics 37%In the Republic of Ireland (The South) 96% of the population is CatholicSince 1960s the intercommunal hostilities caused over 2,500 deathsMixed couples unable to live safelyOrange Order Protestant sectarian organisation
Bicommunal conflict: Roman Catholics vs. Protestants (2)CatholicProtestantMusicTraditional Irish musicNon-Gaelic music rock, American country, westernSportsHurling, Gaelic footballRugby, soccerLanguageEnglish, IrishEnglishEducationCatholic schools greatly funded by the state (stress Irish and Gaelic themes in history and culture)Public Protestant schools (emphasize British history and heritage)GeographyWestern and Southern portions of the areaMost other areas
ReferencesNorthern IrelandNi Aolain, F. 1996. Where Hope and History Rhyme Prospects for Peace in Northern Ireland? Journal of International Affairs, 50/1: 63+Schmitt, D. E. 1988. Bicommunalism in Northern Ireland. Publius, 18/2: 33-45ScotlandCosgrove, S. 2014. In a year of big decisions, what does it mean to be Scottish? Accesed on 30th March, available from: http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-25966146Devine, T. 2014. Carving out a Scottish identity. Accesed on 30th March, available from: http://www.scotsman.com/news/tom-devine-carving-out-a-scottish-identity-1-3122619McFarlane, A. 2014. What is the appeal of Scottish identity? Accesed on 30th March, available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8381874.stm
General Historical OverviewMcDowall, D. 2006. An Illustrated History of Britain. Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd.Lang, S. 2004. British History for Dummies. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
WalesMapping Welsh identity: How Welsh is your area? Accessed on 30th March, available from: http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/mapping-welsh-identity-how-welsh-1883006Shipton, M. 2010. Welsh identity unites and divides. Accessed on 30th March, available from: http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-identity-unites-and-divides-1919651Holtham, G. 2011. What does it mean to be Welsh? Accessed on 30th March, available from: http://www.walesonline.co.uk/business/business-news/gerry-holtham-what-mean-welsh-1832759Chalabi , S. 2011. Eye on Wales: In search of 21st Century Welsh identity. Accessed on 30th March, available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-14176558.
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