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National government’s attempts torebuild the South after the war
The work of rebuilding the The work of rebuilding the Union beginsUnion begins
““Cannon conquer, but they do not Cannon conquer, but they do not necessarily convert.” 1865 quote necessarily convert.” 1865 quote from a northern newspaper editorfrom a northern newspaper editor
The North faced the task of The North faced the task of “reconstructing” a ravaged an “reconstructing” a ravaged an resentful South, but how????resentful South, but how????
How was the north to How was the north to proceed?proceed?
• Should the Southern leaders be tried for Should the Southern leaders be tried for treason?treason?
• How should the new state governments How should the new state governments be formed?be formed?
• How and at whose expense was the How and at whose expense was the South’s economy to be rebuilt?South’s economy to be rebuilt?
• What was to be done with the freed What was to be done with the freed slaves? Were they to be given land? slaves? Were they to be given land? Social equality? Education? Voting Social equality? Education? Voting Rights? Rights?
During the South’s absence from During the South’s absence from CongressCongress
• Congress centralized its powerCongress centralized its power• Morrill Tariff: doubled the average level of import dutiesMorrill Tariff: doubled the average level of import duties• National Currency ActNational Currency Act: uniform system of banking and : uniform system of banking and
banknote currency (helped finance the war)banknote currency (helped finance the war)• First transcontinental railroad First transcontinental railroad would run along a north-would run along a north-
central route from Omaha to Sacramento: donated public central route from Omaha to Sacramento: donated public lands and public bonds for financinglands and public bonds for financing
• Homestead Act (1862) Free homesteads of 160 acres to Homestead Act (1862) Free homesteads of 160 acres to settlers (occupy land for five years)settlers (occupy land for five years)
• Morrill Land Grant: each state 30,000 acres per member of Morrill Land Grant: each state 30,000 acres per member of Congress (sale of land to go to agricultural colleges)Congress (sale of land to go to agricultural colleges)
• North’s economy was stimulated after 1865North’s economy was stimulated after 1865
SouthSouth
• Absolute devastationAbsolute devastation• Collapsed property valuesCollapsed property values• Confederate bonds and money Confederate bonds and money
became worthlessbecame worthless• Railroads were damaged or Railroads were damaged or
destroyeddestroyed• Emancipation of slaves (4 billion Emancipation of slaves (4 billion
dollars)dollars)
President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s PlanTen Percent Plan
* Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863)
* Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South.
* He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction.
* Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers.
* When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of allegiance to the Constitution and established a government, it would be recognized.
President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s Plan
1864 “Lincoln Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR
* “They were weak and dependent on the Northern army for their survival.
* Were not recognized
By representation or the
Electoral College in 1864
Wade-Davis Bill (1864) (Radical Republicans in Congress)
Wade-Davis Bill (1864) (Radical Republicans in Congress)
Required 50% of the number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ).
Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials.
Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties.
SenatorBenjamin
Wade(R-OH)
Congressman
HenryW. Davis(R-MD)
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864) “Iron-Clad” Oath.
Never Became Law
Lincoln refused to sign it (Pocket veto)
PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln
PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln
Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill
Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill
PocketVeto
PocketVeto
Lincoln’s last comments on Lincoln’s last comments on Reconstruction April 11, Reconstruction April 11,
18651865• Believed that the South had never left Believed that the South had never left the Unionthe Union
• Tried to ignore the issue that they Tried to ignore the issue that they “left”“left”
• Saw the Radical Republicans as Saw the Radical Republicans as hateful and vindictive hateful and vindictive
• Lincoln then was assassinated. Lincoln then was assassinated. Attempts were made on other cabinet Attempts were made on other cabinet membersmembers
13th Amendment13th Amendment Ratified in December, 1865.
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands.
Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen.
Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.
ScalawagsScalawags
• Southerners who sided with Southerners who sided with northernersnortherners
• Most opposed secession: Most opposed secession: • Formed majorities in mountain Formed majorities in mountain
counties of Georgia and Alabamacounties of Georgia and Alabama
Freedmen’s Bureau Freedmen’s Bureau
• Provided food, clothing, and supplies Provided food, clothing, and supplies to former slavesto former slaves
• Took over abandoned or confiscated Took over abandoned or confiscated landland
• Negotiated labor contractsNegotiated labor contracts• Provided medical careProvided medical care• Set up schoolsSet up schools• TEMPORARY RELIEF MEASURESTEMPORARY RELIEF MEASURES
Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes
Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes
Plenty to eat and
nothing to do.
Freedmen’s Bureau School
Freedmen’s Bureau School
President Andrew Johnson
President Andrew Johnson Southern Democrat.
Anti-Aristocrat.
White Supremacist.
Strict Constructionalist
Agreed with Lincolnthat states had neverlegally left the Union.
Reconstruction was unnecessary.
Dogmatic and unyielding
Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!
President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)
President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) May 1865: Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except
Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson)
In new constitutions, they must accept minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts to Confederacy. Each state had to ratify the 13th Amendment.
Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.
EFFECTS?
1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations.3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!
Growing Northern Alarm!
Growing Northern Alarm! Some states did not repudiate their
debts (South Carolina and Miss) and Miss. Refused to ratify 13th Amendment.
Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons.
Revival of southern defiance. White landowners back in power
BLACK CODES BLACK CODES
Southern state governments looked Southern state governments looked like the pre-civil war oneslike the pre-civil war ones
• Georgia: Former Vice-President Georgia: Former Vice-President Alexander Stephens (Senate)Alexander Stephens (Senate)
• 4 Confederate generals4 Confederate generals• 8 colonels8 colonels• Six cabinet members of CSASix cabinet members of CSA
• CONGRESS DENIED SEATS TO ALL CONGRESS DENIED SEATS TO ALL MEMBERS FROM THE 11 FORMER MEMBERS FROM THE 11 FORMER CONFEDERATE STATESCONFEDERATE STATES
Slavery is Dead?Slavery is Dead?
Black Codes: Restricted Freedom of Blacks
Black Codes: Restricted Freedom of Blacks
Purpose:* Guarantee stable labor
supply now that blacks were emancipated.
* South tried to preserve slavery as nearly as possible.
Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].
ShareCroppingShareCropping
• Whites had difficulty paying for labor in Whites had difficulty paying for labor in cashcash
• Some laborers leased the land, provided Some laborers leased the land, provided their own seed and tools, grew what they their own seed and tools, grew what they wanted, and then paid their rent with cash wanted, and then paid their rent with cash or cropsor crops
• Others provided only laborOthers provided only labor• Landowner’s share of the crop would be ¼ Landowner’s share of the crop would be ¼
to ½to ½• Cycle of annual debtCycle of annual debt
SharecroppingSharecropping
Tenancy & the Crop Lien System
Tenancy & the Crop Lien SystemFurnishing Merchant Tenant Farmer Landowner
Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.
Farmer also secures food, clothing, andother necessities oncredit from merchant until the harvest.
Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.
Plants crop, harvests in autumn.
Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.
Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant inpayment of debt.
Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.
Black Codes continuedBlack Codes continued
• Existing marriages were recognized (no-Existing marriages were recognized (no-intermarriage)intermarriage)
• Testimony of blacks in court accepted in Testimony of blacks in court accepted in cases involving blackscases involving blacks
• Blacks could own propertyBlacks could own property• Could sue and be sued in courtCould sue and be sued in court• Could not own farm land in Mississippi or Could not own farm land in Mississippi or
South CarolinaSouth Carolina• Some states could not own a firearm without Some states could not own a firearm without
a license.a license.
• Blacks entered into annual labor Blacks entered into annual labor contracts contracts
• END RESULT: MODERATE REPUBLICANS BECAME END RESULT: MODERATE REPUBLICANS BECAME RADICALIZEDRADICALIZED
• Some radical republicans believed that the South was Some radical republicans believed that the South was conquered territory and subject to the will of the conquered territory and subject to the will of the winning side. Others saw the South had committed winning side. Others saw the South had committed
political suicide and should be treated as a territorypolitical suicide and should be treated as a territory..• Most believed the forfeited rights theory: Most believed the forfeited rights theory:
states existed, but by seceding had states existed, but by seceding had forfeited civil and political rights under forfeited civil and political rights under the constitution.the constitution.
Congress Breaks with the President
Congress Breaks with the President Congress bars Southern
Congressional delegates.
Joint Committee on Reconstruction created.
February, 1866 Presidentvetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill.
March, 1866 Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act (blacks were citizens).
Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 1st in U. S. history!!: Johnson had lost public and political support.
14th Amendment14th AmendmentRatified in July, 1868.
* Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people.
* Reaffirmed state and federal citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the U.S.
* Insure against neo-Confederate political power.
Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!
The Balance of Power in Congress
The Balance of Power in Congress
State White Citizens Freedmen
SC 291,000 411,000
MS 353,000 436,000
LA 357,000 350,000
GA 591,000 465,000
AL 596,000 437,000
VA 719,000 533,000
NC 631,000 331,000
The 1866 Bi-ElectionThe 1866 Bi-Election
Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle”
A referendum on Radical Reconstruction.
Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour around the country to push his plan.
Republicanswon a 3-1majority in both houses and gained control of every northern state.
Radical Plan for Readmission
Radical Plan for Readmission Civil authorities in the territories were
subject to military supervision.
Required new state constitutions, includingblack suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments.
In March, 1867, Congress passed the Second Reconstruction Act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters who swore they were qualified.
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
Military Reconstruction Act
* Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment.
* Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts.
How were states to be How were states to be readmittedreadmitted
• State legislatures had to ratify 14State legislatures had to ratify 14thth amendmentamendment
• New state constitutions had to New state constitutions had to conform with the U.S. Constitutionconform with the U.S. Constitution
• All males 21 or over could voteAll males 21 or over could vote• States would then be entitled to States would then be entitled to
representation in Congressrepresentation in Congress
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
Command of the Army Act
* The President must issue all Reconstruction orders through the general of the army (Ulysses Grant)
Tenure of Office Act
* The President could not remove any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senate’s consent, if the position originally required Senate approval.
Designed to protect radicalmembers of Lincoln’s government.
A question of the constitutionality of this law.
Edwin Stanton (Secretary of War)
President Johnson’s Impeachment
President Johnson’s Impeachment Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868.
Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.
The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!
The Senate TrialThe Senate Trial
11 week trial.
Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).
Result of Johnson TrialResult of Johnson Trial
• Senate set precedence that future Senate set precedence that future presidents couldn’t be removed from presidents couldn’t be removed from office except under the gravest office except under the gravest offensesoffenses
• Great political mistakeGreat political mistake
a.a.Damaged Radical morale and supportDamaged Radical morale and support
b.b.BUT Johnson no longer blocked BUT Johnson no longer blocked ReconstructionReconstruction
June 1868 Seven southern states had met June 1868 Seven southern states had met admission criteriaadmission criteria
• All but: Texas, Virginia, and Mississippi. These All but: Texas, Virginia, and Mississippi. These were Readmitted upon acceptance of were Readmitted upon acceptance of 1515thth Amendment:(1870) forbade the states to deny to Amendment:(1870) forbade the states to deny to deny any person the vote on grounds of race, deny any person the vote on grounds of race, color or previous condition of servitude.color or previous condition of servitude.
Georgia (Congress rescinded admission when state Georgia (Congress rescinded admission when state legislature expelled 28 black members and legislature expelled 28 black members and seated some former Confederate members) seated some former Confederate members) Admitted in 1870Admitted in 1870
Black SuffrageBlack Suffrage
• Black political influence limited to votingBlack political influence limited to voting• Only one state convention, South Only one state convention, South
Carolina, had a black majorityCarolina, had a black majority• 600 blacks served in state legislators600 blacks served in state legislators• No black elected governorNo black elected governor• 2 black senators in Congress2 black senators in Congress• Hiram Revels and Blanche BruceHiram Revels and Blanche Bruce• 14 members of the House of 14 members of the House of
RepresentativesRepresentatives
Black & White Political Participation
Black & White Political Participation
Blacks in Southern PoliticsBlacks in Southern Politics Core voters were black veterans.
Blacks were politically unprepared.
Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867.
The 15th Amendment guaranteedfederal voting.
15th Amendment15th Amendment Ratified in 1870.
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!
Black Senate & House Delegates
Black Senate & House Delegates
Record of Reconstructed state Record of Reconstructed state governments in Southgovernments in South
• Established Established state school systems state school systems (African-(African-Americans sought education for themselves Americans sought education for themselves and their children)and their children)
• Public roads, bridges, and buildings were Public roads, bridges, and buildings were rebuilt or constructedrebuilt or constructed
• Blacks received new rights and Blacks received new rights and opportunitiesopportunities
• CorruptionCorruption• Government imposed against the will of the Government imposed against the will of the
majoritymajority
Southern ReactionSouthern Reaction
• Extremism and violence: Ku Klux Extremism and violence: Ku Klux Klan: vigilante group who threatened Klan: vigilante group who threatened blacks from exercising their political blacks from exercising their political rights through intimidation, beatings, rights through intimidation, beatings, and lynchings.and lynchings.
• Ku Klux Klan Act: 1871: Congress’ Ku Klux Klan Act: 1871: Congress’ attempt to reign in the organization.attempt to reign in the organization.
The “Invisible Empire of the South”
The “Invisible Empire of the South”
RedeemersRedeemers
• Southerners who led the fight for Southerners who led the fight for white majority rule in the South.white majority rule in the South.
The 1868 Republican Ticket
The 1868 Republican Ticket
1868 Presidential Election
1868 Presidential Election
President Ulysses S. GrantPresident Ulysses S. Grant
Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant
• Political novicePolitical novice• Allowed Congress to run the nation and Allowed Congress to run the nation and
complete Reconstructioncomplete Reconstruction• Massive corruption in Grant’s Massive corruption in Grant’s
administrationadministration• Grant has gone down in American Grant has gone down in American
History as one of the weakest, least History as one of the weakest, least effective presidents effective presidents
• Seemingly always was in personal debtSeemingly always was in personal debt
Grant Administration Scandals
Grant Administration Scandals Grant presided over an era of
unprecedented growth and corruption.
* Credit Mobilier
Scandal.
* Black Friday scandal
* Whiskey Ring.
* The “Indian Ring.”
The Tweed Ring in NYC
The Tweed Ring in NYC
William Marcy Tweed (notorious head of Tammany Hall’s political machine)
[Thomas Nast crusading cartoonist/reporter]
Who Stole the People’s Money?
Who Stole the People’s Money?
The Election of 1872The Election of 1872 Rumors of corruption
during Grant’s first term discredit Republicans.
Horace Greeley runsas a Democrat/LiberalRepublican candidate.
Greeley attacked as afool and a crank.
Greeley died on November 29, 1872!
1872 Presidential Election
1872 Presidential Election
Popular Vote for President: 1872
Popular Vote for President: 1872
The Panic of 1873: Financial Collapse
The Panic of 1873: Financial Collapse Struggle over nation’s
currency
* continued circulation of greenbacks (paper money used to fund the war effort)
* creditors, intellectuals support hard money (backed by gold or silver)
* $300 million greenbacks left in circulation. Government began to redeem them for gold.
1876 Presidential Tickets1876 Presidential Tickets
1876 Presidential Election
1876 Presidential Election
The Political Crisis of 1877
The Political Crisis of 1877
“Corrupt Bargain”Part II?
Hayes PrevailsHayes Prevails
Alas, the Woes of Childhood…
Alas, the Woes of Childhood…
Sammy Tilden—Boo-Hoo! Ruthy Hayes’s got my Presidency, and he won’t give it to me!
A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877
