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Denmark Dominican
Republic Ecuador EU Estonia
4 (President)
(95:3) (97: I)
Finland
France
(President) 5
(House) 4 (President) 4
(House) 3 (President) 6
(House) 5 (President) 7
(97:l) (94:4) (95:3) (93:2) (97:2) (94:3) (93:4) (96: 1)
Germany Georgia
Ghana GEXe Hungary
Iceland
4 (House) 3
(President) (President) 4
4 4 4
(House) 4
(91:2) (96:2) (96:2) (97:4) (94:3) (9X:2) (95: 1) (96:4)
India Ireland
(President) 4(+4) (96:4) 5 (97:2)
(House) 5 (93:2) (President) 7 (91:2)
ISRIEd (House) 4 (97:l) Italy 5 (96:4) Jamaica 5 (89:2) Japan 4 (97: I)
Electoral Studies 1X (1999) 149-151
Electoral Studies
National Elections The Cycle of Elections
Most recent popular election (Lower House and President) TCW?l
Argentina (House) 2/2 (President) 6
Australia 3 Austria (House) 4
(President) 6 Belgium
4 Bosnia & (House)
Herzegovina Brazil (House) 4
(President) 5 Bulgaria
(House) 4 (President) 5
Cameroon Canada
(96: 1) (96:l) (96:3) (96:3) (92:4) (97:4) (953) (97:l)
26 Ott 97 14 May 95
2 Mar 96 17 Dee 95
24 May 92 Apr 97
21 May 95
TtW?l The Krygystan (House)
(President) Latvia (House) 3
Lithuania Luxembourg Malaysia Malta Mexico
(House) (President)
The Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Papua New Guinea Poland (House)
(President) Portugal (House)
(President) Russia (House)
Sierra Leone (President)
Slovakia (House) Slovenia (House)
(President) South Africa South Korea (House)
(President) Spain
5 5 5
(96:4) (96:4) (96: 1)
(97:4) (94:4) (96:lj 24125 Apr 95 (87:3) 23 Feb 92
(95:2) (952) (97:4) (95:2)
3 Ott 94 3 Ott 94
Apr 97 18 Dee 94 19 Jan 92
(97:4) (98:l) (94:2) (87: 1) (87: 1) (95: 1) (96:4)
Apr 97 Jun 97
25 Ott 93 13 Mar 94
29 May 94 6 Feb 94 31 May- 1 Jun 96
21 sep 94 May 96
(97:4) (952) 21 Aug 94 (95:2) 21 Aug 94 (95:l) 3 May 94 (97:2) 23 Nov 96 (94:2) 13 Sep 93 (98: 1) Feb 97 (83:2) 13-27 Jun 92 (94:2) 19 Sep 93 (96:3) 5119 Nov 95 (97:2) 1 Ott 95 (97:2) 14 Jan 96 (94:3) 17 Dee 95 (97:l) 16 Jun 96 (96:4) Jan 96 (97:4) 10 Nov 96 (97:4) 10 Nov 96
6 Dee 92 (95: 1) 27-29 Apr 94 (96:4) 11 Apr 96
19 Dee 92 (96:3) 3 Mar 96
5 Colombia (House) 4
(President) 4 Costa Rica 4 Czech Republic 4
May 96 9 Jun 94
5 Mar 95 20 Sep 92 19 Mar 95 16 Jan 94
28 Mar 93 23 Apr/
7 May 95 16 Ott 94 5 Nov 95 5 Nov 95
IO Ott 93 May 98
29 May 94 8 Apr 95
29 Jun 96 Nov 96
25 Nov 92 7 Nov 90
May 96 22 Apr 96 30 Mar 93 20 Ott 96
Sri Lanka (House) 6(+6) (President) 6
Sweden 3 Switzerland 4 Taiwan Thailand The Gambia (President) Ukraine (House)
(President) United Kingdom 5 USA (House)
(President) Uruguay
(House) 5 (President) 5
Venezuela (House) 5 (President) 5
Zambia
Feb 95 Dee 95
30 Sep/ 1 Ott 95
4 Nov 96 12 Jun 94
(89:2) (89:2) (95:2) (96: 1) (96:4) (97:3) (97:4) (95: 1)
(95:l) (92:4) (97:3) (97:3) (97:4) (95:2) (952) (95:l) (95:l) (97:3)
16 Aug 94 9 Nov 94 18 Sep 94 22 Ott 95
23 Mar 96
Jan 96 Dee 951
6 Apr 96 26 Jun 94 9 Apr 92
Nov 96 5 Nov 96 8 Dee 96
5 Nov 96 5 Nov 96 5 Dee 93 5 Dee 93
Nov 96
The table seeks to include countries with a population of over one million which have an established record of competitive multi-party elections. Iceland, Luxembourg and Malta are also included despite their smaller size. (Figures in parentheses indicate year and issue number of Electoral Studies where results from a country were last reported.)
150 National Elections/Electoral Studies 18 (1999) 149-151
INDIA
PARTY POSITIONS: 539 SEATS (In terms of 1998 pre-election alliances)
Party Seats (1998) BJP and allies 251
BJP 179 AIADMK 18 Samata Party 12 Biju Janata Dal 9 Shiromani Akali Dal 8 Trinamool Congress 7 Shiv Sena 6 PMK 4 Lok Shakti 3 MDMK 3 Janata Party 1 Haryana Vikas Party 1
Congress and allies 167 Congress 141 Rashtriya Janata Dal 17 Republican Party of India 2 Muslim League 4 United Minorities Front 1 Sikkim Democratic Front 1 Kerala Congress (Mani) 1
United Front 100 Communist Party (Marxist) 32 Samajwadi Party 20 Telegu Desam 12 Communist Party of India 9 DMK 6 Janata Dal 6 Revolutionary Socialist Party 5 Tamil Maanila Congress 3 Forward Bloc 2 J & K National Conference 2 Autonomous State Demand Committee 1 Peasants & Workers Party 1 All India Indira Congress (S) 1
Others 21 Bahujan Samaj Party 5 Haryana Lok Dal 4 Arunachal Congress 2 Rashtriya Janata Party 1 Samajwadi Janata Party 1 MIM 1 Manipur State Congress Party 1 Independents 6
Seats (1996)
161 0 8
- 8
15 0
0 0 3
140
32 16 16 12 17 46
4 20 3 0 1 0 0
11
-
1 1 0 9
Note: In 1996, other parties won 1.5 of the 543 seats in the House. Those parties have either ceased to exist or have won no seats this time. A “-” in the 1996 column means that the party did not exist in that form at the time.
National Elections/Electoral Studies 18 (1999) 149-151 151
Unity List/Red-Greens Socialist People’s Party Social Democrats Social Liberals Centre Democrats Christian People’s Party Democratic Renewal Conservative People’s Party Liberals Danish People’s Party Progressive Party Independent candidates
DENMARK
I1 March 1998 (21 September 1994) Votes % 2.7 (3.1) 7.6 (7.3) 35.9 (34.6) 3.9 (4.6) 4.3 (2.8) 2.5 (1.9) 0.3 (-) 8.9 (15.0) 24.0 (23.3) 7.4 (-) 2.4 (6.4) 0.1 (1.0)
175 seats* 5 (6) 13 (13) 63 (62) 7 (8) 8 (5) 4 C-1 - C-1 16 (27) 42 (42) 13 C-1 4 (11) - (1)
Electorate 3.99 m. (3.99 m.). Valid votes 85.3% (83.4%). *The Faroe Islands’ 2 seats and Greenland’s 2 seats are disregarded. Each of these two parts of the realm returned in 1998 1 Social Democratic MP and 1 non-socialist MP.
Labour Party Conservative Party Liberal Democrats Scottish Nationalist Party (SNP) Plaid Cymru (PC) Northern Irish Parties* Independent Referendum Party
UNITED KINGDOM
I May 1997 (9 April 1992) Votes % 43.3 (34.4) 30.7 (41.9) 16.8 (17.8) 2.0 (1.9) 0.5 (0.5) 2.5 (2.2)
2.6 (-)
659 seats (651 seats) 419 (271) 165 (336) 46 (20) 6 (3) 4 (4) 18 (17) 1 (0) 0 C-1
Electorate 43.77 m (43.25 m). Valid votes 71.5% (77.7%)
*NORTHERN IRISH PARTIES
Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) United Kingdom Unionist Party (UKU) Social Democratic Labour Party (SDLP) Sinn Fein
Votes % (of NJ.) 32.7 (34.5) 13.6 (13.1) 1.6 (-) 24.1 (23.5) 16.1 (10)
18 seats (17 seats) 10 (9) 2 (3) 1 C-1 3 (4) 2 (0)
