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National 5 Biology Course Notes
Unit 3 : Life on Earth
Part 2 : Energy in Ecosystems
Food chain
A food chain shows how energy is passed from an organism that is eaten to the organism that eats it
e.g. GRASS Rabbit Fox
The arrows show the direction of energy flow.Energy stored in the grass passes to the rabbit when the rabbit eats the grass.Energy stored in the rabbit passes to the fox when the fox eats the rabbit.
Energy losses
Most of the energy that the rabbit gets from the grass is not passed to the fox.Only energy stored in the rabbit’s body passes to the fox.By the time the fox eats the rabbit, the energy it got from the grass has been lost by:• The rabbit producing heat• The rabbit using energy to move• Energy lost from the rabbit's body as undigested food.
In any food chain, only 10% of the energy is passed to the next level.90% of the energy is lost in these three ways:1. As heat2. In movement3. As undigested material
Producers and consumers
Producer – A green plant that is able to produce its own food – food chains begin with a producerPrimary consumer - An animal that feeds on (consumes) the producerSecondary consumer – An animal that feeds on (consumes) the primary consumerTertiary consumer – An animal that feeds on the secondary consumer
e.g. Algae Water flea Stickleback Pike (producer) (primary consumer) (secondary consumer) (tertiary consumer)
Pyramids of numbers, biomass and energy
For most food chains, the number of organisms, their biomass (total mass of all the organisms) and the energy stored in all the organisms decrease at each level of the food chain.i.e. there are more producers than primary consumers, more primary consumers than secondary consumers and more secondary consumers than tertiary consumersThe producers have a greater total biomass and more stored energy than the primary consumers, the primary consumers have a greater biomass and more energy than the secondary consumers and the secondary consumers have a greater biomass and more energy than the tertiary consumers
The decrease in these three features• Number or organisms• Biomass• Energy at each level of the food chain can be represented as a pyramid of numbers, a pyramid of biomass or a pyramid of energy:
Decreasing numbers
Producers
Primary consumers
Secondary consumers
Tertiary consumers
Pyramid of numbers
Decreasing biomass
Producers
Primary consumers
Secondary consumers
Tertiary consumers
Pyramid of biomass
Decreasing energy
Producers
Primary consumers
Secondary consumers
Tertiary consumers
Pyramid of energy
Pyramid of numbers that don’t have the usual pyramid shapes
The pyramid of numbers is shaped like this:
When the producer is a large plant like a tree that has many primary consumers feeding on it
The pyramid of numbers is shaped like this:
Producer
Primary consumer
Secondary consumer
Producer
Primary consumer
Tertiary consumer
Secondary consumer
When the food chain includes a parasite as the secondary or tertiary consumer e.g.
Grass Rabbit Fox Fleas
The pyramid is this shape since many parasites can feed on a single animal
Even when the pyramid of numbers have these unusual shapes, the pyramids of biomass and of energy for the same food chains still have the usual pyramid shape
Since the biomass and total energy stored both decrease at each higher level for all food chains including these ones.
Nitrogen cycle
Plant and animal proteins contain nitrogen.Plants get nitrogen from nitrate absorbed from the soil.This nitrogen is used to produce protein. Animals get protein by eating plants so their protein also depends on nitrate absorbed by plants.
Organisms involved in the nitrogen cycle and what they do
Decomposers
These include soil fungi and bacteria. They decompose proteins in dead organisms and nitrogen compounds in animal wastes to produce ammonium and nitrate.
Nitrifying bacteria
Nitrifying bacteria change ammonium into nitrite and nitrite into nitrate.This is called nitrification.
Nitrification by nitrifying bacteria
ammonium nitrite nitrate
Nitrogen fixing bacteria
These bacteria are able to use nitrogen gas in the air.Some nitrogen fixing bacteria live in the soil, they change nitrogen gas into nitrate. – this is called nitrogen fixation.
Other nitrogen fixing bacteria live in swellings called root nodules in the roots of a particular group of plants called legumes. (This group of plants includes clover, beans and peas)
Legume root
Root nodules
Nitrogen fixing bacteria in root nodules change nitrogen gas into a form that can be used by the plant to make protein.
Denitrifying bacteria
Denitrifying bacteria change soil nitrates into nitrogen gas which escapes into the atmosphere – this process is called denitrification.
Lightning
Nitrogen gas can also be changed to soil nitrates during lightning storms
Summary of nitrogen cycle
Nitrates
Absorbed by plant roots
Plant protein (made using nitrogen atoms
in nitrate
Animals eat plants Animal protein
Dead bodies of plants and animals broken down by decomposers,
e.g. bacteria and fungi
Ammonium
NitriteNitrification by
nitrifying bacteria
Nitrification by
nitrifying bacteria
Nitrogen gas(in the air)
Nitrogen fixation by
nitrogen fixing bacteria (free
living in soil and in root nodules
of legumes Denitrification
by denitrifying
bacteria
Process Organisms involved Reactions involved in the process
Summary of processes in the nitrogen cycle
Decomposition Decomposers, e.g. soil bacteria and fungi proteins ammonium
Nitrification Nitrifying bacteria ammonium nitritenitrite nitrate
Nitrogen fixation Nitrogen fixing bacteria nitrogen gas nitrate
Denitrification Denitrifying bacteria nitrate nitrogen gas
Competition
Competition between organisms occurs when they need the same resources, for animals they might feed on the same prey, for plants they compete for light and soil water.
Interspecific competition
This is competition between animals or plants from different species for the same resources.For example, lions and cheetahs belong to different species but they both feed on gazelle.
Intraspecific competition
Intraspecific competition is animals or plants belonging to the same species competing with each other, for example two cheetahs competing with each other.This competition is more intense because members of the same species need exactly the same resources, whereas members of different species use different resources.
Members of the same species can show behaviour that reduces competition, e.g.
Territorial behaviour – male members of the species establish territories where they do not allow other males to feed – this can be seen in gardens with male blackbirdsPecking order – for animals that live in groups, dominant individuals get first choice of resources.