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Nathan S. Lewis
George L. Argyros Professor of Chemistry
California Institute of Technology
with
George Crabtree, Argonne NLArthur Nozik, NREL
Mike Wasielewski, NorthwesternPaul Alivisatos, UC-Berkeley
Solar Energy and Nanotechnology
Based on:Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization:Report of the Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Solar Energy UtilizationReport of the Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Solar Energy Utilization
Solar Energy Utilization
Solar ElectricSolar Fuel
Solar Thermal
.001 TW PV$0.30/kWh w/o storage
CO2
sugar
naturalphotosynthesis
50 - 200 °Cspace, water
heating
500 - 3000 °Cheat engines
electricity generationprocess heat
1.5 TW electricity $0.03-$0.06/kWh (fossil)
1.4 TW solar fuel (biomass)
~ 14 TW additional energy by 2050
0.002 TW
11 TW fossil fuel (present use) 2 TW
space and waterheating
H2O
O2
Solar Energy Costs
competitive electric power: $1.00/Wp = $0.05/kWh
competitive primary power: $0.20/Wp = $0.01/kWh including cost for storage
Cost $/m2
$0.10/Wp $0.20/Wp $0.50/Wp
Effi
cie
ncy
%
20
40
60
80
100
100 200 300 400 500
$1.00/Wp
$3.50/Wp
module cost onlydouble for balance of system
$0.25-0.50/kW-hr
“Solar Paint”
inexpensive processing, conformal layers
polymer donorMDMO-PPV
fullerene acceptorPCBM
O
O
()n
OOMe
OOMe
d
“Fooling “inexpensive particles into behaving as single crystals
Interpenetrating Nanostructured Networks
-
metal electrode
transparent electrode
glass
+- 100 nm
---
metal electrode
transparent electrode
glass
+- 100 nm
Ultra-high Efficiency Solar Cells
multiple junctions
hot carriers
3 V
rich variety of new physical phenomenaunderstand and implement
lost toheat
Substrate
Metal
H2 Purification, Storage,
Dispensing
H2 Production
Fuel
Cell
Stationary Generation
Fuel Processor
or Electrolyzer
Fuel Cell
H2
Reformate H2 /
Storage: The Need to Produce Fuel
“Power Park Concept”
Fuel Production
Distribution
Storage
Solar-Powered Catalysts for Fuel Formation
hydrogenase
2H+ + 2e- H2
10 µ
chlamydomonas moewusii
2 H2O
O2
4e-
4H+
CO2
HCOOHCH3OHH2, CH4
Cat Cat
oxidation reduction
photosystem II
Control of Materials Properties Through Nanoscience
biological physical
demonstrated efficiencies 10-18% in laboratory
+
-
H2O2
Self-assembly of complex structures
Hydrogen from water and sunlight
mechanical
Nanoscience and Solar Energy
N
theory and modelingmulti-node computer clusters
density functional theory10 000 atom assemblies
manipulation of photons, electrons, and molecules
quantum dot solar cells
artificialphotosynthesi
s
naturalphotosynthesi
snanostructuredthermoelectrics
nanoscale architecturestop down lithography
bottom up self-assemblymulti-scale integration
characterizationscanning probes
electrons, neutrons, x-rayssmaller length and time scales
Solar energy is interdisciplinary nanoscience
TiO2 nanocrystals
adsorbeddye
liquidelectrolyteco
nd
uct
ing
gla
ss
tran
spare
nt
ele
ctro
de
Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy
• The Sun is a singular solution to our future energy needs
- capacity dwarfs fossil, nuclear, wind . . .
- sunlight delivers more energy in one hour than the earth uses in one year - free of greenhouse gases and pollutants - secure from geo-political constraints
• Enormous gap between our tiny use of solar energy and its immense potential - Incremental advances in today’s technologywill not bridge the gap - Conceptual breakthroughs are needed that come only from high risk-high payoff basic research
• Interdisciplinary research is required physics, chemistry, biology, materials, nanoscience
• Basic and applied science should couple seamlessly