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Nasals
The following slides were made using Daniel Currie Hall’s website athttp://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~danhall/phonetics/sammy.html
Features:voicedbilabialstop
Features:voicedbilabialnasal
m
Features:voicedalveolarstop
d
Features:voicedalveolarnasal
n
Features:voicedvelarstop
g
Features:voicedvelarnasal
Features:voicedbilabialnasal
m
Features:unvoicedbilabialnasal
mo
Features:voicedalveolarnasal
n
Features:unvoicedalveolarnasal
no
Features:voicedvelarnasal
Features:unvoicedvelarnasal
o
English: 3 nasals
Icelandic: 10 nasals
SHORT LONG UNVOICED
BILAB
ALV
PAL
VEL
ng?
singer finger
hanger anger
sting stink
bank bæXkbang bæXgban bæn
/n/
[n] [X]
Shakespeare´spronunciation
“n becomes X”
“directly followed byg or k”
“when”
“phoneme /n/ is realised asallophone [X]”
“directly followed byg or k”
“when”
bank bæXkbang bæXgban bæn
ModernpronunciationShakespeare´spronunciation
“g becomes zero”
“directly following ”
“when”
= “g disappears”
“g disappears after X”
Minimalpairs
bankbangban
bæXkbæXbæn
g
X has become a phoneme
a b / x __ y
How to read a phonological rule
what happens
where it happens
a b / x __ y
How to read a phonological rule
what happens
a b
a Ø
Ø a
“a becomes b”
“a disappears”
“a appears, a is inserted”
a b / x __ y
How to read a phonological rule
where it happens
x __ y “between x and y”
“in front of x”
“following x”
__ x
x __
g disappears after
n becomes before k,g
Does this rule always apply ?
sing singer finger
hang hanger anger
singerfingerhangerangerlongEnglandmingleringing
The Morpheme
• the smallest unit of semantic meaning
• the smallest group of phonemes which has meaning
The Morpheme
sing
sings
singer
agree
disagreeable
finger
sing
sing s
sing er
agree
dis agree able
finger
“g disappears following ”
“g disappears following in front of a morpheme
boundary”
longer longest
younger youngest
stronger strongest
singerfingerhangerangerlongEnglandmingleringing
EXCEPTIONS:
