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Depiction of space plays an important narrative role in Austen’s Mansfield Park (1814). What could be termed macro space in the text are London, Mansfield Park and surrounds and Portsmouth. Within a broad perspective there exists a binary relation between the narrated London and the estate of Mansfield. As the plot progresses the third ‘macro’ space of Portsmouth is introduced as the climax of the story is attained. This is achieved partly in a measured emphasis of difference through the spatial description of the Price family home and its marked contrasts to that of the Bertrams. Mansfield Park is where the majority of narrative is presented and is in turn the most compartmentalized of the three macro environments. As a methodology I concentrate on three narrative places within the overall textualized space of Mansfield Park and then through close reading establish corresponding dominance of themes within each narrative. These three textual places are; House (Mansfield/Sotherton), Stage (Theater), and Parsonage (Manse).
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Narrative Structure and Narrated Space in Jane Austen’s Mansfield Park
(All quotes refer to; Austen Jane. Mansfield Park, Oxford: Oxford UP, 1980)
Depiction of space plays an important narrative role in Austen’s Mansfield Park (1814).
What could be termed macro space in the text are London, Mansfield Park and surrounds and
Portsmouth. Within a broad perspective there exists a binary relation between the narrated
London and the estate of Mansfield. As the plot progresses the third ‘macro’ space of
Portsmouth is introduced as the climax of the story is attained. This is achieved partly in a
measured emphasis of difference through the spatial description of the Price family home and
its marked contrasts to that of the Bertrams. Mansfield Park is where the majority of narrative
is presented and is in turn the most compartmentalized of the three macro environments. As a
methodology I concentrate on three narrative places within the overall textualized space of
Mansfield Park and then through close reading establish corresponding dominance of themes
within each narrative. These three textual places are; House (Mansfield/Sotherton), Stage
(Theater), and Parsonage (Manse).
The Mansfield Park house functions as the organizer of place: It is the pinnacle of the
hierarchical textual spaces and the seat of Sir Thomas Bertram, the powerful patriarch. Within
the house it is the drawing room which is the central space for administration and
socialization, where each character has a place as reflecting their standing and role in the
group. As a bildungsroman it is the primary character, Fanny Price, which drives the narrative
forward as she formulates her place in the representative society of Mansfield Park, and thus
in the world. The enclosed but “astonishing grandeur” of the main house at Mansfield
provides the spatial relations by which ‘proper’ self may be presented to the group and
developed accordingly. Fanny at 10 years old is lost in the house where “the rooms are too
large for her to move in with ease; whatever she touched she expected to injure and she crept
about in constant terror of something or other” (12). Her ignorance of spatial relations is
projected onto the map of Europe, the composition of which Fanny knows little (15). Her
deficiencies, as her Aunt calls them, are not in regard to reading, writing, or arithmetic but in
the relations between things or the hierarchy each occupies in relation to others.
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Until late in Volume II of Mansfield Park, the signifying system and power relations of the
house are largely beyond the young Fanny. Up to this point this is closely associated with her
coming from the ‘lower’ order of her own working class family the Prices. Her origins are
later re-emphasized in the concluding chapters with her alienated return to the undisciplined
and ill-defined space of the crowded family home in Portsmouth. Until the death of Mr.
Norris and her threatened removal from the main house to the White House Fanny is lost in
the interior of the house and only comfortable and happy when in the park and gardens.
Despite the threat of removal, Fanny comes to remain in the main house based upon the
provision of identity by her aunt, which is to be beside her as an assistant in her “indolence
and ill health” (17). With this identity comes the regulation of behavior in relation to space,
such as access to one of the drawing room sofas; “You should learn to think of other people;
and take my word for it, it is a shocking trick for a young person to be always lolling upon a
sofa.” (64). Sitting upright and engaged in suitable labor is what is achieved when one comes
to “think of other people”. Thus begins Fanny’s education in the social and power relations
which surround her and the behaviors they demand.
This admittance to the hierarchy of the main house and the beginning of her feelings for her
cousin Edmund coincides with Fanny’s first negative experiences with the exterior spaces of
Mansfield Park, in that she looses her pony and contracts sunstroke (65-67). Fanny
subsequently obtains a horse and joins her cousins in more organized activities, developing
her newfound sense and a more refined sensibility; “Fanny, whose rides had never been
extensive, was soon beyond her knowledge, and was very happy in observing all that was new
and admiring all that was pretty.” (72). Following this change in Fanny, the second great
house of the text is encountered in the space of the Elizabethan Sotherton Court, situated
nearby Mansfield and “furnished in the taste of fifty years back” (75). This is a timeless and
enchanted space where the disused chapel is visited amidst a sense of mystery and to Fanny’s
disappointment through ignorance as to function of place (i.e. the family being buried in the
nearby village church). The episode of Fanny, Edmund and Miss Crawford becoming lost in
the woods provides for opportunities of autonomous space and being “at large…without Mr.
Rushworth’s authority and protection” (89). Boundaries are transgressed which up to this
point would not have been thought possible within the more controlled spaces of Mansfield
Park. Upon the return to Mansfield the transgression through the altering of spatial relations
takes on more implicit manifestations in the form of a theater being constructed within the
billiard room and adjoining the room of the father, the absent colonialist Sir Thomas.
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The young people of Mansfield become “bewitched” by the proposal from John Yates to
build a theater and stage a play. The difference between “performance” and “theater” is
central to the project and it is the cautious Maria who states that “For mere amusement among
ourselves…we must be satisfied with less” (111) and instead of a maintained space, rather
settle for a transient performance that holds no permanence as a theater would. But this idea is
defeated and work upon the establishment of the autonomous, ambiguous, fluid and fantastic
space of a theater is begun. Prior to the building of the theater the space was a billiard room
housing, according to the grand disrupter of stability Tom Bertram; “a horrible vile billiard-
table” (112), a game contained well within boundaries and following strict rules as to the
movement of balls across a demarcated space. In this event we can see much of the hereto
established hierarchy of the house being overturned, for the theater is not simply a source of
amusement but a challenge to the control of space. This control cannot be maintained by Lady
Bertram as she is “sunk back into the corner of a sofa, the picture of health, wealth, ease and
tranquility…just falling into a gentle doze” (114), something she spends most of her time
doing. Fanny remains the disciplined observer throughout the entire theater episode, doing the
semi-conscious Lady Bertram’s sewing work for her or looking on and listening; “not
unamused to observe the selfishness which, more or less disguised, seemed to govern them
all, and wondering how it would end” (118).
It ends in the re-establishment of the former order with the return of Sir Thomas Bertram from
the organizing of his plantations in the West Indies into equally disciplined and efficient
spaces. Such is the narrative weight of the arrival of Sir Thomas it is physically marked in the
text itself with the arrival of the reader at Volume II. When the patriarchal presence is restored
the group immediately gathers at the center of spatial relations at Mansfield Park, the drawing
room and arranges themselves physically around him “in the center of the family” (160). But
all is not well and it is only a matter of time before the father encounters “confusion” in the
changes to the space of his “own dear room” beside which he “found himself on the stage of a
theater, and opposed to a ranting young man, who appeared likely to knock him down
backwards” (164). There is no concept of performative or imaginative discourse in Sir
Thomas’ reading of the space within his limited encounter of what he realizes is a stage. It is
instead “theatrical nonsense”, a departure from sense and reality which both seem to be
accordingly determined by Sir Thomas himself. The inquiry and discussion regarding the
theater are conducted in the drawing room, but Sir Thomas concludes all talk with a ruling
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that places control of space, particularly in regard to noise, as central to his considerations:
“That I should be cautious and quick-sighted, and feel many scruples which my children do
not feel, is perfectly natural; and equally so that my values for domestic tranquility, for a
home which shuts out noisy pleasures, should exceed theirs.” (167-68: original italics). Fanny
is not a character guilty of noisy pleasure and she remains the silent, almost invisible observer
during Sir Thomas’ speech; “Fanny, who had edged back her chair behind her aunt’s end of
the sofa, and, screened from notice herself, saw all that was passing before her.” (166). With a
spatial reference to the role provided by Lady Bertram, Fanny assumes a place in the drawing
room which is expected within the power structures around her, and she comes to benefit
from such an attitude almost immediately in the text.
Upon her arrival at Mansfield Park Fanny is granted a living space of her own in the attic;
“near the old nurseries. It will be much the best place for her, so near Miss Lee, and not far
from the girls, and close by the housemaids, who could either of them help to dress her”(7).
She is thus positioned in the spatial hierarchy of the enclosed society of Mansfield Park, not
far from the daughters but close to the servants. Fanny goes on to appropriate her own space
below the attic, made redundant by its earlier abandonment as a school room, a spatial
metaphor suggestive of what is required by fanny if she is to progress out of her cramped
space; learning and compliance. This development of her character occurs in relation to the
parallel narrative of the struggle for control of space in regards to the building of a theater. In
this context, with displays of her moral character and abiding by rules of behavior she is
permitted to extend or colonize the space she desires:
she visited her plants, or wanted one of the books, which she was still glad to keep there, from the deficiency of space and accommodation in her little chamber above: but gradually, as her value for the comforts of it increased, she had added to her possessions, and spent more of her time there; and having nothing to oppose her, had so naturally and so artlessly worked herself into it, that it was now generally admitted to be hers (136)
In contrast to Fanny’s acquisition of space, those allied to the theater project are denied space
by the figure of power in the house, Sir Thomas. Mr. Yates is permanently “sent away” from
Mansfield Park as is Henry Crawford, who is only to return when he abandons his theatrical
ambitions. Edmund spends time in London following the theater episode, a space depicted as
being of low moral merit and described in the text as not being where “respectable people can
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do the most good” (83). Illustrative of the narrative significance of space here is the
temporary cutting off of all contact between the main house and the Parsonage.
The textual significance of the Parsonage is suggested by the presence of the word Manse in
Mansfield Park. As the abode of Fanny after her final marriage to Edmund, the space comes
to eventually represent the achievement of desired hierarchy and balance, as is also found in
the literary motif of marriage as conclusion. Before this however the Parsonage is the most
fluid of the spaces in the text, being occupied first by Rev. Norris and his wife, then the
Grants and the Crawford siblings, and finally Fanny herself and her husband. With the death
of the Rev. Norris being described as the “first event of any importance” (19) in Mansfield
Park, we can chart the course of the Parsonage as narrative space in terms of realignment and
balance between reason and feeling. This is furthermore a major theme in the overall narrative
of the text. Following the death of Rev. Norris and the solitude of Mrs. Norris, the Parsonage
is the scene of desire and music, dinner engagements where love is pursued in a manner never
found in the main house, and deception in the gift of the necklace to Fanny from Henry
Crawford. The vast difference in the nature of the two spaces is expressed in topographical
terms; ”The houses, though scarcely half a mile apart, were not within sight of each other; but,
by walking fifty yards from the hall door, she could look down the park, and command a view
of the Parsonage and all its demesnes.”(60).As a result of the struggle with the affections and
behavior of the Crawford siblings Fanny comes to extend her spatial presence from the attic
and her room below, to the drawing room and eventually to the Parsonage. With the disgrace
of the Crawfords and the death of Dr. Grant the values and morality which she had acquired
under the influence of the Bertrams are established uniformly at Mansfield Park:
On that event they removed to Mansfield; and the Parsonage there, which, under each of its two former owners, Fanny had never been able to approach but with some painful sensation of restraint or alarm, soon grew as dear to her heart, and as thoroughly perfect in her eyes, as everything else within the view and patronage of Mansfield Park had long been. (432)
The entire space has in effect been colonized and in so it is united not only under a single
system of discipline and morality but even visually where it seems the have been moved
spatially closer together and thus allow a view of both simultaneously, something which was
not possible in Volume I of the text. The favored son of Sir and Lady Bertram, Edmond is the
new master of Fanny and she is called daughter by them in her new living space. The
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characters who failed to recognize this authority during the narrative are removed from the
narrative spaces through disgrace, death or being sent away.
There clearly exist imperial resonances in the progression of narrative spaces in Mansfield
Park. Those spaces which could be described as fluid, such as the theater or the Parsonage,
come to be ordered spaces “of domestic tranquility” without “confusion”, “nonsense” or
“noisy pleasures”, as determined by power. In a form of colonization these spaces are
appropriated and filled with the behaviors and postures which are consistent with the
prescribed values of order and harmony. This harmony is between reason and feeling but it is
determined through power relations. The character of Fanny Price embodies the learning and
developing awareness of these values which are expressed spatially throughout the narrative,
and although she herself wields little power her acknowledgment of it results in her
progressing into domesticated harmony.
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