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In reporting questions the Indirect Speech is introduced by some such verbs as

asked, inquired, etc. When the question is not introduced by an interrogative word, the reporting

verb is followed by whether or if.

Direct. -- e said to me, !What are you doing "#

Indirect. -- e asked me what I was doing.Direct. -- !Where do you live"# asked the stranger.

Indirect. -- $he stranger enquired where I lived.

Direct. -- $he policeman said to us, !Where are you going "#Indirect. -- $he policeman enquired where we were going.

Direct. -- e said, !Will you listen to such a man"#

Indirect. -- e asked them whether they would listen to such a man.

%&r' Would they, he asked, listen to such a man "Direct. ( !Do you suppose you know better than your own father"#

)eered his angry mother.

Indirect. -- is angry mother )eered and asked whether he supposed that he knew better than his

own father.

Commands and Requests

In reporting commands and requests, the Indirect Speech is introduced by some verb e*pressing

command or request, and the imperative mood is changed into the Infinitive.

Direct. -- +ama said to r)un, !o away.#

Indirect. -- +ama ordered r)un to go away.

Direct. -- e said to him, !lease wait here till I return.#Indirect. -- e requested him to wait there till he returned.

Direct. -- !/all the first witness,# said the )udge.

Indirect. -- $he )udge commanded them to call the first witness.

Direct. -- e shouted, !0et me go.#

Indirect. -- e shouted to them to let him go.Direct. -- e said, !1e quiet and listen to my words.#

Indirect. -- e urged them to be quiet and listen to his words.

Exclamations and Wishes

. In reporting e*clamations and wishes the Indirect Speech is introduced by some verb

e*pressing e*clamation or wish.

Direct. -- e said, !las2 I am undone.#

Indirect. -- e e*claimed sadly that he was undone.Direct. -- lice said, !ow clever I am2#

Indirect. -- lice e*claimed that she was very clever.

Direct. -- e said, !1ravo2 3ou have done well.#

Indirect. -- e applauded him, saying that he had done well.


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Direct. -- !So help me, eaven2# he cried, !I will never steal again.#

Indirect. -- e called upon eaven to witness his resolve never to steal again.

Exercise 104.

$urn the following into Indirect Speech4-

5. e said to me, !I have often told you not to play with fire.#

6. !3ou have all done very badly2# remarked the teacher.7. $hey wrote, !It is time we thought about settling this matter.#

8. $he teacher promised, 9If you will come before school tomorrow, I will e*plain it.

:. She wrote, !I am waiting and watching and longing for my son;s return.#

. $he dwarf said to her, !romise me that when you are ?ueen you will give me your first-born

child.#

@. !$hat is my horse,# said he, !and if I do not prove it in a few minutes I will give up myclaim.#

A. !I will avenge your wrongs,# he cried, !I will not enter thens until I have punished the kingwho had so cruelly treated you.9

5B. e wrote and said, !I am unable to come )ust now because I am ill, but I will certainly start

as soon as I am well enough to do so.#55. &ne day he sent for /assim and said to him, !3ou are now old enough to earn your living, so

you must set off, and make your own way in the world.#

Exercise 105.


5. !What do you want"# he said to her.

6. e said, !ow;s your father"#

7. !re you coming home with me"# he asked.8. e enquired, !When do you intend to pay me"#

:. e said to us, !Why are you all sitting about there doing nothing"#


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5>. !Who are you, sir, and what do you want"# they cried.

5@. !Dear bird,# she said, stroking its feathers, !have you come to comfort me in my sorrow"#

5A. $he +a)ah was deeply grieved, and said to his wife, !What can I do for you"#6B. When the sun got low, the king;s son said, !Eack, since we have no money, where can we

lodge this night "#

65. She said to him, !What is it that makes you so much stronger and braver than any otherman "#

66. When the 1rahmin approached, the first thief said, !Why do you carry a dog on your back "

re you not ashamed "#

Exercise 106.

ut the following in Indirect Speech4-

5. !1ring me a drink of milk,# said the swami to the villagers.

6. !Sit down, boys,# said the teacher.

7. !alt2# shouted the officer to his men.8. !$ake off your hat,# the king said to the atter.

:. $he teacher said to him, !Do not read so fast.#. !urry up,# he said to his servant, !do not waste time.#

@. !+un away, children,# said their mother.A. e said, !Daughter, take my golden )ug, and fetch me some water from the Well.#

5B. !o down to the baFaar. 1ring me some oil and a lump of ice.# ordered his master.

Exercise 107.

ut the following in Indirect Speech4-

5. !What a rare article milk is, to be sure, in 0ondon 2# said r. Squeers with a sigh.6. !What a stupid fellow you are2# he angrily remarked.

7. e said, !y od2 I am ruined.#

8. e said, !las2 our foes are too strong.#:. e said, !What a laFy boy you are2 ow badly you have done your work2#

. e said. !&h 2 that;s a nuisance.#

@.e said, !ow cruel of him2#A. e said, !What a pity you did not come2#

5B. !h me2# e*claimed the ?ueen. !What a rash and bloody deed you have done2#

Conversion of Indirect into irect

5B>. $he conversion of Indirect into Direct generally presents no special difficulties, as the

following e*amples will show 4-

Indirect. -- e inquired whether his name was not hmed.

Direct. -- e said to him, !Is not your name hmed "#

Indirect. -- s the stranger entered the town, he was met by a policeman, who asked him if he

was a traveller. e replied carelessly that it would appear so.


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Direct. -- s the stranger entered the town, he was met by a policeman, who asked, !re you a

traveller"# !So it would appear,# he answered carelessly.

Indirect. -- She asked how she, a girl, who could not ride or use sword or lance,could be of any help. +ather would she stay at home and spin beside her dear mother.

Direct. -- She said, !ow can I, a girl, who cannot ride or use sword or lance, be

of any help" +ather would I stay at home and spin beside my dear mother"#

Exercise 10!.

ut the following in Direct Speech4-

5. e asked +ama to go with him.

6. +ama replied that he could not do so.

7. e asked his father when the ne*t letter would come.8. is father replied that there might not be another that year.

:. +ama asked me what had become of ari.

. $he master requested that they would attend carefully to what he was saying.@. I wrote that I would visit him ne*t day.

A. e observed that he had never liked doing that.5B. I told them to be quiet.

55. e asked me if I had anything to say.

56. +ama asked ari if he would change places with him.57. e said that he was tired, and that he wished to go to bed.

58. n old mouse asked who would bell the cat.

5:. Eohn said that he wanted to be a soldier.

5. e asked me what I wanted.

5@. bdul said that he had seen that picture.

5A. $he boy said that he would go with us.6B. e said that the earth moves round the sun.

65. $he stranger asked lice where she lived.

66. I asked ary if she would lend me a pencil.67. e told us that he had waited an hour.

68. $he lady inquired if he was now quite well again.

6:. e said that he had come to see them.

6. $he speaker said that it gave him great pleasure to be there that evening.

6@. e asked them whether they would listen to such a man.

6A. e asked me if I would accompany him.7B. e ordered him to leave the room and forbade him to return.

75. $he mother asked her boy where he had been all the afternoon.

76. ari asked +ama if he had read the letter.77. $he Ging asked the philosopher whom he considered the happiest man living.

78. $he magistrate asked the prisoner what he was doing with his hand in the gentleman;s

pocket.

7:. $he fo* cried out to the goat that a thought had )ust come into his head.


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7. $he lion told the fo* that he was very weak, that his teeth had fallen out, and that he had noappetite.

7@. e replied that he had promised to reward his soldiers and that he had kept his word.

5B@. Study the following e*amples, and in each case carefully note the changes made whileturning from Direct into Indirect Speech4-

Direct. -- $he rince said, !It gives me great pleasure to be here this evening.#

Indirect. -- $he rince said that it gave him great pleasure to be there that evening.Direct. -- e said, !I shall go as soon as it is possible#

Indirect. ( e said that he would go as soon as it was possible.

age 6


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Exercise 10".


5. !/heer up, mother, I;ll go and get work somewhere,# said Eack.

6. 1ut the sea-god cried, !Do not be afraid, noble prince. I have taken pity on you and will help

you.#7. !=o,# said the childH !I won;t kneel, for if I do, I shall spoil my new breeches.#

8. !What a horse are they losing for want of skill and spirit to manage him2# e*claimed

le*ander.:. $elemachus replied, 9ow can I drive away the mother, who bore me and nourished me"9

. $hen said the wolf to the fo*, !=ow either yield thyself as vanquished, or else certainly I willkill thee.#

@. !I believe,# said he, !that we are in this country among a people whom we like and who like

us.#

A. he said, !$ake that bird away. Its gilded cage reminds me of my father whom Iimprisoned.#

5B. !I have )ust one word to say to you,# said the dealer. !ither make your purchase, or walk out

of my shop.#

55. !y hour is come,# thought he. !0et me meet death like a man.#56. !1e not cast down,# said entor, !remember whose son thou art, and all shall be well with

thee.#

57. 1hishma said4 !1oys2 boys 2 remember you play a game. If it be r)una;s turn let him have

it.#58. !Jriends,# said the old man, !sit down and rest yourselves here on this bench. y good wife

1aucis has gone to see what you can have for supper.#

5:. !h2 you don;t know what these beans are, said the manH if you plant them overnight, bymorning they grow right up to the sky.#

5. !I am old and lonely,# said she. !ast thou no pity on my lonelines" Stay with me, my bestson, for thou art yet more boy than man.#

5@. !I do not practice#, oldsmith once saidH 9I make it a rule to prescribe only for my friends.9

9ray, dear doctor,9 said 1eauclerk, 9alter your rule, and prescribe only for your enemies.9

5A. e said4 9Who are you to speak to me like this" I am the master. Why should I help you" It isyour work, not mine, to draw the cart.9

6B. 9I cannot hope to see these trees which I am planting come in perfection,9 said the duke, 9but

it is right for me to plant for the benefit of my successors.965. 9re you angry, my friends,9 said the king, 9because you have lost your leader" I am your

kingH I will be your leader.9

66. Said an old /rab to young one, 9Why do you walk so crooked, child" Walk straight299other,9 said the young /rab, 9show me the way, will you"9

67. 9Who are you"9 said the Deer. $he Eackal replied4 9I am Gshudrabuddhi the Eackal. I live in

this forest all by myselfH I have neither friend nor relation.9


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68. &ne summer some elephants were very much distressed by the heat, and said to their leader4

9We are absolutely perishing, for want of water. $he smaller animals have bathing-places but we

have none. What are we to do" Where are we to go"96:. When the king saw him coming he said, 9ray who are you, and what do you want "9 $he

+abbit said, 9I am an ambassador from is a)esty /handra - the oon.9 $he lephant Ging

replied, 9Declare your errand.96


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changed into the corresponding past tenses while converting direct speech into indirect

speech.

NiiO It is to be noted that while changing direct speech into indirect speech a simple

present becomes a simple past.

Exam+les ,

irect ,She said, LI am fitM.Indirect ,She said that she was fit.

NiiiO present continuous becomes a past continuous.

Exam+les ,

irect ,She said, Ler sister is reading a book.M

Indirect ,She said that her sister was reading a book.

NivO present perfect becomes a past perfect.

Exam+les ,

irect ,e said, LI have finished the assignmentM.

Indirect ,e said that he had finished the assignment.

NvO simple past in the direct becomes the past perfect in indirect.

Exam+les ,

irect ,She said, L$he lady cried in the eveningM.

Indirect ,She said that the lady had cried in the evening.

NviO It is to be understood that while changing direct speech into indirect speechshall

of the future tense becomes should and will becomes would. owever, in rare casesomission of should and would can take place.

Exam+les ,

Na- irect ,She said, LWill you pay attention to such a woman "M

Indirect ,She asked if he would pay attention to such a woman.

b- irect ,LSo help me, od2M he cried, LI shall never trouble anyone again.M

Indirect ,e called upon heaven to witness his resolve never to troubleanyone again.

NviiO In case the statement depicts universal truth or it is still relevant, the original

tenses can be retained as well as changed.

Exam+les ,

a- irect ,LI know her familyM, said =eetu.

Indirect ,=eetu said she knowsPknew her family.

b- irect ,Lnglish is easy to learnM, the teacher said.

Indirect ,$he teacher said nglish isPwas easy to learn.

We use past tense when we are not very sure that the statement is true or when we

are reporting ob)ectively.

NviiiO If the reporting verb is in present tense, the tenses of the direct speech also do not

undergo any change.

Exam+les ,

irect ,e says, Le is fitM.

Indirect ,e says that he is fit.


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NixO $he pronouns of the direct speech undergo a change whenever required, in order

to establish the relations with the reporter and his hearer, rather than with the original

speaker as shown below 4

irect ,She said to me, LI do not like youM.

Indirect ,She said that she did not like me.

NxO Word e*pressing nearness in time or place are changed into words e*pressingdistance, while changing direct speech into indirect speech.

Exam+les ,

NaO nowbecomesthen

NbO tomorrowbecomesthe next day

NcO todaybecomes that day

NdO herebecomesthere

NeO agobecomesbefore

NfO yesterdaybecomes the day before

NgO last nightbecomes the night before

irect , e said, LI will reach here tomorrow.MIndirect ,e said that he would reach there the ne*t day.

NxiO In case the speech reported happens to take place during the same period or at the

same time, the changes do not occur at all.

Exam+les ,

irect ,She says, LI am happy to be here this morningM.

Indirect ,She says that she is happy to be here this morning.

NxiiO While reporting questions, it is customary to introduce the questions by someverbs like asked, inquired etc. When the question does not begin with an interrogative

word, the reporting verb is followed by LwhetherM or LifM. oreover Interrogative mood is

changed into ssertive ood and ?uestion ark N"O should be replaced by full stop N.O.Exam+le ,

a- irect ,She said to me, LWhere do you stay "M

Indirect ,She enquired where I stayed.

b- irect ,LWhere do you study "M asked the stranger.

Indirect ,$he stranger enquired where I studied.

c- irect ,is mother asked Eohn, LWill you accompany your father "M

Indirect ,is mother asked Eohn if he would accompany his father.

NxiiiO While reporting commands or requests, the indirect speech is introduced by some

verbs e*pressing command or request, and the imperative mood is changed into the

infinitive.

Exam+les ,

a- irect ,She said to me, L$ake care of your healthM.

Indirect ,She requested me to take care of my health.

b- irect ,SheilaMs mother said to her, L/lean up your roomM.

Indirect ,SheilaMs mother ordered her to clean up her room.

NxivO While reporting e*clamations and wishes, the indirect speech is introduced by

some verb that e*preses a wish or a command.


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Exam+les ,

irect ,e said, Lurrah 2 I have won the matchM.

Indirect ,e happily e*claimed that he had won the match.

It is also to be remembered thatthisbecomesthatandthesebecomesthosewhile changing

direct speech into indirect speech.

irect #+eech Indirect #+eech Chan/e from irect to Indirect #+eech5. ohansaidto Sohan

!IMll get a house ohantoldSohanthat 5. $here is a change in the reporting verb

constructed heMd get a house Saybecomes tell, remindetc.

next year.# constructed the 6. $here is a change in the pronounI

following year. becomehe.

7. $here is a change in the tense. If the

reporting verb is in the past tense,will

changes towould.

8. $here is a change in the time

adverbial,next yearbecomes thefollowing year.

:. $he connecting word used isthat.

irect #+eech Indirect #+eech Chan/e from irect to Indirect #+eech

6. esaid tome, eadvised meto see 5. $he reporting verb say changes to!you shouldsee the doctor.

advise.

the doctor.# 6. $he pronounyouchanges tome.

7. $he reported speech is the paraphrase

of the direct of speech.

Re+ortin/ of #tatements and Exclamations=ote the following points about the changes 4

NiO $he reporting verbsaychanges totell, advise, recommend, believe, feel, know, admit,agree, announce, argue, assume, claim, complain, confess, decide, declare, deny, disagree,

exclaim, inform, mention, promise, remember, report, remind, state, suggestetc. depending on

the kind of speech act involved in the reported speech. +ead the following sentences 4

5. ohan said to me, !I need +ita.#

ohan toldme that he needed +ita.

6. $he boy said, !I have copied in the e*am.#

$he boyconfessedthat he had copied in the e*am.

7. $he accused said, !I deny the charge.#

$he accuseddeniedthe charge.8. y dad said to me, !IMll get you a $K.#

y dadpromisedthat he would get me a $K.

:. e said, !I am rich.#

eclaimedthat he is rich.

0ook at the following sentences 4

5a. She said, !What a bore he is.#


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5b. She realized whata bore he was.

5c. Sherealized thathe was a great bore.

6a. $he maid servant said, !ow hot it .#

6b. She realized whata bore he was.

6c. $he maid servantnoticed thatit was very hot.

7a. e said, !las2 his father is dead.#

7b. eexclaimed with sorrow that his father was dead.

8a. e said, !urrah2 We have won the match.#

8b. e exclaimed with joy thatthey had won the match.

iii- Chan/e in )ronoun ,$he changes in pronoun depend upon the reporter and the person

he is reporting to. 0ook at the following sentences 4

5a. ohan said to 0ata, !I can speak nglish very well.#

Imagine that ohan is the reporter and he is reporting this to some other person

than 0ata.

$his is how he will report 4

5b. I told 0ata that Icouldspeak nglish very well.

=ow imagine that 0ata is the reporter and she is reporting ohanMs statement toohan himself.

$he report will be 4

5c. Youtold me thatyou could speak nglish very well.

=ow suppose that 0ata is the reporter and she is reporting ohanMs statement to

someone else. She will report like this 4

5d. ohan told methathecould speak nglish very well.

$he rule of the thumb is 4

NiO /hange the first person according to the sub)ect of the reporting verb.

NiiO /hange the second person according to the ob)ect of the reporting verb.NiiiO $he third person does not change.

$ense chan/es in Re+orted #+eech ,When we report a statement or an e*clamatory

sentence, one other change that we have to make is in the tense form. If the reporting verb is in

the past tense in the direct speech, it changes to the corresponding past tense in the reportedspeech.

/onsider the following e*amples 4

5a. Galpanasaid,!I will studyhysics at +/ ne*t year.#

5b. Galpanasaidthat she would studyhysics at +/ the following year.

6a. Galpana said, !Iam takingthe interview ne*t week.#

ast tense resent continuous6b. Galpna said that he was taking the interview the following week.

ast tense ast continuous

$he rules for the modification in the indirect speech are given below 4

$ense in the Direct Speech $ense in the +eported Speech

Simple present NwriteO Simple past NwroteO

resent continuous Nis writingO ast continuous Nwas writingO

resent perfect NhasPhave writtenO ast perfect Nhad writtenO


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resent perfect continuous ast perfect continuous

NhasPhave been writingO Nhad been writingO

Simple past NwroteO ast perfect Nhad writtenO

ast continuous ast perfect continuous

Nwas writingO Nhad been writingO

/an, shall, will, may, must /ould, should, would, might, mustPhad toNvO dverbial and other changes in the +eported Speech 4

If the time reference is different in indirect speech from the time reference of the utterance,

the reporter has to make ad)ustment in the adverbials. /onsider the following sentences.

5a. She said, !IMll see you tomorrow.#

5b. She said that she would see metomorrow.

5c. She said that she would see me the next day.

Nif reported on Euly 7 or laterO

Similarly adverbial of place and demonstratives also change.

6a. She said, !IMll see you here#.

6b. She said that she would see me here.

6c. She said that sheMd see methere.

$he change in the demonstratives depends upon the situation. 0ook the following

sentences 4

7a. She said, !hisis my house.#

7b. She said thatthisis his house.

Nif reported near the houseO

7c. She said thatthatis his house.

Nif reported away from the houseO

$he following table illustrates the changes 4

today that day

yesterday the previous daytomorrow the ne*t day

ne*t week the following week

now then

ago before

here there

this that

these those

come go

EERCI#E %&. 1

$urn the following sentences into indirect speech 45. Deepak said to ohan, !I will visit the anging arndens in 1ombay.#

6. S./.Sood said to ohan, !e will go to the Eohar ark#.

7. +am said to ohan, !When in 1ombay, he stayed at the $a) ahal otel for two

days.#

8. Sohan said to ohan, !When in 1ombay, he spent five hours on the Euhu 1each.#

:. )ay said to ohan, !I will visit the +ed Jort in Delhi on 5: ugust.#


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. Kishoo said to ohan, !IMm glad I came to Delhi Cniversity.#

@. ohan said to ohan, !I find all the professors quite learned here.#

A. +aman said to ohan, !$here are a number of good labs here.#

5B. opal said to ohan, !I find myself very busy here.#

EERCI#E %&.

ssuming that the reporting verb is in the past tense, supply the correct form of the

e*pression given in column I 4

I II

5. simple present

6. present continuous

7. simple past@

8. present perfect

:. past continuous

. can

@. will

A. may

5B. must

55. today

56. yesterday

57. tomorrow

2e3 to Exercise %o. 1

5. +am told ohan that he would visit the anging ardens in 1ombay.

6. +am told ohan that he would go to the Qoological ark.

7. +am told ohan that when in 1ombay he had stayed at the $a) ahal otel for 6 days.8. +am told ohan that when in 1ombay he had spent five hours on the Euhu 1each.

:. +am told ohan that he would visit the +ed Jort in Delhi on 5: ugust.

. +am told ohan that he was glad he had come to Delhi Cniversity.

@. +am told ohan that he found all the rofessors learned there.

A. +am told ohan that there are a number of good labs here.

5B. +am told ohan that he found himself very busy there.

RE)&R$I% & E#$I&%# (% I8)ER($I9E#

0ook at the following table 4

I II III

#.%o. uestions Re+ortin/ of the uestions

NiO What is your name " +amaskedGamalwhat his name was.

NiiO Where are you from " +am askedGamalwhere he was from.

NiiiO Why did you come here " +amaskedGamalif!whether he was married.

NivO re you married " +am asked Gamalif!whether he was married.


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Rules

5. $he reporting verb used is ask, en"uire of, demandetc.

6. $he connecting word used in wh-questions is the question word itself and in yes-no

questions it is iforwhether.

7. $he word order of the question formation is undone. $he word order becomes like that of

a statement.8. $he question mark is replaced by a full stop.

:. $he changes inpronouns, tenses, adverbialsare like the changes in statements.

RE)&R$I% & C&88(%# (% REE#$#

0ook at the following sentences 4

I II III

#.%o. Commands:Requests Re+ortin/ of Commands:Requests

NiO Let out of hereM, he said. etold me toget out ofthere.

NiiO Lave another cup of coffeeM, +adha asked meto have another cup ofeeta said. coffee.

NiiiO Llease shut the doorM, he said. e re"uested me to shutthe door.

NivO LDonMt make a noiseM, the teacher said.$he teacher told the class notto make a noise.

#r

$he teacherforbade the classto make a

noise.

Rules

5. &rders are reported with tell $ object $to infinitive ..........

6. +equests are reported with re"uest $ object $to infinitive ..........

7. $he connecting word used is to-infinitive.

8. $he changes in pronouns, adverbials are the same as in statements.

:. dvice is reported with advise $ objectR to infinitive ..........

EERCI#E %&. ;

ayaMs mother is suffering from hyper-tension and diabetes. She goes to a doctor for

consultation. $he doctor advises her to do and not to do certain things. ere is a list of those

things. +eport what the doctor told SitaMs mother. 1egin with L$he doctor advised her to ... or thedoctor advised her not to ...

5. $ake the prescribed medicine every day.

6. DonMt eat salt.

7. DonMt eat sugar, potatoes and rice.

8. DonMt eat bananas, cheeku and grapes.

:. o for a walk both in the morning and in the evening.

. $ake your meals four times a day.

@. +educe the quantity of food intake.

A. at a lot of salads.

5B. Stop worrying.

#olution of Exercise ;

5. $he doctor advised her to take the prescribed medicine every day.

6. $he doctor advised her not to eat salt.


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7. $he doctor advised her not to eat sugar, potatoes and rice.

8. $he doctor told her not to eat bananas, cheeku and grapes.

:. $he doctor asked her to go to a walk both in the morning and in the evening.

. $he doctor advised her to take her meals four times a day.

@. $he doctor told her to reduce the quantity of food intake.A. $he doctor asked her to eat a lot of salads.

5B. $he doctor asked her to stop worrying.

EERCI#E %&. 4

Integrated e*ercise on Indirect Speech

/hange the following sentences into Indirect Speech 4

5. e said, !I am trying to write a book on civiliFation.#

6. She said, !We should now have foremothers instead of forefathers.#

7. $he teacher said, !$he earth revolves round the Sun.#

8. $he others said, !lease have patience.#

:. She said, !Why do you think r. Simer has stolen your picture "#

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