Nanotechnology – Science, Medical Applications, and IUPUI Resources

Kody VarahramyanVice Chancellor for Research

April 15, 2009

What is Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is the creation of functional materials, devices and systems, through the understanding and control of matter at dimensions in the nanometer scale length (1-100 nm), where new functionalities and properties of matter are observed and harnessed for a broad range of applications

An engineered DNA strandSemiconducting metal junction formed by two carbon nanotubes

pRNA tiny motor

History of Nanotechnology• ~ 2000 Years Ago – Sulfide nanocrystals used by Greeks and

Romans to dye hair• ~ 1000 Years Ago (Middle Ages) – Gold nanoparticles of

different sizes used to produce different colors in stained glass windows

• 1959 – “There is plenty of room at the bottom” by R. Feynman• 1974 – “Nanotechnology” - Taniguchi uses the term

nanotechnology for the first time• 1981 – IBM develops Scanning Tunneling Microscope• 1985 – “Buckyball” - Scientists at Rice University and University

of Sussex discover C60

• 1986 – “Engines of Creation” - First book on nanotechnology by K. Eric Drexler. Atomic Force Microscope invented by Binnig, Quate and Gerbe

• 1989 – IBM logo made with individual atoms• 1991 – Carbon nanotube discovered by S. Iijima • 1999 – “Nanomedicine” – 1st nanomedicine book by R. Freitas• 2000 – “National Nanotechnology Initiative” launched

What is Nanoscale

1.27 × 107 m 0.22 m 0.7 × 10-9 m

Fullerenes C60

12,756 Km 22 cm 0.7 nm

10 millions times smaller

1 billion times smaller

Nanoscale Size Effect • Realization of miniaturized devices and systems

while providing more functionality• Attainment of high surface area to volume ratio

• Manifestation of novel phenomena and properties, including changes in:- Physical Properties (e.g. melting point)- Chemical Properties (e.g. reactivity)- Electrical Properties (e.g. conductivity)- Mechanical Properties (e.g. strength)- Optical Properties (e.g. light emission)

Nanotechnology Applications Information Technology Energy

Medicine Consumer Goods

• Smaller, faster, more energy efficient and powerful computing and other IT-based systems

• More efficient and cost effective technologies for energy production− Solar cells− Fuel cells− Batteries− Bio fuels

• Foods and beverages−Advanced packaging materials,

sensors, and lab-on-chips for food quality testing

• Appliances and textiles−Stain proof, water proof and

wrinkle free textiles• Household and cosmetics

− Self-cleaning and scratch free products, paints, and better cosmetics

• Cancer treatment• Bone treatment• Drug delivery• Appetite control• Drug development• Medical tools• Diagnostic tests• Imaging

Nanotechnology Health and Environmental Concerns

− Human and the environment come under exposure to nanomaterials at different stages of the product cycle

− Nanomaterials have large surface to volume ratio and novel physical as well as chemical properties which may cause them to pose hazards to humans and the environment

− Health and the environmental impacts associated with the exposure to many of the engineered nanomaterials are still uncertain

− The environmental fate and associated risk of waste nanomaterials should be assessed – e.g. toxic transformation, and interactions with organic and inorganic materials

Exposure of human and the environment to nanomaterials at different stages of product life cycle – US environmental protection agency, 2007 (epc.gov)

Nanoscale Materials Nanoscale materials have feature size less than 100

nm – utilized in nanoscale structures, devices and systems

Nanoparticles and Structures

Silver nanoparticles – Northwestern Univ., 2002

A stadium shaped “quantum corral” made by positioning iron atoms on a copper surface – IBM Corp., 1993.

A 3-dimensional nanostructure grown by controlled nucleation of Silicon-carbide nanowires on Gallium catalyst particles – Univ. of Cambridge, 2007

Gold nanoparticles – TU Dresden/ESRF, 2008

Nanoscale Materials Nanowires and Nanotubes• Lateral dimension: 1 – 100 nm• Nanowires and nanotubes exhibit

novel physical, electronic and optical properties due to

– Two dimensional quantum confinement– Structural one dimensionality– High surface to volume ratio

• Potential application in wide range of nanodevices and systems– Nanoscale sensors and actuators– Photovoltaic devices – solar cells– Transistors, diodes and LASERs

Nanowire Solar Cell: The nanowires create a surface that is able to absorb more sunlight than a flat surface – McMaster Univ., 2008

Nanoscale Materials Bionanomaterials1) Biological materials utilized in

nanotechnology- Proteins, enzymes, DNA, RNA, peptides

1) Synthetic nanomaterials utilized in biomedical applications - Polymers, porous silicon, carbon nanotubes

Bone cell on porous silicon – Univ. of Rochester, 2007

Cross-linked enzymes used as catalyst – Univ. of Connecticut, Storrs , 2007

Human cell on PSi

Porous silicon (PSi)

Protein

Enzymes are used as oxidation catalysts

Nanoscale Processes and Fabrication

Top-down Approaches Bottom-up Approaches

Optical and x-ray lithography Layer-by-layer self assembly

E-beam and ion-beam lithography Molecular self assembly

Scanning probe lithography Direct assembly

Atomic force microscopic lithography Coating and growth

Material removal and deposition(Chemical, mechanical, or ultrasonic) Colloidal aggregation

Printing and imprinting

Nanoscale Devices and Integrated Nanosystems

− Currently available microprocessors use resolutions as small as 32 nm

− Houses up to a billion transistors in a single chip− MEMS based nanochips have future capability of 2

nm cell leading to 1TB memory per chip

A NEMS bacteria sensor

– Nano Lett., 2006, DOI: 10.1021/nl060275y

Nanochip

Nanoelectromechanical System (NEMS) Sensors

A MEMS based nanochip

– Nanochip Inc., 2006

− NEMS technology enables creation of ultra small and highly sensitive sensors for various applications

− The NEMS force sensor shown in the figure is applicable in pathogenic bacteria detection

Nanoscale Devices and Integrated Nanosystems

Nanophotonic Systems

A silicon processor featuring on-chip nanophotonic network – IBM Corp., 2008

− Nanophotonic systems work with light signals vs. electrical signals in electronic systems

− Enable parallel processing that means higher computing capability in a smaller chip

− Enable realization of optical systems on semiconductor chip

− Fuel cells use hydrogen and air as fuels and produce water as by product

− The technology uses a nanomaterial membrane to produce electricity Schematic of a

fuel cell– Energy solution center Inc.

Fuel Cells

500 W fuel cell – H2economy.com

Nanoscale Devices and Integrated Nanosystems

Lab on chip gene analysis device – IBN Singapore, 2008

Lab on Chip

Drug Delivery Systems

Targeted drug delivery

– ACS Nano 2009, DOI: 10.1021/nn900002m

Impact of nanotechnology on drug delivery systems:− Targeted drug delivery− Improved delivery of poorly water soluble drugs− Co-delivery of two or more drugs− Imaging of drug delivery sites using imaging

modalities

− A lab on chip integrates one or more laboratory operation on a single chip

− Provides fast result and easy operation− Applications: Biochemical analysis (DNA/protein/cell

analysis) and bio-defense

Medical Nanotechnology or Nanomedicine

Nanomedicine is the application of nanotechnology in medicine, including to cure diseases and repair damaged tissues such as bone, muscle, and nerve

Key Goals for Nanomedicine−To develop cure for traditionally incurable diseases (e.g. cancer) through the utilization of nanotechnology−To provide more effective cure with fewer side effects by means of targeted drug delivery systems

Nanotechnology in Health Care

Video Journey into NanotechnologyNational Cancer Institute, Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer – http://nano.cancer.gov/resource_center/video_journey.asp

Nanotechnology in Health Care

Thermal ablation of cancer cells assisted by nanoshells coated with metallic layer and an external energy source – National Cancer Institute

• Thermal ablation of cancer cells

− Nanoshells have metallic outer layer and silica core

− Selectively attracted to cancer shells either through a phenomena called enhanced permeation retention or due to some molecules coated on the shells

− The nanoshells are heated with an external energy source killing the cancer cells

Nanotechnology in Health Care

Treatment• Targeted drug delivery− Nanoparticles containing

drugs are coated with targeting agents (e.g. conjugated antibodies)

− The nanoparticles circulate through the blood vessels and reach the target cells

− Drugs are released directly into the targeted cells

Targeted drug delivery – Targeted drug delivery using a multicomponent nanoparticle containing therapeutic as well as biological surface modifying agents – Mauro Ferrari, Univ. of Cal. Berkley

Nanotechnology in Health Care

The microfluidic channel with nanowire sensor can detect the presence of altered genes associated with cancer – J. Heath, Cali. Insti. of Technology

The nanoscale cantilever detects the presence and concentration of various molecular expressions of a cancer cell – A. Majumdar, Univ. of Cal. at Berkeley

Nanotechnology offers tools and techniques for more effective detection, diagnosis and treatment of diseasesDetection and Diagnosis•Lab on chips help detection and diagnosis of diseases more efficiently •Nanowire and cantilever lab on chips help in early detection of cancer biomarkers

Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute – INDI• Driving Forces at IUPUI   

– Growing expertise and resources in nanoscience and engineering– Desire by researchers to develop nanotechnology-based systems for biomedical, energy, and other targeted

applications

• Participation Open To All Interested Faculty, Centers, Departments & Schools• Current Participating Faculty from:

– Biology, Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Physics – Biomedical Engineering, Electrical & Computer Engineering, Mechanical Engineering– Orthopedic Surgery, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine

• Current Partnering Centers:  – Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine– Lugar Center for Renewable Energy– Transportation Active Safety Institute – Center for Sensor and Ubiquitous Networking– Nanoscale Imaging Center

Integrated Nanosystems

Definition: Systems which may consist of integrated micro-, meso-, and/or macro-scale parts, and have their core components realized by nano-scale materials, processes, anddevices. 

Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute – INDI

Vision: To be a world-class resource for the realization of

nanotechnology-based miniaturized systems that contribute to the economic growth and social advancement of Indiana and the nation and benefit humanity as a whole.

Mission: 1) to enable, through innovative interdisciplinary

research and educational programs, the development of nanotechnology-based systems for biomedical, energy, environmental, information technology and other applications, and 2) to provide solutions which, through translation of research into practice and technology transfer, contribute to social well being and economic growth.

Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute – INDI

Current Research Projects:• Magnetic Nanostructured Materials and Devices for Sensing Applications • Spectroscopic Investigation of Quantum Systems • Transport in Graphene for Nanodevice Applications • Quantum Dot Imaging Probes • Bionanomaterials for Biomedical Applications • Polymer Nanocomposites for Orthopedic and Dental Applications • Development of Nano-rod Array for Li-ion Battery• Pt Nanoparticles Catalyst for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells• Interaction of Pt Nanoparticle and Carbon/Metal Oxide Support• Macro Scale to Micr/Nano Scale Machining • Thermoelectric Materials for Nanodevice Applications • Wireless Sensor Network Systems• Chip-Based Signal Conditioning System for ECG Application• VLSI circuits for 3D Imaging Applications

Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute – INDI

Current Processing and Measurement Resources:• Micro/Nanoelectronics Laboratory• Sputtering systems• Thermal evaporator systems• Solution-based nanocrystal fabrication• Membrane ion transport workstation• Combined atomic force and fluorescence microscope• Fluorescence correlation spectrometer• Wide-field single molecule fluorescence microscopy• Room temperature near-field scanning optical microscope• Low temperature near-field scanning optical microscope• FTIR spectrometer • Spectrofluorometer• Ultra high vacuum scanning tunneling microscope• Small angle X-ray scattering system• Particle sizing instrument• Atomic force microscope• Combined atomic force-scanning tunneling microscope• Transmission electron microscope• Scanning electron microscope• Low vacuum scanning electron microscope with electron dispersion spectrometer• Electron probe microanalyzer with wavelength dispersion capabilities• Two photon absorption microscope• Confocal microscopes

Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute – INDI

Current Computational Resources:• Access to IU’s Supercomputer systems• Clusters of workstations• Nanostructure Builder and Visualization

– Materials Studio – NanoEngineer

• Density Functional Theory codes – FLEUR– VASP – Dmol3 – ABINIT

• Molecular Dynamics simulators – Materials Studio – DLPOLY  – MPSIM – LAMMPS – CHARMM

• Electrical Circuit design – Menter Graphics – Synopsis – L-Edit, Layout Editor – CAD – LabView, PSPICE

• Code development – Matlab, Mathematica, Maple

• In-House codes

Nanotechnology – Science, Medical Applications, and IUPUI Resources

Thank You!