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Nanotechnology - the New Frontier
Peter Grutter
Physics Department
McGill University
www.physics.mcgill.ca/~peter
Science Fiction:
7of 9 on Star Trek
Field Ion Microscopy of tungsten tip
Imaging at 5.0 kV
A. Schirmeisen,
G. Cross,
A. Stalder,
U. Durig
P. Grutter
Field Ion Microscopy of tungsten tip
Imaging at 5.0 kV
Manipulating at 6.0 kV
Field Ion Microscopy of tungsten tip
Imaging at 5.0 kV
Manipulating at 6.0 kV
Field Ion Microscopy of tungsten tip
Imaging at 5.0 kV
Manipulating at 6.0 kV
Single atom on tungsten tip
Imaged at 2.1 KV
“If I were asked for an area of science and engineering that will most likely produce the breakthroughs of tomorrow, I would point to nanoscale science and engineering.” (…)
Neal Lane, Assistant to former US President Clinton for science and technology
The Impact of Nano
“The total societal impact of nanotechnology is expected to be much greater than that of the silicon integrated circuit because it is applicable in many more fields than just electronics.”
How big is a nanometer?
nm
Definition of Nanoscience
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology investigates and applies phenomena, systems and structures where:
1. At least one dimension lc is a few nm
2. The properties are qualitatively different
because l < lc
Condition 2 distinguishes ‘nano’ from ‘micro’, macro-molecular chemistry’ or ‘biology’
Sub-micron is not nano!
‘Nanotechnology on siliconproducts: Intel leads in production and research’(Wall Street Journal)
Moore’s Law
Challenges and Opportunities for Semiconductor R&D
Production Year 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014
DRAM half pitch 180nm
Overlay accuracy 65nm
Gate length 140nm
CD control 14nm 9nm
Oxide thickness 2nm 1.9nm
Nature, 406, 1023 (2000)
Challenges and Opportunities for Semiconductor R&D
Production Year 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014
DRAM half pitch 180nm 130nm100nm70nm 50nm 35nm
Overlay accuracy 65nm 45nm 35nm
Gate length 140nm80nm 65nm 46nm 30nm 20nm
CD control 14nm 9nm
Oxide thickness 2nm 1.9nm
Nature, 406, 1023 (2000)
Challenges and Opportunities for Semiconductor R&D
Production Year 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014
DRAM half pitch 180nm 130nm100nm70nm 50nm 35nm
Overlay accuracy 65nm 45nm 35nm 25nm 20nm 15nm
Gate length 140nm80nm 65nm 46nm 30nm 20nm
CD control 14nm 9nm 6nm 4nm 3nm 2nm
Oxide thickness 2nm 1.9nm 1.5nm 1.2nm 0.8nm 0.5nm
Nature, 406, 1023 (2000)
What is Nanoelectronics?
What is Electronics?
• By electronics we mean the handling of complicated electrical wave forms for communicating information, probing (such as in radar) and data processing.
• Data processing is the result of one complex stream of information interacting with another.
• This requires non-linear behavior, otherwise information just gets passed on from one place to the other.
(Landauer, Science 1968)
Nanoelectronics
* Investigate those electronic properties of small systems that are fundamentally different because of size. Look for interesting non-linearities.
* ‘Smallness’ depends on property and temperature.
The relevant length scale for conductance (the Fermi length) is 0.5nm for metals, 5nm for semiconductors.
Conductance Quantization
Conductance quantization in a 5 nm diameter wire during elongation
J.L. Pascual, Science 267, 1793 (1995)
Experiment
Modelling
Nanoelectronics sub-fields
• Molecular electronics
• Spintronics
• Quantum computing
• ….
Storing information atom by atom
Ultra high density (Library of Congress on a pin head)
Ultra slow (needs life time of universe to write)
Huge footprint (UHV 4K STM)
D. Eigler, IBM Almaden
Crossbar architecture
Bio-chemical Sensors
Lennox Group,
Chemistry, McGill
Beware of PowerPoint Science
or Cartoon Engineering !!!
Molecular electronics: the issues
• Contacts• Structure-function
relationship between transport process and molecular structure
• Dissipation
• Crosstalk (interconnects)
• Architecture • I-O with a trillion
processors• Fault tolerance• Manufacturing costs
Does atomic structure of the contact matter?
Mehrez, Wlasenko, et al., Phys. Rev. B 65, 195419 (2002)
(Guo Group, McGill Physics)
Electronic Properties of Molecules: Requirements
R. Reifenberger
Yan Sun
Anne-Sophie Lucier
Henrik Mortensen
Sascha Schaer
Yoichi Miyahara
Peter Grutter
(McGill Physics)
STM of alkanethiols on Au(111)
M. Godin, P. Williams, P. GrutterY. Sun
C6/C8
C8
C60 on Au(111)
J. Mativetsky, S. Burke, Y.Sun, S. Fostner, R. Hoffmann, P. Grutter
Dynamics of tungsten tip:
30 frames per second field ion microscope movie
Anne-Sophie Lucier
3D Reconstruction: the real thing
W polycrystalline tipreconstruction software by M. Orchard-Webb
F(z) and I(z) of W(111) trimer on Au(111)
Schirmeisen et al,
NJP 2, 29.1 (2000)
C60 on KBr
Cleaved in air, annealed in UHV clean KBr with C60400 nm
120 nm
600 nm
S. Burke, J. Mativetsky, S. Fostner, R. Hoffmann, P. Grutter
C60 islands on Au(111)
19 18 16 14 7
Magnetic reversal of microfabricated magnetic particles
Aim:
use coupled magnetic particles to
process and store information
Issue:
switching field distribution
Ph.D. Thesis of X. Zhu
Magnetic reversal of microfabricated magnetic particles
Aim:
use coupled magnetic particles to
process and store information
Issue:
switching field distribution
Ph.D. Thesis of X. Zhu
Quantum dots
50 nm diameter InAs Qdots grown on 10 nm InP and a
2DEG InGaAs
Sample grown at NRC IMS
J. Lefebvre, P. Poole, R. Williams et al
J. Crystal Growth 234, 391 (2002)
Cryogenic MFM of Nb flux lattice
Ph.D. Thesis of M. Roseman
Experimental Set-up
Conductive AFM tip
Tunnel barrier 10 nm InP
InGaAs 2-DEG
InAs QD (1st stack)
Electric field
Tunnel barrier 10 nm InP
InAs QD (2nd stack)
Bias Voltage
Sample B
First results of cryogenic electrostatic force spectroscopy on Qdots
R. Stomp,
Y. Miyahara, P. Grutter
double dot
Contacting a nano-dot with a Au wire
M. Pumarol, Y. Miyahara
S. Studenkin (NRC IMS)
Where will nano make an impact?• Electronics and photonics
– molecular electronics, spintronics– photonics– sensors
• Materials– ultra-fine powders, composites– harder, more corrosion resistant, dirt/bacteria repellent– green manufacturing, cost effective
• Bio-medical– emerging applications (materials, diagnostics, drug delivery...)– biomedical research tools (labeling, nanotools applied to biomed )– biotechnology applied to nanoscience & technology
New materials: non-permeable, self-cleaning, anti-septic,...
Lotus leafLotus leaf (artificial):
nm sized hydrophobic wax size: water rolls (not slides) -> cleans
sol-gel based technique -> on market
Self-cleaning plastic, textiles:Self-cleaning plastic, textiles: CNT stabilized enzymes in polymer
Textiles with ‘Stain Defender’
Air-D-FenseAir-D-Fense (InMat, New Jersey):
nanoclay/butyl thin film 3000 fold decreased permeability
Ceramic Coatings: Ceramic Coatings: (Inframat)
No barnacles on ship hulls: reduced drag
Nano materials in labeling
• High throughput multiplexed assays (‘nano bar code’)
• Optical tracking on a cellular level with tagged CdSe quantum dots: which gene is active?
Basis: size dependent emissioncolor of ZnS capped CdSe nano particles
Nanobiotechnology: Nanobiotechnology:
the next ueber-hype ???the next ueber-hype ???
NanoBioTechnology
• NOT more cleverly packed, sub- arrays
• NOT microtechnology scaled to nano
• NOT macromolecular chemistry
• So - what is it ???
Nanobiotechnology
• Emerging applications: – new drugs and drug delivery systems– new materials
• Biomedical research tools:– nano materials for labeling & diagnostics– tools of nanoscience applied to biomed
• Biotechnology applied to nanoscience & technology
Nanobiotechnology - examples
• Emerging applications: – new drugs– new materials
• Biomedical research tools:– nano materials for labeling & diagnostics– tools of nanoscience applied to biomed
• Biotechnology applied to nanoscience & technology
Potential new drugs
• Cyclic peptides assemble into hollow, nanometer sized pipes.
• These tube forming rings punch holes into (negatively charged) microbe membranes (nanobiotics). Ghadri et al. Nature 412, 452 (2001)
Potential new drugs & drug delivery systems
• Nanoshells of gold (tagged if necessary) can be heated from outside of body by IR, thus releasing drugs locally and controlled
• Makes use of high optical density of agglomerates
Nanobiotechnology - examples
• Emerging applications: – new drugs– new materials
• Biomedical research tools:– nano materials for labeling & diagnostics– tools of nanoscience applied to biomed
• Biotechnology applied to nanoscience & technology
Nano materials in screening
• Polymer microspheres filled with different intensity ratios of color coding nanoparticles
• Each sphere is tagged with a different receptor /ligand/antibody/DNA strand, ... Han et al., Nature Biotech 19, 631 (2001)
Nanobiotechnology - examples
• Emerging applications: – new drugs– new materials
• Biomedical research tools:– nano materials for labeling & diagnostics– tools of nanoscience applied to biomed
• Biotechnology applied to nanoscience & technology
Live Cell Imaging:
Time-lapse sequence after contraction stimulation (~20min/frame).Images are 50x50 m. B. Smith, B. Tolosko, J. Martin, P. Grutter
• Smooth muscle cell from rat trachea. • The contractile dynamics are relevant in the study of asthma.
DNA ‘unwinding’
Nature - DNA replication,polymerization
AFM probe
Au surface
Experiment - AFM force spectroscopy
DNA Intercalant Ethidium BromideDuplex poly(dG-dC) with EB
200 300 400 500
Forc
e [4
00 p
N /
div.
]Fo
rce
[400
pN
/ di
v.]
B-S Transition ~ 70 pN
Melting Transition ~ 300 pN
Duplex poly(dG-dC)
300 450 600 750 Molecular Extension [nm]
b = 0.8 nmL = 778 nm
b = 0.8 nmL = 462 nm
A,G
A,G
T,C
T,CEB
Anselmetti et. al. Single Mol. 1, 58 (2000)
Stimulation of Single Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
Natural Process:Synaptic Transmission
Goal: To study channel gating kinetics and binding forces, while maintaining precise control of agonist location.
Experiment: Ligand-functionalized AFM tip
Nanobiotechnology - examples
• Emerging applications: – new drugs– new materials
• Biomedical research tools:– nano materials for labeling & diagnostics– tools of nanoscience applied to biomed
• Biotechnology applied to nanoscience & technology
Biotechnology applied to Nanoscience
• Better materials (e.g. Abalone shell)
• Positioning of parts (e.g. DNA scaffolding)
• Growing of wires, magnetic particles, …
+
Branching scaffold units for the construction of geometricallygeometrically controlled nanostructures
Synthesis of Branched Metal-DNA conjugates
F. Mathieu, H. Sleiman (Chemistry McGill)
Oligonucleotide
Nano Technology
Nanotechnology is at its infancy, still rather quite primitive!
Nano Technology
• Science!• Scaling Laws? • Statistics?• Better function?• Throughput?
Nanotechnology is at its infancy, still rather quite primitive!
•Cost?
•Systems integration?
•Environmental impact?
•Social acceptance?
•Ethics?
some of the issues:
Nanoscience -> Nanotechnologycrystal ball gazing!
New tools: NOW
Nanomaterials: 0-5 years
Nanoelectronics: 15-20 years
Nanobio/nanomed: 20-30 years
Nano: Renaissance Science
nm
size
time
solid state physics &
engineeringbiology
chemistry
now!
nm
Nanotools Facility
Why will gray goo remainremain fiction?
• Contradicts many well-established laws of physics and chemistry:– fat finger problem – sticky finger problem– stability problem (positional and chemical)– (see R. Smalley, Sci. Amer. Sept 2001, p. 76)
• Challenges:– communication macro-nano– surface - volume effects