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The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
© Future Markets, Inc. All rights reserved.
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY........................................................................................................ 52 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................................................... 59
• 2.1 CARBON NANOTUBES................................................................................................................ 59
o 2.1.1 Exceptional properties.......................................................................................................... 61
o 2.1.2 Products and applications.................................................................................................... 62
o 2.1.3 Competition from graphene................................................................................................. 68
o 2.1.4 Production.............................................................................................................................. 69
▪ 2.1.4.1 Multi-walled nanotube (MWNT) production............................................................. 69
▪ 2.1.4.2 Single-walled nanotube (SWNT) production........................................................... 70
o 2.1.5 Global demand for carbon nanotubes............................................................................... 72
▪ 2.1.5.1 Current products.......................................................................................................... 74
▪ 2.1.5.2 Future products............................................................................................................ 75
▪ 2.1.5.3 The market in 2018...................................................................................................... 75
o 2.1.6 Market drivers and trends.................................................................................................... 75
▪ 2.1.6.1 Electronics..................................................................................................................... 75
▪ 2.1.6.2 Electric vehicles and lithium-ion batteries................................................................ 76
o 2.1.7 Market and production challenges..................................................................................... 77
• 2.2 2D MATERIALS.............................................................................................................................. 80
• 2.3 GRAPHENE.................................................................................................................................... 80
o 2.3.1 The market in 2017............................................................................................................... 81
The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
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o 2.3.2 The market in 2018............................................................................................................... 82
o 2.3.3 Production.............................................................................................................................. 82
o 2.3.4 Products.................................................................................................................................. 84
o 2.3.5 Graphene investments 2016-2018..................................................................................... 86
o 2.3.6 Market outlook for 2018....................................................................................................... 87
o 2.3.7 Global funding and initiatives.............................................................................................. 93
o 2.3.8 Products and applications.................................................................................................... 94
o 2.3.9 Production.............................................................................................................................. 96
▪ 2.3.9.1 Production capacities by producer............................................................................ 96
▪ 2.3.9.2 Graphite producers...................................................................................................... 97
o 2.3.10 Market drivers and trends............................................................................................... 98
o 2.3.11 Market and technical challenges................................................................................. 102
o 2.3.12 Key players globally....................................................................................................... 104
▪ 2.3.12.1 Asia-Pacific................................................................................................................. 104
▪ 2.3.12.2 North America............................................................................................................ 107
▪ 2.3.12.3 Europe......................................................................................................................... 107
3 MATERIALS OVERVIEW............................................................................................................... 109
• 3.1 Properties of nanomaterials........................................................................................................ 109
• 3.2 Categorization............................................................................................................................... 110
• 3.3 CARBON NANOTUBES.............................................................................................................. 111
o 3.3.1 Properties............................................................................................................................. 111
o 3.3.2 Multi-walled nanotubes (MWNT)...................................................................................... 113
▪ 3.3.2.1 Properties.................................................................................................................... 113
The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
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▪ 3.3.2.2 Applications................................................................................................................ 113
o 3.3.3 Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT)........................................................................... 114
▪ 3.3.3.1 Properties.................................................................................................................... 115
▪ 3.3.3.2 Applications................................................................................................................ 115
▪ 3.3.3.3 Single-chirality............................................................................................................ 118
o 3.3.4 Comparison between MWNTs and SWNTs................................................................... 119
o 3.3.5 Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs)................................................................... 119
▪ 3.3.5.1 Properties.................................................................................................................... 119
▪ 3.3.5.2 Applications................................................................................................................ 120
o 3.3.6 Few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWNTs)......................................................................... 120
▪ 3.3.6.1 Properties.................................................................................................................... 120
▪ 3.3.6.2 Applications................................................................................................................ 120
o 3.3.7 Carbon Nanohorns (CNHs)............................................................................................... 121
▪ 3.3.7.1 Properties.................................................................................................................... 121
▪ 3.3.7.2 Applications................................................................................................................ 121
o 3.3.8 Carbon Onions.................................................................................................................... 122
▪ 3.3.8.1 Properties.................................................................................................................... 122
▪ 3.3.8.2 Applications................................................................................................................ 123
o 3.3.9 Fullerenes............................................................................................................................. 123
▪ 3.3.9.1 Properties.................................................................................................................... 123
▪ 3.3.9.2 Applications................................................................................................................ 124
o 3.3.10 Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs)............................................................................... 125
▪ 3.3.10.1 Properties.................................................................................................................... 125
▪ 3.3.10.2 Applications................................................................................................................ 126
The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
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• 3.4 Applications of carbon nanotubes............................................................................................. 126
• 3.5 GRAPHENE.................................................................................................................................. 127
o 3.5.1 History................................................................................................................................... 127
o 3.5.2 Forms of graphene............................................................................................................. 128
o 3.5.3 Properties............................................................................................................................. 129
o 3.5.4 3D Graphene....................................................................................................................... 131
o 3.5.5 Graphene Quantum Dots................................................................................................... 131
▪ 3.5.5.1 Synthesis..................................................................................................................... 133
▪ 3.5.5.2 Applications................................................................................................................ 133
▪ 3.5.5.3 Producers.................................................................................................................... 135
• 3.6 OTHER 2-D MATERIALS........................................................................................................... 136
o 3.6.1 Beyond moore’s law........................................................................................................... 136
o 3.6.2 Batteries................................................................................................................................ 137
• 3.6.3 PHOSPHORENE................................................................................................................ 137
o 3.6.3.1 Properties.................................................................................................................... 137
o 3.6.3.2 Fabrication methods.................................................................................................. 139
o 3.6.3.3 Challenges for the use of phosphorene in devices.............................................. 139
o 3.6.4.1 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 140
o 3.6.5 Market opportunity assessment........................................................................................ 142
• 3.7 GRAPHITIC CARBON NITRIDE (g-C3N4).............................................................................. 143
o 3.7.1 Properties............................................................................................................................. 143
o 3.7.2 Synthesis.............................................................................................................................. 144
o 3.7.3 C2N........................................................................................................................................ 144
o 3.7.4 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 145
The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
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▪ 3.7.4.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 145
▪ 3.7.4.2 Filtration membranes................................................................................................ 145
▪ 3.7.4.3 Photocatalysts............................................................................................................ 145
▪ 3.7.4.4 Batteries (LIBs).......................................................................................................... 145
▪ 3.7.4.5 Sensors....................................................................................................................... 146
o 3.7.5 Market opportunity assessment........................................................................................ 146
• 3.8 GERMANENE............................................................................................................................... 146
o 3.8.1 Properties............................................................................................................................. 147
o 3.8.2 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 147
▪ 3.8.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 147
▪ 3.8.2.2 Batteries...................................................................................................................... 148
o 3.8.3 Market opportunity assessment........................................................................................ 148
• 3.9 GRAPHDIYNE.............................................................................................................................. 148
o 3.9.1 Properties............................................................................................................................. 149
o 3.9.2 Applications.......................................................................................................................... 149
▪ 3.9.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 149
▪ 3.9.2.2 Batteries...................................................................................................................... 150
▪ 3.9.2.3 Separation membranes............................................................................................ 150
▪ 3.9.2.4 Water filtration............................................................................................................ 150
▪ 3.9.2.5 Photocatalysts............................................................................................................ 150
▪ 3.9.2.6 Photovoltaics.............................................................................................................. 150
o 3.9.3 Market opportunity assessment........................................................................................ 151
• 3.10 GRAPHANE............................................................................................................................. 151
The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
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o 3.10.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 152
o 3.10.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 152
▪ 3.10.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 152
▪ 3.10.2.2 Hydrogen storage...................................................................................................... 152
o 3.10.3 Market opportunity assessment................................................................................... 153
• 3.11 HEXAGONAL BORON-NITRIDE.......................................................................................... 153
o 3.11.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 154
o 3.11.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 155
▪ 3.11.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 155
▪ 3.11.2.2 Fuel cells..................................................................................................................... 155
▪ 3.11.2.3 Adsorbents.................................................................................................................. 155
▪ 3.11.2.4 Photodetectors........................................................................................................... 155
▪ 3.11.2.5 Biomedical.................................................................................................................. 156
o 3.11.3 Market opportunity assessment................................................................................... 156
• 3.12 MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS2).................................................................................... 157
o 3.12.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 157
o 3.12.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 158
▪ 3.12.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 158
▪ 3.12.2.2 Photovoltaics.............................................................................................................. 159
▪ 3.12.2.3 Piezoelectrics............................................................................................................. 159
▪ 3.12.2.4 Sensors....................................................................................................................... 160
▪ 3.12.2.5 Filtration....................................................................................................................... 160
▪ 3.12.2.6 Batteries...................................................................................................................... 160
▪ 3.12.2.7 Fiber lasers................................................................................................................. 160
The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
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o 3.12.3 Market opportunity assessment................................................................................... 160
• 3.13 RHENIUM DISULFIDE (ReS2) AND DISELENIDE (ReSe2)........................................... 161
o 3.13.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 162
o 3.13.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 162
▪ 3.13.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 162
o 3.13.3 Market opportunity assessment................................................................................... 162
• 3.14 SILICENE.................................................................................................................................. 163
o 3.14.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 164
o 3.14.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 164
▪ 3.14.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 164
▪ 3.14.2.2 Photovoltaics.............................................................................................................. 165
▪ 3.14.2.3 Thermoelectrics......................................................................................................... 165
▪ 3.14.2.4 Batteries...................................................................................................................... 165
▪ 3.14.2.5 Sensors....................................................................................................................... 166
o 3.14.3 Market opportunity assessment................................................................................... 166
• 3.15 STANENE/TINENE................................................................................................................. 166
o 3.15.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 167
o 3.15.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 168
o 3.15.3 Market opportunity assessment................................................................................... 168
• 3.16 TUNGSTEN DISELENIDE..................................................................................................... 169
o 3.16.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 170
o 3.16.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 170
▪ 3.16.2.1 Electronics.................................................................................................................. 170
o 3.16.3 Market opportunity assessment................................................................................... 170
• 3.17 ANTIMONENE......................................................................................................................... 171
The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
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o 3.17.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 171
o 3.17.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 171
• 3.18 DIAMENE.................................................................................................................................. 172
o 3.18.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 172
o 3.18.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 172
• 3.19 INDIUM SELENIDE................................................................................................................. 172
o 3.19.1 Properties........................................................................................................................ 172
o 3.19.2 Applications..................................................................................................................... 173
• 3.20 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GRAPHENE AND OTHER 2D MATERIALS............. 174
4 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS GRAPHENE AND CARBON NANOTUBES............................ 176
• 4.1 Comparative properties............................................................................................................... 177
• 4.2 Cost and production..................................................................................................................... 178
• 4.3 Carbon nanotube-graphene hybrids......................................................................................... 179
5 CARBON NANOTUBE SYNTHESIS............................................................................................ 180
• 5.1 Arc discharge synthesis.............................................................................................................. 181
• 5.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)............................................................................................ 182
• 5.3 Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD)........................................................ 183
• 5.4 High-pressure carbon monoxide synthesis.............................................................................. 184
• 5.5 Flame synthesis............................................................................................................................ 185
• 5.6 Laser ablation synthesis.............................................................................................................. 186
• 5.7 Silane solution method................................................................................................................ 187
6 GRAPHENE SYNTHESIS............................................................................................................... 188
• 6.1 Large area graphene films.......................................................................................................... 188
• 6.2 Graphene oxide flakes and graphene nanoplatelets.............................................................. 189
The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
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• 6.3 Production methods..................................................................................................................... 190
o 6.3.1 Production directly from natural graphite ore................................................................. 192
o 6.3.2 Alternative starting materials............................................................................................. 192
o 6.3.3 Quality................................................................................................................................... 192
• 6.4 Synthesis and production by types of graphene..................................................................... 193
o 6.4.1 Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs)...................................................................................... 194
o 6.4.2 Graphene nanoribbons...................................................................................................... 194
o 6.4.3 Large-area graphene films................................................................................................ 195
o 6.4.4 Graphene oxide (GO)......................................................................................................... 197
• 6.5 Pros and cons of graphene production methods.................................................................... 198
o 6.5.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)................................................................................... 199
o 6.5.2 Exfoliation method.............................................................................................................. 199
o 6.5.3 Epitaxial growth method..................................................................................................... 200
o 6.5.4 Wet chemistry method (liquid phase exfoliation)........................................................... 200
o 6.5.5 Micromechanical cleavage method.................................................................................. 201
o 6.5.6 Green reduction of graphene oxide................................................................................. 202
o 6.5.7 Plasma.................................................................................................................................. 202
• 6.6 Recent synthesis methods.......................................................................................................... 203
• 6.7 Synthesis methods by company................................................................................................ 208
7 REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS............................................................................................ 210
• 7.1 Standards...................................................................................................................................... 210
• 7.2 Europe............................................................................................................................................ 211
• 7.3 United States................................................................................................................................. 214
The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
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• 7.4 Asia................................................................................................................................................. 216
o 7.4.1 Japan.................................................................................................................................... 216
o 7.4.2 South Korea......................................................................................................................... 216
o 7.4.3 Taiwan.................................................................................................................................. 216
o 7.4.4 Australia................................................................................................................................ 216
• 7.5 Workplace exposure.................................................................................................................... 217
8 CARBON NANOTUBES PATENTS.............................................................................................. 218 9 GRAPHENE PATENTS................................................................................................................... 221 10 CARBON NANOTUBES TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL.............................................. 225 11 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL................................................................... 227 12 CARBON NANOTUBES MARKET STRUCTURE..................................................................... 229 13 GRAPHENE MARKET STRUCTURE........................................................................................... 231 14 CARBON NANOTUBES PRODUCTION ANALYSIS................................................................ 235
• 14.1 Production volumes in metric tons, 2010-2027.................................................................. 235
• 14.2 Carbon nanotube producer production capacities............................................................. 240
• 14.3 Regional demand for carbon nanotubes............................................................................. 242
o 14.3.1 Japan................................................................................................................................ 243
o 14.3.2 China................................................................................................................................ 244
• 14.4 Main carbon nanotubes producers....................................................................................... 245
o 14.4.1 SWNT production........................................................................................................... 245
▪ 14.4.1.1 OCSiAl......................................................................................................................... 245
▪ 14.4.1.2 FGV Cambridge Nanosystems................................................................................ 245
▪ 14.4.1.3 Zeon Corporation....................................................................................................... 246
The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
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• 14.5 Price of carbon nanotubes-MWNTs, SWNTs and FWNTs............................................... 246
o 14.5.1 MWNTs............................................................................................................................ 247
o 14.5.2 SWNTs............................................................................................................................. 247
• 14.6 APPLICATIONS....................................................................................................................... 248
15 GRAPHENE PRODUCTION AND PRICING ANALYSIS..................................................................................... 251
• 15.1 Graphene production volumes 2010-2027.......................................................................... 251
• 15.2 Graphene pricing..................................................................................................................... 253
o 15.2.1 Pristine Graphene Flakes pricing................................................................................ 254
o 15.2.2 Few-Layer Graphene pricing........................................................................................ 255
o 15.2.3 Graphene Nanoplatelets pricing.................................................................................. 256
o 15.2.4 Reduced Graphene Oxide pricing............................................................................... 257
o 15.2.5 Graphene Quantum Dots pricing................................................................................. 257
o 15.2.6 Graphene Oxide Nanosheets pricing.......................................................................... 258
o 15.2.7 Multilayer Graphene (MLG) pricing............................................................................. 259
o 15.2.8 Mass production of lower grade graphene materials............................................... 260
o 15.2.9 High grade graphene difficult to mass produce......................................................... 260
o 15.2.10 Bulk supply...................................................................................................................... 260
o 15.2.11 Commoditisation............................................................................................................. 261
• 15.3 Graphene producers and production capacities................................................................ 261
16 CARBON NANOTUBES INDUSTRY NEWS 2013-2018-INVESTMENTS, PRODUCTS AND PRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................ 263 17 GRAPHENE INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS 2013-2018-INVESTMENTS, PRODUCTS AND PRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................ 280 18 END USER MARKET ANALYSIS FOR CARBON NANOMATERIALS................................. 335
The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
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• 18.1 3D PRINTING........................................................................................................................... 335
o 18.1.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................................ 335
o 18.1.2 APPLICATIONS............................................................................................................. 336
o 18.1.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY........................................................................ 338
o 18.1.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................................. 339
o 18.1.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................................... 340
• 18.2 ADHESIVES............................................................................................................................. 342
o 18.2.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................................ 342
o 18.2.2 APPLICATIONS............................................................................................................. 343
o 18.2.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY........................................................................ 344
o 18.2.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................................. 347
o 18.2.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................................... 348
• 18.3 AEROSPACE AND AVIATION.............................................................................................. 349
o 18.3.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................................ 349
o 18.3.2 APPLICATIONS............................................................................................................. 351
▪ 18.3.2.1 Composites................................................................................................................. 353
▪ 18.3.2.2 Coatings...................................................................................................................... 356
o 18.3.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY........................................................................ 360
o 18.3.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................................. 364
o 18.3.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................................... 365
• 18.4 AUTOMOTIVE......................................................................................................................... 368
o 18.4.1 MARKET DRIVER AND TRENDS............................................................................... 369
o 18.4.2 APPLICATIONS............................................................................................................. 370
The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
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▪ 18.4.2.1 Composites................................................................................................................. 371
▪ 18.4.2.2 Thermally conductive additives............................................................................... 372
▪ 18.4.2.3 Tires............................................................................................................................. 373
o 18.4.2.4 Heat dissipation in electric vehicles........................................................................ 373
o 18.4.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY........................................................................ 375
o 18.4.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................................. 378
o 18.4.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................................... 379
• 18.5 COATINGS............................................................................................................................... 382
o 18.5.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................................ 383
o 18.5.2 APPLICATIONS............................................................................................................. 387
o 18.5.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY........................................................................ 398
o 18.5.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................................. 404
o 18.5.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................................... 405
• 18.6 COMPOSITES......................................................................................................................... 408
o 18.6.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................................ 409
o 18.6.2 APPLICATIONS............................................................................................................. 411
▪ 18.6.2.1 Polymer composites.................................................................................................. 411
▪ 18.6.2.2 Barrier packaging...................................................................................................... 415
▪ 18.6.2.3 Electrostatic discharge (ESD) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding 415
▪ 18.6.2.4 Wind turbines............................................................................................................. 415
▪ 18.6.2.5 Ballistic protection...................................................................................................... 416
o 18.6.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY........................................................................ 417
The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
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o 18.6.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................................. 420
o 18.6.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................................... 421
• 18.7 ELECTRONICS....................................................................................................................... 426
o 18.7.1 FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS, CONDUCTIVE FILMS AND DISPLAYS................... 427
▪ 18.7.1.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS....................................................................... 427
▪ 18.7.1.2 APPLICATIONS......................................................................................................... 429
▪ 18.7.1.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY.................................................................... 450
▪ 18.7.1.4 MARKET CHALLENGES......................................................................................... 456
▪ 18.7.1.6 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS...................................................................................... 461
o 18.7.2 CONDUCTIVE INKS...................................................................................................... 465
▪ 18.7.2.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS....................................................................... 465
▪ 18.7.2.2 APPLICATIONS......................................................................................................... 467
▪ 18.7.2.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY.................................................................... 475
▪ 18.7.2.4 MARKET CHALLENGES......................................................................................... 478
▪ 18.7.2.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS...................................................................................... 479
o 18.7.3 TRANSISTORS, INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND OTHER COMPONENTS........ 481
▪ 18.7.3.1 APPLICATIONS......................................................................................................... 482
▪ 18.7.3.2 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY.................................................................... 490
▪ 18.7.3.3 MARKET CHALLENGES......................................................................................... 494
▪ 18.7.3.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS...................................................................................... 497
o 18.7.4 MEMORY DEVICES...................................................................................................... 499
The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
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▪ 18.7.4.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS....................................................................... 499
▪ 18.7.4.2 APPLICATIONS......................................................................................................... 501
▪ 18.7.4.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY.................................................................... 504
▪ 18.7.4.4 MARKET CHALLENGES......................................................................................... 505
▪ 18.7.4.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS...................................................................................... 506
o 18.7.5 PHOTONICS................................................................................................................... 510
▪ 18.7.5.1 MARKET DRIVERS.................................................................................................. 510
▪ 18.7.5.2 APPLICATIONS......................................................................................................... 511
▪ 18.7.5.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY.................................................................... 516
▪ 18.7.5.4 MARKET CHALLENGES......................................................................................... 517
▪ 18.7.6 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................................... 517
• 18.8 ENERGY STORAGE AND CONVERSION......................................................................... 518
o 18.8.1 BATTERIES.................................................................................................................... 519
▪ 18.8.1.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS....................................................................... 519
▪ 18.8.1.2 APPLICATIONS......................................................................................................... 523
▪ 18.8.1.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY.................................................................... 528
▪ 18.8.1.4 MARKET CHALLENGES......................................................................................... 532
o 18.8.2 SUPERCAPACITORS................................................................................................... 534
▪ 18.8.2.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS....................................................................... 534
▪ 18.8.2.2 APPLICATIONS......................................................................................................... 535
▪ 18.8.2.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY.................................................................... 541
▪ 18.8.2.4 MARKET CHALLENGES......................................................................................... 544
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o 18.8.3 PHOTOVOLTAICS......................................................................................................... 546
▪ 18.8.3.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS....................................................................... 546
▪ 18.8.3.2 APPLICATIONS......................................................................................................... 547
▪ 18.8.3.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY.................................................................... 553
▪ 18.8.3.4 MARKET CHALLENGES......................................................................................... 555
o 18.8.4 FUEL CELLS AND HYDROGEN STORAGE............................................................ 557
▪ 18.8.4.1 MARKET DRIVERS.................................................................................................. 557
▪ 18.8.4.2 APPLICATIONS......................................................................................................... 559
▪ 18.8.4.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY.................................................................... 560
▪ 18.8.4.4 MARKET CHALLENGES......................................................................................... 562
▪ 18.8.4.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS...................................................................................... 562
• 18.9 LED LIGHTING AND UVC..................................................................................................... 570
o 18.9.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................................ 570
o 18.9.2 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS......................................................................... 571
▪ 18.9.2.1 Flexible OLED lighting.............................................................................................. 571
o 18.9.3 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY....................................................... 573
o 18.9.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................................. 574
o 18.9.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................................... 575
• 18.10 FILTRATION AND SEPARATION........................................................................................ 575
o 18.10.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................................ 575
o 18.10.2 APPLICATIONS............................................................................................................. 577
▪ 18.10.3 Water filtration................................................................................................................. 581
The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
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▪ 18.10.4 Gas separation............................................................................................................... 582
▪ 18.10.5 Photocatalytic absorbents............................................................................................. 582
▪ 18.10.6 Air filtration....................................................................................................................... 583
o 18.10.7 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY........................................................................ 584
o 18.10.8 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................................. 586
o 18.10.9 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................................... 588
• 18.11 LIFE SCIENCES AND MEDICAL......................................................................................... 590
o 18.11.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................................ 591
o 18.11.2 APPLICATIONS............................................................................................................. 592
▪ 18.11.2.1 Cancer therapy...................................................................................................... 596
▪ 18.11.2.2 Medical implants and devices............................................................................. 598
▪ 18.11.2.3 Wound dressings.................................................................................................. 598
▪ 18.11.2.4 Biosensors.............................................................................................................. 599
▪ 18.11.2.5 Medical imaging.................................................................................................... 600
▪ 18.11.2.6 Tissue engineering............................................................................................... 600
▪ 18.11.2.7 Dental...................................................................................................................... 601
▪ 18.11.2.8 Electrophysiology.................................................................................................. 601
▪ 18.11.2.9 Wearable and mobile health monitoring............................................................ 601
o 18.11.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY........................................................................ 612
▪ 18.11.3.1 Wearable healthcare............................................................................................ 614
The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
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o 18.11.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................................. 618
o 18.11.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................................... 620
• 18.12 LUBRICANTS........................................................................................................................... 624
o 18.12.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................................ 624
o 18.12.2 APPLICATIONS............................................................................................................. 625
o 18.12.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY........................................................................ 627
o 18.12.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................................. 629
o 18.12.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................................... 629
• 18.13 OIL AND GAS.......................................................................................................................... 630
o 18.13.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................................ 631
o 18.13.2 APPLICATIONS............................................................................................................. 632
▪ 18.13.2.1 Sensing and reservoir management.................................................................. 632
▪ 18.13.2.2 Coatings.................................................................................................................. 633
▪ 18.13.2.3 Drilling fluids........................................................................................................... 634
▪ 18.13.2.4 Sorbent materials.................................................................................................. 635
▪ 18.13.2.5 Catalysts................................................................................................................. 635
▪ 18.13.2.6 Separation.............................................................................................................. 635
o 18.13.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY........................................................................ 636
o 18.13.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................................. 639
o 18.13.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................................... 640
• 18.14 RUBBER AND TIRES............................................................................................................. 641
o 18.14.1 APPLICATIONS............................................................................................................. 641
The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
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o 18.14.2 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY....................................................... 641
o 18.14.3 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................................. 643
o 18.14.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................................... 643
• 18.15 SENSORS................................................................................................................................ 644
o 18.15.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................................ 644
o 18.15.2 APPLICATIONS............................................................................................................. 645
▪ 18.15.2.1 Infrared (IR) sensors............................................................................................. 650
▪ 18.15.2.2 Electrochemical and gas sensors....................................................................... 650
▪ 18.15.2.3 Pressure sensors.................................................................................................. 651
▪ 18.15.2.4 Biosensors.............................................................................................................. 651
▪ 18.15.2.5 Optical sensors...................................................................................................... 653
▪ 18.15.2.6 Humidity sensors................................................................................................... 654
▪ 18.15.2.7 Strain sensors........................................................................................................ 654
▪ 18.15.2.8 Acoustic sensors................................................................................................... 654
▪ 18.15.2.9 Wireless sensors................................................................................................... 654
▪ 18.15.2.10 Surface enhanced Raman scattering................................................................ 654
o 18.15.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY........................................................................ 655
o 18.15.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................................. 657
o 18.15.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................................... 659
• 18.16 SMART TEXTILES AND APPAREL..................................................................................... 662
o 18.16.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................................ 662
The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
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o 18.16.2 APPLICATIONS............................................................................................................. 666
▪ 18.16.3 Conductive coatings....................................................................................................... 669
▪ 18.16.4 Conductive yarns............................................................................................................ 670
o 18.16.5 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY........................................................................ 671
o 18.16.6 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................................. 676
o 18.16.7 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................................... 678
19 CARBON NANOTUBES PRODUCERS AND PRODUCT DEVELOPERS............................ 680
• 220 Company profiles 20 GRAPHENE PRODUCERS............................................................................................................ 807
• 20.1 TYPES OF GRAPHENE PRODUCED, BY PRODUCER................................................. 807
• 119 Company profiles (pages 811-991) 21 GRAPHENE PRODUCT AND APPLICATION DEVELOPERS............................................... 892
• 21.1 Industrial collaborations and licence agreements.............................................................. 892
• 21.2 Markets targeted, by product developers and end users.................................................. 896
• 110 Company profiles (pages 897-962) 22 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................. 963 TABLES
• Table 1: Market summary for carbon nanotubes-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications............................................................................................................................................. 59
• Table 2: Properties of CNTs and comparable materials........................................................................ 61
• Table 3: Market opportunity assessment for CNTs in order of opportunity from high to low........... 63
• Table 4: Annual production capacity of MWNT producers 2017.......................................................... 69
• Table 5: SWNT producers production capacities 2017.......................................................................... 71
• Table 6: Production volumes of MWNTs (tons), 2010-2027................................................................. 73
• Table 7: Competitive analysis of Carbon nanotubes and graphene by application area and potential impact by
The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
© Future Markets, Inc. All rights reserved.
2027....................................................................................................................................... 79
• Table 8: Demand for graphene (tons), 2010-2027................................................................................. 83
• Table 9: Consumer products incorporating graphene............................................................................ 85
• Table 10: Graphene investments and financial agreements 2017....................................................... 86
• Table 11: Market opportunity assessment matrix for graphene applications..................................... 89
• Table 12: Graphene target markets-Applications and potential addressable market size............... 95
• Table 13: Main graphene producers by country and annual production capacities.......................... 96
• Table 14: Categorization of nanomaterials............................................................................................ 110
• Table 15: Properties of carbon nanotubes............................................................................................. 111
• Table 16: Applications of multi-walled carbon nanotubes................................................................... 114
• Table 17: Markets, benefits and applications of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes....................... 116
• Table 18: Comparison between single-walled carbon nanotubes and multi-walled carbon nanotubes............................................................................................................................................. 119
• Table 19: Markets, benefits and applications of fullerenes................................................................. 124
• Table 20: Applications of carbon nanotubes......................................................................................... 126
• Table 21: Properties of graphene............................................................................................................ 130
• Table 22: Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs................................................... 132
• Table 23: Graphene quantum dot producers........................................................................................ 135
• Table 24: Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2................................................................................................................................................................. 139
• Table 25: Market opportunity assessment for phosphorene applications........................................ 143
• Table 26: Market opportunity assessment for graphitic carbon nitride applications....................... 146
• Table 27: Market opportunity assessment for germanene applications........................................... 148
• Table 28: Market opportunity assessment for graphdiyne applications............................................ 151
• Table 29: Market opportunity assessment for graphane applications............................................... 153
The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
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• Table 30: Market opportunity assessment for hexagonal boron nitride applications...................... 156
• Table 31: Market opportunity assessment for molybdenum disulfide applications......................... 160
• Table 32: Market opportunity assessment for Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2) applications........................................................................................................................................... 162
• Table 33: Market opportunity assessment for silicene applications.................................................. 166
• Table 34: Market opportunity assessment for stanine/tinene applications....................................... 168
• Table 35: Market opportunity assessment for tungsten diselenide applications............................. 170
• Table 36: Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials.................................... 174
• Table 37: Comparative properties of carbon materials........................................................................ 177
• Table 38: Comparative properties of graphene with nanoclays and carbon nanotubes................ 179
• Table 39: SWNT synthesis methods....................................................................................................... 181
• Table 40: Large area graphene films-Markets, applications and current global market................ 188
• Table 41: Graphene oxide flakes/graphene nanoplatelets-Markets, applications and current global market.................................................................................................................................................... 189
• Table 42: Main production methods for graphene................................................................................ 190
• Table 43: Large area graphene films-Markets, applications and current global market................ 196
• Table 44: Graphene synthesis methods, by company......................................................................... 208
• Table 45: National nanomaterials registries in Europe........................................................................ 212
• Table 46: Nanomaterials regulatory bodies in Australia...................................................................... 217
• Table 47: Top ten countries based on number of nanotechnology patents in USPTO 2014-2015. 219
• Table 48: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2016................................................... 222
• Table 49: Leading graphene patentees.................................................................................................. 223
• Table 50: Industrial graphene patents.................................................................................................... 223
• Table 51: Carbon nanotubes market structure...................................................................................... 229
• Table 52: Graphene market structure..................................................................................................... 231
The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
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• Table 53: Production volumes of carbon nanotubes (tons), 2010-2027........................................... 236
• Table 54: Annual production capacity of MWNT producers................................................................ 241
• Table 55: SWNT producer’s production capacities 2016.................................................................... 242
• Table 56: Example carbon nanotubes prices........................................................................................ 247
• Table 57: Markets, benefits and applications of Carbon Nanotubes................................................. 248
• Table 58: Global production of graphene, 2010-2027 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2015................................................................................................................................................................. 251
• Table 59: Types of graphene and prices................................................................................................ 253
• Table 60: Pristine graphene flakes pricing by producer...................................................................... 255
• Table 61: Few-layer graphene pricing by producer.............................................................................. 255
• Table 62: Graphene nanoplatelets pricing by producer....................................................................... 256
• Table 63: Reduced graphene oxide pricing, by producer................................................................... 257
• Table 64: Graphene quantum dots pricing by producer...................................................................... 258
• Table 65: Graphene oxide nanosheets pricing by producer............................................................... 258
• Table 66: Multi-layer graphene pricing by producer............................................................................. 259
• Table 67: Production capacities of graphene producers, current and planned, metric tons......... 261
• Table 68: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in 3D printing......................................... 335
• Table 69: Graphene properties relevant to application in 3D printing............................................... 336
• Table 70: Applications and benefits of carbon nanomaterials in 3D printing................................... 337
• Table 71: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in 3D printing.......................................................... 338
• Table 72: Market opportunity assessment for CNTs in 3D printing................................................... 338
• Table 73: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in 3D printing............................................ 338
• Table 74: Market challenges for carbon nanomaterials in 3D printing.............................................. 339
• Table 75: Market challenges rating for carbon nanomaterials in the 3D printing market............... 340
• Table 76: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the 3D printing industry...... 340
The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
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• Table 77: Graphene product and application developers in the 3D printing industry..................... 341
• Table 78: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in adhesives.......................................... 342
• Table 79: Graphene properties relevant to application in adhesives................................................ 343
• Table 80: Applications and benefits of carbon nanomaterials in adhesives..................................... 344
• Table 81: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in adhesives........................................................... 345
• Table 82: Market opportunity assessment for CNTs in adhesives.................................................... 345
• Table 83: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in adhesives.............................................. 346
• Table 84: Market challenges rating for carbon nanomaterials in the adhesives market................ 347
• Table 85: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the adhesives industry....... 348
• Table 86: Graphene product and application developers in the adhesives industry..................... 348
• Table 87: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in aerospace.......................................... 349
• Table 88: Applications and benefits of CNTs in aerospace................................................................ 351
• Table 89: Applications in aerospace composites, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof.... 355
• Table 90: Types of nanocoatings utilized in aerospace and application........................................... 357
• Table 91: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in aerospace........................................................... 361
• Table 92: Market opportunity assessment for CNTs in aerospace.................................................... 362
• Table 93: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in aerospace............................................. 362
• Table 94: Market challenges rating for carbon nanomaterials in the aerospace market............... 364
• Table 95: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the aerospace industry...... 365
• Table 96: Graphene product and application developers in the aerospace industry...................... 367
• Table 97: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in automotive......................................... 369
• Table 98: Applications and benefits of carbon nanomaterials in automotive................................... 374
• Table 99: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in automotive.......................................................... 375
• Table 100: Market opportunity assessment for CNTs in automotive................................................. 376
• Table 101: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the automotive industry.................... 377
The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
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• Table 102: Applications and commercialization challenges for carbon nanomaterials in the automotive market............................................................................................................................... 378
• Table 103: Market challenges rating for CNTs in the automotive market......................................... 379
• Table 104: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the automotive market..... 379
• Table 105: Graphene product and application developers in the automotive market.................... 381
• Table 106: Properties of nanocoatings................................................................................................... 382
• Table 107: Graphene properties relevant to application in coatings................................................. 388
• Table 108: Markets for nanocoatings..................................................................................................... 399
• Table 109: Market opportunity assessment for carbon nanomaterials in the coatings market..... 404
• Table 110: Market challenges rating for carbon nanomaterials in the coatings market................. 405
• Table 111: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the coatings industry........ 405
• Table 112: Graphene product and application developers in the coatings industry....................... 406
• Table 113: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in composites...................................... 409
• Table 114: Comparative properties of polymer composites reinforcing materials.......................... 411
• Table 115: Applications and benefits of carbon nanomaterials in composites................................ 412
• Table 116: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in composites....................................................... 417
• Table 117: Market opportunity assessment for CNTs in composites................................................ 418
• Table 118: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in composites......................................... 419
• Table 119: Applications and commercialization challenges for carbon nanomaterials in composites................................................................................................................................................................. 420
• Table 120: Market challenges rating for carbon nanomaterials in the composites market............ 421
• Table 121: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the composites market.... 421
• Table 122: Graphene product and application developers in the composites market.................... 424
• Table 123: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in flexible electronics and conductive films........................................................................................................................................................ 427
The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
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• Table 124: Applications and benefits of carbon nanomaterials in flexible electronics and conductive films........................................................................................................................................................ 432
• Table 125: Comparison of ITO replacements....................................................................................... 435
• Table 126: Wearable electronics devices and stage of development............................................... 440
• Table 127: Graphene properties relevant to application in sensors.................................................. 446
• Table 128: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in flexible electronics and conductive films..... 450
• Table 129: Market opportunity assessment for CNTs in flexible electronics, wearables, conductive films and displays................................................................................................................................ 452
• Table 130: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in flexible electronics, wearables, conductive films and displays............................................................................................................ 453
• Table 131: Global market for wearable electronics, 2015-2027, by application, billions $............ 454
• Table 132: Applications and commercialization challenges for CNTs in flexible electronics and conductive films................................................................................................................................... 459
• Table 133: Market challenges rating for carbon nanomaterials in the flexible electronics and conductive films market...................................................................................................................... 461
• Table 134: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in transparent conductive films and displays......................................................................................................................................... 461
• Table 135: Graphene product and application developers in transparent conductive films.......... 464
• Table 136: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in conductive inks............................... 465
• Table 137: Comparative properties of conductive inks........................................................................ 468
• Table 138: Opportunities for advanced materials in printed electronics........................................... 471
• Table 139: Applications in flexible and stretchable batteries, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof................................................................................................................................................... 473
• Table 140: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in conductive inks.................................. 475
• Table 141: Market opportunity assessment for CNTs in conductive inks......................................... 476
The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
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• Table 142: Conductive inks in the flexible and stretchable electronics market 2017-2027 revenue forecast (million $), by ink types........................................................................................................ 478
• Table 143: Market challenges for carbon nanomaterials in conductive inks.................................... 478
• Table 144: Market challenges rating for carbon nanomaterials in the conductive inks market.... 479
• Table 145: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in conductive inks................. 479
• Table 146: Graphene product and application developers in conductive inks................................ 479
• Table 147: Market drivers for carbon nanomaterials in transistors, integrated circuits and other components.......................................................................................................................................... 481
• Table 148: Applications and benefits of CNTs in transistors, integrated circuits and other components.......................................................................................................................................... 485
• Table 149: Comparative properties of silicon and graphene transistors........................................... 487
• Table 150: Applications and benefits of graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components.......................................................................................................................................... 489
• Table 151: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in transistors, integrated circuits and other components.......................................................................................................................................... 491
• Table 152: Market opportunity assessment for CNTs in transistors, integrated circuits and other components.......................................................................................................................................... 492
• Table 153: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in transistors, integrated circuits and other components.......................................................................................................................................... 493
• Table 154: Market challenges rating for graphene in the transistors and integrated circuits market................................................................................................................................................................. 495
• Table 155: Applications and commercialization challenges for CNTs in the transistors, integrated circuits and other components market............................................................................................. 495
• Table 156: Market challenges rating for CNTs in the transistors, integrated circuits and other components market............................................................................................................................. 496
• Table 157: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in transistors, integrated circuits and other
The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
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components........................................................................................................................ 497
• Table 158: Graphene product and application developers in transistors and integrated circuits. 498
• Table 159: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in memory devices............................. 500
• Table 160: Applications and benefits of CNTs in memory devices.................................................... 502
• Table 161: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in memory devices.............................................. 504
• Table 162: Market opportunity assessment for CNTs in memory devices....................................... 505
• Table 163: Market challenges rating for carbon nanomaterials in the memory devices market... 505
• Table 164: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in memory devices................ 509
• Table 165: Graphene product and application developers in memory devices............................... 509
• Table 166: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in photonics......................................... 510
• Table 167: Applications and benefits of CNTs in photonics................................................................ 511
• Table 168: Graphene properties relevant to application in optical modulators................................ 512
• Table 169: Applications and benefits of graphene in photonics......................................................... 515
• Table 170: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in photonics.......................................................... 516
• Table 171: Market challenges rating for carbon nanomaterials in the photonics market............... 517
• Table 172: Graphene product and application developers in photonics........................................... 517
• Table 173: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in batteries........................................... 520
• Table 174: Applications and benefits of CNTs in batteries................................................................. 523
• Table 175: Applications in flexible and stretchable batteries, by materials type and benefits thereof................................................................................................................................................................. 527
• Table 176: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in batteries............................................................ 529
• Table 177: Potential addressable market for thin film, flexible and printed batteries..................... 530
• Table 178: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in batteries.............................................. 532
• Table 179: Market challenges in CNT batteries.................................................................................... 532
• Table 180: Market challenges rating for CNTs in the batteries market............................................. 533
The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
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• Table 181: Market challenges rating for graphene in the batteries market...................................... 534
• Table 182: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in supercapacitors.............................. 534
• Table 183: Applications and benefits of CNTs in supercapacitors.................................................... 536
• Table 184: Comparative properties of graphene supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries......... 537
• Table 185: Applications and benefits of graphene in supercapacitors.............................................. 538
• Table 186: Properties of carbon materials in high-performance supercapacitors........................... 539
• Table 187: Applications in flexible and stretchable supercapacitors, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof.................................................................................................................................... 541
• Table 188: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in supercapacitors............................................... 542
• Table 189: Market opportunity assessment for CNTs in supercapacitors........................................ 543
• Table 190: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in supercapacitors................................. 543
• Table 191: Market challenges in supercapacitors................................................................................ 544
• Table 192: Market challenges rating for CNTs in the supercapacitors market................................ 545
• Table 193: Market challenges rating for graphene in the supercapacitors market......................... 546
• Table 194: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in photovoltaics................................... 546
• Table 195: Applications and benefits of CNTs in photovoltaics......................................................... 548
• Table 196: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in photovoltaics.................................................... 553
• Table 197: Market size for CNTs in photovoltaics................................................................................ 554
• Table 198: Market size for graphene in photovoltaics......................................................................... 554
• Table 199: Potential addressable market for CNTs in photovoltaics................................................. 555
• Table 200: Market challenges for CNTs in solar................................................................................... 556
• Table 201: Market challenges rating for CNTs in the solar market.................................................... 556
• Table 202: Market challenges rating for graphene in the solar market............................................. 557
• Table 203: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in fuel cells and hydrogen storage.. 557
• Table 204: Electrical conductivity of different catalyst supports compared to carbon nanotubes. 560
The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
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• Table 205: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in fuel cells and hydrogen storage................... 561
• Table 206: Market opportunity assessment for carbon nanomaterials in fuel cells and hydrogen storage.................................................................................................................................................. 561
• Table 207: Market challenges rating for carbon nanomaterials in the fuel cells and hydrogen storage market..................................................................................................................................... 562
• Table 208: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the energy storage, conversion and exploration industries.................................................................................................................. 562
• Table 209: Graphene product and application developers in the energy storage and conversion industry.................................................................................................................................................. 566
• Table 210: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in LED lighting and UVC................... 570
• Table 211: Applications of carbon nanomaterials in lighting............................................................... 571
• Table 212: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in LED lighting and UVC.................................... 573
• Table 213: Investment opportunity assessment for carbon nanomaterials in the lighting market. 574
• Table 214: Market impediments for carbon nanomaterials in lighting............................................... 574
• Table 215: Carbon nanomaterials product and application developers in the LED and UVC lighting market.................................................................................................................................................... 575
• Table 216: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in filtration............................................ 575
• Table 217: Comparison of CNT membranes with other membrane technologies.......................... 579
• Table 218: Applications and benefits of CNTs in filtration and separation....................................... 580
• Table 219: Applications and benefits of graphene in filtration and separation................................ 581
• Table 220: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in filtration............................................................. 584
• Table 221: Market opportunity assessment for CNTs in filtration...................................................... 585
• Table 222: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the filtration and separation market. 586
• Table 223: Market challenges for carbon nanomaterials in filtration................................................. 587
• Table 224: Market challenges rating for carbon nanomaterials in the filtration market.................. 587
The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
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• Table 225: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the filtration industry......... 588
• Table 226: Graphene product and application developers in the filtration industry........................ 589
• Table 227: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in the life sciences and medical market................................................................................................................................................................. 591
• Table 228: CNTs in life sciences and biomedicine............................................................................... 593
• Table 229: Graphene properties relevant to application in biomedicine and healthcare............... 593
• Table 230: Applications and benefits of carbon nanomaterials in life sciences and medical........ 594
• Table 231: Applications in flexible and stretchable health monitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof.................................................................................................................................... 604
• Table 232: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in life sciences and medical............................... 612
• Table 233: Potential addressable market for smart textiles and wearables in medical and healthcare............................................................................................................................................. 613
• Table 234: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in biomedical & healthcare markets... 616
• Table 235: Market opportunity assessment for CNTs in life sciences and medical........................ 618
• Table 236: Applications and commercialization challenges for carbon nanomaterials in life sciences and medical.......................................................................................................................................... 618
• Table 237: Market challenges rating for carbon nanomaterials in the life sciences and medical. 620
• Table 238: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the medical and healthcare industry.................................................................................................................................................. 620
• Table 239: Graphene product and application developers in the biomedical and healthcare industry................................................................................................................................................................. 622
• Table 240: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in lubricants......................................... 624
• Table 241: Applications of graphene in the lubricants market............................................................ 625
• Table 242: Applications of carbon nanotubes in lubricants................................................................. 626
• Table 243: Applications in lubricants, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof........................ 626
The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
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• Table 244: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in lubricants.......................................................... 627
• Table 245: Market opportunity assessment for CNTs in lubricants................................................... 627
• Table 246: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in lubricants............................................ 628
• Table 247: Market challenges rating for carbon nanomaterials in the lubricants market............... 629
• Table 248: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the lubricants industry...... 629
• Table 249: Graphene product and application developers in the lubricants industry.................... 630
• Table 250: Market drivers for carbon nanomaterials in oil and gas................................................... 631
• Table 251: Applications of graphene in the oil and gas market......................................................... 632
• Table 252: Market summary and revenues for carbon nanomaterials in the oil and gas market. 637
• Table 253: Investment opportunity assessment for CNTs in the oil and gas market..................... 638
• Table 254: Investment opportunity assessment for graphene in the oil and gas market............... 638
• Table 255: Market challenges rating for carbon nanomaterials in the oil and gas exploration market................................................................................................................................................................. 640
• Table 256: Carbon nanomaterial product and application developers in the oil and gas market. 640
• Table 257: Applications of carbon nanomaterials in rubber and tires............................................... 641
• Table 258: Market summary and revenues for carbon nanomaterials in the rubber and tires market................................................................................................................................................................. 641
• Table 259: Investment opportunity assessment for carbon nanomaterials in the rubber and tires market.................................................................................................................................................... 642
• Table 260: Market challenges for carbon nanomaterials in rubber and tires................................... 643
• Table 261: Companies developing graphene-based products in rubber and tires......................... 643
• Table 262: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in sensors............................................ 644
• Table 263: Applications and benefits of CNTs in sensors................................................................... 646
• Table 264: Applications and benefits of graphene in sensors............................................................ 647
• Table 265: Graphene properties relevant to application in sensors.................................................. 649
The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
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• Table 266: Comparison of ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and graphene biosensor................................................................................................................................................................. 653
• Table 267: Market size for carbon nanomaterials in sensors............................................................. 655
• Table 268: Market opportunity assessment for CNTs in sensors...................................................... 656
• Table 269: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in the sensors market........................... 657
• Table 270: Market challenges rating for graphene in the sensors market....................................... 658
• Table 271: Market challenges for CNTs in sensors............................................................................. 658
• Table 272: Market challenges rating for CNTs in the sensors market.............................................. 659
• Table 273: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the sensors industry......... 659
• Table 274: Graphene product and application developers in the sensors industry........................ 660
• Table 275: Types of smart textiles.......................................................................................................... 663
• Table 276: Smart textile products............................................................................................................ 663
• Table 277: Market drivers for use of carbon nanomaterials in smart textiles and apparel............ 664
• Table 278: Desirable functional properties for the textiles industry afforded by the use of nanomaterials....................................................................................................................................... 666
• Table 279: Applications and benefits of CNTs in textiles and apparel.............................................. 668
• Table 280: Applications and benefits of graphene in textiles and apparel....................................... 670
• Table 281: Global smart clothing, interactive fabrics and apparel market........................................ 672
• Table 282: Market opportunity assessment for CNTs in smart textiles and apparel...................... 675
• Table 283: Market opportunity assessment for graphene in smart textiles and apparel................ 676
• Table 284: Applications and commercialization challenges for carbon nanomaterials in smart textiles and apparel............................................................................................................................. 676
• Table 285: Market challenges rating for CNTs in the smart textiles and apparel market.............. 677
• Table 286: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the textiles industry.......... 678
• Table 287: Graphene product and application developers in the textiles industry........................ 678
The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
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• Table 288: CNT producers and companies they supply/licence to................................................... 680
• Table 289: Graphene producers and types produced......................................................................... 807
• Table 290: Graphene producers target market matrix......................................................................... 812
• Table 291: Graphene industrial collaborations, licence agreements and target markets.............. 892
• Table 292: Graphene product developers and end users target market matrix.............................. 896
FIGURES • Figure 1: Molecular structures of SWNT and
MWNT............................................................................. 61 • Figure 2: The SGCNT synthesis
method................................................................................................. 71 • Figure 3: Production capacities for SWNTs in kilograms, 2005-
2017................................................. 72 • Figure 4: Global demand for MWNTs (tons), 2010-
2027...................................................................... 74 • Figure 5: Graphene production capacity, current and
planned............................................................ 83 • Figure 6: Demand for graphene, 2010-
2027........................................................................................... 84 • Figure 7: Vittoria bike tires incorporating
graphene................................................................................ 85 • Figure 8: Demand for graphene, by market,
2027.................................................................................. 88 • Figure 9: Global government funding for graphene in millions USD to
2017..................................... 94 • Figure 10: Global consumption of graphene 2016, by
region............................................................. 101 • Figure 11: 15-inch single-layer graphene sheet being prepared in the Chongqing
Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences........................................................ 105
• Figure 12: Schematic of single-walled carbon nanotube..................................................................... 115
• Figure 13: TIM sheet developed by Zeon Corporation........................................................................ 116
• Figure 14: Double-walled carbon nanotube bundle cross-section micrograph and model............ 120
• Figure 15: Schematic representation of carbon nanohorns................................................................ 121
• Figure 16: TEM image of carbon onion.................................................................................................. 122
• Figure 17: Fullerene schematic............................................................................................................... 124
• Figure 18: Schematic of Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs). Alternating B and N atoms are shown in blue and red......................................................................................................................................... 125
The Global Market for Graphene, 2D Materials and Carbon Nanotubes
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• Figure 19: Graphene layer structure schematic.................................................................................... 127
• Figure 20: Graphite and graphene.......................................................................................................... 128
• Figure 21: Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. ................................................................................................................................................................ 129
• Figure 22: Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4)..................... 132
• Figure 23: Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots........................................................................ 134
• Figure 24: Graphene quantum dots........................................................................................................ 135
• Figure 25: Black phosphorus structure................................................................................................... 137
• Figure 26: Black Phosphorus crystal...................................................................................................... 138
• Figure 27: Bottom gated flexible few-layer phosphorene transistors with the hydrophobic dielectric encapsulation....................................................................................................................................... 141
• Figure 28: Graphitic carbon nitride.......................................................................................................... 144
• Figure 29: Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal. Credit: Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology.................................. 145
• Figure 30: Schematic of germanene....................................................................................................... 147
• Figure 31: Graphdiyne structure.............................................................................................................. 149
• Figure 32: Schematic of Graphane crystal............................................................................................. 152
• Figure 33: Structure of hexagonal boron nitride.................................................................................... 154
• Figure 34: BN nanosheet textiles application........................................................................................ 156
• Figure 35: Structure of 2D molybdenum disulfide................................................................................ 157
• Figure 36: SEM image of MoS2............................................................................................................... 158
• Figure 37: Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor............. 159
• Figure 38: Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge.......................................................................................... 160
• Figure 39: Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulfide................................................................. 161
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• Figure 40: Silicene structure..................................................................................................................... 163
• Figure 41: Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate................................................................... 164
• Figure 42: Silicene transistor.................................................................................................................... 165
• Figure 43: Crystal structure for stanene................................................................................................. 167
• Figure 44: Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111)........................................... 167
• Figure 45: Schematic of tungsten diselenide........................................................................................ 170
• Figure 46: Schematic of Indium Selenide (InSe).................................................................................. 173
• Figure 47: Graphene can be rolled up into a carbon nanotube, wrapped into a fullerene, and stacked into graphite........................................................................................................................... 176
• Figure 48: Schematic representation of methods used for carbon nanotube synthesis (a) Arc discharge (b) Chemical vapor deposition (c) Laser ablation (d) hydrocarbon flames.............. 180
• Figure 49: Arc discharge process for CNTs........................................................................................... 182
• Figure 50: Schematic of thermal-CVD method..................................................................................... 183
• Figure 51: Schematic of plasma-CVD method...................................................................................... 184
• Figure 52: CoMoCAT® process............................................................................................................... 185
• Figure 53: Schematic for flame synthesis of carbon nanotubes (a) premixed flame (b) counter-flow diffusion flame (c) co-flow diffusion flame (d) inverse diffusion flame........................................ 186
• Figure 54: Schematic of laser ablation synthesis................................................................................. 187
• Figure 55: Graphene synthesis methods............................................................................................... 191
• Figure 56: TEM micrographs of: A) HR-CNFs; B) GANF® HR-CNF, it can be observed its high graphitic structure; C) Unraveled ribbon from the HR-CNF; D) Detail of the ribbon; E) Scheme of the structure of the HR-CNFs; F) Large single graphene oxide sheets derived from GANF.. 192
• Figure 57: Graphene nanoribbons grown on germanium................................................................... 195
• Figure 58: Methods of synthesizing high-quality graphene................................................................. 198
• Figure 59: Roll-to-roll graphene production process............................................................................ 203
• Figure 60: Schematic of roll-to-roll manufacturing process................................................................. 204
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• Figure 61: Microwave irradiation of graphite to produce single-layer graphene.............................. 206
• Figure 62: Nanotechnology patent applications, 1991-2015.............................................................. 219
• Figure 63: Share of nanotechnology related patent applications since 1972, by country.............. 219
• Figure 64: CNT patents filed 2000-2016................................................................................................ 220
• Figure 65: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2016.................................................. 223
• Figure 66: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for Carbon Nanotubes............................................ 226
• Figure 67: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for graphene............................................................. 228
• Figure 68: Schematic of typical commercialization route for graphene producer........................... 231
• Figure 69: Global demand for carbon nanotubes (tons), 2010-2027................................................ 237
• Figure 70: Demand for carbon nanotubes, by market in 2017, total................................................. 238
• Figure 71: Demand for single-walled carbon nanotubes, by market, 2017...................................... 239
• Figure 72: Demand for single-walled carbon nanotubes, by market, 2027...................................... 240
• Figure 73: Production volumes of Carbon Nanotubes 2017, by region............................................ 243
• Figure 74: Global market for graphene 2010-2027 in tons/year........................................................ 252
• Figure 79: 3D Printed tweezers incorporating Carbon Nanotube Filament...................................... 337
• Figure 80: Graphene Adhesives.............................................................................................................. 343
• Figure 81: Carbon nanotube Composite Overwrap Pressure Vessel (COPV) developed by NASA................................................................................................................................................................. 353
• Figure 82: Veelo carbon fiber nanotube sheet...................................................................................... 354
• Figure 83: HeatCoat CNT anti-icing coatings........................................................................................ 359
• Figure 84: Potential addressable market for carbon nanomaterials in aerospace.......................... 363
• Figure 85: Graphene-based automotive components.......................................................................... 372
• Figure 86: Antistatic graphene tire.......................................................................................................... 373
• Figure 87: Schematic of CNTs as heat-dissipation sheets................................................................. 374
• Figure 88: Heat transfer coating developed at MIT.............................................................................. 388
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• Figure 89: Water permeation through a brick without (left) and with (right) “graphene paint” coating................................................................................................................................................................. 394
• Figure 90: Four layers of graphene oxide coatings on polycarbonate.............................................. 397
• Figure 91: Global Paints and Coatings Market, share by end user market...................................... 398
• Figure 92: Potential addressable market for carbon nanomaterials in the coatings market.......... 403
• Figure 93: CNT anti-icing coating for wind turbines............................................................................. 416
• Figure 94: Potential addressable market for carbon nanomaterials in composites........................ 419
• Figure 95: Carbon nanotube thin-film transistors and integrated circuits on a flexible and transparent substrate.......................................................................................................................... 430
• Figure 96: Moxi flexible film developed for smartphone application.................................................. 430
• Figure 97: Flexible graphene touch screen........................................................................................... 431
• Figure 98: Galapad Settler smartphone................................................................................................. 432
• Figure 99: 3D printed carbon nanotube sensor.................................................................................... 434
• Figure 100: Flexible organic light emitting diode (OLED) using graphene electrode..................... 435
• Figure 101: Graphene electrochromic devices. Top left: Exploded-view illustration of the graphene electrochromic device. The device is formed by attaching two graphene-coated PVC substrates face-to-face and filling the gap with a liquid ionic electrolyte....................................................... 437
• Figure 102: Flexible mobile phones with graphene transparent conductive film............................. 438
• Figure 103: Carbon nanotube-based color active matrix electrophoretic display (EPD) e-paper. 438
• Figure 104: Foldable graphene E-paper................................................................................................ 439
• Figure 105: Covestro wearables.............................................................................................................. 441
• Figure 106: Softceptor sensor.................................................................................................................. 444
• Figure 107: BeBop Media Arm Controller.............................................................................................. 444
• Figure 108: LG Innotek flexible textile pressure sensor...................................................................... 445
• Figure 109: C2Sense flexible sensor...................................................................................................... 446
• Figure 110: Wearable gas sensor........................................................................................................... 448
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• Figure 111: BeBop Sensors Marcel Modular Data Gloves................................................................. 448
• Figure 112: BeBop Sensors Smart Helmet Sensor System............................................................... 449
• Figure 113: Torso and Extremities Protection (TEP) system.............................................................. 450
• Figure 114: Potential addressable market for CNTs in flexible electronics, conductive films and displays................................................................................................................................................. 454
• Figure 115: Global market for wearable electronics, 2015-2027, by application, billions $........... 454
• Figure 116: Global transparent conductive electrodes market forecast by materials type, 2012-2027, millions $.................................................................................................................................... 456
• Figure 117: Schematic of the wet roll-to-roll graphene transfer from copper foils to polymeric substrates............................................................................................................................................. 458
• Figure 118: The transmittance of glass/ITO, glass/ITO/four organic layers, and glass/ITO/four organic layers/4-layer graphene....................................................................................................... 459
• Figure 119: Nanotube inks........................................................................................................................ 467
• Figure 120: BGT Materials graphene ink product................................................................................. 469
• Figure 121: Flexible RFID tag.................................................................................................................. 470
• Figure 122: Enfucell Printed Battery....................................................................................................... 474
• Figure 123: Graphene printed antenna.................................................................................................. 474
• Figure 124: Conductive inks in the flexible and stretchable electronics market 2017-2027 revenue forecast (million $), by ink types........................................................................................................ 477
• Figure 125: Graphene IC in wafer tester................................................................................................ 483
• Figure 126: A monolayer WS2-based flexible transistor array........................................................... 483
• Figure 127: Emerging logic devices........................................................................................................ 484
• Figure 128: Thin film transistor incorporating CNTs............................................................................. 485
• Figure 129: Schematic cross-section of a graphene based transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right)................................................................................................... 488
• Figure 130: Potential addressable market for carbon nanomaterials in transistors and integrated circuits................................................................................................................................................... 493
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• Figure 131: Carbon nanotubes NRAM chip........................................................................................... 501
• Figure 132: Stretchable SWCNT memory and logic devices for wearable electronics.................. 502
• Figure 133: Carbon nanotubes NRAM chip........................................................................................... 503
• Figure 134: Schematic of NRAM cell...................................................................................................... 508
• Figure 135: Hybrid graphene phototransistors...................................................................................... 513
• Figure 136: Wearable health monitor incorporating graphene photodetectors............................... 514
• Figure 137: Flexible PEN coated with graphene and a QD thin film (20nm) is highly visibly transparent and photosensitive......................................................................................................... 514
• Figure 138: The SkelStart Engine Start Module 2.0 based on the graphene-based SkelCap ultracapacitors...................................................................................................................................... 519
• Figure 139: Energy densities and specific energy of rechargeable batteries.................................. 522
• Figure 140: Nano Lithium X Battery........................................................................................................ 525
• Figure 141: H600 concept car.................................................................................................................. 528
• Figure 142: Anion concept car................................................................................................................. 529
• Figure 143: Skeleton Technologies ultracapacitor............................................................................... 537
• Figure 144: Zapgo supercapacitor phone charger............................................................................... 539
• Figure 145: Stretchable graphene supercapacitor............................................................................... 540
• Figure 146: Suntech/TCNT nanotube frame module........................................................................... 548
• Figure 147: Solar cell with nanowires and graphene electrode......................................................... 551
• Figure 148: Schematic illustration of the fabrication concept for textile-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made by sewing textile electrodes onto cloth or paper....................................... 552
• Figure 149: LG OLED flexible lighting panel......................................................................................... 572
• Figure 150: Flexible OLED incorporated into automotive headlight.................................................. 572
• Figure 151: Degradation of organic dye molecules by graphene hybrid composite photocatalysts................................................................................................................................................................. 583
• Figure 152: Graphene anti-smog mask.................................................................................................. 583
• Figure 153: Graphene Frontiers’ Six™ chemical sensors consists of a field effect transistor (FET) with a graphene channel. Receptor molecules, such as DNA, are
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attached directly to the graphene channel................................................................................................................................ 599
• Figure 154: Graphene-Oxide based chip prototypes for biopsy-free early cancer diagnosis....... 600
• Figure 155: Connected human body...................................................................................................... 602
• Figure 156: Flexible, lightweight temperature sensor.......................................................................... 602
• Figure 157: Graphene-based E-skin patch............................................................................................ 604
• Figure 158: Smart e-skin system comprising health-monitoring sensors, displays, and ultra flexible PLEDs................................................................................................................................................... 606
• Figure 159: Graphene medical patch..................................................................................................... 607
• Figure 160: TempTraQ wearable wireless thermometer..................................................................... 608
• Figure 161: Mimo baby monitor............................................................................................................... 608
• Figure 162: Nanowire skin hydration patch........................................................................................... 609
• Figure 163: Wearable sweat sensor....................................................................................................... 610
• Figure 164: GraphWear wearable sweat sensor.................................................................................. 611
• Figure 165: Global medical and healthcare smart textiles and wearables market, 2015-2027, billions $.............................................................................................................................................................. 615
• Figure 166: Global medical and healthcare smart textiles and wearables market, 2015-2027, billions $.............................................................................................................................................................. 616
• Figure 167: Schematic of boron doped graphene for application in gas sensors........................... 633
• Figure 168: Directa Plus Grafysorber..................................................................................................... 635
• Figure 169: Nanometer-scale pores in single-layer freestanding graphene membrane can effectively filter NaCl salt from water................................................................................................................... 636
• Figure 170: GFET sensors....................................................................................................................... 651
• Figure 171: First generation point of care diagnostics......................................................................... 652
• Figure 172: Graphene Field Effect Transistor Schematic................................................................... 653
• Figure 173: Conductive yarns.................................................................................................................. 671
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• Figure 174: Global smart clothing, interactive fabrics and apparel market 2013-2027 revenue forecast (million $)............................................................................................................................... 672
• Figure 175 Global smart clothing, interactive fabrics and apparel sales by market segment, 2016................................................................................................................................................................. 673
• Figure 176: Global market revenues for nanotech-enabled smart clothing and apparel 2014-2021, in US$, conservative estimate........................................................................................................... 674
• Figure 177: Global market revenues for nanotech-enabled smart clothing and apparel 2014-2021, in US$, optimistic estimate................................................................................................................. 674
