A N Y A S K O M O R O K H O V A

J O S E P H K E N N E D Y

A D E D A M O L A A L U K O

Nanoscale Communication 1

Objective 2

Research the advancements made in the electromagnetic and biological/molecular domains of nanocommunication

Investigate major problems and applications in nanoscale communication

Form maps between traditional communication and nanoscale communication in wired, wireless, and nano settings

Table of Contents 3

Overall Challenges in Nanonetworks Research Challenges in Molecular Nanonetworks Research Challenges in Electromagnetic Nanonetworks Comparison of Macro-networks vs. Nanonetworks Applications of Nanoscale Communication Anti-ErbB2 Drug Delivery System Ad-Hoc Nanonetworks Link Layer and Medium Access Control Design of Nanomachines Nanoscale Propagation Suggestions References

Overall Challenges in Nanonetworks

Design & Development of Nanomachines (1,4,5)

Modeling & Simulation Tools (2,7,10)

Architecture & Communication Tools (2,4,5)

Transceiver Architectures (2,5,6,10)

New Energy Models (9)

New routing protocols (+addressing mechanisms) (5,6,8,9)

Transport layer solutions (1,4,6,8,9)

Cross-layer solutions (2,4,5,6,10)

Network connectivity & capacity (1,2,3,4,7)

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Research Challenges in Molecular Nanonetworks

● How is the information encapsulated? o Can information be encapsulated in vesicles? (6)

● How is the signal propagated? o Propagation via the use of Ca2 waves. (2,6)

● How is the signal received? o Receiver will interpret the existence of a signal by monitoring the concentration of

Ca2. (2,6)

● How would the information be transported? o Use of protein cells as “molecular motors”. (7,6)

● How is encoding and decoding accomplished? o Can this be accomplished via the use of Ca ions? (5,6)

● Study of interference o How do molecular signals from multiple users interact? (10)

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Research Challenges in EM Nanonetworks

New communication techniques

- (e.g. femtosecond long pulses in TS-00K (3))

New information encoding techniques

- (e.g. low weight channel codes for interference mitigation under TS-00K (3,8))

New MAC protocols

- (e.g. PHLAME (9) )

Accurate channel models

- accounting for molecular absorption, molecular noise, etc. (1,3,4)

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Challenges Investigated 7

Design of Nanomachines Sources 4,5

Nano-Scale Propagation Sources 3,7,8

Nano Link Layer and Medium Access Control Source 9,10

Creating Nano Ad-Hoc Networks Sources 1,2

Macro vs. Nano Networks

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Communication Macro-

Electromagnetic Nano - Molecular

Nano -

Electromagnetic

Communication

carrier Electromagnetic waves Molecules Electromagnetic waves

Signal type Electromagnetic Chemical Electromagnetic/pulse

Propagation

Speed Speed of Light

Extremely low (molecules

physically transported by

diffusion or bacteria)

Speed of light

Medium

Conditions

Affect electromagnetic

wave propagation Affect diffusion of molecules

Affect electromagnetic

wave propagation

Noise Electromagnetic fields

and signals

Brownian motion (random

drifting particles) and

chemical

Electromagnetic fields

and signals, random

molecular noise

Power

Consumption Electrical Chemical Electrical

Molecular vs. Traditional Communication Systems

Traditional Molecular

Information is encoded in electromagnetic, acoustic or optical signals

Information is encoded using molecules

Fast propagation speed

Slower propagation speed due to impact of random diffusion processes and environmental conditions

Noise – undesired signal overlapped with signals transporting information

Noise – undesired reaction occurring between information molecules and other molecules in the medium

Power – High energy consumption

Power – low power consumption, chemically driven

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Applications

Applications of Nanoscale Communication

Biomedical applications -Health monitoring systems -Drug delivery systems

Environmental applications -Plants monitoring systems -Plagues defeating systems

Industrial applications -Ultrahigh sensitivity touch surfaces -Haptic interfaces -Future interconnected office

Military applications -Nuclear defenses -Damage detection systems

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Anti-ErbB2 Drug Delivery System (6) 12

Nanoparticle Drug Delivery (6)

Destruction of HER2 (ErbB2) over-expressing breast cancer cells

A HER2 protein is a surface cell receptor common to 20-30% of breast and ovarian cancers

Method of selectively targeting breast cancer cells with reduced risk of accidental destruction of non-cancerous cells

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Anti-ErbB2 Drug Delivery System (6)

Anti-cancer medication, Doxorubicin, encapsulated and delivered to cells inhibiting HER2 receptors

Specific type of cancer cell is targeted and delivered a payload similar to the way a specific computer is targeted to receive a message

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Anti-ErbB2 Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System from Macro to Nanoscale (6)

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Anti-ErbB2 Drug Delivery System (6)

Transmitter Side

Application Layer: form message, choose target

Reason for nanoparticle dispersal: cancerous infection

Determine type of medication: Doxorubicin

Transport: form packet, ensure data integrity

Encapsulate packet by forming a lipid membrane around the drug

Protect packet by coating it with an inert substance (Polyethylene Glycol) optimizes channel capacity

Nanoparticles are disguised to avoid ID by immune system

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Nano-capsule containing Doxorubicin with

protective Polyethylene Glycol coating (6) 17

Transmitter Side (6)

Network: end-to end addressing of packet Targeting: use monoclonal

antibodies (Immunoliposomes) to target ErbB2 over-expressing breast cancer cells

Numerous antibodies placed on exterior of capsule

Physical: packet injected into channel

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Receiver Side (6)

Physical: packet arrives

Network: packet latches to target receptor Targeting antibody attaches to an over expressing ErbB2 cell

Packet must reach destination, otherwise channel congestion increases toxicity to the patient

Transport: data validation 2 levels of complex error checking

If packet rejected, it returns to the cell surface similar to hard timeout in computer network

Application Layer: message successful Packet reaches lysosomes, where lysosomes of the cancerous

cells destroy the nanoparticle

Medication is released, killing the cancerous cell

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Error Control in Over-Expressing Cell (6)

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Design of Nanomachines

Nano-device fabrication via DNA Scaffolding(4)

Using DNA scaffolding in which nano-components are glued together by attaching complementary DNA strands in the parts that need to be connected

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Molecular Research Paper – Analysis (5) 23

(1) Control unit. The nucleus can be considered as the control unit of the cell. It contains all the instructions to realize the intended cell functions (2) Communication. The gap junctions and hormonal and pheromonal receptors, located on the cell membrane, act as molecular transceivers for inter-cell communication (3) Reproduction. Several nano-machines are involved in the reproduction process of the cell such as the centrosome and some molecular motors. The code of the nano-machine is stored in molecular sequences, which are duplicated before the cell division. Each resulting cell will contain a copy of the original DNA sequence

(4) Power unit. Cells can include different nanomachines for power generation. One of them is the mitochondrion that generates most of the chemical substances, which are used as energy in many cellular processes. Another interesting nano-machine is the chloroplast, which converts sunlight into chemical fuel (5) Sensors and actuators. Cells can include several sensors and actuators such as the Transient Receptor Potential channels for tastes and the flagellum of the bacteria for locomotion. The chloroplast of the plants can also be considered as an actuator since it transforms water to oxygen that is later released to the environment

Nano-machine components

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Nano-Scale Propagation

Electromagnetic Research Paper – Analysis (8)

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Quantum-Based Nanosensor

Converts sensed quantity into qubits for processing and information transmission

Uses the quantum channel to send information to gain better transmission rates

Signal Coding

1. Electronic signals are converted to quantum signals using a C/Q converter and sent over link

2. Upon reception, a Q/C converter performs a measurement on the qubits to retrieve the original signal

Electromagnetic Approach – Analysis (3)

o Multi-scale modeling and simulation of advanced materials for EMC

applications o End-to-end communication in terms of noise, mutual information and,

consequently, capacity and throughput o Suitable modulation and coding schemes, either derived from classical

communication or newly defined, will help the design of the overall molecular communication system between nanoscale devices

o Network architectures and protocols based on molecular communication will enable a wide range of new applications

o Networking applications stemming from the establishment of molecular communication links among many nanoscale devices

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Molecular Research Paper – Analysis (7)

Information Capacity in Molecular Communication Paper Focus:

Determination of “theoretical maximum achievable information rate” using Brownian motion

Modeling Process Combine information theory and thermodynamics

Apply Molecular Communication to ideal gas system Compute Information Entropy Relate Information Signal Energy to the Enthalpy of the molecules carrying

information

Results Closed-form expression of diffusion-based MC Capacity, function of:

Bandwidth of the system Volume, temperature and number of molecules Transmitted power

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Nano Link Layer and Medium Access Control

Electromagnetic Approach – Analysis (9)

PHLAME: A Physical Layer Aware MAC Protocol for Electromagnetic Nanonetworks In light of the very large number of nano-devices and the random nature of Nanonetworks,

there is a need for new Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols Challenges

o Limitation in the available energy of Nanodevices

o Classical MAC protocols are not directly applicable in pulse-based communication systems.

Proposed Solutions o Rate Division Time Spread On-Off Keying - RD TS-OOK, a revised version of the

communication scheme based on the exchange of femtosecond-long pulses, used in order to support different symbol and coding rates

o A physical-aware MAC protocol for EM Nanonetworks, PHLAME, a new channel sharing

protocol that adapts the RD TS-OOK coding parameters according to the transmitter and receiver perceived channel quality and available resources

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Molecular Research Paper – Analysis (10)

End to End Model Molecule Diffusion Communication

Exchange of information encoded in the concentration variations of molecules Brownian Motion used for the diffusion process Study of end to end delay

Modeling Challenges Transmitter

How chemical reactions allow the modulations of molecule concentrations as transmission signals

Propagation How the “particle diffusion” controls the propagation of modulated concentrations

Receiver How chemical reactions allow to sense the modulated molecule concentrations from the

environment and translate them into received signals Types of Noises

Diffusion –based Noises Particle Sampling Noise (Transmitter Side) Particle Counting Noise (Propagation Side)

Obtained variance of the noise as a functions of: Chemical parameters (Rates of the binding/release reaction) Number of receptors at the receiver

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Ad-Hoc Nanonetworks

Ad-Hoc Nanonetworks (1) 32

Challenges o The scale of the communication devices is

on the order of micrometers

o Wireless communication is based on electromechanical vibrations in CNT receivers and transmitters

o Communication signals are severely prone to thermal noise and fading

o Molecular composition of the communication medium is crucial to model the path loss and noise terms

o Signal power generated by transmitter circuitry is considerably insufficient

o Dense deployment of devices is imperative for network connectivity

o Nanoscale battery lifetime is significantly lower than existing solid-state batteries

o Nanoscale memory and processors are considerably inefficient in data storage and computation

Carbon nanotube-based nanoscale Ad hoc NETworks (CANETs)

Ad-Hoc Nanonetworks (2) 33

Challenges

o Scale of the nanomachines is on the order of micrometers; therefore, classical transceiver circuitries cannot be mounted into nanomachines

o Current encoding and decoding techniques are not feasible due to very limited processing capability of nanomachines

o For in-vivo application scenarios, nanomachines need to be biocompatible in order not to be rejected by the organism

o Mobility of nanomachines is governed by the physical rules in nanodomain

o Communication or noise signal characteristics cannot be easily anticipated due to severely unreliable nature of the communication medium

Mobile Ad Hoc Nanonetworks with Collision-Based Molecular Communication

Application Suggestions for Nanonetworks 34

Adaptive Plasma communities Plasma molecules that are comprised of nano-machines which are capable of

DNA composition with other molecules within close proximity. This would reduce the need for blood transfusions and organ replacements

Smart Paint Paint created with nano-particles that are capable of changing their surface

composition and hence capable of reflecting light at different colors. This will allow consumers to have clothes, cars, houses etc for which we can “program” the colors desired at any given time

Inter-personal Neuropathic gateways Make it possible for people to share shorts via nano-particles similar to the whole

pheromone process. These nano-machines will be computers capable of interpreting and storing brain wave activity. People will be able to share thoughts through this method of particle diffusion.

3D Dense Hologram imaging Change the functionality of “Holograms” as we know it today. Instead of

projecting light from multiple sources as we do today to form a hologram image, we will use Nano-machines to recreate a real 3D image

References

1. Baris Atakan and Ozgur B. Akan, Carbon Nanotube-Based Nanoscale Ad Hoc Networks

2. Aydin Guney and Baris Atakan, Mobile Ad Hoc Nanonetworks with Collision-Based Molecular Communication

3. Ian F. Akyildiz, Josep Niquel Jornet, Massimiliano Pierobon, Propagation Models for Nanocommunication Networks

4. Ian F. Akyildiz and Josep Niquel Jornet, Nano Communication Networks

5. Ian F. Akyildiz, Fernando Brunetti, Christina Blazquez, Nanonetworks: A new communication paradigm

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References

6. Aaron T. Sharp, Sri M. Raja, Layered Communication Protocol for Macro to Nanoscale Communication Systems

7. Andrew W. Eckford, Nanoscale Communication with Brownian Motion

8. Lyguat Lee, Xie Xin, Geng-Sheng, A Novel Architecture of Quantum-Based Nanosensor Node for Future Wireless Sensor Networks

9. Joan Capdevila Pujol, Josep Miquel Jornet, PHLAME: A Physical Layer Aware MAC Protocol for Electromagnetic Nanonetworks

10. Massimiliano Pierobon, Ian F. Akyildiz, A Physical End-to-End Model for Molecular Communication in Nanonetworks

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References

Elecromagnetic Sources

Source 1

Source 3

Source 4

Source 8

Source 9

Molecular Sources

Source 2

Source 5

Source 6

Source 7

Source 10

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