Naming and Addressing : Overview

Yanghee Choi2006 Fall

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Contents

1. Naming1. Naming

2. Addressing2. Addressing

3. New Requirements3. New Requirements

4. Solution ?4. Solution ?

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Addressing : Existing Standards

E.164IPv4, IPv6URL

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E.164

The International Telephone Numbering PlanITU-T (1997)

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IP Address

IPv4 : 32 bitsClass, classlessNetwork prefix + host id

IPv6 : 128 bitsLink local IPv6 addressGlobal unicast

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IPv4 Addresses

Class A netid00 4 8 16 24 311 2 3

Class B netid1 0

hostid

hostid

Class C netid1 0 hostid1

Class D multicast address1 01 1

Class E reserved for future use1 01 1 1

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IPv6 Address Formats

Aggregatable global unicast address

001 TLA id RES NLA id SLA id INTERFACE id

Top-Level Aggregation (ISP or exchange)Next-Level Aggregation (subscriber site)Site-Level Aggregation (subnet)

3 13 8 24 16 64

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Uniform Resource Identifier

Short strings that identify resources in the web: documents, images, downloadable files, services, electronic mailboxes, and other resources W3C (WWW Consortium), IETF RFC 3986 (Jan. 2005)

URL URN

URI

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Uniform Resource Locator

“Location” of online resourcescheme://authority/path?query

Examplesftp://ftp.is.co.za/rfc/rfc1808.txthttp://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txtldap://[2001:db8::7]/c=GB?objectClass?onemailto:John.Doe@example.comnews:comp.infosystems.www.servers.unixtel:+1-816-555-1212telnet://192.0.2.16:80/

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Naming : Existing Standards

URNDOIHIPDomain NameEPC

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Uniform Resource Name

Unique “identifier” of resourcesurn:nid:nss

nid – ID of naming authoritynss – The format is specified by the naming authority.

(may be an existing identifier)

Resolution service is needed to retrieve the resourceExamples

urn:ietf:rfc:3187urn:isbn:0451450523urn:oasis:names:specification:docbook:dtd:xml:4.1.2

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DOI

The Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a system for identifying content objects in the digital environment. DOIs are names assigned to any entity for use on digital networks. They are used to provide current information, including where they (or information about them) can be found on the Internet.Information about a digital object may change over time, including where to find it, but its DOI will not change. DOI is managed by the International DOI Foundation

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Digital Object Identifier

10.1234/NP567810.5678/ISBN-0-7645-4889-4 and10.2224/2004-10-ISO-DOIPrefix : unique naming authoritySuffix : may be an existing identifiermay be assigned to any item of intellectual property

ANSI/NISO Z39.84-2000 Syntax for the Digital Object IdentifierDOI is a proposed URI

ISO TC46/SC9 Standards

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HIP (Host Identity Protocol)

Provides a method of separating the end-point identifier and locator role of IP addresses. It introduces a new Host Identity (HI) name space, based on public keys. The public keys are typically, but not necessarily, self generated.Host Identity Tag (HIT) is a 128-bit cryptographic hash Diffie-Hellman public key exchange protocol is used in a 4-packet connection setup IETF Internet Drafts

HI HITPublic key

Hash

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HIP

Locator / Identifier separationInsert Host Identity Protocol (HIP) between layer 3 and 4Transport layer socket uses HI not IPHIP layer translates HI to IP Network layer uses IP address as pure locator

Two lookupsFQDN -> HIHI -> IP

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Domain Name

mmlab.snu.ac.kr

Hierarchical NameEasy to rememberICANN in charge of root domain

Regional NIC, National NIC

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Electronic Product Code (EPC)

Globally unique serial number that identifies an “individual”objectEPC is the next generation of product identification (Barcode)

Serial Number field is added to identify an individual object unlike Barcode

can be used to enhance the supply chainEPC 64, 96, 128

01.203D2A.916E8B.8719BAE03C01.203D2A.916E8B.8719BAE03C

EPC Version

Manufacture ID

Product ID

Serial Number

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Identity Resolution Schemes

Domain Name Server (DNS)ENUMONS

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Domain Name System

Translation from high-level names to IP addresses etc.RFC 1034, 1035

Map of the Root ServersMap of the Root Servers

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ENUM

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EPC ONS

Retailer

EPC Network

Manufacturer

1. EPC lifecycle begins when a Manufacturer tags the product

1

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User-Friendly Naming Services (1/2)

It’s very hard to remember the full addressesEasy-to-remember names instead of addressesDomain Name System (DNS)Object Naming Service (ONS)

It’s also hard to remember the full nameExact names are not so evident (New York Times ? NYT ?)Correct spelling required Type in names, then the machine will propose exact names

Only English is permitted in DNSMultilingual support is necessaryInternationalized Domain name (IDN)Multilingual Keyword Service

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User-Friendly Naming Services (2/2)

Typing is not easy on some machinesTelephone keypad is number-orientedHome appliances have no keyboardWINCMenu : Scroll and Select

Too many identifiers for the same destinationsENUM

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User Friendliness

Internationalized Domain NameMultilingual Keyword Input SystemNumeric Keypad Input for URL

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Internationalized domain name

Internet Domain Name that (potentially) contains non-ASCII characters Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA, rfc3490) was adopted as the chosen standard Rather than redesigning the existing DNS infrastructure, it was decided that non-ASCII domain names should be converted to a suitable ASCII-based form by web browsers and other user applications

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Example of IDNA

Bücher.ch xn--bcher-kva.ch정보통신부.kr xn--on3b2jr1lk6fb1n.kr

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Internet Keyword Service

Netpia, 3271, JWordEnter keyword in local language in the location toolbarBrowser or server finds registered URL that matches the keywordPopular in China, Korea, JapanKorea : 1 million registrations, 32 million queries per dayIntelligent service is possible (e.g. suggestion)Not a global namespace like DNSNot an Internet standard

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WINC

WINC is a mobile access service designed to provide direct access to the desired contents not by URL or other complicated menus but by inserting numbers through internet hot key (modeled after VeriSign’s WebNum)

provided by NIDA , and supported by SKT, KTF, LGT

To access www.nida.or.kr, insert numbers like “6432#0” or “6432 hot key” (express WINC)

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Next Generation Identifier

Mid-term SolutionLong-term Solution

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Identifier :Requirement for Mid-Term Solution

Convergence RequirementData ConvergenceNetwork ConvergenceService ConvergenceOperator Convergence

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Examples of Convergence

ENUM – DNSE.164 – SIP Address

EPC – ONSEPC – URL

More Resolution or Mapping Gateways will be defined in the near future

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Identifier (Long-term Approach)

New Requirements will appearThe solutions will not be compatible with the current network architectureShould be applicable to human, things (tangible and intangible), data etc.

User-friendly input system

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New Requirements

SecuritySeparation of identifier and locator

Mobility and multi-homing support

AnonymityTemporal IdentifierDynamic IdentifierAttribute-based Identifier