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Name: ________________________________________________________ Date: ____________________________ Period: _____
Bill Nye: Earth’s Seasons
1. When it is spring in Paris, it is ___________________________________________ in Australia.
2. The reason we have seasons on earth is because the earth is __________________________________.
3. Not only is the earth going around the sun, but earth is also __________________________________.
4. When you are on the part of the earth that is facing towards the sun, it is _________________________.
5. When you are on the part of the earth that is away from the sun, it is ____________________________.
6. When the part of the earth that you are on is tilted towards the sun, it is
___________________________, and the other part of the earth that is tilted away from the sun is in
___________________________________.
7. This is all because the earth’s axis is __________________. That’s the reason for the _____________!
8. The northern half of the earth is called the ________________________________. The southern part of
the earth is called the __________________________________.
9. During summer, the earth is receiving more _______________________________________________.
10. In consider the following we learn about a French scientist named Foucault. What did Foucault
discover? __________________________________________________________________ How did
he prove this discovery _______________________________________________________.
11. The earth ________________________ is the reason the sun rises and set, the reason that the moon rises
and sets, and the reason for all kinds of weather.
12. The earth takes ___________________ to move around the sun.
13. In four seasons, there are ____________ moon cycles.
14. The earth is spinning around an imaginary line we call earth’s ___________________________.
15. The tilted axis makes different parts of the earth be tilted ________________________ or
____________________ from the sun at different times of the year.
16. It only takes ___________________ for the earth to turn itself in one complete rotation. It is traveling
at ________________ miles an hour!
17. What is a solstice?
____________________________________________________________________________________
18. In the southern hemisphere, the longest day is December ____________. In the northern hemisphere, it
is around June __________.
19. What is an Equinox?
___________________________________________________________________________________.
20. The most interesting thing I learned during this video is:
____________________________________________________________________________________
.
Ionic Bonding: Made Easy 1. Atoms are ______________ when their outermost shell is full.
2. Ions form when an atoms either ________________ or ________________ electron (s) in order to obtain a full outer shell.
3. Sometimes it is easier to ______________ electrons rather than gain. Other times it is easier to ____________ electrons .
If an atom has 6 valence electrons, it needs to gain ______ electrons to be stable.
If an atom has 7 valence electrons, it needs gain ______ electron to be stable.
If an atom has 2 valence electrons, it needs to __________ 2 electrons to be stable.
If an atom has 1 valence electron, it needs to __________ 1 electron to be stable.
4. An ion is an atom with a ______________ or _______________ charge.
When an atom loses an electron, it has a ___________ charge.
When an atom gains an electron, it has a ___________ charge.
5. Oppositely charged ions are __________________________ to each other.
6. Lewis Dot structures represent the number of ________________________. They help us see how many electrons need to
be ____________________ or __________________ in order to be happy!
7. Lewis Dot structures are also called ____________________________. Happy means ___________________.
8. Draw the first row Lewis Dot structures (Li through Ne).
_____________________ is the most stable because it has a full outer shell.
It is easier for Boron to ____________ 3 electrons rather than ___________ 5 electrons.
It is easier for Fluorine to _____________ 1 electron than _____________ 7 electrons.
When Boron loses three electrons, it becomes a ______________ ion. When Fluorine gains one electron, it
becomes a ________________ ion.
9. Lewis Dot Structures are also called __________________________.
10. Ionic bonds form as a result of the attraction between _____________________ and ________________ ions. One atom
gives away electrons and the other receives electrons, they become opposite charged ions, and are attracted to each other!
11. Ionic bonds usually form between a Metal and a _______________________!
12. a. Draw the Bohr diagram of Na and Cl BEFORE they give and receive electrons.
b. Draw the Bohr diagram of Na giving away its one valence electron to Cl. The Atoms AFTER
Na lost one electron, and Cl gains one electron. Na is now a __________ ion and Cl is now a _____________ ion.
Opposites ________________ and the Na ion __________________ to the Cl ion!
13. A chemical formula is the combination of symbols that show the _______________ of elements in a compound.
14. Always write the __________________ ion in front of the _________________ ion. 3 examples are _____________,
_________________, ______________
15. Properties of ionic compounds are:
They are _________________, ___________________ solids with _________________________.
When melted or dissolved in water, they ______________________________________.
They form orderly, __________________, called a crystalline pattern.
Covalent Bonding: Made Easy 1. Covalent Bonds occur when atoms _____________________ electrons.
2. Covalent Bonds form between atoms of _______________________ and ________________________ or between
________________________ and ___________________________.
3. By sharing, they become stable because they will have a _____________ shell.
4. Draw the Covalent Bonding diagram of F2
5. Draw the Bohr Model of the covalent bond between two Hydrogens and one Oxygen (water!)
6. Draw the Covalent Bonding diagram of NH3
7. Double bonds occur when the atoms share ___________ electrons.
8. Draw the double bond between 2 Oxygen atoms.
9. Draw the double bond between 2 Oxygen atoms and 1 Carbon atom.
10. Triple bonds occur when the atoms share ____________ electrons.
11. Draw the triple bond between two Nitrogen atoms.
12. Covalent Compounds are also known as ________________________________
13. Covalent Compounds have:
__________________ melting and boiling points.
Do not conduct _________________________________ when melted or dissolved in water.
14. Sometimes sharing is unequal. Much like when you share a blanket with a friend, but he/she hogs the blanket and pulls more
towards his/her own body…
Unequal sharing of electrons occurs between atoms too!! Occurs when an atom of an element pulls more
____________________ on shared electrons.
Causes the bonded atoms to have a slight _______________________ charge.
Atom that is pulling electrons stronger has a slight _______________________ charge.
Atom with the weaker pull has a slight ________________________ charge.
15. Unequal bonding is called a __________________________________.
16. Equal bonding is called a ______________________________.
17. Draw the diagram of F2 which represents a nonpolar bond.
18. Draw the diagram of Hydrogen Flouride which represents a polar bond.
19. Water is a _______________________ molecule!
20. Draw the diagram of water which shows that it’s a polar molecule.
Chemical Bonding Practice Ionic Bonding Rules: 1. Write the symbols for each element.
2. Draw an Electron dot diagram for each atom that you are starting with. Use different colors for each atom and its electrons.
3. Draw an arrow (or more) to show the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
4. Determine each new ion, along with its charge and valence electrons.
5. Draw the new neutral, ionic compound. (Make sure to use the correct colors).
6. Write down the formula of your ionic compound. Make sure to write the Metal first!
But first,….!!!
What is an Ion? _____________________________________________________________________________________________.
What is an Ionic bond? _______________________________________________________________________________________.
Ionic bonds occur between ___________________ and ____________________.
Elements Electron dot structure illustrating
transfer of electrons
(Steps #1-3)
Each new ion, its valence
electrons and charge
(Step #4)
New, Neutral Ionic Compound
(Step #5)
Ionic
compound
formula
(Step #6)
Na + Cl
Mg + Br
Pb + S
Al + Cl
Na + O
Na + Br
K + N
Ca + Cl
Covalent Bonding Rules: 1. Write the symbols for each element.
2. Draw an Electron dot diagram for each atom that you are starting with. Use different colors for each atom and its valence
electrons.
3. Write how many electrons each element needs to have 8 valence electrons (an octet) surrounding them (except for H).
4. Rearrange the valence electrons for each element (if necessary) to pair up 1 electron for each atom to create a single bond.
Continue rearranging to form additional bonds until the shell for each atom is full.
5. Draw the new covalently bonded compound along with its valence electrons, making sure to use different colors for the electrons
from each atom. Draw circles around the atom with its eight valence electrons. If an atom shares two electrons = double bond,
If an atom shares 3 electrons = triple bond.
6. Redraw the bond structure, this time using lines to represent each pair of shared electrons (each bond). Label the line as single,
double or triple.
But first!....!!! What is a Covalent Bond? __________________________________________________________________________.
Covalent bonds occur between ________________ and _________________ or ___________________ and _________________.
Compound Electron dot diagram of elements and how
many each atom needs to fulfill octet rule
(Steps #1-3)
Covalently bonded compound
showing rearranged electrons and
circles around bonds
(Step #4-5)
Covalently bonded compound
illustrated with lines to represent bond.
Label as single, double, or triple.
(Step #5)
HCl
CCl4
SiO2
H2O
CO2
NF3
C2H2
This one
is tough!
Name: _______________________________________________________ Date: _____________________ Period: ___
Molecule Building Lab
Key
Chemical Name Chemical Formula Picture Structural Formula Stamp
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Chemical Name Chemical Formula Picture Structural Formula Stamp
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Analysis Questions: (5 pts)
1. What kind of atoms are typically involved in Ionic bonds? Covalent bonds?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What does the subscript in a chemical formula tell you?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the difference between a single, double and triple bond?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Name: _________________________________________________________ Date: __________________ Period: ______
Bill Nye: Chemical Reactions
1. Everything is made of ___________________. When chemicals get together, they
_________________. That is called a _________________________.
2. Chemicals react to form new _____________________.
3. Chemical reactions happen when the ____________________ hook together
4. When energy is run through water, it is separated into __________________ and _________________.
5. After this reaction, there is more Hydrogen gas because in water, there are _____ atoms of Hydrogen
and _____ atom of Oxygen.
6. What is the purpose of the penny, salt and vinegar experiment?
7. Fire is a ____________________.
8. Fire is what you get when chemicals in things like _______________ and _________________ react
with the chemical ____________________ in the air.
9. When you mix vinegar and baking soda together, you get ________________________ gas.
10. _________________ and ___________________ are both poisons.
11. However, when these two poisons are chemically bonded, they form sodium chloride, otherwise known
as ______________.
12. When you see fireworks bursting in the sky, you are really seeing a _________________________.
13. Combining different metals will form different twinkles and _______________, such as red and yellow.
14. What is the purpose of the Nifty home experiment which includes vinegar, baking soda and a balloon?
15. Why is the balloon warm? The reaction
is…________________________________________________________________.
16. A chemical reaction happens when chemicals combine to form a new _______________________.
17. In a cold pack, when you break the plastic that separates the two chemicals, they mix. When they mix a
chemical reaction occurs. The bag gets cold
because…______________________________________________________
18. The element __________________ is in milk. The element ______________ is in salt. The element
_________________________ is in bananas. All of these elements behave in similar ways in chemical
reactions, so they are __________________ together in the periodic table.
19. The ___________________________ tells us a lot about chemicals.
20. My favorite part about this video was when I
learned…_________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Name: ___________________________
Date: _________________ Period: ____
Computer Lab: Alien Juice Bar
Directions: Go to http://scienceview.berkeley.edu/showcase/flash/juicebar.html and follow the instructions to
fill out the information about acids and bases.
Challenge #1: Alien Juice Bar
1. Click on Challenge 1 and then “start”.
2. Click on the pitcher of cabbage juice and drag towards one of the three drinks.
3. The cabbage juice will pour into a beaker and may or may not change colors.
4. Continue until all three drinks have been poured.
5. Place the drinks onto the correct shelf above the alien’s head.
6. When done, pull the “check me” lever.
7. If you are wrong, the bottles will come off the shelf. Try again until you get them all right.
8. Fill in the data table to show your results.
Drink Color in Beaker Acid, Neutral or Base?
Window Cleaner
Lemon Juice
Water
Click on the “test more” button to continue.
9. Click on the pitcher of cabbage juice and drag towards one of the nine drinks.
10. You may pour the cabbage juice to indicate if it is an acidic, basic or neutral drink.
11. Continue until all nine drinks have been poured or you can try to guess the PH of each bottle!
12. Place the drinks onto the correct shelf above the alien’s head.
13. When done, pull the “check me” lever.
14. If you are wrong, the bottles will come off the shelf. Try again until you get them all right.
15. Fill in the data table below to show your each drink belongs.
Acid Neutral Base
Click on “Continue” for a surprise!
Click on “Main Menu” to continue.
Challenge #2: The Flying Cabbage Juice Bar
1. Read the directions on the screen and then hit “start”
2. Listen to your customers carefully. If you have the wrong drink, they can get sick or even die and you
will lose your license. Good luck
3. You can test the pH of each drink with the pitcher of cabbage juice and you can also restock the shelf if
you run low on drinks.
4. Drink choices: Lemon Juice, Water, Mouthwash, Water, Cough Medicine, window cleaner, Toothpaste,
Coffee, Liquid soap, Soda pop and orange juice.
5. Record your results into the data table below.
Customer # They asked for: You Gave: Sick Customer? Try Again. Yummy or Dead?
Example Neutral Lemon Juice Water Yummy!
1
2
3
4
5
6
Did all of your customers survive? Congratulations! Click on “continue”
OR Did you lose your licsense? Try again and record in the table below.
Customer # They asked for: You Gave: Sick Customer? Try Again. Yummy or Dead?
1
2
3
4
5
6
Click on “Main Menu” and move to Challenge #3.
Challenge #1: Alien Juice Bar Challenge
1. Click on “Start”
2. Drag the pitcher of cabbage juice until all of the glasses on the tray change color and the pH is indicated.
3. The server will tell you what types of drinks need to be on the tray.
4. Your job is to add different amounts of liquid (click and drag the bottles) to each glass to change the pH
to the pH that is being asked form. Mentally assign a number to each glass to keep track in the data
table.
5. This is a tough assignment. One hint is that different drinks will make the pH either change in small
increments or large increments. It is up to you to figure out the right combinations.
6. When you have reached the correct pH for all the glasses on the tray, it will automatically move to the
next level. Record your results below.
Drink # Acidic Drinks
Basic Drinks Neutral Drinks
Start Finish Start Finish Start Finish
1
2
3
4
5
6
Conclusion: 5 sentences on what you learned by doing this activity.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Name: ______________________________________________________ Date: ______________________ Period: ____
To Bond or Not To Bond Online Computer Lab (2 stamps)
Part I: Go to http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=55 and answer the following questions in
complete sentences.
1. Though the periodic table has only 118 or so ________________, there are obviously more substances in nature
than 118 pure elements. This is because _________________ can react with one another to form new substances
called ___________________.
2. What is an example of elements combining to form a new compound?
___________________ + __________________ = _____________________
3. A. What are the characteristics of Sodium metal? _____________________________________________
B. What are the characteristics of Chlorine gas? _____________________________________________
C. When Sodium metal and Chlorine gas combine, is the compound hazardous? ________!! (yes/no) That’s
because a new ____________________ formed with new ______________________ (figure these answers on your
own!) 4. The American chemist ___________________________ proposed that ______________________ are formed
between ______________________ because _____________________ from the atoms interact with each other.
5. Lewis had observed that many ____________________ are most stable when they contain eight electrons in their
_________________________.
6. He suggested that atoms with fewer than eight ____________________ bond together to share electrons and
complete their __________________ shells.
7. In ionic bonding, _________________ are completely transferred from one ________________ to another. In the
process of either losing or gaining negatively charged electrons, the reacting atoms form ________________.
8. The oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other by electrostatic _________________, which are the basis
of the _____________________.
9. Draw the before and after picture of Sodium and Chlorine as Sodium loses and Chlorine gains an
electron.
Before: (Sodium transferring an electron to & Chlorine) Sodium loses _________ valence electron to ___________
After: (Transferred electrons & forming a ionic bond)
10. Click on “The reaction of sodium and chlorine”.
a. Click on ―Drop the sodium into the chlorine gas‖. Upon contact, sodium reacts
___________________ with the Chlorine.
b. Click on ―Magnify the reaction‖. When the sodium atoms contact the chlorine, an
__________________________ occurs in which the sodium atom
________________________________ to each chlorine atom. Replay the reaction if necessary.
c. What compound is formed? _________________________________________________________.
11. Some common features of ionic compounds are:
a. _____________________________________________
b. _____________________________________________
c. _____________________________________________
d. _____________________________________________
e. _____________________________________________
12. The second major type of atomic bonding occurs when __________________ share ___________________.
13. As opposed to ionic bonding in which a complete transfer of electrons occurs, covalent bonding occurs when two
(or more) elements __________________ electrons.
14. This most commonly occurs when two _______________________ bond together. Because both of the
nonmetals will want to gain electrons, the elements involved will share electrons in an effort to fill their
________________________
15. A good example of a covalent bond is that which occurs between two __________________ atoms. Atoms of
hydrogen (H) have one v_________________________ in their first ____________________. Since the capacity
of this shell is two electrons, each hydrogen atom will "want" to pick up a second electron.
16. In an effort to pick up a second electron, hydrogen atoms will react with nearby hydrogen (H) atoms to form the
compound H2. Because the hydrogen compound is a combination of equally matched atoms, the atoms will share
each other's single electron, forming one covalent bond. In this way, both atoms share the stability of a full
____________________ shell.
17. Click on “Covalent bonding between Hydrogen Atoms” Draw a picture of the simulation. Notice how the
electrons are being shared. Use arrows to represent this.
18. Scroll down to Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonding. Whenever two atoms of the same element bond
together, a ___________________ bond is formed.
19. A polar bond is formed when electrons are __________________ shared between two atoms. Polar covalent
bonding occurs because one atom has a stronger affinity for electrons than the other.
20. Water molecules contain two hydrogen atoms (pictured on the right) bonded to one oxygen
atom (the large sphere). Oxygen, with ______ valence electrons, needs ______ additional
electrons to complete its valence shell. Each hydrogen contains ______ electron. Thus oxygen
shares the electrons from two hydrogen atoms to complete its own valence shell, and in return
shares two of its own electrons with each hydrogen, completing the H valence shells.
21. Click on “Polar Covalent Bonding Simulated in Water” Watch the animation and draw it to
the best of your abilities. Use arrows to show the motion and sharing of electrons.
Part II: Go to http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp02/02020.html a. Click on the Animation tab. Then click on “Step Through Option”. Then, click on “Covalent Bonds”
b. As you read, you will need to click “Play” and then “Continue” to go through the information. 1. How many electrons does Hydrogen share when bonding to another Hydrogen atom? _______
2. What kind of covalent bond holds two Hydrogen atoms together? Single or Double (circle one)
3. How many electrons are in Oxygen’s outermost shell? ______ How many electrons does Oxygen need to be
happy…(fulfill octet rule)? _____
4. What kind of covalent bond holds two Oxygen atoms together? Single or Double (circle one)
5. In the box below, draw the Bohr Model and Structural formula of the Oxygen Molecule (O2).
Bohr Model of Oxygen Molecule Structural Formula of Oxygen Molecule
6. How many electrons does Carbon need to fill it’s outer shell? ______
7. How many covalent bonds does Carbon form with other atoms to fill its outer shell? _____
8. What is the chemical formula for Methane? ______________.
9. In the box below, draw the Bohr Model of Methane and the Structural formula for Methane.
Bohr Model of Methane Molecule Structural Formula of Methane Molecule
10. What kinds of covalent bonds does a Nitrogen Molecule (N2) form? _____________
11. In the box below, draw the Bohr Model of N2 and the Structural Formula for N2
Bohr Model of Nitrogen Molecule Structural Formula of Nitrogen Molecule
a. Now, click on “Options” and then “Ionic Bonds”. Click on “Play” and then “Continue” as you read along.
1. What is an Ion? ___________________________________________________________________________.
2. Compare the terms Cation and Anion. __________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________.
3. What happens when you mix salt and water? Ionic Bonds can be __________________ down in water. The partial
charges of the water molecules are attracted to the full ________________ charges of the _____________. When the
solid dissolves, it breaks down into separate ________________, each surrounded by a sphere of water.
b. Now, click on the top “Conclusion” tab. Read the entire conclusion.
1. What are the two main properties that influence how or whether bonds form between atoms?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________.
Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: ________________________ Period: ____
Balancing Equations 101 Go to http://sciencespot.net/Pages/kdzchem.html “The Science Spot: Kids Zone”
SITE #1: Chemical Equations (click on the blue “Chemical Equations” link underneath the middle black link that
says “Chemical Equations”)
1. What three things does a balanced equation show you?
The __________________ which enter into a reaction.
The _________________ which are formed by the reaction.
The amounts of each substance ____________ and each ________________ produced.
2. What two things must we remember when balancing equations?
Every chemical compound has a _______________ which cannot be ________________.
A chemical _______________ must account for every ___________ that is used, which is an
application of the Law of ______________________ of ____________.
3. What does the mean? ______________________________
4. What does the mean? __________________________________________________
5. Define each of the following types of reactions and then provide a balanced chemical equation that illustrates
each type of reaction.
Synthesis - __________________________________________________________________________
Example: ___________________________________________________________________________
Decomposition - _____________________________________________________________________
Example: ___________________________________________________________________________
Single-Replacement - _________________________________________________________________
Example: ___________________________________________________________________________
Double-Replacement (Ionic) - _____________________________________________________ Example: ___________________________________________________________________________
SITE #2: Classic ChemBalancer – (You will need to go back to the Matter, Atoms and More page. You will find
the link “Classic ChemBalancer” under “Chemical Equations”)
a. Click the button for “Directions” and read carefully. Click “Ok” button and return to game screen.
b. Click “Start Game” button and start balancing equations.
c. Start by adding “1” in each box and compare the number of atoms of each element you have on each side of the
equation.
d. Change coefficients to balance each equation and click “Balanced” button to check it. If it is wrong, correct it!
e. Use the information in the pop-up window to answer each question.
1. What does “ferrum” mean? __________________________ What color is sulfur? _____________________
2. What is HCl? ________________________________ Where is it found in your body? _________________
3. What are pyrotechnics? ____________________________________________________________________
4. What was the Hindenburg? _________________________________________________________________
What gas was used in it? ___________________ What gas is used today? ___________________________
5. What does the symbol “Hg” represent? _______________ Why should you never touch it? ______________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
6. What gas is produced when calcium metal is dropped in water? ____________________________________
7. What is CH4? ________________ What gases is it related to? __________________ & ________________
8. What is H2O2? ______________________ What is it used for? ___________________________________
9. What is ammonia used for today? ____________________________________________________________
10. How is the oxidation of aluminum different from iron? __________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
11. What gas is released when potassium permanganate is decomposed? _______________________________
Site #3: Its Elemental: Balancing Act -(You will need to go back to the Matter, Atoms and More page. You will
find the “Its Elemental: Balancing Act” link under “Chemical Equations”) Select Intermediate and “I’m Ready,
let’s start!”
Write down each of the 10 equations after you balanced them.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Site #4: Balancing Equations Tutorial - (You will need to go back to the Matter, Atoms and More page. You will
find the “Balancing Equations” link under “Chemical Equations”) 1. Follow the instructions to balance the equation. After you balanced the equation, write the it in the
space below.
Finished Early or are any of the websites down?
Complete the Chemical reactions and Bonding Crossword from the packet or work on Independent Astronomy
Assignment #4 computer lab from packet.
Chemical Reactions and Bonding
Across
1. The type of electrons involved in chemical reactions.
3. The type of bond when electrons are shared.
5. The materials at the end of an equation.
6. The type of bond when electrons are unequally shared.
8. The type of bond when electrons are not shared.
9. When two or more substances react to make one complex molecule.
10. Shows the number of atoms of an element in a molecule.
12. The material at the beginning of a reaction.
13. A solid that forms from solution during a chemical reaction.
Down
2. Show the ratio of elements in a compounds.
4. A reaction that breaks down molecules to form simpler products.
7. When new substances are formed.
11. You can balance a chemical equation by changing the_______.
Name: ___________________________________________________ Date: _____________________________ Period: _______
Alka Seltzer Lab
Purpose:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Materials:
_______________________ ______________________
_______________________ ______________________
_______________________ ______________________
_______________________
PART I: __________________ Procedure:
1. ___________________________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________________________________________
Data Table:
Trial Mass ( ) Temperature ( ) Volume ( ) Time ( )
1
2
3
Average
Analysis Questions:
1. Compare the terms: Reactant and Products.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. What were three reactants in this experiment? What were the three products? (Hint: refer to background
information)
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Why is this experiment a control experiment?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Why must the same amount of water be used in each trial?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
PART II: _____________________________ (Create a title for your experiment!)
List the possible factors for reaction rate: Use detail. Don’t just write ―heat‖…what does heat do?
1.________________________________________________________________________________________
2.________________________________________________________________________________________
3.________________________________________________________________________________________
4.________________________________________________________________________________________
5.________________________________________________________________________________________
What factor will you test? __________________________________________________________________
Hypothesis: (Be sure to use ―If…Then…Because‖—same hypothesis for everyone in group!)
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Procedure:
1. ___________________________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________________________________________
6. ___________________________________________________________________________________
7. ___________________________________________________________________________________
Data Table: (Create a Data table and record data in it!)
Analysis Questions:
1. Why must each experiment be repeated three times?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. How does your data compare to the control data from Part I?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Was your hypothesis supported or rejected by your experiment? Explain your answer by describing
what variable you were testing, what you did in your experiment, and the data you collected, and its
comparison to the controls data (numbers). What errors occurred during your experiment that may have
affected your results?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Compare experiments and results with two other groups. What variable did each group test and what
were the results? GIVE NUMBERS AGAIN!
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 5/6 Study Guide Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What are Valence Electrons? Why are they significant?
2. What is an Electron Dot Diagram?
3. How is the reactivity of elements related to valence electrons in atoms?
4. What does the Periodic Table tell you about the atoms of elements?
5. What is an Ion? How do they form?
6. What is an Ionic Bond?
7. Ionic compounds are electrically….Neutral, Charged, Negative or positive? Pick one!
8. Draw an Electron Dot Diagram of Na (Sodium) and Cl (Chlorine). Then, show the Electron Dot Diagram of the
two atoms forming an Ionic bond. Don’t forget the charges.
9. What is a chemical formula? What is a subscript?
10. What are 3 properties of Ionic Compounds?
11. What is a Covalent Bond? Which elements typically form Covalent Bonds?
12. In the chemical formula for an ionic compound, the ______________ ion is written before the
_________________ ion.
13. What is a double bond? A triple bond?
14. Draw an Electron Dot Diagram of three H (Hydrogen) atoms and N (Nitrogen). Then, show the Electron Dot
Diagram of the atoms after they form a Covalent Bond. Circle each atom with their complete shell like we did on
the bonding worksheet.
15. Draw the structural diagram for H2O. (Hint: Think back to our Molecule building lab)
16. What are 2 properties of Molecular compounds?
17. What happens if there is unequal sharing of electrons?
18. Compare the terms: Polar Bond and Nonpolar bond.
19. What is an Alloy?
20. Compare the terms: Physical Property and Chemical Property.
21. Compare the terms: Physical Change and Chemical Change.
22. What are reactants? What are products?
23. Write any chemical equation (you can even think back to Life Science and write the equation for Photosynthesis or
Respiration!). Label the reactants and the products.
24. What are 4 types of evidence of a chemical reaction?
25. What is the only SURE way to tell that a chemical reaction has occurred?
26. What is a precipitate?
27. Compare the terms: Endothermic reaction and Exothermic reaction.
28. How is matter conserved during a chemical reaction?
29. What must a balanced equation show?
30. What are the steps you must follow when balancing an equation?
31. Re-write and then Balance these equations. Then, label the reactants and the products.
a. H2 + O2 H2O
b. Mg + O2 MgO
c. H2O2 H2O + O2
d. Cu2O + C Cu + CO2
e. Fe2O3 + C Fe + CO2
f. SO2 + O2 SO3
32. What are three types of chemical reactions? Briefly describe each.
MORE STUDY TIPS!!!
Re-read your Journal entries, Bonding worksheet and Balancing Act worksheet
Look over your notes (PowerPoints), labs, and activities for the unit. Do extra credit!
Complete the Chapter’s section assessments. They are a great review and are each worth 5 points extra credit!
Use your notes and textbook to clarify anything.
Use www.pearsonsuccessnet.com or www.phschool.com for review activities
Name: _________________________________________________________ Date: ________ Period: ___
Bill Nye: The Moon
1. The Earth moves around the _____________ and the moon moves around the ________________.
2. The moon looks different to us on earth because of the way the __________ hits it. Moonlight is really
_________________.
3. During a new moon, the moon is between you and the ______________. During a new moon, you can’t
________ the moon.
4. During a half moon, sunlight is falling on ______________ of the moon.
5. During a full moon, earth is between the sun and the ___________________.
6. Moon glow is really ________________________.
7. The moon does not have as much _______________________ as the earth.
8. Where did the moon come from? One theory claims that ________________ was hit by an asteroid and
a piece of ________________ flung off. The pull of gravity held it in _____________ around the earth.
9. The _________________ of the moon pulls on everything on earth.
10. The moons gravity pulls on earth’s ___________________, which is the main reason we have
____________________.
11. A _________________________ is when the shadow of the moon falls on the earth.
12. A _________________________ is when the shadow of the earth falls on the moon.
13. Why don’t get an eclipse every month? Its all because the moons orbit has a little ________________.
14. An eclipse is whenever ____________________ is blocked.
15. The gravity on the moon is _____________________ of the gravity on earth.
16. The moon looks different because of its ___________________________.
17. The moon does not have an _______________________________. It does not have oceans, plants or
wildlife. BUT the moon does have moon ___________________.
18. What is the difference between a full moon and a new moon?
19. I still have questions about:
___________________________________________________________________________________.
20. The most interesting thing I learned during this video is:
____________________________________________________________________________________
Acids and Bases
Directions: Use textbook pages 268-273 to fill in the questions 1-12.
1. __________________ are compounds whose characteristics properties include the kinds of reactions they
undergo. An acid tastes ________________, reacts with _________________ and __________________, and
turns blue litmus paper ___________________.
2. Some common Acids you may have heard of are
_____________________, _____________________,_____________________,_______________________
3. What are some acidic, sour citrus fruits?
_____________________, _____________________,_____________________,_______________________.
These citric fruits contain _____________________
4. Corrosive means to _________________ other materials. When acids react with certain metals, they produce
_________________________ which makes the metal seem to _____________________ in the solution.
5. Litmus is an example of an _____________________, a compound that changes _______________ when in
contact with an ______________ or base.
6. Look at figure 13. What happens to blue litmus paper when it is dipped in an acid? It turns _____________.
What happens to red litmus paper when it is dipped in a base? It turns __________________.
7. Litmus paper is an easy way to identify quickly whether an unknown compound is an __________________ or
___________________.
8. Bases are another group of compounds that can be identified by their common properties. A base tastes
___________________, feels ___________________ and turns red litmus paper ___________________.
9. Soda water, ________________, some _____________________ and detergents are examples of bases.
10. Bases turn litmus paper ________. This is easy to remember because of the letter _____. Bases turn _________.
11. Refer to figure 15.
How are acids used in the home? ________________________________________________________________
How are acids used in industry? ________________________________________________________________
What are some foods with acid? ________________________________________________________________
12. Refer to Figure 16.
How are acids used in the home? ________________________________________________________________
How are acids used in industry? ________________________________________________________________
What are some foods with acid? ________________________________________________________________
Directions: Use textbook pages 274 – 277 to answer the following questions.
13. Acids in a water solution separate into _______________ (H+) ions. (pg 275). Many bases are made of positive
ions combine with hydroxide ions. The hydroxide ion (OH-) is a negative ion made of __________ and _______.
14. Acids can be strong or weak. Bases can be strong or weak. The __________ scale is a range of values from 0-14
that shows how strong or weak an acid is.
15. Refer to the ph scale on pg 277. What is the ph of the following items? Also, circle whether it is an acid or base
Hydrochloric acid? _____ acid or base
lemon? _____ acid or base
Tomato? _____ acid or base
Water? _____ acid or base
Soap? _____ acid or base
Drain Cleaner? _____ acid or base
16. Which of the above items is the strongest acid? _____________________
17. Which of the above items is the most basic base? _____________________
18. You can use ______________ to determine the pH of a solution. pH paper will turn a different
________________ to indicate the solutions pH. Matching the color of the paper with the colors on the test scale
indicates how __________________ or __________________ the solution is.
19. To review ___________________ paper determines if a substance is an acid or base. _________________ paper
determines the pH of the solution.
20. If a solution has an pH of 9, is it an acidic or basic? _____________________
Name: __________________________
Date: ________________ Period: ____
Astronomy Computer Lab Independent Study Assignment #4
Part I: Astronomy is Awesome (3 stamps) (Due: 4/24-25) Go to http://kidsastronomy.com/
a. Click on ―Solar System‖. Draw a picture of our solar system with the sun in the middle. Label each planet and
draw an arrow to show the direction of revolution. What is a revolution? ______________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________.
All the planets start in the same line…but then slowly some fall behind others. Why? ______________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
b. Click on the Sun and each planet. Answer each question about the Sun and each planet.
Sun:
1. What elements make up the Sun? _________________________________________________________________
2. Why is it considered the King of the Solar System? __________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Mercury:
1. Why does Mercury have less gravity than Earth? _____________________________________________________
2. Is there air on Mercury? Why? __________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Venus:
1. Why is Venus a hostile planet? ___________________________________________________________________
2. Why is Venus called Earth’s sister planet? __________________________________________________________
Earth:
1. What is the name of Earth’s moon? __________________________.
2. What does Comparative Planetology mean? _________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Mars:
1. Why is Mars more like Earth than any other planet? __________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is Olympus Mons? ________________________________________________________________________
Jupiter:
1. How many moons does Jupiter have? ___________
2. Where did Jupiter’s giant red spot come from? _______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Saturn:
1. How many rings does Saturn have? What other planets have rings? ______________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Why would you weigh more on Saturn than on Earth? _________________________________________________
Uranus:
1. What changed the direction of Uranus’ spin? ________________________________________________________
2. What do scientists think is underneath Uranus’ clouds? ________________________________________________
Neptune:
1. What is the Great Dark Spot? ____________________________________________________________________
2. Where does the name Neptune come from? _________________________________________________________
Pluto:
1. Why don’t some scientists consider Pluto a planet? ___________________________________________________
2. Why don’t we have good pictures of Pluto? _________________________________________________________
c. Click on Comets on the left hand column underneath the list of our planets and their moons.
1. What are Comets? _____________________________________________________________________________
2. Where do Comets come from? ___________________________________________________________________
3. Is a comets tail safe to fly through? Why? __________________________________________________________
4. A comets tail can be behind OR in front of the comet? Why? (include the term Solar Wind) __________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Go to http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/moon_phases/ and push play to see the moon revolve around earth.
Answer the following questions.
1. Why does the moon look like it is changing shape as it revolves around earth? (Hint: Click on background
information) __________________________________________________________________________________________
2. It takes ____________ days for the moon to complete a cycle of phases.
3. Where is the moon positioned when it is a New Moon? _______________________________________________
Go to http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/tides/media/supp_tide06a.html & answer the questions. 1. What is a Spring Tide? ________________________________________________________________________
Draw a picture to represent it based on the animation. (include the moon, earth and sun)
2. What is a Neap Tide? _________________________________________________________________________
Draw a picture to represent it based on the animation. (include the moon, earth and sun)
Go to http://www.cosmos4kids.com/ and answer the following questions.
a. Click on ―Universe‖ written in orange.
1. Everything that exists, exists in the _________________________.
2. There are millions of ______________ in our galaxy and thousands of _____________________ in the
universe.
3. Click on ―Origins‖ on the right hand column. What is the Big Bang Theory?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. Click on ―Gravity‖ on the right hand column. Our connection to the moons gravity makes the tides
___________________ and ___________________.
5. The Earth's gravity keeps our planet __________________________________________, just like the
Sun's gravity ____________________________________. When the earth spins and gravity pulls on the
clouds, _________________________________________________________________.
6. The Earth always has the ______________________________________________. The Earth constantly
pulls and objects _____________________________________________.
b. Click on Astronomy on the lower right hand side of the website. You will see the original site. Then, click on
―Galaxies‖ written in green.
1. Right now, you're sitting on a planet that orbits a star in the _____________________________ galaxy.
2. Organized galaxies are made of millions of ______________________ and _____________________.
While we can't take a picture of our galaxy, astronomers use a variety of ________________________ to
study nearby galaxies. They use several ____________________________ in the EM spectrum to see
which stars are closer and further away.
3. As astronomers have studied galaxies in detail, they have determined that there is more than dust, stars,
and systems. They currently believe that about ______ % of the matter in galaxies is called
____________________________.
c. Click on Astronomy on the lower right hand side of the website. You will see the original site. Then, click on
―Stars‖ written in red.
1. ____________________ are the objects that heat and light the planets in a system.
2. Stars are huge ________________. That fire is from a constant number of ________________________.
3. A star is usually made of ___________________ and _______________________. That ball of fire also
gives off __________________. All kinds of light! There are __________________,
__________________, __________________, & __________________ constantly emitted into space.
4. Click on ―Requirements‖ on the right hand column. What color is our sun? ______________________.
5. Some systems have _______________ stars. Others have a _____________ tint. The color of a star
depends on its _____________________________. Bluer stars have a ____________________ surface
temperature. Lower temperature stars give off a lot of __________________________.
6. Astronomers look at three main characteristics of stars. They study:
________________________, _________________________, and _______________________.
7. The yellow color of our sun tells you it has a _____________________________ temperature.
8. On Earth, the Sun may seem bright. Compared to other stars it is only a candle. Astronomers consider our
Sun to be in the _____________________________________________________.
9. Click on ―Development‖ on the right hand column. Just like living organisms, stars have a
__________________________.
10. Stars are born from huge clouds of _________________ and _________________.
11. What is a Nebula? _____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________.
12. Slowly, over millions of years, gas particles start to cling to each other and then they attract other particles
and molecules. The nebula begins to ______________________ and form a ____________. That ball is
called a _____________________. "Proto" is a prefix that means __________________ or
______________________.
13. A protostar is the first step in becoming a ________________________________.
14. After the star finished the protostar phase, it becomes even ________________________. The heavy
elements move to the center of the star while the light gases stay in the star's atmosphere. Those gases are
usually _____________________ and ___________________. Then something amazing happens, the
_______________________ begins. The star ___________________ and the gases _______________.
This step in the development process is called the __________________________.
15. Click on ―Development II‖ on the right hand column. After the _________________________, stars
become what astronomers call ______________________. This is the time when the star begins to die.
16. As with anything in nature, stars need ____________________. Well there is only so much hydrogen to
fuel a star's fusion reactions. Eventually that fuel runs out. When the star begins to cool, it
__________________________. The cooling takes the color of the star and drops it into the
___________ range, leaving a red giant.
17. As the star cools and the fire is burning out, there comes a point where the star's reactions ____________
and an ___________________ occurs. That boom is the _____________________.
18. Astronomers call the nebula after the explosion a ___________________________.
19. The final stage of a stars life is when it becomes a __________________________. The core of the star is
left, some fires still burn, but there is very little ________________ left.
20. What is a Black Hole? __________________________________________________________________.
Part II: Solar/Eclipses and Weight on other Planets (2 stamps) (Due: 5/15-16 )
Go to the following website: http://www.MrEclipse.com/Special/LEprimer.html
1. What is the only lunar phase in which a lunar eclipse can occur? ______________________________.
2. Sketch the lunar eclipse geometry:
3. What are the three different kinds of lunar eclipse? Briefly describe each.
____________________________: ______________________________________________________________
____________________________: ______________________________________________________________
____________________________: ______________________________________________________________
4. On average, how many total lunar eclipses are there every year? _____________ Why? ____________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Moon's orbit around Earth is actually tipped about __________ to Earth's orbit around the Sun.
6. Why does the Moon appear to take on a colored hue during an eclipse? _________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Go to the following website: http://www.MrEclipse.com/Special/SEprimer.html
1. What is the only lunar phase in which a solar eclipse can occur? _______________________________.
2. Sketch the Solar Eclipse Geometry.
3. The Moon’s shadow consists of three parts. What are they? Briefly describe each.
_______________________: ___________________________________________________________________
_______________________: ___________________________________________________________________
4. How long does the total phase of a total solar eclipse last? _______________________________.
5. The path of the Moon’s shadow across the Earth’s surface is called __________________________.
6. What are the key differences between total and annular eclipses?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Go to the following two websites: http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/time/eclipse_anim.html and
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/time/lunar_anim.html
Watch the animations and draw a picture of each in the boxes below.
Title each animation and write two sentences that describe what is happening in each type of eclipse.
1. Type of Eclipse:___________________________________
Summary of what is happening:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Type of Eclipse: ___________________________________
Summary of what is happening:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Planet Hop: Finding your Weight and Age on Different Planets.
Go to: http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/solar_system_level2/activity/planet_hop.html
1. What is gravitational pull? _____________________________________________________________
2. What are the two factors that affect the pull of gravity? __________________ and _________________
3. What is the definition of Revolution?
____________________________________________________________________________________
4. If the planet has a gravitational pull 2.5 times greater than that of Earth, then a 220 pound earthling would weigh
______________ pounds on that planet. (2.5 x __________ = 550)
5. It only takes the Earth 365.24 days to revolve once around the Sun. Due to their great distance from the Sun,
some planets may take _____________________________________ to complete the same journey.
6. Look at the table and answer the questions below.
a. Jupiter has a gravitational pull of 2.54 and Mars has a gravitational pull of .38. Does that mean Jupiter or
Mars is the bigger planet? _______________________________.
b. Do you think you would weigh more on Jupiter or Mars? ______________________________________
c. What is your weight and age on Earth? Weight: ____________________ Age: __________________.
7. Figure out your weight and age in the online table and check your answers. Once you have the correct answers,
copy the info below.
Planet Gravitational Pull Revolutionary Period Weight (pounds) Age (years)
Mercury .38 87.9 Earth days
Venus .91 224.7 Earth days
Mars .38 686.9 Earth days
Jupiter 2.54 11.86 Earth years
Saturn .93 29.46 Earth years
Uranus .8 84.01 Earth years
Neptune 1.2 164.79 Earth years
Pluto .04 248 Earth years
8. Based on the gravitational pull of the above planets, which two planets do you think are closest in size?
________________________________ and ___________________________
How do you know? ___________________________________________________________________________
9. How much would you weigh on the sun? _______________________________
Now Figure Your Weight on Other Planets using MASS (no website for this )
Remember…Mass x Gravity = Weight
To find your weight on other planets, you first need to find your mass. Then, multiply your mass by the force of gravity
on other planets to find your weight on those planets. These tables should help, but keep in mind that the numbers are
approximations based on scientific theory.
Note that you must first find your weight in Newton's. First convert your weight in pounds to grams, then to kilograms
_____ pounds x 454 = _____________ grams = _____________kilograms
Your mass on Earth
kilograms
times Gravity on Earth
(meters per second2
)
= Your weight on Earth
(Newtons)
times 9.8 =
Your mass
(kilograms)
x Gravity on another planet
(meters per second2
)
= Your weight on another planet
(Newtons)
Mercury x 3.7 =
Venus x 8.87 =
Mars x 3.69 =
Jupiter x 23.12 =
Saturn x 8.96 =
Uranus x 8.69 =
