Name: Date: Living Environment Period · 2020. 3. 10. · the color of the petals in this plant. Design a controlled experiment to determine if soil pH affects petal color. In your

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Name: Date: Living Environment Period:


Experiment #1: Plants (8459-8462)

A certain plant has white flower petals and it usually grows in soil that is slightly basic. Sometimes the plant produces flowers with red petals. A company that sells the plant wants to know if soil pH affects the color of the petals in this plant. Design a controlled experiment to determine if soil pH affects petal color. In your experimental design be sure to: • state the hypothesis to be tested in the experiment • state one way the control group will be treated differently from the experimental group • identify two factors that must be kept the same in both the control group and the experimental group • identify the dependent variable in the experiment • state one result of the experiment that would support the hypothesis ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________


Experiment #2: Daphnia Daphnia are freshwater organisms sometimes referred to as “water fleas.”

Design an experiment that could be used to test the effects of temperature on the size of a daphnia population. In your experimental design, be sure to:

• state a hypothesis to be tested • describe how the control group will be treated differently from the experimental group • identify the independent variable in the experiment • identify the type of data that will be collected

________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________


Experiment #3: Antibiotics A researcher wanted to test the effectiveness of a new antibiotic on Streptococcus pyrogenes, the species of bacteria that causes strep throat. Bacteria were added to dish 1, dish 2, and dish 3. A disk soaked in the new antibiotic was then placed in dish 2. Dish 3 was set up as the control. The dishes are shown in the diagram below.

1. State one appropriate hypothesis for this experiment. 2. All three dishes were placed in an incubator at 37°C for 24 hours. The results for dish 1 are shown

below.

Complete the diagram of dish 2 below to represent an example of experimental results that would support your hypothesis. Explain how your diagram supports your hypothesis.

3. Describe how the disk in dish 3 should be prepared so it can serve as the control for this experiment.


Experiment #4: Medicine Effectiveness The drugs usually used to treat high blood pressure do not affect blood vessels in the lungs. Bosentan is a new drug being studied as a treatment for high blood pressure in the lungs. In an experiment, patients treated with bosentan showed an improvement in the distance they could walk without fatigue within 12 weeks. Design an experiment to test the effectiveness of bosentan as a drug to treat high blood pressure in the lungs. In your answer be sure to: • state the hypothesis your experiment will test • state how the control group will be treated differently from the experimental group • state two factors that must be kept the same in both the experimental and control groups • state the type of data that should be collected to determine if the hypothesis is supported ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________


Experimental Design Errors 1. An experiment was designed to see what effects ibuprofen would have on laboratory mice. Large

numbers of male mice and an equal number of female mice were used in this investigation. The male mice were placed in an area with food and water. The female mice were placed in a separate area of the same size. The female mice were given additional food and water. The males were each given 100 milligrams of ibuprofen each day, mixed with their food, and the females were each given 50 milligrams of ibuprofen each day, mixed with their food. Identify two errors in the design of this investigation.

2. A mouthwash experiment tested mouthwash against bacteria commonly found in the mouth. Four

paper discs each with a different brand of mouthwash were placed onto the surface of a plate that contained food, moisture, and bacteria commonly found in the mouth. The diagram below shows the growth of bacteria on the plate after 24 hours. Which change in procedure would have improved the experiment?

3. In an investigation to determine a factor that affects the growth of rats, a student exposed 100 rats

of the same age and species to identical conditions, except for the amount of living space and the amount of food each rat received. Each day the student measured and recorded the weight of each rat. State one major error that the student made in performing this investigation.


4. A student conducted an experiment to determine if listening to different types of music would

affect pulse rate. She thought that pulse rate would change with different types of music. Each person participating in her experiment listened to seven different selections of music for 30 seconds each. The pulse rates were taken after each 30-second interval of music. Based on her experiment, the student concluded that a person's pulse rate changed when listening to different types of music. Which component is missing from this experiment?

5. A mineral supplement designed to prevent the flu was given to two groups of people during a

scientific study. Dosages of the supplement were measured in milligrams per day, as shown in the table below.

After 10 weeks, neither group reported a case of the flu. What would have made the outcome of this study more valid?





Data Tables A student was investigating the relationship between different concentrations of substance X and the height of bean plants. He started with six groups, each of which contained the same number of bean plants with identical heights. Conditions were kept the same except that each group was watered with a different concentration of substance X for a period of two weeks. Then the concentration of substance X used in watering each group of plants and the average height for each group of plants were recorded by the student as follows: Group A – 6%, 32.3 cm Group D – 8%, 37.1 cm Group B – 0%, 28.7 cm Group E – 4%, 31.5 cm Group C – 2%, 29.4 cm Group F – 10%, 30.7 cm 1. Organize the above data by filling in the Data Table and following the directions below.

a. Label column III with an appropriate heading. Include the correct units.

b. Complete all three columns in the Data Table so that the concentrations of substance X are

increasing from the top to the bottom of the Data Table.

c. Based on this investigation, in which group was substance X most effective?

Data Table

I II III

Group Concentration of Substance X (%)


Graphing Basics 1. Diagrams A through E show the general appearance of five tree fruits which were used by a

science class in an experiment to determine the length of time necessary for each type of fruit to fall from a second-floor balcony to the lobby floor of their school. One hundred fruits of each type were selected by the students and the average time of fall for each type of fruit is shown in the chart below.

Tree Type Average Fall Time of 100 Fruits

Silver Maple 3.2 sec Norway Maple 4.9 sec

White Ash 1.5 sec Red Oak 0.8 sec

Shagbark Hickory 0.8 sec

Which graph best shows the average fall time for each fruit type tested during this experiment?


Graphing Basics (Continued)

2. The data below were obtained during an investigation involving freshwater sunfish.

Which set of labeled axes should be used to present the data most clearly?

3. A graph of the population growth of two different species is shown below.

Which conclusion can be drawn from information in the graph?

1. Oxygen concentration affects population sizes of different species in the same manner. 2. Species A requires a high oxygen concentration for maximum population growth. 3. Species B requires a high oxygen concentration to stimulate population growth. 4. Low oxygen concentration does not limit the population size of either species observed.

4. The graph below represents the growth in length and mass of a fetus up to week 32. The length is

measured in millimeters (mm) and the mass in grams (g).

Which statement best describes human fetal growth between weeks 26 and 32?

1) There is a faster rate of increase in mass than in length. 2) The rate of increase in mass levels off, while the increase in length constantly increases. 3) The fetal mass increases by 750 g and the fetal length increases by about 100 mm. 4) There are slight decreases in both length and mass.


Bar Graph Tooth decay occurs when bacteria living in the mouth produce an acid that dissolves tooth enamel (the outer, protective covering of a tooth).

1. Using the information in the data table, construct a bar graph on the grid below, following the

directions below. a. Mark an appropriate scale on the axis labeled “Average Sugar Intake per Person.” b. Construct vertical bars in the bracketed area for each world region to represent the “Average

Sugar Intake per Person.” Place the bars on the left side of each bracketed region and shade the bars as shown below. (The bar for Americas has been done for you.)

c. Construct vertical bars in the bracketed area for each world region to represent the “Average

Number of Teeth with Decay per Person.” Place the bars on the right side of each bracketed region and shade in each bar as shown below.

2. Which statement is a valid conclusion regarding tooth decay? (1) As sugar intake increases, the acidity in the mouth decreases, reducing tooth decay. (2) As sugar intake increases, tooth decay increases in Europe and the Americas, but not in

Africa and Southeast Asia. (3) The greater the sugar intake, the greater the average number of decayed teeth. (4) The greater the sugar intake, the faster a tooth decays.


Line Graph #1: Deep Population A field study was conducted to observe a deer population in a given region over time. The deer were counted at different intervals over a period of 40 years. During this period of time, both ranching and hunting increased in the study region. A summary of the data is presented in the table below.

1. Using the information in the data table, construct a line graph on the grid by following the

directions below: a. Mark an appropriate scale on each labeled axis. b. Plot the data for the deer population on the grid. Surround each point with a small circle

and connect the points.

2. During which 10-year period did the greatest increase in the deer population occur? a) 1900 – 1910 c) 1920 – 1930 b) 1910 – 1920 d) 1930 – 1940


Line Graph #2: Male vs. Female Calorie Requirements The table below shows the average caloric requirements for boys and girls at different ages and with normal physical activity.

1. Using the information in the data table, construct a line graph on the grid by following the

directions below: a. Mark an appropriate scale on the axis labeled “Calories Required per Day.” b. Mark an appropriate scale on the axis labeled “Age in Years.” c. Plot the data for boys’ calorie requirements on your graph. Surround each

point with a small triangle and connect the points. d. Plot the data for girls’ calorie requirements on your graph. Surround each

point with a small circle and connect the points.

2. Which conclusion can be made from the graph constructed? a. Males and females have similar caloric requirements at all ages. b. Males and females have peaks in their caloric requirements at the same time. c. Females reach a caloric peak earlier than males. d. Males reach a caloric peak earlier than females.


Microscope The diagram below is a compound light microscope.

1. What is the total magnification of this microscope using the high-power objective lens? 2. While viewing a specimen under high power of a compound light microscope, a student noticed

that the specimen was out of focus. Which part of the microscope should the student turn to obtain a clearer image under high power?

3. Which activity might lead to damage of a microscope and specimen? 1) cleaning the ocular and objectives with lens paper 2) focusing with low power first before moving the high power into position 3) using the coarse adjustment to focus the specimen under high power 4) adjusting the diaphragm to obtain more light under high power

4. A student placed a slide, as shown in the diagram below, on the stage of the microscope.

Which image will the student most likely observe with the low-power objective?

1) 2) 3) 4)

5. A student prepared a slide of pollen grains from a flower. First the pollen was viewed through the low-power objective lens and then, without moving the slide, viewed through the high power objective lens of a compound light microscope. Which statement best describes the relative number and appearance of the pollen grains observed using these two objectives?

1) low power: 25 small pollen grains; high power: 100 large pollen grains 2) low power: 100 small pollen grains; high power: 25 large pollen grains 3) low power: 25 large pollen grains; high power: 100 small pollen grains 4) low power: 100 large pollen grains; high power: 25 small pollen grains


Scientific Tools 1. The volume of liquid in the graduated cylinder shown below is

1) 13.0 mL 2) 13.5 mL 3) 14.0 mL 4) 14.5 mL

2. Which graduated cylinder represented below contains a volume of liquid closest to 15 milliliters?

3. A student, using a metric ruler, measured a larva as represented in the diagram below.

What is the length of the larva, in centimeters? ___________________ 4. What is the approximate length, in millimeters, of the earthworm shown below? _______________


Dichotomous Key Dichotomous keys are used by biologists to accurately classify unknown organisms such as the unidentified female mosquito shown in the diagram below. These dichotomous keys are designed to categorize organisms according to structural characteristics. The dichotomous key on the next page shows various characteristics used to identify the difference between Anopheles, Deinocerites, Culex, Psorophora, and Aedes mosquitos.

1. According to the dichotomous key, which feature distinguishes male from female mosquitoes? 2. According to the dichotomous key, which three characteristics are necessary to identify a female

Anopheles mosquito? 3. According to the dichotomous key, which genus does the unknown female mosquito shown above

belong to?


Key to Mosquito Genera 1a. Antennae are very bushy

Male mosquito

1b. Antennae are not bushy

Go to 2

2a. Palps are much shorter than proboscis

Go to 3

2b. Palps are as long as proboscis

Female Anopheles

3a. Tip of abdomen is blunt, without points

Go to 4

3b. Tip of abdomen has points

Go to 5

4a. Antennae are much longer than proboscis

Female Deinocerites

4b. Antennae are shorter than proboscis

Female Culex

5a. Many long scales present on hind legs

Female Psorophora

5b. Hind legs do not have scales

Female Aedes


Laboratory Safety 1. Describe two unsafe laboratory practices represented in the diagram.

2. You are the owner of a chemical company. Many people in your community have been

complaining that rabbits are getting into their gardens and eating the flowering plants and vegetables they have planted. Your company is developing a new chemical product called Bunny Hop-Away that repels rabbits. This product would be sprayed on the plants to prevent the rabbits from eating them. Certain concerns need to be considered before you make the product available for public use. State one safety procedure that should be followed when the product is sprayed on plants.

3. The diagram below shows a student heating some test tubes with chemicals in them during a

laboratory activity.

Explain why putting stoppers in the test tubes could be dangerous.




Organizational Levels 1. Write the structures listed below in order from least complex to most complex.

organ cell organism organelle tissue

2. Two methods of moving from place to place are represented below. The single-celled ameba

moves by a process that involves the flow of cytoplasm.

Which statement is best supported by these diagrams? 1) Both simple and complex organisms move directly by the movement of cytoplasm. 2) Single-celled organisms, like complex organisms, are able to move; however, they differ in the

way they carry out this activity. 3) Cytoplasm is a fluid substance in simple cells and a solid substance in cells of complex

organisms. 4) Cells in complex organisms function in the exact same way as cells in simple organisms.


Life Functions Rabbits have evolved strategies that get them through periods of time when there is little food. The diagram below represents essential life functions that rabbits and all other organisms need to perform.

1. Match the following life function terms with their definitions.

Circulation a) Chemical wastes are excreted from the body.

Coordination b) Food molecules are broken down.

Digestion c) Conversion of food into energy.

Excretion d) Increase in number of cells and size of the organism.

Growth e) Production of a new organism.

Reproduction f) Responding to changes in the environment.

Respiration g) Substances are transported around the body. 2. Which life function in the diagram could be eliminated without affecting an individual’s ability to

survive when food is scarce?


Homeostasis 1. Which structures in a single-celled organism interact to maintain homeostasis? _______________

2. During a race, the body temperature of a runner increases. The runner’s body must respond to

regulate the body temperature. Describe one way the body responds to lower human body temperature.

3. The diagram below represents a sequence of events that occurs in the human body throughout the

day. The graph below shows the levels of glucose and insulin in the blood of a human over a period of time.

a. What are these cyclic changes that occur throughout the day known as? __________________

b. Why must these changes occur throughout the day? _________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

c. What would happen if a person’s body were unable to regulate these changes? ____________

___________________________________________________________________________

4. In some land plants, guard cells are found only on the lower surfaces of the leaves. In some water plants, guard cells are found only on the upper surfaces of the leaves. Explain how guard cells in both land and water plants help maintain homeostasis. In your answer be sure to:

• identify one function regulated by the guard cells in leaves • explain how guard cells carry out this function • give one possible evolutionary advantage of the position of the guard cells on the leaves of land

plants

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Biochemistry 1. Nutrients in a diet, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and minerals, play an important role in

homeostasis within the human body. Lack of these nutrients can lead to malfunctions that disrupt this internal balance. Explain how diet can influence homeostasis. In your answer, be sure to:

a. State one role of carbohydrates play in the body.

b. Describe, using one specific example, how a decrease in carbohydrates can alter homeostasis

2. The diagram below represents the process of protein synthesis.

Identify the type of building block represented by the letters A , B , and C .

3. Fill in the blanks below.

Organic compounds, such as proteins and starches, are too ____________________ to diffuse

into cells. Proteins are digested into building blocks called ________________________ and

starches are digested into building blocks called ________________________.


Enzymes 1. Some internal environmental factors may interfere with the ability of an enzyme to function

efficiently.

a. Identify two internal environmental factors that directly influence the rate of enzyme action.

b. Explain why changing the shape of an enzyme could affect the ability of the enzyme to function.

2. Meat tenderizer contains an enzyme that interacts with meat. If meat is coated with tenderizer and

then placed in a refrigerator for a short time, how would the enzyme be affected?

3. The diagram below represents a model of a biological process that occurs in humans at normal body temperature, 37°C.

Increasing body temperature to 40°C would interfere most directly with the rate of function of which lettered structure?


Enzyme Graphs 1. Base your answer to the next 4 questions on the graph below and your knowledge of biology.

a. What is the optimum pH of pepsin? ____________________________________________

b. What is the optimum pH of trypsin? ____________________________________________

c. At which pH range will neither enzyme function? __________________________________

d. The pH range of the small intestines is 7.5 to 9.0. State how the activity of pepsin will most likely change after it moves with the food from the stomach to the small intestine.

2. The graph below shows the effect of temperature on the relative rate of action of enzyme X on a

protein.

a. What is the optimum temperature of this enzyme? ________________________________

b. Why does the rate of action of this enzyme decrease rapidly above 50˚C? _____________

________________________________________________________________________


Shape Specificity 1. What characteristic most directly influences the function of a specific enzyme? _______________ 2. The molecule represented in the diagram below can interact with other molecules to cause a

biochemical process to occur.

Molecule A represents an enzyme. Draw a molecule that would interact with the enzyme shown.

3. The diagram below represents cells present in the human body.

a. Draw a hormone that would communicate with the receptors on Cell 1.

b. Draw a hormone that would communicate with the receptors on Cell 2.

c. Draw a hormone that would not communicate with the receptors on Cell 1 or Cell 2. 4. The diagram below represents the region between two nerve cells. Cell A releases a chemical that

travels to and binds with structure X on cell B.

What does structure X most likely represent? _____________________________________

5. Describe a similarity between all enzymes, antibodies, neurotransmitters, and hormones.




Cell Organelles

Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the diagrams below which represent two different cells. Organelles are labeled A through G.

1. Identify the organelles labeled A through G on the diagrams above. Describe the function of each

organelle.

Letter Organelle Function

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

2. Which cell, Cell X or Cell Y, is a plant cell? Justify your answer.

B C D E F G

B C D E


Cell Membrane & Transport 1. The diagram below represents a cell in water. Formulas of molecules that can move freely across

the cell membrane are shown. Some molecules are located inside the cell and others are in the water outside the cell.

Based on the distribution of these molecules, what would most likely happen after a period of time?

2. The diagram below represents a unicellular organism in a watery environment. The triangles represent molecules of a specific substance.

Arrow A represents active transport. State two ways that active transport is different from diffusion.


Photosynthesis & Respiration Photosynthesis and respiration are two important processes. Discuss each of these processes and explain its importance to an organism. In your answer, be sure to:

• identify the organelle where this process occurs • identify two raw materials necessary for this process • identify one energy-rich molecule that is produced by this process • state how organisms use the energy-rich molecule that is produced • state how a gas produced by this process is recycled in nature

Photosynthesis: ___________________________________________________________________

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Respiration: ______________________________________________________________________

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Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction 1. Write one or more paragraphs that compare the two methods of reproduction, asexual and sexual.

Your answer must include at least: • one similarity between the two methods • one difference between the two methods • one example of an organism that reproduces by asexual reproduction • one example of an organism that reproduces by sexual reproduction ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

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______________________________________________________________________________

2. The diagram below represents reproduction of a single-celled organism A, which has a normal

chromosome number of 8.

In the circles representing offspring 1 and offspring 2, write the number of chromosomes that result from the normal asexual reproduction of organism A.

3. An incomplete diagram of meiosis in the ovary of an animal is shown below.

In the answer space on the right, draw in the chromosomes of cell A. Your drawing should show the usual result of the process of meiosis.


Human Reproductive Systems Diagram 1 Diagram 2

1. What is the function of the reproductive system? _______________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

2. Which diagram above represents the male reproductive system? __________________________

3. Which diagram above represents the female reproductive system? ________________________

4. Which structures produce hormones the influences the development of secondary sex

characteristics during puberty? ____________________________________________________

5. Name each labeled structure from the diagrams above. Describe the function of each structure.

Letter Name of Structure Function of Structure

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K


Menstrual Cycle

Base your answer to the next 4 questions on the graph below and on your knowledge of biology. The graph shows some events associated with the reproductive cycle of human females.

1. According to the graph, on which day is the egg released from the ovary? ___________________

2. Identify another human reproductive hormone that is not shown on this graph. _______________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Which sections of the graph represent structures affected directly by the hormones shown? _____

______________________________________________________________________________

4. What is the name of the process that will begin after day 28 of the cycle if the egg does not get

fertilized? _____________________________________________________________________


Fertilization & Development

Base your answers to questions 1 through 5 on the diagram below which represents several stages, labeled 1 through 5, in the reproduction and development of an organism.

1. Which lettered cell represents the zygote? ____________________________________________

2. Which numbered stage represents the process which causes the chromosome number in the

individual cells to normally decrease? _______________________________________________

3. Which numbered stage represents the process of fertilization? ___________________________

4. Which numbered stage represents the process of differentiation? _________________________

5. Which process occurs at stage 5 for the cells to eventually become an adult? ________________

Base your answers to questions 6 through 9 on the diagram below represents the life cycle of humans.

6. The process indicated by the letter P takes place in both the male and the female. What is this

process known as? ______________________________________________________________

7. State the name of the process that results in the formation of Stage E. ______________________

8. Which letters represent sex cells? __________________________________________________

9. How do the number of chromosomes in cells C and D compare to the number of chromosomes in

cell E? _______________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________


Pregnancy

The diagram below represents one stage during the human reproductive process.

A human is a complex organism that develops from a zygote. Briefly explain some of the steps in this developmental process. In your answer be sure to:

• explain how a zygote is formed • compare the genetic content of the zygote to that of a body cell of the parents • identify one developmental process involved in the change from a zygote into an embryo • identify the structure in which fetal development usually occurs • identify two factors that can affect fetal development and explain how each factor affects fetal

development

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Fetal Development 1. The diagram below represents one stage during the human reproductive process.

What is the structure labeled A in the diagram? _______________________________________

What is the function of this structure? _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Base your answer to question 2 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.

The Critical Role of the Placenta The proper functioning of the placenta is critical to the growth and development of a healthy fetus. For example, the placenta appears to act as a nutrient sensor. It regulates the amounts and types of nutrients that are transported from the mother to the fetus. Improper functioning of the placenta can alter the structure and function of specific cells and organ systems in the developing fetus, putting it at risk for health problems as an adult. For example, in some pregnancies, the placenta develops a resistance to blood flow. This resistance appears to force the heart of the fetus to work harder. This could result in an increased chance of the individual developing heart disease as an adult. A group of hormones known as glucocorticoids affects the development of all the tissues and organ systems. One of the things this group of hormones does is to alter cell function by changing the structure of cell membrane receptors. 2. Discuss the importance of the placenta in the development of a healthy fetus. In your answer, be

sure to: • identify two factors that could influence the nutrients that can pass from the mother to the fetus • identify the group of hormones that alter cell membrane receptors and explain how this

alteration can affect cell function • state the role of the uterus in the development of the fetus and the placenta

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Heredity & DNA 1. Arrange the following structures from largest to smallest.

• a chromosome • a nucleus • a gene

2. The diagram below represents a portion of a molecule found in cells of the human body.

a. What is the name of this molecule? ____________________________________________

b. What is the function of this molecule? __________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

c. What do the different letters represent? _________________________________________

d. Why is the sequence of these letters so important? _______________________________

________________________________________________________________________

3. Which nuclear process is represented below? _________________________________________


Protein Synthesis 1. Animal cells utilize many different proteins. Discuss the synthesis of proteins in an animal cell.

Your answer must include at least: • the identity of the building blocks required to synthesize these proteins • the identity of the sites in the cell where the proteins are assembled • an explanation of the role of DNA in the process of making proteins in the cell • state two differences between DNA and RNA

______________________________________________________________________________

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2. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents some biochemical reactions involved in a cellular process.

a. What is the name of this process? _____________________________________________

b. What type of molecule will be produced by this process? ___________________________

c. Which numbered molecule was coded directly from DNA? __________________________

d. What is the name of the cell organelle labeled 4 in the diagram? _____________________


Genetic Changes 1. What is the name given to an alteration of change in DNA? ______________________________

2. Some organs in the human body are represented in the diagram below.

A sudden change in the DNA of cells developing in which organ could be passed to future generations?

3. What is a disadvantage of having a genetic mutation in a human skin cell? 4. People have been warned about the dangers of excessive exposure to radiation during certain

medical procedures. What is the most likely reason for this warning? 5. Molecule 1 represents a segment of hereditary information, and molecule 2 represents the portion

of a molecule that is determined by information from molecule 1.

What will most likely happen if there is a change in the first three subunits on the upper strand of molecule 1?

6. Hemoglobin is a complex protein molecule found in red blood cells. Hemoglobin with the normal

sequence of amino acids is able to carry oxygen to body cells effectively. In the disorder known as sickle-cell anemia, one amino acid is substituted for another in the hemoglobin. One characteristic of this disorder is poor distribution of oxygen to the body cells. Explain how the change in amino acid sequence of this protein could cause the results described.


Gene Mutations 1. The diagram below represents a segment of a gene on two chromosomes.

The change in the gene sequence is an example of a __________________________________.

2. Four different segments of a DNA molecule are represented below.

In which sequence is there an error in the DNA? _______________________________________ 3. An alteration of genetic information is shown below.

A-G-T-A-C-C-G-A-T à A-G-T-G-A-T

What type of mutation is this an example of? _________________________________________

Base your answers to questions 4 through 6 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.

Mutations are often referred to as the "raw materials" of evolution.

4. State one reason that mutations are often referred to as the “raw materials” of evolution. 5. Use appropriate letters to write a 9-base DNA sequence that could represent a portion of a gene. 6. Show one example of what could happen to the 9-base DNA sequence you wrote in the previous

question if a mutation occurred in that gene.


Gene Expression 1. Two different types of cells from an organism are shown below.

Explain how these two different types of cells can function differently in the same organism even though they both contain the same genetic instructions.

2. The photograph below was taken of two identical twins.

Although identical twins inherit exact copies of the same genes, the twins may look and act differently from each other. Explain how this could occur.

3. When S. marcescens, a bacterium, is grown in a refrigerator, it produces red-colored colonies.

However, if the bacterium is grown at room temperature, the colonies are white. Explain why this would occur.


Selective Breeding 1. Modern dogs are direct descendants of the gray wolf. They first appeared about 130,000 years

ago. Today, there are about 150 different breeds of domestic dog, a few of which are shown below.

Which process brought about by humans created the great variety of modern dogs?

2. Over the past few thousand years, humans have helped to bring about changes in many plant and

animal species in order to make them more useful. Examples include strong workhorses, hunting dogs, large-eared corn, and beautiful flower varieties. Which technique was most likely used to develop this new variety of organisms?

3. Selective breeding has been used to improve the racing ability of horses.

a. Define selective breeding and state how it would be used to improve the racing ability of

horses.

b. State one disadvantage of selective breeding.


Genetic Engineering 1. A laboratory technique is represented in the diagram below.

Discuss the process used by scientists to insert a gene from one organism into the DNA of another. In your answer, be sure to: • Describe the function of a gene • Identify the scientific technique used to insert a gene from one organism into another • Identify the type of molecule used to cut the gene from the DNA of an organism • State one benefit of this technique to humans

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Gel Electrophoresis Base your answers to questions 1 through 4 on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.

DNA samples were collected from four children. The diagram below represents the results of a procedure that separated the DNA in each sample.

1. Identify the procedure used to obtain these results. 2. Describe the size of Band X and the speed of movement of Band X through the gel compared to

the other bands. 3. The DNA is most similar in which two children? Support your answer. 4. State one way information obtained from this procedure can be used.


Cloning 1. A technique used to alter cells is represented in the diagram below.

How does the DNA in the new cells produced by these methods compare to the DNA in the original organism?

2. Scientists have successfully cloned sheep and cattle for several years. A farmer is considering the

advantages and disadvantages of having a flock of sheep cloned from a single individual. Discuss the issues the farmer should take into account before making a decision. Your response should include: • how a cloned flock would be different from a noncloned flock • one advantage of having a cloned flock • one disadvantage of having a cloned flock • one reason that the farmer could not mate these cloned sheep with each other to increase the

size of his flock • one reason that the offspring resulting from breeding these sheep with an unrelated sheep

would not all be the same

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Evidence of Evolution 1. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below.

What do the similarities of the bones labeled A provide evidence for?

2. Base your answer on the passage below and on your knowledge of biology.

Most animal fossils include hard body parts such as teeth and bones. Until recently, scientists had little hope that soft tissue could be preserved in the bones. A team of scientists has removed soft tissue containing a collagen protein from the leg bone of a 68-million-year-old fossil from a dinosaur, Tyrannosaurus rex. The technique of mass spectrometry was used to identify the sequences of certain molecules in several small fragments of the dinosaur collagen protein.

The molecular sequences were compared to those of modern animals. The scientist found that the collagen protein of the Tyrannosaurus rex more closely resembled the collagen protein found in modern chickens than that in some other modern animals.

State one kind of evidence that would support the conclusion that birds evolved from dinosaurs like Tyrannosaurus rex.

3. Base your answer to the following question on the chart below and on your knowledge of biology.

Write the sequence that best represents the order of biological evolution on Earth.

___________ à _____________ à _____________


Evolutionary Trees

1. The diagram below represents an evolutionary tree.

a. Which species is most closely related to species B? Justify your answer. ______________

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b. Which species is extinct? Justify your answer. ___________________________________

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2. R, S, and T are three species of birds. Species S and T show similar coloration. The enzymes

found in species R and T show similarities. Species R and T also exhibit many of the same behavioral patterns. Show the relationship between species R, S, and T by placing the letter representing each species at the top of the appropriate branch on the diagram above.


Natural Selection 1. A hawk has a genetic trait that gives it much better eyesight than other hawks of the same species

in the same area. Explain how this could lead to evolutionary change within this species of hawk over a long period of time. In your answer, be sure to include an explanation of: • competition within the hawk population • survival of various individuals in the population • how the frequency of the better-eyesight trait would be expected to change over time within the

population • what would most likely happen to the hawks having the better-eyesight trait if they also had

unusually weak wing muscles ______________________________________________________________________________

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Base your answer to questions 2 through 4 on the passage below and on your knowledge of biology.

Inherited instructions control the color patterns of snakes. Some snakes that are not poisonous have colors that resemble the patterns on poisonous snakes. Predators avoid eating harmless snakes that have color patterns similar to those of the poisonous snakes. The results of a recent study indicate that predators in areas that have only harmless snakes do not avoid attacking snakes that have color patterns similar to poisonous snakes.

2. Identify the structure that contains the inherited instructions that determine the different color

patterns in these snakes. 3. State one advantage for a nonpoisonous snake having coloration similar to that of a poisonous

snake. 4. State one reason why predators in some areas attack and eat harmless snakes, even though they

have color patterns similar to those of poisonous snakes.


Human Caused Evolution 1. Growers of fruit trees have always had problems with insects. Insects can cause visible damage

to fruits, making them less appealing to consumers. As a result of this damage, much of the fruit cannot be sold. Insecticides have been useful for controlling these insects, but, in recent years, some insecticides have been much less effective. In some cases, insecticides do nothing to stop the insect attacks. Provide a biological explanation for this loss of effectiveness of the insecticides. In your answer, be sure to: • identify the original event that resulted in the evolution of insecticide resistance in some insects • explain why the percentage of resistant insects in the population has increased • describe one alternative form of insect control, other than using a different insecticide, that fruit

growers could use to protect their crops from insect attack

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2. Staphylococcus aureus is a type of bacterium that lives on the skin and in the nostrils of most

people. Generally, it is controlled by the immune system of the body. Occasionally, the antibiotic penicillin is needed to control the bacterium. However, some strains of S. aureus have a resistance to penicillin, which makes them hard to kill and infections difficult to cure. Explain how the resistance to penicillin affects the S. aureus population. In your answer, be sure to include an explanation of: • how the exposure to penicillin affects the survival of some bacteria in the population • why the frequency of penicillin-resistant bacteria can change over time within the population • how it is still possible to cure patients who are infected with penicillin-resistant bacteria

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Human Caused Evolution (continued) Base your answer to questions 3 and 4 on the information below.

Over the last 30 years, a part of the Hudson River known as Foundry Cove has been the site for many factories that have dumped toxic chemicals into the river. Some of these pollutants have accumulated in the mud at the bottom of the river. The polluted cove water contains many single-celled organisms and simple multicellular animals. Curiously, when the same species from nearby regions with nonpolluted sediments are moved to the polluted cove water, they die. Scientists hypothesized that the organisms living in the cove have evolved so that they are able to survive in polluted water. To test this hypothesis, biologists tried to duplicate the history of the cove in the laboratory. They took a large number of one species of simple animal from a cove with unpolluted mud and placed them in a flask that contained polluted mud from Foundry Cove (diagram 1). Most of the animals died, but a few survived (diagram 2). The scientists then bred the survivors with each other for several generations producing offspring that were descendants of the survivors. When placed in Foundry Cove, most of these descendants survived. The diagrams below represent the steps in this investigation.

3. On the diagram of the flask 3 above, sketch the animals that would be present in flask 3 after several generations of breeding in the laboratory.

4. Explain how the simple animals of Foundry Cove adapted to the polluted water. Your answer must include an explanation of the role of three of the following in this process.

• environment • genetic variation • selection • reproduction • survival of the fittest

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Ecosystems 1. Identify the diagrams below as a population, a community, or an ecosystem. Briefly define each

term in the space provided.

Diagram Name and definition

2. Which numbered organisms in the ecosystem below have similar requirements for life and would

most likely compete with each other for survival?


Ecosystems (continued)

3. In the diagram of an aquarium set up below, which letters indicate abiotic factors? ____________

4. Which organisms shown below would most likely share the same pond habitat? ______________

Base your answers to the next 4 questions on the diagram below and your knowledge of biology.

5. Which gas is produced by the plant and is used by both the plant and the animal during cellular

respiration? ___________________________________________________________________

6. Which process in the plant produces the gas that is used by both the plant and animal during

cellular respiration? _____________________________________________________________

7. Where does the energy needed to carry on photosynthesis come from? ____________________

8. Which gas is given off by the animal and used by the plant during photosynthesis? ___________

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Food Chain Base your answer to the next 3 questions on the passage below which describes an ecosystem in New York State and on your knowledge of biology.

The Pine Bush ecosystem near Albany, New York, is one of the last known habitats of the nearly extinct Karner Blue butterfly. The butterfly’s larvae feed on the wild green plant, lupine. The larvae are in turn consumed by predatory wasps. The four groups below represent other organisms living in this ecosystem.

1. Identify each group type.

• Group A: _________________________________________________________________

• Group B: _________________________________________________________________

• Group C: _________________________________________________________________

• Group D: _________________________________________________________________ 2. The Karner Blue larvae belong in which group? ________________________________________ 3. Draw a food chain for the three organisms described in the paragraph.


Food Web

Base your answer to the next 4 questions on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents a food web.

1. Where does the energy in this ecosystem originally come from? 2. Identify two herbivores that compete for food in the food web above. 3. State the role of the decomposers in this food web. 4. Even though both hawks and owls have two sources of food, explain why hawks would be less

likely to survive if a disease wiped out the mice.


Energy Flow in Ecosystems Base your answers to the next 5 questions on the food chain below and on your knowledge of biology.

grass à grasshopper à frog à snake à hawk 1. Draw an energy pyramid for this food chain. 2. In this food chain, which population would normally have the smallest number of individual

organisms? 3. Which group represents the producers in this ecosystem? 4. Which group represents the primary consumers in this ecosystem? 5. Which group contains the least amount of energy available in the ecosystem?


Populations Base your answer to the next 3 questions on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Every population is linked, directly or indirectly, with many others in an ecosystem. The table below shows the size of the moose and wolf populations that live on an island in Lake Superior.

1. State how the information in the table can be used to determine that the wolves are the predators. 2. State one possible ecological reason, other than human activity, for the change in the moose

population between 1975 and 1980. 3. Identify two limiting factors that keep the wolf population size from growing any larger.


Carrying Capacity Base your answer to the next 3 questions on the graph below and on your knowledge of biology. The graph shows the growth of a population of rabbits in a specific ecosystem.

1. Which environmental factor could have caused the change indicated at A? 2. What does the dashed line on the graph indicate? 3. Over a period of time, why might the location of the dashed line would move from location B to

location C on this graph?


Ecosystem Stability 1. In a pine forest, there are different species of birds known as warblers that are able to coexist on

the same pine trees. The Cape May warblers feed on insects located on the tips of the highest pine branches. The bay-breasted warblers feed on insects located in the middle branches of pine trees. The yellow-rumped warblers feed on insects on lower branches of the same trees. The ecological niches of the three bird species are shown in the diagram below.

What is the advantage of each bird species having a different niche?

2. The diagram below represents the varying biodiversity in three ecosystems.

Which ecosystem would have the greatest stability? Justify your answer.


Ecosystem Changes 1. In New York State, small farms that were abandoned many years ago have become hardwood

forests. What is this pattern of plant growth known as? 2. How is an environment modified as succession proceeds from a shrub community to a forest

community? 3. The diagrams represent events that occurred during succession in a pond.

a. What is the correct sequence of the stages of succession in this pond?

b. Identify one factor that could disrupt the final stage of this ecosystem. 4. The diagram below represents the stages of an ecological succession in New York State, and on

your knowledge of biology. The stages are not in order.

a. Which sequence represents a correct order of succession that would involve these stages?

b. In which stage would minerals be added during the formation of soil by a community composed primarily of pioneer organisms?




Human Population Growth The graph below shows data on human population growth.

1. The trend shown on the graph would most likely result in

1. a decreased demand for deforestation 2. an increase in available freshwater 3. a decrease in air pollution 4. an increased demand for land use

2. State one effect the increasing human population will have on the availability of natural resources.

3. State one reason why recycling is important.

4. Identify two natural resources or products made from natural resources that can be recycled.


Biodiversity Base your answer to the question on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. The year 2010 was declared the International Year of Biodiversity. However, significant loss of biodiversity is still occurring. Researchers around the world are working on a variety of ways to protect natural resources. According to an article in Science News, March 13, 2010, "reversing the downward spiral of biodiversity will take more than protecting wild places, but that's where scientists are starting." Explain the importance of biodiversity to an ecosystem. In your answer, be sure to: • state one effect of a loss of biodiversity in an ecosystem • identify a source of variation within a species that leads to biodiversity • identify one specific ecosystem that has shown a decrease in biodiversity and state one cause of

the decrease in biodiversity in the ecosystem you identified • identify one human activity, other than setting up protected wildlife areas, that has helped to

preserve biodiversity ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________


Invasive (Introduced) Species Base your answer to the next 3 questions on the passage below and on your knowledge of biology.

Overstaying Their Welcome: Cane Toads in Australia Everyone in Australia is in agreement that the cane toads have got to go. The problem is getting rid of them. Cane toads, properly known as Bufo marinus, are the most notorious of what are called invasive species in Australia and beyond. But unlike other species of the same classification, cane toads were intentionally introduced into Australia. The country simply got much more and much worse than it bargained for. Before 1935, Australia did not have any toad species of its own. What the country did have, however, was a major beetle problem. Two species of beetles in particular, French's Cane Beetle and the Greyback Cane Beetle, were in the process of decimating [destroying] the northeastern state of Queenland's sugar cane crops. The beetle's larvae were eating the roots of the sugar cane and stunting, if not killing, the plants. The anticipated solution to this quickly escalating problem came in the form of the cane toad. After first hearing about the amphibians in 1933 at a conference in the Caribbean, growers successfully lobbied to have the cane toads imported to battle and hopefully destroy the beetles and save the crops.... The plan backfired completely and absolutely. As it turns out, cane toads do not jump very high, only about two feet actually, so they did not eat the beetles that for the most part lived in the upper stalks of cane plants. Instead of going after the beetles, as the growers had planned, the cane toads began going after everything else in sight— insects, bird's eggs and even native frogs. And because the toads are poisonous, they began to kill would-be predators. The toll on native species has been immense....

Source: Tina Butler, mongabay.com, April 17, 2005 1. State one reason why the cane toads were imported to Australia.

2. Identify one adaptation of cane toads that made them successful in their new environment.

3. State one specific example of how the introduction of the cane toads threatened biodiversity in

Australia.


Biological Control Base your answer to the question below on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.

Officials OK Insect Release To Control Invasive Vine The U.S. federal government has approved the release of a non-indigenous [nonnative] insect on Guam and in the Northern Marianas to control the rapid spread of a vine that is covering forests like a blanket, the Saipan Tribune reports. The U.S. Department of Agriculture has given the green light to breed and release the Heteropsylla spinulosa insect, which eats the Mimosa dilotricha [diplotricha] vine. The fast-spreading plant is found in many Pacific Islands, but is particularly widespread in the Northern Marianas and on Guam. It usually kills the trees and shrubs that it covers. Officials will collect the insect from Pohnpei, in the Federated States of Micronesia, Palau and Australia.

Source: "Officials OK Insect Release To Control Invasive Vine," 4/2/08, www.saipantribune.com

Discuss the advantages of using the insect to control the rapid spread of the Mimosa diplotricha vine on Guam and the Northern Marianas. In your answer, be sure to: • State one possible way the Mimosa diplotricha vine kills trees and shrubs • Identify one location from which the Heteropsylla spinulosa insect will be collected • Explain why releasing the insect might be safer than spraying chemicals to kill the vine ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________


Fuel Sources Base your answer to the next 5 questions on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Each year, the state power agency provides its customers with information about some of the fuel sources used in generating electricity. The table below applies to the period of 2002—2003.

1. Mark an appropriate scale on the axis labeled "Percentage of Electricity Generated" 2. Construct vertical bars to represent the data. Shade in each bar. 3. Identify one fuel source in the table that is considered a fossil fuel.

4. Identify one fuel source in the table that is classified as a renewable resource.

5. State one specific environmental problem that can result from burning coal to generate electricity.


Carbon Dioxide Levels in the Atmosphere Base your answers to questions 1 through 4 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. The average level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been measured for the past several decades. The data collected are shown in the table below. 1. Using the information in the data table, construct a line graph on the grid on the next page,

following the directions below. a. Mark an appropriate scale on each labeled axis. b. Plot the data on the grid. Surround each point with a small circle and connect the points.

2. Identify one specific human activity that could be responsible for the change in carbon dioxide

levels from 1960 to 2000.

3. State one possible negative effect this change in CO2 level has had on the environment of Earth.

4. Calculate the net change in CO2 level in parts per million (ppm) during the years 1960 through

2000.


Deforestation & Loss of Biodiversity Base your answer to the next 3 questions on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. In the 1980s, global deforestation was estimated at 17 to 20 million hectares per year, an area the size of Great Britain. Today, the area affected by deforestation has decreased significantly in some regions of the world through the use of sustainable forest management. However, there are still regions of the world affected by wide-scale deforestation, because of the short-term economic benefits. The harmful effects of deforestation on regional and worldwide climate and ecology continue as forest areas are destroyed. 1. State one short-term economic benefit of deforestation. 2. Explain how deforestation decreases biodiversity. 3. Explain how wide-scale deforestation may contribute to global warming.


Decomposition of the Ozone Layer The Earth has long been protected from the harmful radiations of the Sun by a layer of the atmosphere known as the ozone layer. This layer absorbs ultraviolet light. Recent evidence indicates that this protective layer is starting to decompose and "holes" are being formed. The first "hole" was observed in 1983 over Antarctica. Now there is evidence of a second "hole" over Norway. It is believed that the atmosphere has had an annual ozone loss of three percent. Some scientists believe that the "holes" are linked to the use of certain chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's). CFC's are found in some aerosol sprays, refrigerants, and even in styrofoam. When CFC's are exposed to sunlight, chlorine is released from the CFC's. This chlorine acts as a catalyst in the breakdown of ozone. Other scientists believe that the "holes" are related to solar activity, changing weather patterns, and volcanic activity. Whatever the cause, scientists agree that the potential dangers are significant. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that a one percent drop in global ozone could cause an additional 20,000 cases of skin cancer in the United States. Increases in ultraviolet radiation could also increase the mutation rate in plants, animals, and microorganisms, endangering the existence of some life forms. Scientists are increasingly concerned about the possible effects of damage to the ozone layer. Discuss this ecological problem. In your answer be sure to state:

• one human action that may have caused the problem • one way in which the problem may negatively affect humans • one positive action that could be taken to reduce the problem

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Societal Actions Base your answer to the next 3 questions on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.

A town located in New York State has a 500-acre piece of land available for development. The town board has to decide how to respond to two groups interested in the land. Characteristics of the land:

— mostly trees with some grassland and several small streams

— a large lake which supports a great variety of fish and other wildlife Two different groups are interested in developing the property:

Group A — a logging company that wants to use the trees for lumber

Group B — an environmental organization that wants to make it a park 1. State one benefit that implementing the group A proposal may provide for the town.

2. State one specific negative consequence of having group A develop the land. 3. State one specific positive consequence of implementing the proposal of group B.




Human Organ System 1. The diagrams below represent major organ systems of the human body. Identify each system by

name. Identify the life function this system performs. Determine the cell organelle that has a function most similar to this system.

Dia

gram

Org

an

Sys

tem

Life

Fu

nctio

n

Sim

ilar

Org

anel

le

2. Describe one example of diffusion in the human body. In your description be sure to:

• identify the place where diffusion takes place • identify a substance that diffuses there • identify where that substance diffuses from and where it diffuses to, at that place


Human Body Cellular Communication Base your answer to the next 3 questions on the diagram of nerve cells below and on your knowledge of biology.

1. In the space below, sketch a chemical molecule that might be released from nerve cell A and be

recognized and bind to area I of nerve cell B.

2. Describe what would happen if a drug molecule shaped like n were introduced into this nerve pathway.

3. Identify one substance, other than the secretions from nerve cells, used in cell communication.

Base your answer to the next 2 questions on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Cell communication involves a cell detecting and responding to signals from other cells. Receptor molecules play an important role in these reactions. Human cells have insulin receptors that are needed for the movement of glucose out of the blood. 4. State one way that the shape of the insulin receptor is related to its role in cell communication.

5. A typical human liver cell can have over 90,000 insulin receptors. If a genetic error occurred,

resulting in each liver cell in a person having only 1,000 insulin receptors, what specific effect would this have on the liver cells?


Human Immune System 1. State two roles of white blood cells at the site of a wound during the healing of the wound.

Base your answer to the next 2 questions on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Proteins on the surface of a human cell and on a bird influenza virus are represented in the diagram below.

2. In the space below, draw a change in the bird influenza virus that would allow it to infect this

human cell. 3. Explain how this change in the virus could come about.


Vaccinations Base your answer to the next 3 questions on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. In order to enroll in most schools, students must be vaccinated against certain viral diseases, such as mumps. Even with these vaccinations, many students still suffer from other diseases. Discuss how a vaccination works and why some students still become infected with other diseases. In your answer, be sure to: 1. Identify what is present in a vaccine that stimulates an immune response

2. Describe how a vaccine protects against disease 3. State why a student vaccinated against mumps can still be infected by the pathogens that cause

other diseases, such as chicken pox


AIDS 1. AIDS is an infectious disease that has reached epidemic proportions. Describe the nature of this

disease and identify two ways to prevent or control the spread of infectious diseases, such as AIDS. In your response be sure to include: • the type of pathogen that causes AIDS • the system of the body that is attacked by that pathogen • the effect on the body when this system is weakened by AIDS • two ways to prevent or control the spread of infectious diseases, such as AIDS

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Allergies Base your answer to the next 3 questions on the information below. A student was visiting a friend at her home. Her friend owned two cats. After playing with the cats for a while, the student began to sneeze. Her nose began to run and her eyes became red, watery. and itchy. It also became hard for her to breathe. A few minutes after leaving her friend's home, the symptoms disappeared. Provide a biological explanation for the symptoms the girl developed at her friend's house. In your response, be sure to: 1. Identify the body system that was responsible for triggering the reaction she experienced.

2. Identify the type of reaction the student was most likely experiencing. 3. State one reason why her symptoms are not likely due to an infections agent.


Transplanted Organs Base your answer to the following question on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Until the middle of the 20th century, transplanting complex organs, such as kidneys, was rarely successful. The first transplant recipients did not survive. It was not until 1954 that the first successful kidney transplant was performed. Success with transplants increased as research scientists developed techniques such as tissue typing and the use of immunosuppressant drugs. These are drugs that suppress the immune system to prevent the rejection of a transplanted organ. In 2002, there were nearly 15,000 kidney transplants performed in the United States with a greater than 95% success rate. Describe the relationship of the immune system to organ transplants and the use of immunosuppressant drugs to prevent the rejection of a transplanted organ. In your answer be sure to:

• state one way the immune system is involved in the rejection of transplanted organs. • explain why the best source for a donated kidney would be the identical twin of the recipient. • explain why immunosuppressant drugs might be needed to prevent rejection of a kidney

received from a donor other than an identical twin. • state one reason a person may get sick more easily when taking an immunosuppressant drug.

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NYS Lab – Making Connections Base your answer to the next 6 questions on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. An experiment was designed to test whether students could squeeze a clothespin more times in one minute after resting or after exercise. Three students took their pulse rates in beats per minute (bpm) while sitting in class. The results are shown in the data table below.

1. What is the dependent variable for this experiment?

2. How could the experimental results be made more valid? 3. State one reason why the pulse rates were not the same for all three students, even though they

were all resting at the time. 4. What is the average pulse rate, in bpm, for this group of students? ____________ bpm 5. In a follow up experiment to determine the effect of exercise on pulse rate, a student checks his

pulse rate before and after exercising for several minutes. What is the purpose of checking his pulse rate before exercising?

6. A student hypothesized that drinking tea would cause an increase in pulse rate. He measured his

pulse 20 minutes after drinking a glass of tea. It was 86 beats per minute. State one error in the experiment.


NYS Lab – Diffusion Through A Membrane

Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the information and table below and on your knowledge of biology.

A model of a cell is prepared and placed in a beaker of fluid as shown in the diagram below. The letters A, B, and C represent substances in the initial experimental setup.

The table below summarizes the content and appearance of the cell model and beaker after 20 minutes.

1. Complete the table below to summarize a change in location of substance C in the experimental

setup.

2. Identify substance B and explain why it did not move out of the model cell. __________________

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3. The diagram below represents a laboratory setup used to demonstrate the movement of molecules across a selectively permeable membrane.

In the diagram below, draw the 5 starch and the 12 glucose molecules to show where they would most likely be located after 15 minutes.

Base your answer to the next 3 questions on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.

A laboratory procedure involving a microscope slide is represented in the diagram below.

4. Identify one specific substance represented by the liquid in A. 5. State one purpose for this procedure.

6. State the purpose of the paper towel labeled B.


7. Red onion cells undergo the change represented in the diagram below.

What was most likely added to the cells to cause this change? ____________________________ 8. A student observes some cells with a compound light microscope as shown in view A below.

What did the student most likely do to obtain view B? ___________________________________ 9. A student observes a red onion cell with a compound light microscope using low, then high power.

The two views are represented below.

Describe the changes in field of view and magnification observed by the student when switching from low power to high power.


NYS Lab – Biodiversity 1. A laboratory setup that can be used to provide information about relationships between four plant

species is represented below.

This setup is part of the technique known as ________________________________________. Base your answers to questions 2 through 4 on Universal Genetic Code Chart below and on your knowledge of biology.


2. Complete the missing amino acid sequences for plant species A in the table below.

3. Complete the missing mRNA base sequences for plant species B in the table below.

4. Based on the information provided in the completed table, which plant species is most closely

related to the endangered species? Support your answer.

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Base your answers to questions 5 through 7 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. In an investigation, DNA samples from four organisms, A, B, C, and D, were cut into fragments. The number of bases in the resulting DNA fragments for each sample is shown below.

5. The diagram below represents the gel-like material through which the DNA fragments moved

during gel electrophoresis. Draw lines to represent the position of the fragments from each DNA sample when electrophoresis is completed.

6. Which two DNA samples are the most similar? Support your answer using data from this

investigation.

Samples ______________ and ______________

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7. Which chemicals are used to cut DNA into fragments for a gel electrophoresis procedure? ______

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NYS Lab Beaks of Finches

Base your answers to questions 1 through 5 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.

In the Beaks of Finches laboratory activity, students were each assigned a tool to use to pick up seeds. In round one, students acting as birds used their assigned tools to pick up small seeds from their own large dishes (the environment) and place them in smaller dishes (their stomachs). The seeds collected by each student were counted. Some students were able to collect many seeds, while others collected just a few. In round two, students again used their assigned tools to collect seeds. This time several students were picking up seeds from the same dish of seeds.

1. Explain how this laboratory activity illustrates the process of natural selection.

2. Which of the following is a factor that influences the evolution of a species that was not part of this laboratory activity?

a. struggle for survival c. competition b. variation d. overproduction

3. Identify one trait, other than beak characteristics, that could contribute to the ability of a finch to feed

successfully. 4. Identify or describe one tool used in “The Beaks of Finches” lab, and explain why the special features

of this beak represented either an advantage or a disadvantage in the competition.

Tool: _________________________________________________________________________ Advantage or disadvantage: _______________________________________________________ Explanation: ___________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

5. The diagrams below represent seeds taken from a carrot plant and seeds taken from plant species 1,

2, and 3.

Which species would be expected to be most similar to the carrot? Support your answer.


Base your answers to questions 6 through 8 on the diagrams below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagrams represent the variations in the beaks of finches in the Galapagos Islands and the relative abundance of food sources on a certain island.

6. According to the diagram of the island, what type of food can finches in region B feed on? 7. Explain why researchers would most likely observe the large ground finch in regions A and D on the

island and not in regions B and C. 8. A bird count was done on the island and the small tree finch was found in all regions. State one

possible reason why the small tree finch is able to inhabit the entire island.

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Name: Date: Living Environment Period · 2020. 3. 10. · the color of the petals in this plant. Design a controlled experiment to determine if soil pH affects petal color. In your