Name: Arjun Gupta Delegation: Community YMCA Committee: Security Council B Country: Australia Part I - Country Description Australia, officially known as the Commonwealth of Australia, is a large country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean comprising mainland Australia, the island of Tasmania, and other, smaller, satellite territories. Australia's international neighbors include Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, and East Timor to the north; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the northeast; and New Zealand to the southeast. With a total area of 7,692,024 square kilometers, New Zealand is the 6th largest country in the world by area and is home to an estimated 24.3 million people, many of whom live in cities like Canberra, the national capital, and Sydney, the largest metropolitan district. Prior to its settlement by European explorers in the 18th century, Australia had been primarily populated by a myriad of indigenous tribes. In 1901, six self-governing British colonies federated to form the Commonwealth of Australia. Today, Australia has a stable liberal democratic political system and maintains a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy under the UK. With the world's 13th largest economy, 9th highest per capita income, and 2nd highest human development index, Australia ranks highly in all aspects of society and life on the global scale. Unfortunately, due to a sharp drop in global commodity prices, Australia's two decades of steady growth are coming to an end. Still, the economy remains strong and was relatively unaffected by the global financial crisis. The GDP per capita was $65,400 in 2015. Australia has several well-organized military branches with a total of 81,214 military personnel fit for duty, including reserves. Australia stays involved in international affairs by participating in several international organizations: United Nations, G20, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), World Trade Organization, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, and the Pacific Islands Forum. Part II - Positions on Topics: Security Council Topic 1: Immigrants, Asylum Seekers, and Refugees Due to its spatial and geographic detachment from the Syrian Civil War, Australia maintains minimal involvement in the Syrian refugee crisis currently burdening many of the European nations. Nonetheless, Australia's immigration policy for asylum seekers is very clear. Historically, Australia has developed a strong resistance to immigrants seeking to enter the country by sea and establish permanent residence. In 2001, following the Tampa affair, Prime Minister John Howard passed a new immigration policy in which asylum seekers arriving by sea are to be placed in offshore detention facilities in Nauru and Papua New Guinea while their asylum claims are processed. Further, the new legislation changed the borders of the migration zone such that only immigrants who made it to mainland Australia (rather than any of the surrounding islands) could plead asylum. In 2013, under Prime

Minister Julia Gillard, even mainland Australia was excised from the migration zone, so no matter where asylum seekers landed, they would be sent to offshore detention camps. Though Australia's policy for sea-bound asylum seekers has been internationally condemned as a violation of human rights, the country defends its stance. However, Australia is not completely opposed to harboring refugees - rather, the country is only deeply opposed to those who arrive without permission by boat. Between 2012 and 2014, Australia has granted nearly 15,000 refugee visas and has agreed to resettle 12,000 Syrians. Additionally, Australia takes in refugees regularly through its Humanitarian Programme. To this end, Australia maintains that each nation bears a moral responsibility to harbor refugees in the name of humanitarian aid in times of war. However, at the same time, Australia believes that border protection is a sovereign right of every nation that the United Nations cannot violate, and each country has the right to establish their own border laws. The United States has also historically maintained a very similar immigration policy, albeit much less strict. It is well known that immigrants seeking to enter the United States illegally from Cuba via boat are deterred to the fullest extent until they set foot on U.S. soil, and illegal immigration from Mexico is also controlled by border police. However, the U.S. still upholds its international obligation to harbor refugees in times of war. Thus, Australia's strongest ally in this matter will likely by the U.S.A. Topic 2: Maritime and Territorial Law Due to its spatial and geographic proximity to the South China Sea, Australia maintains a strong stance against China's island-building in the disputed areas, especially militarization along the disputed Spratly Islands chain. Australia wishes to maintain peaceful regions in the area and believes that China's aggressiveness will compromise the military balance in the area, leading to a large scale conflict involving the many nations involved in the dispute. Further, Australia believes that militarization of islands along key trade routes will significantly hamper free navigation through international trade shipping lanes, substantially upsetting Australia's trade-dependent economy. Australian Defence Minister Kevin Andrews has made the country's position on this issue explicitly clear at multiple international conferences and summits, and although he has refrained from calling out China directly in an attempt to avoid unnecessary confrontation, he has been clear in stating that further expansion in the area will result in retaliatory action. Andrews has further called upon the international community, with strong support from the United States, to condemn China's island building and militarization. Australia would be in strong favor of an intervention by the United Nations to immediately halt Chinese expansion and update maritime and territorial law to protect disputed territories, deter militarization of international trade routes, and prevent further crises in the future. To this end, Australia finds allies in the United States, Japan, Malaysia, Canada, UK, Vietnam, France, and others. The seemingly unanimous condemnation of China's actions is promising to Australia's foreign policy goals in this affair, and it hopes that such international cooperation against unprecedented military expansion will manifest itself in the form of useful legislature.

Topic 3: Preventive Measures in Space Exploration Australia has historically been a world leader in the satellite industry and, although lacking a structured national space agency, continues to update satellite utilization policy and focus on increased satellite presence in space. Australia's goals in increasing infrastructure in outer space have been explicitly outlined by policy makers and are completely non-militaristic in nature. They are as follows: Coordination, Earth Observations from Space, Positioning, Satellite Communications, Space Science, Space Weather, Radiofrequency Spectrum, and International Engagement. With the increasing belligerence between nations and the rapid advancement of technology, it is clear that the interests of all nations in space are, to a certain extent, at odds with one another. As such, in order to protect its own interests in outer space and in order to maintain the sustained and unthreatened development of its many satellite programs, Australia calls upon the United Nations to establish protocols of engagement and deployment for all nations seeking to build satellite infrastructures in outer space. First and foremost, it ought to be established that, like international waters on Earth, Australia considers the outer space, especially regions of orbit around Earth, to similarly be international territory, to which no single nation state or coalition may lay exclusive claim. Australia is seeking a liberal international law that will permit and promote the construction of benign satellite infrastructure while still upholding all nations sovereign rights and preventing overpopulation of orbit regions. Australia is especially opposed to militarization of space that may threaten its satellite infrastructure. To this end, Australia finds allies in the United States, Russia, Japan, China, France, India, UK, Canada, Korea, and many other nations - all of which also maintain their own interests in satellite development and no doubt seek to protect that right. Works Cited http://www.industry.gov.au/industry/IndustrySectors/space/Documents/Australias-satellite-utilisation-policy.pdf The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. "The World Factbook." Central Intelligence Agency. Central Intelligence Agency, 10 November 2016. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/as.html>.

Wroe, David, and Philip Wen. "South China Sea Dispute: Strong Indication Australia Will Join Push Back on China's Island-building." The Sydney Morning Herald. N.p., 1 June 2015. Web. 30 Nov. 2016.

Name: Aneesh Atri Delegation: Montgomery Committee: Security Council B Country: Canada Canada is a large North American country that shares its southern border with the continental United States and its western border with the state of Alaska. Canada is known for its cold weather and vast size. In fact, Canada is the second largest country in the world. For this reason, Canada is split into 10 provinces, each led by a Premier. Canada has three branches of government, an executive branch, a legislative branch, and a judicial branch. Canada has a Federal Parliamentary Democracy under a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II, represented Governor General David Johnston as the head of state and the renowned Prime Minister Justin Pierre James Trudeau as the head of government. In addition to these key people, the Prime Minister chooses a cabinet from members of his party that are in Parliament. The legislative branch in Canada consists of a bicameral Parliament system. The Upper house, or Senate, has 105 seats that are appointed by the Governor General under the advisement of the Prime Minister. The lower house is called the House of Commons and has 338 seats. Members of the House of Commons are elected directly by majority vote. Currently, the Liberal Party has a majority in the House of Commons. The judicial branch in Canada consists of a Supreme Court as the highest court in the country followed by subordinate courts. The Prime Minister appoints judges on the Supreme Court. The judges may stay on the court until they are seventy-five because after this age, they must retire. As of July 2016, there are 35,362,905 people in Canada. Canada is a diverse country with many different ethnic groups. 32.2% are Canadian, 19.8% are English, 15.5% are English, 14.4% are Scottish, 13.8% are Irish, 9.8% are German, 4.5% are Italian, 4.5% are Chinese, 4.2% North American Indian, and 50.9% are of other descent. As for the economy of Canada, the main exports include: wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, natural gas, electricity, and aluminum. This is why the main industries of Canada include: chemicals, processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, and oil. Canada is rich in natural resources because of its forests and utilizes its resources to export these goods. Even though Canada has seen some economic problems due to the recession of 2008, it has seen marginal growth over the past five years. One of the best things about Canada is its high standard of living. Canada acts a safe haven for immigrants from other countries whether they come for economic reasons or to seek asylum. Canada has maintained an "open arms policy" for the past decade and allows over 200,000 refugees into their country per year. Canada provides their immigrants with access to their social welfare programs and thus creating an easy integration of the immigrants into their country. As for asylum seekers, Canada holds a liberal viewpoint on the issue. Unlike other nations who may reject a refugee's claim for asylum, the Canadian government will take the claim into consideration. Canada has proved to stand by their beliefs and accept refugees into their country. In light of the recent Syrian refugee crisis, the Canadian government has resettled 25,000 refugees through both government and private support by creating the Ad Hoc Committee on Refugees. While Canada manages to provide healthcare for their refugees, there are issues with employing the refugees in their country. Studies show that despite the focus on

admitting educated professionals, recent immigrants do not find jobs that match the level of their qualifications. The Conference Board of Canada estimates underemployment affects approximately 340,000 immigrants annually, costing them some $4 billion in lost earnings. Thus, Canada would look favorably upon resolutions to solve problems with underemployment of refugees in order to spur economic growth rather than exacerbating the problem with the economy's stagnation. Not to mention, Canada would also look favorably upon solutions to solve the "back door" immigration problems. When applying for refugee status, applicants are free to move around Canada. Canadians free that this freedom of movement may cause national security threats to go unnoticed. Although Canada would like to address these problems, they still believe in allowing the Syrian refugees to come to their country. In dealing with the Syrian refugee crisis, Canada will look to work with other countries that integrate refugees and asylum seekers into society. In particular, Canada will look to work with France, China, Germany, and other countries that look to solve the global issue with immigrants by accepting immigrants. Countries who may oppose this measure are those that have strict immigration policies and in fact discourage immigration to an extent. These countries may reject immigrants to either maintain homogeneity or because they fear the economic burden that the refugees bring with them. The conflict in the South and East China Sea has led to hostile relationships between nations. Certain countries find this action condemnable and look to oppose such countries, while others want to continue to expand their nation's borders for the sake of land expansion. With the recent global warming issues, the conditions in the Arctic show signs that the region may be able to house people. Based on the actions of China, many countries are wondering whether or not to inhabit the Arctic region. While Canada does condemn the actions of countries to inhabit regions for the sake of militaristic power, Canada looks to expand its hold on the Arctic for economic and scientific reasons exclusively. Canada has the second most amount of Arctic land, next to Russia. The country has already made great scientific advances in the region by discovering phenomena like lost ships from past expeditions. In addition to scientific research, the Canadian government also sees the Arctic has an opportunity to spur economic growth. The Arctic region will provide natural resources and thus create the need for more jobs. This will reduce the unemployment in the country. Not to mention, the refugees housed in Canada could be employed in this new industry. In order to solve the conflict regarding the Arctic, Canada would like to create resolutions that promote the establishment of industry for natural resources there. In addition, Canada would also like to ease international tensions and mete out the resources in the fairest way possible. Canada would also like to create resolutions that prevent member states from exploiting the Arctic's land for oil. Rather, Canada believes the inhabitation of the land can promote trade and provide the world with new trading partners. Canada will work closely with its fellow member states that are interested in the land for economic and scientific reasons such as Japan, Russia, and Norway. Countries that may be opposed to this resolution are those that are fearful of territorial expansion and will oppose other nations that try to expand. Finally, a third group of countries, those that wish to inhabit the Arctic so that they can expand their

borders, will likely support resolutions to inhabit the Arctic circle, but it is important to set rules and expectations so that countries understand the risks associated with expanding their borders for militaristic reasons. Space exploration has become an important aspect of a country's advancement. Space exploration motivates a country to advance technologically and creates high skilled jobs in the country's economy. Canada believes that its space sector plays an important role in the nation's economy because it creates 8,000 jobs and over 3.33 billion dollars in revenue. Space exploration also contributes to Canada's knowledge-based economy, which is important for mankind. Canada does not believe that preventative measures should be to restrict the capabilities of space technology in certain areas, however the country acknowledges that it is dependent upon space technologies for weather forecasting, banking, and the telephone industry. Thus, the preventative measures cannot be too restrictive or else the economy of Canada will suffer. Canada would like to see resolutions that restrict the capabilities of space technology. Using satellites for spying poses a threat to the national security of multiple nations, thus creating a need to address this problem. Canada will work with its allies to ensure the sovereignty and peace of the world. In addition, Canada would also like to see resolutions that promote the development of the space industry. The Canadian government would like to improve our economy that has seen marginal over the past few years, so that the country can prosper. Nations with fully developed space programs like Russia and the United States will likely oppose resolutions to restrict the capabilities of satellites since there intelligence programs are highly dependent upon those features. Countries who are less dependent upon satellites for surveillance will support resolutions to restrict certain features of the satellites. Lastly, Canada hopes that nations will be enticed by resolutions that promote the development of a space program. Works Cited CIA. "The World Factbook: CANADA." Central Intelligence Agency. Central Intelligence Agency, 2016. Web. 27 Nov. 2016. <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ca.html>. Global Affairs Canada. "Canada's Response to the Conflict in Syria." GAC. Government of Canada, 2016. Web. 27 Nov. 2016. <http://www.international.gc.ca/development-developpement/humanitarian_response-situations_crises/syria-syrie.aspx?lang=eng>.

Global Affairs of Canada. "Canadian Statement on South China Sea Arbitration." Government of Canada,Global Affairs Canada. Government of Canada, 21 July 2016. Web. 27 Nov. 2016. <http://news.gc.ca/web/article-en.do?nid=1102379>. Government of Canada. GAC. Government of Canada, 6 June 2013. Web. 27 Nov. 2016. <http://www.international.gc.ca/arctic-arctique/arctic_policy-canada-politique_arctique.aspx?lang=eng>. Phys.org. "Canada Confirms Arctic Discovery of 200-year-old Ship." Phys.org - News and Articles on Science and Technology. Science X Network, 26 Sept. 2016. Web. 27 Nov. 2016. <http://phys.org/news/2016-09-canada-arctic-discovery-year-old-ship.html>. Smick, Elisabeth. "Canada's Immigration Policy." Council on Foreign Relations. Council on Foreign Relations, 06 July 2006. Web. 27 Nov. 2016. <http://www.cfr.org/canada/canadas-immigration-policy/p11047>.

Name: Lindsey Garnhart Delegation: Westfield High School Committee: Security Council B Country: Denmark Part I-Country Description The Kingdom of Denmark is a nation that shares borders with Sweden in the southwest,andSchleswig-Holsteinin the west. It also borders both the Baltic and North Seas.It is aparliamentaryconstitutionalmonarchy,which means thatthe monarch has limited powers based on the constitution of the country, and the Parliament has more power than in a non-constitutionalmonarchy.The leader of Denmark is the Prime Minister LarsLokkeRasmussen. He is the leader of the liberal party in Denmark, and he has beenPrime Minister since June 2015.In 1849, Frederick VII signed the Constitutional Act, which introduced democracy into Denmark. However, the monarch itself dates back to the country's formation in the 8th century. The government is pretty stable, considering the last rebellion was a slave revolt that took place in1822.There are approximately5,593,785people living inDenmark, and Danish is the official language. However,English, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Inuit dialect),andGerman (small minority)are also spoken.The population growth rate in Denmark is 0.22%. The birth rate is 10.4 births/1,000 and the death rate is 10.3 deaths/1,000population. Denmark is relatively stable in an economic sense. It relies on agricultural, pharmaceuticals, and shipping, but primarily foreign trade. However, because of this, they rely heavily on imported raw materials. Income is distributed relatively equally throughout the country.But, in 2008, their economy experienced a crash due to a drop in house prices, but is now well on the road to recovery. However, household debt is still relatively high. But, overall, Denmark is in a good place economically. Their debt is less than half of their GDP and the inflation is 0.5%, which creates a recovering and/or growing economy. Their industrialized status is extremely developed and very modern. The gross national income is 252.3 billion PPP dollars. The per capita income is approximately $45,700. The debt as of 2014 is $534.6 billion. Denmark's economy is inferior to Germany's economy, which is ranked the fourth-largest economy in the world. But, Norway and Sweden have relatively smaller economies compared to Denmark, meaning Denmark is more influential in trade in the area.Denmark is extremely dependent on foreign trade. Exports make approximately $95.97 billion a year, and we export machinery and instruments, meat and meat products, dairy products, fish, pharmaceuticals, furniture, and windmills. Denmark sends exports to Germany, Sweden, the United States, Norway, the UK, Netherlands, and China. Imports make approximately $85.02 billion a year, and we import machinery and equipment, raw materials and semi-manufactures for industry, chemicals, grain and foodstuffs, and consumer goods. We export to Germany, Sweden, Netherlands, China, Norway, and the UK. Denmark has a trade surplus. In 2012, Denmark's surplus was around $13.54 billion.The Danish army consists of the Army Operational Command, Admiral Danish Fleet, Arctic Command, Tactical Air Command, and Home Guard. The military overall is not particularly powerful, and we are ranked 50 out of 126 in the world. One would think that the navy would be strong since Denmark sits in a peninsula, but it is average. Denmark does not produce nuclear power or military vessels, but 3-4% of their imports includenuclear materials.The most common (and the official) religion of Denmark is Evangelical Lutheran. 4% of the population are Muslim, and there denominations of (less than 1% of each) Roman Catholic, Jehovah's Witness, Serbian Orthodox Christian, Jewish, Baptist, and Buddhist. Lutheran and Muslim both worship God, and both believe that Jesus is the savior, but Muslims additionally

believe that He will come back to earth to defeat the "fake Messiah".All children up to the age of 16 must go to school, although not necessarily public school. After that, about 82% of kids continue their education. After this secondary education, college or university is the next option. The literacy rate in Denmark is 99%. The education in Denmark is secular.The international organizations that Denmark is involved in are ADB (nonregionalmember),AfDB(nonregionalmember), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees),ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, and ZC. Part II-Positions on Topics: Organization of American States Topic 1:Immigrants, Asylum Seekers and Refugees Denmark has a relatively neutral position on the topic of immigrants. The problem in Denmark is that while the federal government is trying to put in place more strict immigration laws, there is a lack of enforcement.Many Danes in cities and even just throughout the country tend to ignore these laws, and the federal government has no way of making their citizens follow them.Denmark also feels that immigrants and refugees receive extremely unfair treatment, and wonders if the UN is regulating this issue. Denmark feels that immigrant policy should be more strictly enforced directly by the UN. This would solve our problem of having a weak federal government, meaning that the immigration laws created by Denmark's government, and the UN, would be enforced in Denmark.Denmark also believes that the UN should create and enforce a resolution that grants immigrants and refugees fair treatment and available resources to survive in countries they are accepted into. To help achieve these solutions,Denmarkwould have to collaborate with its allies such asthe Dominican Republic, Canada, the United States, and Russia,who also agree withDenmarkthatimmigrants and refugees mustbe treated fairly.However, it is possible that United States and Canada might have a problem with the second point of this resolution, that the country accepting the immigrants must provide them with resources for survival, because this requires countries like the United States and Canada, who are accepting immigrants now, to supply those immigrants with resources. Topic 2:Maritime and Territorial Law Denmark has apassivestandpoint on the issue of maritime and territorial law, but we do want to expand. Our main focus is the claims and security measures of the Arctic. Denmark has claims in the Arctic, and is concerned that these claims will not be honored and/or dealt with fairly. Another issue Denmark is, although slightly less, concerned with is the controversy over Exclusive Economic Zones. Although Denmark is not directly involved in the misuse of these zones, we do want to make sure that these zones are being used correctly, because if Exclusive Economic Zones are put in place in the Arctic, we would want these areas to be used correctly since Denmark is not a particularly strong military force. Finally, Denmark wants to take a

step back and look at security guidelines worldwide, because a lot has changed since the UN first put these measures in place. Denmark would like to create a few resolutions on this topic. Firstly, Denmark believes that a resolution that reevaluates the security measures put in place by the UN and possibly creates a committee to decide if they are still relevant, and if they are not, create new resolutions to bring before the UN.Secondly, Denmark favors a resolution that deals with the controversy over the Arctic area - a committee can decide which countries deserve Exclusive Economic Zone claims on the area based on their economic status and proximity to the area, and create guidelines for using the Arctic, such as no military action is allowed in the area.Finally, Denmark would also support a resolution that clarifies and reinforces the rules surrounding Exclusive Economic Zones, because there are some countries that are abusing their zones, and Denmark does not want this issue to become a problem for us. To create these resolutions, Denmark could turn to its allies Japan and New Zealand, because they both have a passive viewpoint on this issue. Also, both countries, but especially New Zealand, wish to secure territory in the Arctic for non-military reasons. These would be good countries to turn to, as well as Malaysia, as long as the expansion is not violent, and Canada, because they also hold claims in the Arctic. Topic 3:Preventive Measures in Space Exploration Denmark is not very involved in space exploration, because in our country, we only have a research base and no way to send people up to space.Denmark has a limited space program of only 40 people and not much money to do more than research. We believe that Denmark and other countries like us should receive more money to continue research and actually send more satellites and even people up to space. This would put us and other countries on more equal footing with other countries such as the US. Also, it should be a worldwide issue to control the satellites that are being sent to space, because it could be a huge issue for many countries if there is a space war. Finally, again, to prevent war from happening in space, there should be protective measures put in place; for example, satellites and other things being projected into space need to be examined by a committee before liftoff. Denmark wants a few resolutions to be put in place. Firstly, there should be a "Space Fund" to supply countrieswhoneed it with money to send people into space. There can be a committee who decides what countries receive money, and how much they receivebased on their economic status and how they are delegating their money within the nation. Secondly, a resolution regulating satellite use should be created. A committee can be formed to regulate what types of satellites go into space, what countries send them up, how many satellites each country has in space, and where they are. This is very important because if there was a space war, many countries, including Denmark, would be at an extreme disadvantage. To pass these resolutions, Denmark could ally with other countries that have low-budget space programs such as Vietnam, Norway, Turkey, Sweden, and Greece. We could also reach out to countrieswhodo not have a space program at all, to gain their support. Countries such as these include New Zealand and Australia. Some countries who may not support these resolutions are theUSA, France, and India, who all have large space programs and who would not receive money from the "Space Fund". Also, France's space program was originally created for military purposes, so they might have a problem with the regulation of satellites.

Works Cited "The WorldFactbook: DENMARK." Central Intelligence Agency. Central Intelligence Agency,n.d.Web. 17 Oct. 2016. "GNI, PPP (current International $)." Data.N.p.,n.d.Web. 17 Oct. 2016. Companies, By Betting. "Denmark - Trade Balance 2015 Statistic."Statista.N.p.,n.d.Web. 17 Oct. 2016. "Constitutional Monarchy."British Monarchist League.N.p.,n.d.Web. 17 Oct. 2016. By 878 the Danes Had Conquered Northern and Eastern England, and by the 11th Century King Canute (1014-35) Ruled over a Vast Kingdom That Included Present-day Denmark, England, Norway, Southern Sweden, and Parts of Finland. Christianity Was Introduced to. "Danish History and Culture." Facebook.N.p.,n.d.Web. 17 Oct. 2016. "Denmark Vesey." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation,n.d.Web. 17 Oct. 2016. "Denmark Military Strength."Denmark Military Strength.N.p.,n.d.Web. 17 Oct. 2016. "Nuclear Energy in Denmark." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation,n.d.Web. 17 Oct. 2016. "Jesus in Islam." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation,n.d.Web. 17 Oct. 2016. "Education in Denmark." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation,n.d.Web. 17 Oct. 2016. Merriam-Webster.Merriam-Webster,n.d.Web.24 Oct. 2016. @SPACEdotcom. "Space.com." Space.com.N.p.,n.d.Web. 24 Oct. 2016.

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Name: Morgan Murphy Delegation: St. Joseph High School Metuchen Committee: Security Council B Country: France Part I- Country Background The French Republic (French: Republique Franҫaise, hereafter referred to as France) is a country located in Western Europe, which borders Germany to the east and Spain to the southwest. It also shares borders with Andorra, Monaco, Luxembourg, Belgium, Italy and Switzerland. It also possesses 5 overseas territories, namely, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Reunion, in South America, the Caribbean Sea and Indian Ocean, respectively. It has a temperate climate, which loans itself well to agriculture. Because of France's heavy economic interest in preserving the environment, it has signed numerous international treaties regarding pollution reduction, including Antarctic-Environmental Protocol and the Kyoto Protocol, among numerous others. Its population is 66,836,154 according to the July 2016 estimate. As the name implies, France is a republic, currently under the 5th republic as of October 4, 1958. The chief executive of France is President Francois Hollande, elected in 2012, assisted by Prime Minister Manuel Valls. France's GDP per capita is $41,200, ranking France 39th worldwide. Over 75% of the population works in the services industry. The unemployment rate is 10.1%, which is slightly below the world average. France has a budget deficit of 3.6%, ranking it among the highest deficits around the world. France uses nuclear and renewable energy heavily, and only uses coal for 20.3% of its electrical energy. Part II- Positions on Topics Topic 1- Immigrants, Asylum Seekers, and Refugees France is very open to receiving refugees, and is willing to support any other nation that does so. French President Francois Hollande recently announced that France would accept 30,000 Syrian refugees over the next two years, increasing the total number of refugees in France six fold. France is implementing rigorous background checks on refugees entering the country, in order to ensure security. "The tragic events of the last few days have sown doubts in their minds," remarked Hollande about French public opinion about the refugees, but he also added that France, "Has the duty to respect this commitment," to refugees. France is very committed to giving the Syrian refugees all of the resources they need in order to thrive, and sees it as the humanitarian duty of other nations to do the same. As a republic, the French government has ensured its citizen's human rights to life, liberty, and property. To neglect to provide this to immigrants would be completely contradictory to France's values as a republic. Consequently, France would support a resolution providing asylum to as many refugees as possible, and would be more than willing to do her fair share in housing them. France has set aside 50 million Euros already to provide refugees with adequate housing, and would encourage other nations to do the same. In order to pass such a resolution, France recognizes the need to have productive dialog with countries reluctant or unwilling to help; foremost among these are the United States of America and the Russian Federation, both of whom hold a veto power in the Council. France is hopeful to collaboratively contrive a solution to this

issue that best protects the security of the citizens of all nations and the refugees who do not have citizenship in a government that can protect them adequately. Topic 2- Maritime and Territorial Law France is opposed to any country's expansion, as that inherently causes destabilization of diplomatic relations within the United Nations. France was a major colonial power, but after many wars of independence, especially in Algeria in 1962, France's foreign policy moved away from colonization and toward either independence for colonies or integration into France proper. To date, 5 territories that were French colonies have merged with France proper; namely, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Reunion. France has learned that integration is more beneficial to both parties than colonization is. Because of this, France believes that it has the right to stake its claim to Adelie Land in Antarctica, which was made legally under the Antarctic Treaty of 1959. The Antarctic Treaty of 1959 did not affect territorial claims to Antarctica, but demilitarized it, designating its purpose for scientific research. France has complied with the UN's call for demilitarization of Antarctica. France would support a resolution banning any new land claims by any nation, unless a specific resolution has passed by the Security Council authorizing the nation to claim sovereignty over the land in question. This will serve to maintain favorable diplomatic relationships within the United Nations as a whole. Without the creation of stringent borders and checkpoints, like those seen in Berlin from 1961-1989 and in the DMZ currently, scientific cooperation can be fostered to collaboratively improve the world through scientific discovery. France would also support a resolution to clarify land claims that are disputed (e.g. Britain and Argentina, which have had conflict in the past about disputed land claims), and the rights of scientists who are conducting research in a part of Antarctica or the Arctic under the sovereignty of a foreign nation. France realizes that in order to pass such a resolution, cooperation and mutual understanding must exist between docile nations like France and more aggressive nations like Russia and China. After healthy debate, France is hopeful that Russia and China will understand that this resolution is completely peaceful and nonthreatening in nature, and is only meant to keep diplomatic relations friendly, and not to halt expansion entirely and indefinitely. Topic 3- Preventative Measures in Space Exploration France recognizes every country's right to have a space program, which will contribute to the increased knowledge of space and its practical applications to humanity, especially in providing a massive stock of natural resources and a possible home for humanity, as the human population on Earth grows ever larger. France's space program dates to 1961, among the oldest in the world. The French space program started off as a military program, but over the years moved away from military dominance and took more of a peaceful, scientific role. The power of controlling space has become extremely evident, even since World War II. Nazi engineers and scientists started work on a death ray to impress even Archimedes. If operational, the death ray would focus energy from the sun onto any target of the face of the earth, instantly vaporizing it. Luckily for humanity, the Nazis never achieved this truly terrible weapon, which would have subjected the entire world to orders from Hitler. In the 1980's, President Reagan announced the Strategic Defense

Initiative (commonly called SDI or, more colloquially, Star Wars), which was a series of satellites that could shoot down Soviet ICBMs, which would give the United States a free hand to nuke the USSR at will without fear of retribution. Because of the gravity associated with space demilitarization, France would wholeheartedly support a resolution demilitarizing space for the foreseeable future. Strict penalties must be enforced to keep the integrity of this resolution from being damaged by any rogue nation who would ignore the UN mandates. France would also support a resolution allowing the UN to facilitate multinational cooperation in space, much like the ISS, to combat the problem of a potential meteorite strike to Earth. Such a resolution would provide a solution to a potential major problem facing humanity in the near future before it is too late. In order to pass such a resolution, France would need to gain the support of more aggressive nations like Russia and China, who already have major space programs. France is hopeful that productive dialog between all nations concerned would result in a resolution best suited to protect the sovereignty of all nations. Works Cited Antarctic Territorial Claims. Australian Government, n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2016. <http://www.antarctica.gov.au/law-and-treaty/history/antarctic-territorial-claims>. "Antarctic Treaty 1959." Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, 31 May 2002. Web. 27 Nov. 2016. <https://www.britannica.com/event/Antarctic-Treaty>. "Europe: France." The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency, 10 Nov. 2016. Web. 27 Nov. 2016. <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fr.html>. Johnson, Robert Craig. "Weird Science: German Military Spacecraft of World War 2." Weird Science: German Military Spacecraft of World War 2. Eagle Droppings, 1996. Web. 27 Nov. 2016. <http://www.worldatwar.net/chandelle/v1/v1n1/ww2space.htm>. "National Claims to the Arctic Shelf." Sputnik News. Sputnik International, 5 Oct. 2011. Web. 27 Nov. 2016. <https://sputniknews.com/infographics/20111005167347167/>. "SecurityCouncilTopicsYMUN2016-2017.pdf." Google Docs.N.p.,n.d.Web. 27 Nov. 2016. Tharoor, Ishaan. "France Says It Will Take 30,000 Syrian Refugees, While U.S. Republicans Would Turn Them Away." Washington Post. The Washington Post, 18 Nov. 2016. Web. 27 Nov. 2016.

Name: Brian Waters Delegation: Somerville Committee: Security Council B Country: Germany Part I: Country Information The Federal Republic of Germany is a country located in central Europe. Despite its very tumultuous past, it has become Europe's second most populous country (80.62 million) and a strong economic force. Germany occupies 348,672 square km of land, and it borders the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, the Czech Republic, Poland, Denmark, the North Sea, and the Baltic sea. This gives Germany a strategic location in the middle of Europe. Its climate is temperate with damp seasons and its geography contains mostly flats with few mountains in the south. Germany possesses many natural resources, including metals,minerals, ores, and timber. The population consists of 91.5% German people, with German as the official language. Most citizens are Protestant or Roman Catholic. The German government is a federal parliamentary republic made up of 16 states. The current president is Joachim Gauck and Angela Merkel serves as chancellor. Part II: Committee Topics Topic I - Immigrants, Asylum Seekers, and Refugees The most recent years have been literal hell for many people throughout the Middle East and surrounding territories. Obviously, countries like Iraq, Syria and Libya have been in dire condition, despite efforts by the U.S. and other countries to help eliminate evil. Germany, being the largest country in continental Europe, and residing conveniently in the center of Europe, has naturally found itself in the center of this large refugee issue. At first, Germany was very open and welcoming. It welcomed hundreds of thousands of refugees. Some explain this generosity and welcoming attitude by remembering Germany's history. Germany has struggled as a country and with acceptance in the 20th century. Many Germans were seeking asylum as refugees after World War II. Now, in late 2016, the German government, especially Chancellor Merkel, is being excoriated by many of its citizens over Merkel's "open-door policy," or her willingness to accept refugees. Topic II - Maritime and Territorial Law Germany borders the North and Baltic seas, and therefore is and will be affected by maritime and territorial laws. The UN needs to create a new way of regulating ocean-

based territories. There is no easy way to simply decide what countries own certain bodies of water. This topic will create many conflicts between every water-bordering country. Germany will work with the UN to peacefully resolve disputes over water control and use. The UN should look at land that is created by global warming and other measures and prohibit any country from occupying such land until ownership is determined by the international community. The Security Council itself should not evaluate land claims of the Arctic. It is acknowledged that countries have claimed land, but the Security Council should not intervene unless international tranquility is in danger of becoming compromised. Topic III - Preventative Measures in Space Exploration Germany, like many countries in the 20th century, had many space programs of its own that produced research and practical launches for many years. Nazi Germany had a successful program that accomplished feats like launching the first rockets of their kind and new research. Germany feels that states should have a right to study resources they have gathered in space, but not necessarily the exclusive rights. We as Germans believe in education and knowledge. Collaborations produce more knowledge and make it even easier for humans to move forward as one people. Military satellites should restrict containment of any weapons, for this may easily stress tensions between countries on Earth. Military reconnaissance satellites should be allowed. The Security Council should strongly consider creating its own force to remain in space, as a strong attempt to keep peace in space, and it will obviously make laws and regulations that contain consequences. Sources: "The World Factbook: GERMANY." Central Intelligence Agency. Central Intelligence Agency, n.d. Web. Nov. 2016. "The Staggering Scale of Germany's Refugee Project." The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 12 Sept. 2015. Web. Nov. 2016. "Why Germany Welcomes Refugees." Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg, n.d. Web. Nov. 2016. "Land and Property - United Nations and the Rule of Law." United Nations. United Nations, n.d. Web. Nov. 2016.

Aseh, Redaktion Dlr.de. "Space Flight in Germany - Timeline including Important Events."100 Years - Space Flight in Germany - Timeline including Important Events. N.p., n.d. Web. Nov. 2016.

Name: Will Doolan Delegation: Cranford Committee: Security Council B Country: Greece Country Information: Greece was one of the greatest early civilizations of our world, but times have definitely changed since then. Greece is located in Southern Europe, bordering the Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea, between Albania and Turkey. As of July 2016, Greece has a population of 10,773,253 people; a majority is within the ages of 25-54 years old. To become a citizen of Greece, you must have one parent of Greek heritage and the naturalization process of this region takes about ten years. The official language is Greek and the language minimally spoken is English. The country is predominantly Greek Orthodox, with a small population practicing Islam. About 97% of the nation is literate, and the people live a sanitized life. Greece is ruled by a parliamentary republic, with an executive, legislative and judicial branch. The branch system is very similar to the United States in the way they branches are both elected and appointed, although over the past years there are many disputes over how the country is being ruled governmentally. Greece has a capitalist economy with a public sector accounting for about 40% of their GDP. Tourism provides 18% of GDP. Immigrants make up nearly one-fifth of the work force, mainly in agricultural and unskilled jobs. Greece is a major beneficiary of EU aid, equal to about 3.3% of their annual GDP. In 2009, Greece fell heavily with the world market for a number of reasons and since then has used the European Union to help with their economy. The economy has since improved, but still is facing issues to this day. Topic I- Asylum and Refugee Seekers: Greece is very inept to accepting immigrants, refugees, and asylum seekers. To enter the nation of Greece, a screening period of only ten minutes is needed. Most of the refugees attempting to enter Greece are predominantly from the war-ridden are of Syria, but other nations in the Middle East such as Pakistan and Iraq are also places with refugees desperately seeking to enter Europe. Greece along with many other nations like Germany has taken a leading role in accepting the refugee population. However, there is certain backlash within the nation of Greece as whether the refugees should be allowed in, and the certain background checks needed for entry. Greece often has become a sort of launching point for refugees to eventually land in Western European nations. In order to safely and effectively combat the issue of illegal immigrants, asylum seekers and refugees, Greece would like to allow for other nations in Europe and possibly Asia to absorb some of the blunt that these migrants are bringing to areas. Also, ensuring that migrants stay and become a productive member of society of where they decide to migrate is also an issue that needs to be resolved. More jobs across Europe would also be needed in order to make these migrants have a purpose, wherever they end up going. The best way in Greece's interest to solve this issue would be a coalition program funded by the European Union. Any countries that accept an influx of immigrants, refugees, or asylum seekers should receive some sort of compensation to ensure proper living conditions, and growth in economic opportunity and infrastructure. Not only would this help Greece's economy, but they would also not have to receive as many migrants as they get normally, and they can help repair their already damaged economy from the world recession in 2008.

Topic 2-Maritime and Territorial Law: Greece is currently having an issue with maritime and territorial disputes with the nation of Turkey. In 1973, the Turkish government conceded part of the Northeastern shelf to the Turkish Petroleum Company for development of the area, and continued when the Turkish government later conceded a part of the Southwestern Aegean seabed to the same company. The problem that arises is Greece's claim to certain islands in the shelf and seabed. Greece has claimed these islands were theirs from past treaties while Turkey remembers no such thing happening. Although this issue happened in 1973, Greece and Turkey still have poor diplomatic relations, as both have a differing view on this subject. Greece believes that the islands and waters are their territory and would like that addressed and handled diplomatically. The land is rich with natural resources that are being taken. Not only are they being basically stolen if Greece has claim to the land, but the Greeks are not receiving any of the financial and economic benefits that this land has to offer. The Greeks and the Turks have had bad relations in the past, and this dispute over land and resources must be settled peacefully. In order to ensure that safety and national security of both nations, Greece would like to receive help from its neighboring allies to ensure their land is taken back. Greece can use this to help their damaged economy, as extracting petroleum requires workers, and the natural resources can also open trade options to other surrounding nations. Along with this conflict, the Greeks would also like to ensure that any other of their thousands of island chains is not taken unlawfully and unfairly from them, from any other nations in Europe. Topic 3- Preventive Measures in Space Exploration: Starting in 1963, Greece has signed all treaties ensuring the safety of possible space travel. Although Greece is not as technologically involved with space exploration with nations such as the US, they still are in close proximity to the Eastern European power of Russia, who has been greatly involved with space technology since the launching of their Sputnik satellite. Greece can be affected if any nation in Europe decides to use outer space as a method to develop weapons. Greece will most not likely be directly involved with space exploration; however they would absolutely love to see more scientific discoveries. Greece was the first country to practice astronomy, and to carry on its legacy, sending more men into space would greatly carry on and answer the questions of the great Greek thinkers. Space exploration does involve a lot of different factors with different nations as far as satellites, so Greece just wants to ensure the safety of itself in any of these situations. As stated previously, Greece has signed immense treaties in the past regarding the preventative measures involving space exploration. Space discoveries are of course supported globally as a true triumph of man, and Greece would be no different. However, certain nations have deliberated using space to develop weapons that can be fired from in outer space. For example, in the Cold War, the United States under

Richard Nixon began a thirteen-billion dollar project entitled "Star Wars." It essentially was the construction of a laser in space that could fire down and destroy any possible missile attempts from the Soviet Union or other communist nations. This project was never completed, but still presents the point that outer space weapons are possible, and Greece would like to ensure its safety in any of these conflicts. Works Cited "Outer Space."Critical Issues. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2016 Pike, John. "Military."International Disputes. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2016. "The World Factbook: GREECE."Central Intelligence Agency. Central Intelligence Agency, n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2016.

Name: Rahul Palnitkar Delegation: Peddie School Committee: Security Council B Country: India Part I- Country Information Since the beginnings of the Indus Valley civilizations in the 3rd millennia B.C.E, India has been an extremely important economic, cultural and religious force. Although the Indian subcontinent has a long and storied history, the current Republic of India is a relatively young nation, gaining its independence from the British Empire in 1947. The Republic of India is federal parliamentary republic comprised of 29 states and 7 union territories, each with their own state legislatures. The Parliament of India is made up of the Rajya Sabha, which consists of 233 indirectly elected members and 12 presidential appointees, and the Lok Sabha, which consists of 543 directly elected members and 2 presidential appointees. The Prime Minister (currently Narendra Modi) is the Head of Government and elected by MPs of the majority party (currently the BJP) in the Lok Sabha. The Executive Branch is led by the President (Pranab Mukherjee), who is elected indirectly by an electoral college. Although the President is the Head of State, much of the executive power, in practice, belongs to the Prime Minister. The Judicial Branch is made up of a Supreme Court with 26 justices, and lower courts. The last general election was held in April 2014, and the next one is set to occur in 2019. India is often referred to as the "largest democracy in the world"-an apt title, given that the population of India is around 1.27 Billion. Not only is the country large, but it is also incredibly diverse. There are over three hundred official languages in India, (English, Hindi and Bengali being the three most spoken languages). The population is also religiously diverse. 80% of Indians practicing Hinduism, 14% practicing Islam, 2% practicing Christianity, and around 2% practicing Sikhism. India is a rapidly developing economy, and although widespread poverty (~30%), corruption, and other issues continue to be a problem, India is poised to become a world power within the next few decades. India's main industries include agriculture, textiles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and software. The country's exports include steel, precious stones, clothing, and pharmaceuticals, and India primarily trades with the United States, the United Arab Emirates, and Hong Kong. Part II-Position on Topics Topic 1: Immigrants, Asylum Seekers and Refugees Because there are over one billion people living in India, there is not much room for asylum seekers. However, India has, in the past, accepted over ten million Bengali refugees fleeing from what was then East Pakistan, and has additionally accepted over two hundred thousand refugees from Tibet and Sri Lanka. Around 9% of Indian

jobs are held by immigrants. For the most part, India has not accepted refugees fleeing the civil war in Syria. In addition, India has refused to actively accept Rohingya Muslims form Burma, although there are about ten thousand Rohingya Muslims in India. In order not to deny refugees their human rights and in order to not overwhelm countries with more refugees than the country can support, India supports the active participation of the UN in overseeing refugee crises. India supports any resolution that strengthens UN oversight of refugee camps, and India also supports resolutions that enable overpopulated countries or countries without the necessary resources to opt out of accepting refugees. India further supports UN refugee camps within war-torn countries such as Syria to lessen the impact of refugees on other countries. India also backs any resolutions that further enable the UN to address the root causes of refugee crises. To achieve these goals, India will collaborate with neighboring countries such as the People's Republic of China, Myanmar, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh. India views ASEAN countries as potential allies, and looks forward to working closely with them. India also calls on its close allies-Israel, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Russian Federation-to work together to address refugee crises. Topic 2: Maritime and Territorial Law As India is a large country, it sees no reason to expand its territory. However, India strongly believes in territorial integrity and strong national defense, and as such condemns any attempt by a country to forcefully expand their territory at the cost of another nation. India knows only too well about breaches in territorial integrity, having been invaded three times by Pakistan and once by China. India also has a long history of maritime activity, and greatly benefits from overseas trade.Therefore, India supports freedom of the seas for all. As an opponent of aggressive expansion, India supports sanctions against overly aggressive countries. India calls on the United Nations to ensure territorial disputes can be settled diplomatically, and it supports punishing measures for nations that choose violence to settle such disputes. India additionally calls for the UN to enact resolutions guaranteeing the freedom of seas to protect overseas trade, as well as measures to combat piracy. India strongly calls on the three world powers-the United States, Russia, and China-to address the issue of protecting territorial integrity. India also aims to work with any and all members of the Security Council in order to develop measures to combat aggressive expansion. India also plans to work with countries such as Qatar to address the issue of piracy on the open seas.

Topic 3: Preventive Measures in Space Exploration With a thriving space program dating back to 1962, India is extremely interested and invested in space exploration and research. In 2014, India launched its first successful (and extremely cheap) Mars Obiter, and since then, it has launched numerous satellites and is poised to be a world leader in space exploration and innovation. India believes that peaceful cooperation between countries is vital to space exploration efforts. India ratified the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies in 1982, and hopes for continuing cooperation between all parties to the treaty. To that end, India calls on all parties to the treaty-but particularly the five permanent security council members-to uphold the accord and continue to work together to ensure peaceful space exploration. India also calls on the United Nations to consider placing sanctions on those who violate space law and place weapons in Outer Space. India looks to the five permanent security council members, as well as any and all other members of the security council with space programs, to ensure the safe and peaceful exploration of Outer Space. India also looks to work with countries with fledgling or developing space programs, such as Qatar and Malaysia. Sources "The Outer Space Treaty." United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2016. "India - The Transfer Of Power And The Birth Of Two Countries History - Geography". Encyclopedia Britannica. N.p., 2016. Web. 2 Dec. 2016. "The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". Cia.gov. N.p., 2016. Web. 2 Dec. 2016. "YMCA Civic Engagement Model United Nations - Security Council". Mun1.ymcace.org. N.p., 2016. Web. 2 Dec. 2016. Shekhtman, Lonnie. "How India Is Quietly Becoming A Space Exploration Power House". The Christian Science Monitor. N.p., 2016. Web. 2 Dec. 2016.

Ramzy, Austin. "China And India Are Sitting Out Refugee Crisis". Nytimes.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 2 Dec. 2016.

Name: Anusha Sahay Delegation: Freehold Boro Committee: Security Council B Country: Iran Part 1- Country Information Lying on approximately 636,368 square miles of high, rugged mountains, dense forests, and barren deserts is the country of Iraq. Located at the intersection of Central Asia, South Asia, and the Arab states of the Middle East, Iran has been considered a very significant country throughout history. It has a population of 81, 824, 270 people, making it the sixteenth most populated country in the world. Almost all Iranians are of the Islamic religion and it has been a part of Iran's culture for many years. Iran has a hot and dry climate; often there are long, hot summers and short, cool winters. Iran became an Islamic republic back in 1979, when the monarchy was overthrown and political control was gained under supreme leader Ayatollah Khomeini. The government is a theocratic republic, meaning that a deity or God is considered the supreme civil ruler of the country. Some of the natural resources of Iran include oil, natural gases, coal, and copper. Part 2- Positions on Topics: Security Council B Topic I- Counterterrorism The U.S. government classifies Iran as the "most active state sponsor of terrorism," which is a state's deliberate use of terrorism or assistance to other terrorist groups as a foreign policy tool against groups of people or other countries. Their use of terrorism can be either direct attacks or by supporting other terrorist organizations through the provision of weapons, training, funds, and sanctuary. In recent years, Iran has intensified its use of violence against civilians. Iranian terrorism is strongly based on revolutionary Islamic principles or beliefs, and they see the use of violence as a tool for internal and foreign purposes. There are no laws that prohibit any type of terrorism in Iran. The country believes that violence can help them to gain power and authority, and there are rarely any strategies to try and prevent terrorism. The only strategy Iran has to limit violence within the country is the Law Enforcement Force of Islamic Republic of Iran. Iran strategically plans which countries to attack, usually choosing countries that could be a possible threat to their power. Anyone who offends the regime is an offense to Islam, and must be punished. Attacking the enemies of the regime is considered a sacred task, even if it comes in conflict with the local authorities. In 1989, Khomeini made a decision to kill Salman Rushdie, a British subject, for writing a book that was deemed anti-Islamic. The main goal of Iranian foreign policy is to spread its Islamic message to Muslims everywhere in the hopes that they will carry out their own revolution at some point. Other state sponsors of terrorism are Sudan and Syria. These countries, along with Iran, have repeatedly provided support for acts of violence, and usually support terrorism for similar reasons. Topic 2: Post-conflict Peace building

Iran does not do much about post conflict peace building. This is mostly because the civilians of the country do not do much to show that they need it. There have been many steps taken to try and fix the economy and bring the unemployment rate to a much lesser percent. It is under the suggestion that the country needs other nations to try and establish peace among the country. The major conflict currently in Iran is the economy. The economy has been locked in a downward spiral in the recent years. The national currency (rial) has plummeted in value from about 10,000 to the U.S. dollar to just under 35,000, causing prices of goods to nearly triple. Unemployment is at 13 percent. The inflation rate in Iran is at 20%, which means that each year, the same wage is worth 1/5 less. Iran is working with the U.S. to establish peace within the country. Iran has experienced great unrest among the people, which resulted in many challenges to overcome peace building. The United States Institute of Peace focuses on multiple tracks to encourage peaceful negotiations Iran's current situation. The USIP also focuses on increasing the knowledge about developments in Iran's foreign policy community, identifying non-violent political reform strategies, and shedding light on the domestic and regional challenges within the country. Topic 3- Cyber Surveillance Iranian internet users and Iranian authorities remain completely divided over the place of the internet in Iranian society. However, as the number of internet users has increased over the past few years, there have been very stringent restrictions made, including new censorship tools and new laws. This situation has crippled the civil society as well as regular citizens who are unaware of the constantly reformed restrictions. Documenting and confirming evidence of surveillance and monitoring of social media has been proving to be difficult, however, officials have publicly stated that they are actively monitoring Iranian citizens' activities on both blocked and unblocked websites. For instance, in September of 2014, The Chief of Iran's Cyber Police warned the publicabout the government's ability to monitor messaging applications. While this does not offer conclusive evidence of surveillance, public statements by officials does cause some concern among the people about the government's ability to monitor online activity. These regulations completely demolish the Iranian people's rights of freedom. It is evident that the regime wants to head off widespread protests. The Iranian Internet is not more politicized than in other countries, but it is definitely more closely watched. Its citizens spend their own millions on anti-censorship software that allows them to see the Internet more freely. The reason the government has so much security over the internet is mainly because the government does not want to give the people the freedom so say disrespectful things or do anything illegal. Iran is the country with the fifth most security on the internet. Saudi Arabia and Cuba also have the same cyber surveillance rules are Iran. Many sites have been blocked if it contains ideas that counter the values of its country.

Sources http://iran-un.org/en/ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14541327 http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/explore/countries/iran/#iran-market.jpg http://www.meforum.org/427/counterterrorism-policy http://www.cnn.com/2016/06/02/politics/state-department-report-terrorism/ http://www.countryreports.org/country/Iran/government.htm http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/takfiris-in-tehran-the-sectarian-face-of-iranian-counterterrorism http://www.unitedagainstnucleariran.com/terrorism http://www.buildingpeace.org/think-global-conflict/mapping-conflict/iran http://www.usip.org/publications/the-current-situation-in-iran https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-major-problems-facing-Iran https://www.article19.org/resources.php/resource/37964/en/the-state-of-surveillance-in-iran%E2%80%99s-cyberspace http://www.state.gov/j/ct/list/c14151.htm http://surveillance.rsf.org/en/iran/

Name: Sarah Rose Delegation: Notre Dame Prep Committee: Security Council B Country: Israel The State of Israel is a small country, about the size of New Jersey, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, the Gaza Strip, Syria, and the West Bank. It is a parliamentary democracy, electing a Prime Minister who heads the multi-party system and makes decisions which are voted on by the cabinet. The Prime Minister holds the most power in the Parliament and runs the executive branch. The Prime Minister also appoints the cabinet based upon the amount of votes in each of the multiple parties. The Knesset is an assembly of 120 leaders who run the legislative branch and it approves of those chosen to be in the cabinet. In Israel, the judicial system is a separate branch of the government, operating with both secular and religious courts depending on the matter. All judges for all courts are appointed by the Judicial Selection Committee. This committee includes two Knesset members, two cabinet members with one being the Minister of Justice, two members of the Israeli Bar Association, an association in which it is mandatory to join to be a licensed lawyer in Israel, and three Supreme Court Justices with one being the President of the Supreme Court. With an approximate population of 8,174,527 people, it has a relatively average population for its small size. Most of those living in Israel were born there (75.6%), while 16.6% are from Europe/America/Oceania, 4.9% from Africa, and 2.9% are Asian. 74.8% of Israelis are Jewish and 20.8% are Arabs, the rest of the population (4.4%) are non-Arabs. Since Israel is recognized by many other countries as a Jewish state, it is no surprise that 74.8% of people are Jewish. The other prominent religions in Israel are Islam (17.6%) and Christianity (2%). The culture of Israel is greatly influenced by the strong presence of Hebrews. In fact, 43% of all Jews in the world live in Israel. The people there get their culture from their Hebrew ancestors and the Jewish diaspora. Israel is a free market economy, mostly based on the exportation of diamonds, technology equipment, and pharmaceuticals. The global financial crisis of 2008 resulted in a brief recession, however Israel was resilient. In addition, the Arab Spring of 2011 isolated the economy due to the lack of previously strong trade ties with other Middle Eastern countries. In addition, a few small groups of people have most of the control over the economy, but the government is calling for reform on this. Lastly, Israel faces low labor participation, which results in a slower growth. Topic 1: Migrants, Asylum Seekers and Refugees Israel was founded as a Jewish homeland by the UN in 1948.Due to World War II and other Jewish Diasporas in recent years, Israel has become a melting pot of Jewish refugees from around the globe. Every Jew in the world is eligible for citizenship here and can quickly become citizens as well it implemented the Law of Return in 1950 that gave all Jews the ability to return to Israel and gain citizenship. In addition, Israel greets all Jewish refugees, migrants, and asylum seekers from all over the world with open arms. Also, those who are non-Jewish but are relatives of Jews can qualify under Oleh immigration status under the Law of Return and can achieve citizen status. However, due to hostility in the past from surrounding nations including Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, and Lebanon, Israel has been very reluctant to accept non-Jewish asylum seekers from here. The state does not immediately deport you though, and their policy is one of provisional non-deportation which allows an

individual to plan for where they will seek asylum elsewhere. Israel has treated around 2,500 Syrians in field hospitals along its borders, but it doesn't want floods of asylum seekers coming in. This proves that Israel will temporarily protect those who are truly in need, however they are tentative to accept other asylum seekers due to the dangers that those coming from hostile neighboring nations could pose to Israelis and the country itself. Benjamin Netanyahu, Israel's Prime Minister, explained that due to Israel's small size, they physically and geographically cannot accept a large number refugees in. In addition, Israel needs to protect its northeast border as it has been a transit place for weapons to get into the hands of terrorists inside of Israel. Since Israel was founded as a safe haven for those Jews who were in fleeing their countries who became refugees, Israel does need to take action in this crisis. It should support humanitarian efforts and continue to treat needy refugees in hospitals around the borders. However, due to hostility from surrounding countries and even more it's incredibly small size, it simply cannot afford to accept many more refugees. Topic 2: Maritime and Territorial Law Much of the aggression towards Israel comes from the ongoing land dispute with an area called Palestine. Since the early 19th century, many Israelis have been killed by Palestinians due to this land conflict. Some of these attacks include the kidnapping and killing of 11 Israeli athletes during the Munich Olympics in 1972, a plane hijacking conducted by Palestinians who also held Israelis and Jews in 1976, and a series of suicide bombs performed by Palestinian terrorists in 1996. Israel sees the land that is under dispute as theirs and will continue to occupy it until others consider it theirs. Israel continues to occupy this land it is reasonable and necessary for their national security. After a Palestinian bus driver plowed through a large group of people including Israeli soldiers, Israel imposed a complete blockade on the undecided territories. Following many attacks on innocent Israelis including a suicide bombing that killed 19 Israelis in Tel Aviv, the security council of Israel gave the ability Israel Defense Force to assassinate any known terrorists, whether they are making an attack or not, which was not previously permitted. Israel is currently working on taking preventative measures, but Israel will not hesitate to be offensive if the Palestinians continue to be violent and put Israeli lives in danger. Topic 3: Preventative Measures in Space Exploration Although Israel is a very small country in the Middle East, it is very technologically advanced. They have a relatively small space program in which they use spy satellites in space to spy on hostile countries such as Syria. In addition, in October of 2015, NASA and the Israel Space Agency (ISA) agreed to be and continue to be partners to further each other's space exploration ventures. This partnership incudes working together on joint missions, ground-based research facilities, space exploration and operations missions, joint workshops and meetings, scientific tools onboard spacecraft, scientific balloon flights, space communications, and educational outreach. This partnership with the US's space program, one of the largest in the world, will ensure growth in both NASA and the small ISA. Israel is a leader in lightweight spacecraft and instruments and hopes that this could assist in NASA's endeavor to Mars. Israel seeks to increase its space exploration funding and develop

a larger and even more advanced space agency by making more partnerships with larger and better funded agencies. It can use its advanced and lightweight equipment to provide their partners with more technology for their endeavors in exchange for support in their future space activities. Works Cited "Israel and the Occupied Territories." International Committee of the Red Cross. N.p., 2016. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. "Israel Space Agency." Israel Space Agency. Ministry of Science, Technology & Space, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. Katirai, Negar. "History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict." POV. PBS, Dec. 2001. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. Katz, Yaakov. "Should Israel Allow in Syrian Refugees?"The Jerusalem Post. The Jerusalem Post, 7 Oct. 2016. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. "NASA Signs Agreement With Israel Space Agency to Expand Partnership in Space Exploration." NASA. NASA, 15 Oct. 2015. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. "Refugee Law and Policy: Israel." Refugee Law and Policy. Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. "The World Factbook: ISRAEL."Central Intelligence Agency. Central Intelligence Agency, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016.

Name: Canyon Kornicker Delegation: Hunterdon Central High School Committee: Security Council B Country: Malaysia Part I- Country Information Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia. The population is 30,949,962 and the total land area is 330,803 square kilometers. It's bordered by other countries in Southeast Asia, such as Indonesia, Singapore, and Thailand. The capital is Kuala Lumpur Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy. Islam is the official religion of Malaysia, with 61.3% of the population practicing it, and the other top three religious groups are Buddhist 19.8%, Christian 9.2%, and Hindu 6.3%. The population of Malaysia is fairly ethnically diverse, with the primary ethnic groups Malay 50.1%, Chinese 22.6%, indigenous 11.8%, Indian 6.7%. The country's GDP for 2015 was $815 billion, putting it at 29th in the world, with a growth rate of 5%. Malaysia has assumed a nonpermanent seat on the Security Council for the 2015-2016 term. Part 2- Positions on Topics Topic 1: Space Exploration and Law Malaysia has a national space agency under the acronym ANGKASA. It was established in 2002 to "upgrade, stimulate and foster the country's space programme through integrated and coordinated efforts by developing and applying space technologies." The first Malaysian reached the ISS in 2007. Since he was Muslim, the Malaysian space agency led the discussion on carrying out Islamic practice in space, creating the "Guidelines for Performing Islamic Rites at the International Space Station" with scientists and clerics. Malaysia believes it is important to carry on traditions of Earth in space. ANGKASA's program director has described the initiative as "was to create awareness among Malaysians the importance of science, technology and the space industry, which could help develop the economy further." As a whole, on the topic of space explorations, Malaysia believes it is important, but that much of the true benefit lies in the scientific advancement and economic advancement of Malaysia. Topic 2: Maritime and Territorial Law A lot of Malaysia consists of islands and coastline, therefore it takes breaches of Maritime and Territorial Law very seriously. Malaysia disputes possession of the Spratly Islands with many nations in the region and areas of the South China Sea

with China. Malaysia has historically avoided disputes with China, but recently encroachment of Chinese ships in their territory has become a concerning problem, which they strongly condemn. Malaysia has currently resolved all claims with Brunei, but it still has disputes with Singapore over some land reclamation and small land and maritime disputes with Indonesia. From a diplomatic standpoint, Malaysia takes a pragmatic stance and recognizes the authority of international law and procedures, and frequently takes cases to the ICJ to be determined. On the issues of illegal immigration, smuggling and piracy, Malaysia has taken a strong stance to secure the maritime borders, and on this Malaysia works very closely with the Philippines, Thailand, and Indonesia. Topic 3: Immigration Malaysia has traditionally been very open to immigrants, due to the ethnically diverse population as well as the fast growing economy. In early 2016, after a proposal by the government to bring in some 1.5 million Bangladeshi workers, the population was dissatisfied and a moratorium was placed banning the hiring of foreign workers. The moratorium has currently been lifted, by only for the following industries: manufacturing, construction, plantations and furniture making. Malaysia hosts a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 171,500. Of this population, approximately 79,000 are from Burma, 72,400 from the Philippines, and 17,700 from Indonesia. Malaysia employs RELA, a volunteer militia, to enforce its immigration law. Because Malaysia is a Muslim country, it has been open to accepting some Syrian refugees, pledging to accept 3,000 over the next few years. Malaysia takes illegal immigration very seriously and has been cracking down recently. Works Cited "Foreign Hiring Freeze Ends for Four Sectors." Malay Mail Online, 11 May 2016. Web. 18 Dec. 2016. <http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/foreign-hiring-freeze-ends-for-four-sectors>. "Malaysia." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 18 Dec. 2016. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia>. "National Space Agency (Malaysia)." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 18 Dec. 2016. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Space_Agency_(Malaysia)>. "The World Factbook: MALAYSIA." Central Intelligence Agency. Central Intelligence Agency. Web. 18 Dec. 2016. <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/my.html>.

Name: Allie Morgan Delegation: Rancocas Valley High School Committee: Security Council B Country: New Zealand Part I- Country Information New Zealand is a small country of 103,734 square miles made of two main islands, separated by the Cook Strait. The country is located in Oceana, about 1,250 miles Southeast of Australia. The North and South islands are surrounded by archipelagos, ranging in climate from tropical to arctic. Some surrounding islands are inhabited, while some, like the Campbell Islands, Antipodes Islands, and Kermadec Islands, are uninhabited. The Western coast consists of the Southern Alps, with Mount Cook its highest point. The South-central area of New Zealand is also volcanic, providing hot springs and beautiful geysers which attract tourists from all around the world. The total population is roughly 4,402,000, with 410,000 located in Wellington, the nation's capital, and about 1.4 million living in Auckland, its largest city. The country has a deep history with Britain. First inhabited by Maoris in about 1000 AD, New Zealand was then explored by European captains beginning in 1769. After being annexed to Britain, Maori tribes had skirmishes with British inhabitants, gradually intensifying and eventually leading to the country's independence in 1840. However, New Zealand's current government style, a parliamentary democracy, reflects not only that of freedom but contains similarities to Britain's government style. 3.5% of the population still speaks Maori, yet about 90% now speaks English. Other languages, such as Samoan, Hindi, French, Northern Chinese, and others, are spoken by the remaining minorities. Approximately 45% of New Zealand is Christian, and about 40% does not partake in a religion.New Zealand possesses an outstanding literacy rate of 99%. According to the 2016 Index of Economic Freedom, New Zealand ranks 3rd in the world for economic freedom and has a moderate GDP of $114.9 billion; $30,400 per capita. New Zealand also ranks 2nd out of 175 countries for the least corrupt government. With a labor force 2.413 million strong and a low unemployment rate of approximately 6%, New Zealand's workers are primarily concerned with services, industry, and agriculture. Its major industries include food processing, paper products, textiles, machinery, banking, mining, and tourism. The country consists of an abundance of natural resources, like natural gas, iron ore, sand, hydropower, limestone, gold, and timber. However, New Zealand heavily relies on petroleum imports as the country only has a limited supply. New Zealand's major trade partners and allies include the US, Australia, Japan, China, Singapore, and Germany. Part II- Position on Topics Topic 1: Immigrants, Asylum Seekers, and Refugees

New Zealand has a Refugee Quota Programme in which they accept 750 refugees each year. Since World War II, New Zealand has accepted over 33,000 people looking for asylum. The Quota is part of Immigration New Zealand, which is actually granted a representative in Parliament. Of the 750 refugees, 150 are dedicated to the annual quota and 600 more are reserved for refugees from the Syrian crisis. On top of that, 100 more are expected to be taken this financial year and 500 more over the next two financial years, demonstrating New Zealand's recognition of their humanitarian duties within the international community. New Zealand believes that the definition of a refugee or asylum seeker should remain broad, as all who need assistance in a time of trouble deserve humanitarian rights and quality treatment. However, although New Zealand is more than willing to help, they have limited space for immigrants and feel that other countries should give more effort to accommodate people in such a crisis. New Zealand would like to see resolutions regarding an international quota of refugees for countries that are financially able to support them. New Zealand strongly believes other countries should participate and aid the refugees to fulfill their humanitarian duties as well. In addition, New Zealand understands not all countries are willing to take in a large amount of refugees, and would also be willing to find an alternate solution to the problem, which could include increasing the size of the Peace Corps and sending soldiers to protect existing refugee camps. Russia, an influential veto power, is a significant country standing in the way of such policies. As Russia is an immigrant-unfriendly nation, New Zealand understands it needs to work around them to avoid a veto, unless it can find a way to persuade them through the support of its allies to accept a resolution regarding the topic. New Zealand will have to rely on Australia and European countries to push the idea forward and involve the rest of the world, and is open to working with any nation willing to help with the Syrian refugee crisis. Topic 2: Maritime and Territorial Law New Zealand is located particularly close to Antarctica, where it conducts a variety of research on life forms and the environment both there and in the ocean surrounding it. The country's goal is to examine the impact of Antarctica on the rest of the world and anticipate its effect given industry remains the same. They wish to inform both the government and industry so other nations can plan to minimalize negative change. New Zealand is currently taking a collaborative approach in researching and brainstorming, where they allow scientists to conduct research through international programs and support post-doctoral research. Seeing as New Zealand is close to Antarctica and has a well-established research program, they would like to hear resolutions ceding them parts of Antarctica which would be protected by the UN Security Council. They also wish to continue to grow their research foundation, and with Antarctica as their territory, they are increasingly capable of ensuring the land remains untouched except for scientific habitation and would be further able to monitor the research. New Zealand would be willing to work with the UN as well as other countries to create reports on their findings and anticipated change. Resolutions restricting the cession of land for capable countries

would be deemed unfriendly by New Zealand for precisely such environmental duties. The country understands such a resolution might alarm the international community. For example, Russia and China, who are actively expanding in Asia, might oppose to any other country seeking land. New Zealand would be willing to make amendments and accommodations for any country to ensure they do not step out of their bounds. New Zealand would additionally agree to give Argentina special defined rights on the land, as they recognize Argentina's proximity with Antarctica as well. Although it is a controversial issue, the cession of Antarctica is currently a major priority within New Zealand's government and they will push for a resolution regarding it. Topic 3: Preventative Measures in Space Exploration New Zealand does not currently have a space program, nor is any government spending being put toward establishing one. However, the government has expressed interest in creating a space program in coming years to increase their legitimacy within the international community. With a close proximity to and influence over Antarctica, a variety of possibilities can be conceived concerning observatories and telescopes. New Zealand anticipates boundless opportunity from the land, but since they do not have an established space program, their primary goal is to keep their citizens safe from the possibility of extraterrestrial warfare. New Zealand would be open to resolutions regarding an international Antarctic observatory. However, in order to support resolutions of such a kind, they would need an executive position on the organization's board, as the country would not only like to establish its legitimacy in the space program but they feel it is their responsibility to monitor life in Antarctica. New Zealand further supports any regulation proposed on warfare or space exploration. They are firm believers that humans should avoid leaving an environmental footprint, especially in space. In addition, they hope that regulating or preventing warfare will help protect their citizens. New Zealand anticipates major space programs such as those of the United States, Japan, France, or even Canada to be willing to collaborate on creating an international observatory. Such a program should not raise issues except for the leadership of the organization, in which New Zealand would have total control if they author the resolution. Regarding warfare, New Zealand expects opposition from volatile nations ranging from Russia to China to North Korea. It would be imperative to conference with those nations and work around a possible veto. The topic is extremely controversial, but New Zealand remains optimistic that the Security Council can work together to recognize and resolve the issues regarding international safety from space. Works Cited "About NZARI." New Zealand Antarctic Research Institute, nzari.aq/about-nzari. Accessed 6 Nov. 2016.

"New Zealand." Infoplease, Sandbox Networks, www.infoplease.com/country/new-zealand.html?pageno=4. Accessed 5 Nov. 2016. "New Zealand." 2016 Index of Economic Freedom, Heritage Foundation, www.heritage.org/index/country/newzealand. Accessed 5 Nov. 2016. "New Zealand Refugee Quota Programme." Immigration New Zealand, www.immigration.govt.nz/about-us/what-we-do/our-strategies-and-projects/supporting-refugees-and-asylum-seekers/refugee-and-protection-unit/new-zealand-refugee-quota-programme. Accessed 5 Nov. 2016.

Name: Kyle Zeng Delegation: Rancocas Valley High School Committee: Security Council B Country: North Korea North Korea, officially known as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, has always been a global power compared to other countries around the world. It is not a very large country, only 46, 541 square miles, but this has not stopped it from asserting itself among the world's most powerful countries. North Korea has both a powerful military and arsenal, with over 1.2 million active soldiers, with 7.7 millions reserves and 200,000 in paramilitary troops, and a fairly large nuclear arsenal as well as countless conventional weapons. This then catapults the DPRK from a lowly country in eastern Asia to a nuclear and global power among countries such as the United States and members of NATO. With the DPRK's military and arsenal in consideration, this places the DPRK in a pivotal position among the UN on matters concerning security and global power. Also notable among North Korea's prospects is its economy, which relies heavily on imports and exports from countries such as China, India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Brazil, Thailand, and Russia. A study in 2014 shows that North Korea imports roughly $3.99 billion, and exports $3.1 billion. This shows the dependence of North Korea on other countries for their resources and economy, despite their isolation from the rest of the world. North Korea currently has a gdp per capita of 583.00 US dollars, in keeping with its nominally communistic society and economy. As can be easily recognized by its self imposed isolation from the world, North Korea does not have outstanding relations with many nations, especially those that are capitalist and pro-Western, such as the United States. However there are diplomatic relations open with over 165 different nations, ranging from nation to nation on how those relations are currently established. North Korea is among several states that discourage or refuse immigration from any country around the world. North Korea is an obvious choice on how they proceed on immigration, shown through North Korea's isolation from the rest of the world. North Korea has had a history of isolation, dating back before World War II, when it joined Japan and China in their isolationist policies from the Western powers and influences. This would be reinforced throughout history when Japan annexed Korea in 1910, before it was then split into two foreign controlled states, one by the United States and the other by the Soviet Union, in the Cold War. Amid the Cold War North Korea invaded and began war with South Korea, North Korea being bombed by South Korean allies such as the United States. In the armistice that ended the Korean War, the North felt "vulnerable and surrounded", living in "a society with a permanent siege mentality" (The Huffington Post). This would then cause the isolation of North Korea that the world knows today. Therefore North Koreans are not open to immigration. North Korea has a view alike many other countries, though it may not be to the same extent, on the subject of immigration. They simply do not want any immigrants coming to their country. North Korea is not a large country by any means, as stated it is only 46, 541 square miles, and already has a population of 24.9 million as of 2013, and continues to grow. Among other reasons they do not have room for unwanted immigrants to live in their country, they must think of controlling their own population without it spiraling out of control as is the case in other countries such as India. North Korea also holds true to its policy of isolation,

keeping its people in and those unwanted for a plethora of reasons out. The DPRK must think of the safety and future of its own people before it considers those that have already been displaced from their own home countries. North Korea holds firm in its stance of isolation and anti-immigration, and will defend that right in the United Nations. North Korea is not alone in their convictions, with countries such as Japan, Qatar, and Israel supportive of the DPRK's views on immigration. Many of the Asian countries such as Japan and even South Korea have hoped to maintain a state of homogeneity among their respective countries. They too have no desire to see their countries overflown with war, environmental, or political refugees, lest they become overwhelmed and collapse. They have no wish to invite unwanted guests in the form of refugees and immigrants into their countries. Another ally of theirs is Qatar, who while they must allow for foreign workers for the upcoming World Cup in 2022 are still opposed to immigration as a whole. Qatar is alike to North Korea in that they are both fine how they are, and have no desire to compromise their lives by allowing immigrants into their countries. For similarities in terms of security, North Korea can be compared to Israel, who make entering the country very difficult unless one is Jewish. While this is not completely the same as North Korea's complete isolation, they still oppose unwanted immigration for fear of attacks from Palestinians and those that would wish to see their nation toppled. These countries all have the same thing in common with the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, they all wish to be left alone so that their people can live their lives without the disturbance of immigration. North Korea has always been a country that has always been for expanding territorial borders, especially as North Korea herself has always seeked to expand her borders. North Korea may not have the largest military in the Eastern Asian region, but she has always attempted and strived towards one day expanding her borders since the creation of the state. Early examples of such would be North Korea's invasion of South Korea. North Korea had desired and attempted the expansion of its borders beyond what it had already achieved when it split from its southern neighbor. North Korea sought the entire area covering the Korean landscape, and as such executed plans to make it a reality. Therefore the Democratic People's Republic of Korea would be very much for actions by the United Nations to allow for and possibly encourage the expansion of one's borders. North Korea is among one of many countries, if not every country, in desiring the expansion of borders, both territorial and maritime. North Korea seeks to assert itself atop the world as a global power, possibly even a superpower such as the United States and China, by expanding its borders and taking in new and prosperous lands. The means to do so without any reparations by United Nations forces and member states would have to come from the decision to allow for countries to assert themselves and claim territories. North Korea has a substantial military, and while it is not the largest in its region as previously stated, it can hold its own. The sheer numbers of North Korea's military grant it an immediate advantage against any enemies of the state, or any standing in its way. With the backing of her military and permission of the United Nations, Korea would become a force to be reckoned with, and the territories to prove it.

North Korea is not alone in her convictions for expansion. She is joined by aggressive countries such as Russia, China, Israel, and even her counterpart, The Republic of Korea or South Korea. All are aggressive and powerful nations that seek to expand their borders for reasons ranging from defense against their enemies, desire, to other military and economic reasons. Russia, one of the most aggressive and infamous nations in the world, also agrees with North Korea in the desire for the United Nations to support any expansions made. Russia is constantly plotting and acquiring new lands, and wishes the approval of the UN for the continuation of such plans. China is the other more prominent allies of North Korea on this topic, already having recently begun the acquisition of lands in the South China sea. China has always been an aggressive nation, the same as Russia, and the support of the United Nations would assist in their acquisitions for both military and economic use. This leaves the nations of Israel and South Korea, both of which wish to have the backing of the UN so that they can take lands from those that would threaten their states if given the chance. North Korea is not alone, and has the backing of several prominent and very useful allies on this issue. North Korea has historically had a somewhat small space program, with little of the state's funding being put into the program itself. Few satellites or rockets have been sent up by the state as of yet. Only two launching stations have been constructed thus far the Sohae Satellite Launching Station and the Tonghae Satellite Launching Ground. These two launching stations were both completed recently back in 2011. Only 5 satellites have been launched by the DPRK, the Kwangmyŏngsŏng 1 on August 31, 1998, Kwangmyŏngsŏng 2 on July 4, 2006, Kwangmyŏngsŏng 3 on April 5, 2009, Kwangmyŏngsŏng 3 Unit 2 on December 12, 2012, and Kwangmyŏngsŏng 4 on February 2, 2016. Additionally there is little to no funding being spent by the North Korean government on the space program, compared to nations like the United States or Russia, sinking in much more money into their respective space programs. However the North Korean space program is an up and coming one, with more funding and focus being spent on it than had been in the past. Therefore North Korea would be a nation towards preventative measures in space to give it a leg up in catching up with other nations. Due to North Korea's lacking space program it would very much be for preventative measures so as to level the playing field between itself and larger countries and space programs. With the sizeable gap between the DPRK and say the United States, the DPRK would very much be for anything that would help it advance its own program while keeping others from getting farther ahead and leaving it behind. Measures such as limiting the amount of funding and satellites allowed by nations as a whole would be very helpful. This would keep the larger nations in check, and giving other nations a chance to advance their own to a level equal to or close to that of others. A more even playing field would do much to advance the needs and desires of the DPRK and her people, advancing in space exploration throughout space. North Korea is a country in which preventative measures would be welcomed in order to get a leg up in the space exploration community. North KOrea is not alone in its endeavors. Many countries with small space programs would be interested in getting the advantage of being able to catch up to the larger countries. Several such countries would include Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and Greece. Sweden would do well to have preventative measures in place,

as it relies on other nations for spacial exploration. With preventative measures in place it would lessen the risk of any nation being too powerful and excluding lesser nations from any assistance required, such as Sweden. Denmark itself is in a position much like the DPRK, with only a small program now, with hopes to evolve and grow in the future. Preventative measures would only assist in this, as it would allow them to catch up with more advanced countries much quicker than if they were left unnattended. Norway has a small but very effective space program, making a great many discoveries and advances in space technology and exploration. With preventative measures in place it would allow for more advances to be made to ensure that future endeavors would be well equipped, rather than striking out into the unknown without the adequate advances. North Korea is certainly not alone in their stance on preventative measures in space exploration, and stands firm. http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/gic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?disableHighlighting=false&displayGroupName=Reference&currPage=&scanId=&query=&source=&prodId=GIC&search_within_results=&p=GIC%3AOVIC&mode=view&catId=&u=rvreghs_ca&limiter=&display-query=&displayGroups=&contentModules=&action=e&sortBy=&documentId=GALE%7CCP3208530086&windowstate=normal&activityType=&failOverType=&commentary= http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=T003&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=SingleTab&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=1&docId=GALE%7CA442712096&docType=Brief+article&sort=RELEVANCE&contentSegment=&prodId=GPS&contentSet=GALE%7CA442712096&searchId=R2&userGroupName=rvreghs_ca&inPS=true http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/north-korea-understanding-migration-and-closed-country http://www.globalfirepower.com/country-military-strength-detail.asp?country_id=north-korea https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/04/sanctions-wont-stop-our-space-race-north-korea-sets-sights-on-the-moon http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/11/23/koreas.clash.explainer/

Name: Alex Pereira Delegation: New Providence High School Committee: Security Council B Country: Norway The Kingdom of Norway is a moderately sized European nation on the westernmost end of the Scandinavian Peninsula. Having been in numerous political unions over the last several centuries, Norway maintains close political and economic relations with her immediate neighbors from the capital of Oslo. The country is home to roughly 5,214,890 citizens, which reside largely on the southern and southwestern coasts. This population is comprised of 83.7% ethnic Norwegians and 16.3% immigrants, most being Polish, Swedish, Lithuanian, Somalian, or Pakistani. On the world stage, Norway continually ranks high on human development, prosperity, and Democratic Freedom indexes. On a regional scale, Norway is a peculiar outlier, participating in the European Economic Area and Schengen Agreement, but choosing to retain the Krone as their currency, over the Euro, and choosing to not fully join the EU. This unique arrangement allows Norway to be much more economically independent than other European countries, retaining the ability to independently negotiate and conduct trade worldwide, along with not having to follow EU regulation from Brussels. The country's main industry is petroleum and natural gas products, comprising upwards of 50% of exports from Norway. Acknowledging the eventual consumption of the natural oil and gas reserves beneath the Barents and Norwegian Seas, Norway has accumulated one of, if not the, largest sovereign wealth funds in the world using excess petroleum profit. This fund is used partially by Norway to balance the federal budget, but is mostly a contingency for the time when Norway drains its oil reserves to prevent a recession. Unlike many of her Scandinavian neighbors, Norway has not turned to leftism and socialism since the end of the cold war. Norway has remained generally centrist over the past two decades and, since 2013, has leaned center-right as the new Storting (Norwegian Parliament) took office. Norway is very politically active globally, being a founding member of the UN, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the Council of Europe, and the Nordic Council. Immigration: Norway generally took a neutral stance on migrants, but quite recently, there has been a large public and political change. Norway, just earlier this year, constructed a three-meter-tall border fence along its northern border with Russia. This move was made to prevent migrants from entering the country illegally and illegitimately. The current conservative government has cracked down heavily on illegal and unchecked immigration, citing national security reasons in the wake of the wave of terrorist attacks sweeping Europe and the migrant violence seen prevalently in Italy and Germany. Not being a member of the European Union, the heavy migrant quotas imposed by the European Commission and Parliament in Brussels do not apply to

Norway. Despite all of this, the government in Oslo has taken in close to 30,000 migrants to date. Norway has generally avoided press coverage on the migrant issue, and this is a good thing, as the migrants and asylum seekers allowed to remain have been largely integrated into the population, and the Norwegian government does not go out of its way to help others at the expense of their own citizens, as other countries have done. Once in the country, those who have been granted the right to remain are treated well, with certain government programs to help them adapt to Norwegian life and acquire jobs, but these government programs do not do everything. Migrants who come into Norway, unlike in Germany, Sweden, and Italy, are expected to work and earn what they are provided, and do not get special treatment at the expense of the Norwegian populace. The government has maintained that the rights, security, and wellbeing of the citizenry of Norway will be assured and secured before that of those outside of the nation. Maritime and Territorial Law: As a seafaring nation with a booming oceanic oil and natural gas industry, maritime law is of significant importance to Norway. Maritime law is especially important to Norway due to the fact that roughly 57% of Norway's exports are oil and natural gas extracted from below the ocean. Because of these vast interests, Norway has encountered disputes over marine territory in the past. In 2006, Norway made a submission to the United Nations Committee on Oceans and Law of the Sea to extend its Exclusive Economic Area outwards on account of the length of their continental shelf. After years of dispute over rights in the Barents Sea, Norway signed a comprehensive agreement with Russia in 2010, fully solving the issue. Norway retains its dependent territory on Antarctica, Queen Maud Land, encompassing over 1,000,000 square miles of Antarctica. At this point, Norway has resolved many, if not all, of its maritime and territorial disputes with surrounding nations. While Norway has personally made expansionist efforts itself, they have been quite minor, and otherwise Norway is a strong advocate for territorial and maritime rights of nations the world over. The government has expressed worry over the situation in the South China Sea, but has stopped short of directly condemning China's aggression, as tensions are high between the two after the Norwegian government officially accused China of stealing state military secrets last February. Norway is also a member of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, showing its commitment to peace, along with law and order, on the world's oceans. Space Exploration: Norway has funded state astronomical programs for over 50 years, yet their program remains quite small. The Norwegian Space Centre, the state run organ responsible for astronomical research and exploration is a subsidiary of the Norwegian Ministry of Trade and Industry. Norway has made significant steps forward in expanding its program since the turn of the century, and has plans to expand further. Norway's biggest individual contribution to the international

community with regards to space exploration is in the field of space related ground infrastructure. Norway's northern position on the globe allows for optimal conditions in which to communicate with a vast majority of satellites orbiting Earth. The position of Norway, along with a history of successfully constructing and operating such apparatus' in both the arctic and Antarctic has led Norway to be at the forefront of this technology and infrastructure. Outside of the ground based infrastructure, the Norwegian government has a set plan for the future of the space program. The plan is to create 10% annual growth in the space sector, meet national user needs, attain a leading international position in space research, and retain a leading role in space related ground infrastructure. This plan for going forward shows the optimism Norway has for its future in the final frontier, as well as its commitment to grow and further its efforts in research and exploration. Still having a developing space program, Norway is an advocate for the right of all nations to participate peacefully in the exploration and research of outer space. Evidence of this lies in Norway's membership in the Outer Space Treaty, outlying the basis for conduct and law outside of the atmosphere, its ratification of the Rescue Agreement, an international agreement of cooperation in the event of a crisis in space involving any person, its ratification of the Space Liability Convention, establishing responsibility for damages caused by one nation's space ventures on another's territory or property, and its firm and stated belief that all of outer space is the Common Heritage of Mankind, as outlined in the Outer Space Treaty Article 1. Works Cited Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Fisheries. Meld. St. 32 (2012-2013) Between heaven and earth: Norwegian space policy for business and public benefit - Meld. St. 32 (2012-2013) Report to the Storting (White Paper). Oslo, Government Printing Office. The Government of Norway, www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/meld.-st.-32-2012-2013/id723686/sec8. Accessed 30 Nov. 2016. "Norway." CIA World Factbook, United States Central Intelligence Agency, www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/no.html. Accessed 24 Nov. 2016. "Norway's Satelites." Norwegian Space Center, edited by Christer Aasen, Government of Norway, www.romsenter.no/eng/Norway-in-Space/Norway-s-Satellites. Accessed 28 Nov. 2016. United Nations, Oceans and Law of the Sea. Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) Outer Limits of the Continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from the baselines: Submissions to the Commission: Submission by the Kingdom of Norway. 20 Aug. 2006. United Nations, www.un.org/depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/submission_nor.htm. Accessed 27 Nov. 2016.

Name: Jack Kennedy Delegation: North Hunterdon High School Committee: Security Council B Country: Qatar Country Description Qatar is a small nation bordering the Persian Gulf and Saudi Arabia. Known for its high export on natural gases and oil, Qatar has made itself a superpower in the exporting of these resources. Furthermore, Qatar has even achieved the highest per capita in the world. Which has allowed them to mediate conflicts in the area. For example, Doha the leader in Qatar has taken part in revolutions in Libya and Syria. However, in 2013 HAMAD transferred power to his son, and still the current Amir TAMIM bin Hamad. The current Hamad seeks to advance healthcare and education to expand the country's infrastructure to further develop the country's deployment into the new world. Since, the country is only in stage 3 development in population its population increase 2.64%. And its population of just a little under 2.5 million. It's Area is congruent with its population with a total area of 11,586 sq km. Thus Qatar is a rising superpower in a world becoming dependent on the rising need for natural gas and oil. Topic 1-Immigrants, Asylum Seekers and Refugees 1. The UN's involvement in the asylum of refugees fleeing from the war in Syria are completely wrong. The camps the they allow the refugees to enter do not help them further their progress into society. But, indite them for where they have come from and their struggle. Qatar believes in giving a package of $50,000 to families and individuals who decide to flee from the war in Syria and the surrounding area. Due to the fact that Qatar is trying the improve its infrastructure and they are looking more people in the working age class to help the future of Qatar. 2. When it comes to the UN's involvement in refugee abuse. We believe that these people are those of nobility and respect. And they should be treated as such. They are unfortunate to be under such terrible circumstances because of their government's mistreatment of them. And with Qatar's involvement financially and economically in the revolution of the people in Syria. 3. It is up to the EU and the UN to decide whether to coincide and agree on the distribution of the refugees over Europe and the Middle East. Though we wish their goals to be the same in furthering the help of the people. We believe that as a nation we should have our own say in how many refugees should allow in their country to sustain economic stability.

4. The protocol in the situation that the conflict in syria should escalate. Should be that the countries that believe that the government's treatment of their people should contribute a number forces under the name of the UN to help bring civil union to the country of Syria. For we need to not have another Rwandan and UN experience again like in the 90's. Because it was the stain on every leader's regime under that time. Topic 2- Maritime and Territorial Law 1. Maritime law should accommodate to the claims that were already set in place before the law was put in place. However, there should always be restrictions when waterways span across vast numbers of countries. As water is a product not a resource anymore. After we have been over using fresh water aquifers, freshwater can no longer be seen as something we will always consistently have. 2. The UN should give no one special treatment when determining how far off of the coast is one's land is considered as ownership. So we believe that every nation who is considered a coastal area has land ownership 200 miles off their coast is respective terms. While if a nation's borders an inland sea or lake it is all relative when it comes to their ownership. And then when it is considered international waters. 3. Land that is made available through global warming should be considered international owned. Or unownable like the moon or Antarctica. This new land is unownable and most likely uninhabitable. Thus if one nation tries to name the land in their nation's sovereignty it is the duty of the UN to stop or restrict them from a takeover of the land. 4.The security council should definitely evaluate the Antarctic. However, only in the respect that it should be left as an international land in which should never been inhabited. For it has no value economical or militarily to any nation who would try to put it under its sovereignty. 5.It is only the secuirty councils duty to get involved with the enviroment of Antartica when countries try to get involved in colonizing the area. If there is no interest in colonizing the area then there is no point in getting involved. For we will leave it to the environmental portion of the UN.

Topic 3- Preventive Measures in Space exploration 1. Space is a difficult issue to tackle in relation to the security council. Since in 1957 sputnik was the first major transition to the space race between the two major powers of the USSR and the United states. And now the major focus is on expanding our knowledge of what our universe and other universes are and how they were created. However, there is a limit we have on space satellite surveillance. For one country has no right to spy on countries that don't have the technology to know better. Lastly as a international community we must strive to learn more about the things around us and how they may helps us further our knowledge of ourselves. Citations- @refugees. "Syria Emergency." UNHCR. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2016. @refugees. "Europe Emergency." UNHCR. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2016. @refugees. "Asylum and Migration." UNHCR. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2016. "Full-Spectrum Dominance of Outer Space Can Turn Frontier into 'Military Theatre', Build Walls of Suspicion, Breach Global Security, First Committee Told Meetings Coverage and Press Releases." United Nations. United Nations, n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2016. "UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA." United Nations. United Nations, n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2016. "UNCLOS - Table of Contents." United Nations. United Nations, n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2016.

Name: Emily Holtzman Delegation: Westfield High School Committee: Security Council B Country: Russia Part I - Country Information The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world in terms of area, with a population of 142,355,415. Russia borders on Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, and North Korea. It also shares maritime borders with Japan and the United States. Since 2014, sanctions on Russia by western countries in opposition to Russian annexation of Crimea have caused the Russian economy to suffer. Gross Domestic Product and Per Capita Income have seen minor decreases, but Russian imports and exports have seen major cuts. Russia, led by President Vladimir Putin, has a world reputation for a strict and harsh temperament, especially regarding negotiations and the role of the populace in government. Additionally, Russia, along with the United States, controls one of the biggest stockpiles of nuclear weapons in the world. Part II - Positions on Topics: Security Council B Topic 1: Immigrants, Asylum Seekers, and Refugees Due to the Syrian Civil War and other events around the world, sizable population of displaced persons has arisen. These people seek asylum in safer countries as well as food, shelter, and the chance to create a new livelihood. Many countries fear accepting Syrian refugees, especially in the West, because they fear radical Islamic terrorism and predict that refugees will attack the countries they enter. Likewise, economic migrants are commonplace in this era, especially in places like the European Union, where migration and travel across borders is exceptionally simple. Economic migrants have been accused of taking jobs from the non-migrant population, especially in countries like England and Russia. Additionally, other types of asylum seekers exist around the world. Julian Assange (at the Ecuadorian embassy in London) and Edward Snowden (living in Russia) are apt examples of people avoiding justice by seeking asylum. In order to protect its economic interests, Russia seeks to prevent mass emigration from Syria via strong border security, especially along Turkish border and Mediterranean Sea. This will also be a great service to other countries which are inundated with Syrians fleeing the Syrian uprising. Additionally, it is important that the United Nations create consequences for countries (i.e. those along the western and southern borders of Russia) who promote/allow mass illegal emigration. Russia

must make note that, above all else, the United Nations must respect national sovereignty regarding extradition and the UN's lack of authority in such disputes. Refugees from the Syrian uprising are flowing into Middle Eastern and European countries. They have disrupted the economy and the job market as well as the cultural definition of the areas in which they have tried to resettle. The United Nations, in order to protect global trade and the global economy, must prevent this level of emigration. UN Peacekeepers should be stationed along the Turkey-Syria border and Syria's Mediterranean shore to ensure border security. Similarly, borders like the US-Mexico border and the western and southern Russian borders are known for mass illegal migration in one direction. Mexico and the countries bordering Russia are knowingly allowing their own citizens to ignore immigration laws and ought to receive sanctions comparable to what are effectively sanctions imposed by a poor, illegal, and ethnically and culturally separate population. Finally, Russia would like to simply repeat its commitment to maintaining national sovereignty in the case of the US's Edward Snowden and remind the United Nations Security Council that it has no authority in extradition disputes, aware that this commitment may affect its relationship with other member nations. Topic 2: Maritime and Territorial Law The Arctic is believed to hold 25% of the world's untapped oil supply. Russia, Norway, Denmark, Canada, and the United States have all tried to lay claim to this territory. Some believe that the North Pole and surrounding region should be protected from commercialization and the destruction of the unique environment, while others wish to tap into the area's rich natural resources. Russia submitted in summer 2015 a bid to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf for a 463,000 square mile area of the Arctic, about 350 nautical miles from the shore. In 2007, Russia symbolically laid claim to the North Pole by dropping a canister from a submarine at the geographic North Pole which contains a Russian flag and which now lies below the North Pole at the bottom of the Arctic Ocean. Russia has, in recent years, restored old military bases on the Arctic, including the New Siberian Islands. Moscow claims these bases are required to protect shipping routes connecting Russia to the Pacific Rim. The Russian army has also completed practice maneuvers in the arctic with a growing number of people and machines. In July 2016, The Hague ruled against some of China's territorial claims in the South China Sea, specifically those near the Natuna Islands around Indonesia, the main power in Southeast Asia. China has ignored and rejected the Hague's ruling. In October, China and Russia began routine joint naval drills in the South China Sea. Though the drills are commonplace, the location is new. This is thought to imply Russian support of Chinese maritime territorial claims in the South China Sea and Chinese support of Russian territorial claims in Crimea.

Confirm Russian land claims in Arctic Circle as correlate to 2015 bid to UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. This will allow drilling for oil in the Arctic Circle, preferably with a Russian monopoly or semi-monopoly. Conversely, Russia also means to directly reject UN's stance against Russian claim to Crimea in tandem with support for Chinese claims in the South China Sea. Essentially, Russia's goal is to prevent the UN from infringing on national sovereignty by dictating nations' borders. As the geographically largest country in the world, Russia has a vested interest in the legitimacy of its land claims. Russia's bid regarding land in the Arctic Circle has been put on hold for too long. All the world should support oil drilling in the Arctic Circle - the decline of renewable resources like oil has been a controversial and inflammatory subject in recent years, and access to arctic oil reserves will, at least, maintain the status quo until better solutions can be found. Additionally, Russia will not accept the UN's rejection of the Russian annexation of Crimea. It hopes for Chinese support of Crimean annexation in exchange for Russian support of Chinese claims to the Natuna Islands in the South China Sea. Above all else, Russia believes that its borders are a matter of national sovereignty and the United Nations does not have the authority to dictate specific borders. Topic 3: Preventative Measures in Space Exploration SpaceX and Boeing are the two most advanced (but certainly not the only) private organizations planning to send humans into space soon. Currently the United States and other countries are dependent on Russia for transport to and from the International Space Station (ISS), but such arrangements are liable to change once SpaceX or Boeing's shuttles become viable. There are multiple facets to Private access to space could create a commercialization of space, or even a monopolization. Without globally acknowledged rules regarding space, there are no rules for private companies or sovereign nations to follow as exploration grows in scale. In addition to commercialization of space, the United Nations faces militarization of space: many countries have their own satellites orbiting the Earth. These can be used for surveillance and spying on other nations. It is possible that in the future satellites will become increasingly involved in drone attacks and nuclear missile technology. Finally, objects hurtling in space can cause major damage to other objects - that is, a stray hurtling grain of sand can and will cause major damage to the ISS. As more systems and people enter outer space, pollution must be monitored not only for environmental but also for safety reasons. Russia's primary concern is to regulate private enterprise in space, especially programs like SpaceX which are planning to transport civilians in space. Additionally, for the safety of all peoples in space, restrictions must be placed on new and emerging space programs to prevent pollution of and overpopulation of Earth's orbit.

Additionally, the United Nations must define national sovereignty as it relates to space and discuss whether national sovereignty exists in space. Private access to space could create a commercial monopolization of unforeseen possibilities in the coming years. Without globally acknowledged rules regarding space, neither private companies nor sovereign nations have a line by which to follow as exploration grows in scale. Additionally, it is unsafe to have too many countries place various spacecraft in orbit around Earth - a stray object hurtling in space as small as a gain of sand can and will cause major damage to the ISS and other space stations which may exist in the future. As more systems and people enter outer space, environmental and safety concerns must be monitored. The best way to do this is by preventing an overpopulation of the orbital space around Earth, specifically by making it more difficult for emerging space programs to put additional satellites and other research or commercial paraphernalia in orbit. Works Cited "About Russia." Embassy of the Russian Federation Washington D.C. Embassy of the Russian Federation to the United States of America, 2010. Web. 07 Nov. 2016. Associated Press. "Russia Submits Arctic Claim to UN in Move to Seize Oil and Gas Rights." Fox News. FOX News Network, 05 Aug. 2015. Web. 07 Nov. 2016. Berger, Eric. "For Russia's Space Program, 2016 May Be a Make-or-break Year." Ars Technica. Conde Nast, 05 Jan. 2016. Web. 07 Nov. 2016. Feng, Huiyun. "The Great Russia-China South China Sea Naval Hook Up (and Why It Matters)." The National Interest. Center for the National Interest, 07 Oct. 2016. Web. 07 Nov. 2016. Heleniak, By Timothy. "Migration Dilemmas Haunt Post-Soviet Russia." Migrationpolicy.org. Migration Policy Institute, 28 Mar. 2014. Web. 07 Nov. 2016. Lockie, Alex. "China and Russia Are Practicing 'island-seizing' in the South China Sea." Business Insider. Business Insider, Inc, 13 Sept. 2016. Web. 07 Nov. 2016. "NASA's OSIRIS-REx Speeds Toward Asteroid Rendezvous." ISECG. International Space Exploration Coordination Group, n.d. Web. 07 Nov. 2016. "Russia Military Strength." Global Fire Power. Global Fire Power, 2016. Web. 07 Nov. 2016. White, Hugh. "South China Sea: After the Hague Ruling, What's Next? East Asia Forum." East Asia Forum. East Asia Forum, 07 July 2016. Web. 07 Nov. 2016. "The World Factbook: RUSSIA." Central Intelligence Agency. Central Intelligence Agency, n.d. Web. 07 Nov. 2016.

Zak, Anatoly. "Russia Approves Its 10-year Space Strategy." The Planetary Society Blog. The Planetary Society, 23 Mar. 2016. Web. 07 Nov. 2016.

Name: Krishna Boppana Delegation: Montgomery Committee: Security Council B Country: Saudi Arabia Part I - Country Information The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is an islamic theocracy run under an absolute monarchy. The current king of Saudi Arabia is Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud. The population of Saudi Arabia is 28.83 million people and its GDP per capita 25,961.81 USD. Saudi Arabia has one of the largest overall GDP's in the middle east of 748.4 billion USD. Saudi Arabia has a low diversity of successful industries, with the crude oil and natural gas sector of their economy contributing to over 50% of their GDP. Saudi Arabia is apart of the OPEC, The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. Due to their favored geographic position, Saudi has a high stake in controlling the circulation of crude oil in the global economy. Part II - Position on Topics Topic 1: Immigrants, Asylum Seekers and Refugees Saudi Arabia does not restrict immigration into its country for regular immigrants. Saudi Arabia relies on foreign labor to help contribute to their industries. However Saudi Arabia cannot take in refugees from Syria because of the circulation of revolutionary ideals. The government Saudi Arabia recognizes these refugees of a threat because they have sentiments of revolution and seek political change, and Saudi Arabia believes that wanting for change will disrupt the status quo of their nation. However the Saudi Arabia does not disregard the welfare of these refugees and has donated millions of dollars to UN humanitarian funds. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia expects to see resolutions requiring Western Nations to take accountability for Syrian Refugees. Saudi Arabia believes western nations have been inactive during this crisis and need to take in more refugees. Saudi expects to some disapproval from western nations who are not willing to take in refugees. However Saudi expects support from the gulf states who fear for the safety and stability of their governments. In addition, many gulf states have protected the welfare of refugees and contributed to humanitarian efforts.

Name: Luke Ercole Delegation: Devon Prep Committee: Security Council B Country: Sweden Part I: Country Description The country of Sweden, or the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe that shares borders with Finland to the northeast, Norway to the west, and is connected by a tunnel to Denmark in the southwest.Interestingly, Sweden's borders with these countries has remained unchanged since 1905.Sweden is the third largest country in Western Europe, with an area of 528,447 square kilometers. The land mass is divided into three regions: Gotaland in the south, Svealand in the middle of the country, and Norrland in the north. Sweden is surrounded by the following bodies of water:the Gulf of Bothnia, and the Skagerrak and Kattegat Straits. Sweden currently has a population of about 9,900,000, with a population density of24.0 people per square kilometer. The capitalis Stockholm, which boasts a population of 2,123,300. Sweden is a parliamentary democracy, meaning that voters elect the members of parliament, or the Riksdag, to carry out their law-making duties. The parties in Sweden can generally be grouped together in two sections, with the Social Democrats, the Green Party, and the Left Party all being left-leaning and the Moderate Party, the Centre Party, the Christian Democrats, and the Liberal Party all leaning to the right. The head of State, King Carl XVI Gustaf, has ruled since 1973, but he lacks any actual political power. Sweden does belong to the European Union, yet it uses its own currency: the krona. Sweden has amongin the EU the lowest levels of national debt and a steady banking system. However, this was not always true. In the 1990s, the country hit a major recession, which encouraged a major change of the economy. A ceiling for government expenditures and a surplus goal wereintroduced. Also, the Swedish Fiscal Policy Council, which audits the government's policies to ensure sustainability, was established. Today, the country's GDP per capita is 60,430, Sweden is ranked as the 6th most competitive country in the world, and has managed to lower taxes yet continues to invest heavily in healthcare and education. Finally, Sweden has a very interesting culture. The majority of Sweden is made up of Christians (87% Lutheran), yet Sweden is very secular, with only 2% of the population attending church services. Swedish people are generally polite and not gluttonous, unlike our general culture in the United States. One of the biggest awards given out globally every year is the Nobel Prize (for Medicine or Physiology, Chemistry, Physics, Literature, or Peace), which was founded in Sweden. Clearly, Sweden is a major and influential country. Part II: Positions on Topics: Organization of American States Topic 1: Immigrants, Asylum Seekers, and Refugees Sweden has, in the past, been very accepting of refugees and asylum seekers. Throughout history, Sweden has graciously accepted refugees.In 2015 alone, 160,000 new migrants were accepted into Sweden. Currently,12% of the population is foreign-born. Sweden has always attempted to be a safe haven and progressive-

minded country. Yet, opinion is shifting,due to the strain on the economy and an ever-increasing support for the centre-right/anti-immigration parties. After all, Sweden's population is less than 10 million and therefore, an influx of migrants poses a strain.In 2015-2016,64 planned housing facilities for migrants were burned. 41% of Swedeswantto stop taking in as many immigrants.While Sweden is still progressively-minded, it must be known that the Swedes will not be accepting nearly as many migrants as before. Sweden knows that something must be done in order to help these people who are suffering and in distress. However, we cannot afford to sacrifice our own economies and safety of our people in order to do this. Sweden has taken in such a high amount of refugees, that we do not have the capacity to take in more. We believe that, however, if a country can afford to take in refugees, they should attempt to integrate them into their society and economy. It is the duty of a country to do this if possible, and Sweden has done this in the past very consistently. We have done this in the past, and would continue to do this, if it weren't for the fact that we are atour maximum. Sweden knows that it will not receive a lot of support from countries like the United Kingdom and the United States, because they oppose or are very hesitant to accept refugees. However, countries that are more open or in a similar condition, like Germany, can prove to be great allies. Topic 2: Maritime and Territorial Law Sweden is one of 8 members of the Arctic Council because the northern section of Sweden is geographically located in the Arctic Circle. We strive to promote socially, economically, and environmentally sustainable development throughout the region. Sweden strives to also protect the indigenous peoples and allow them to preserve their cultures, identity, and traditional industries.Westrive for a region that is low in security policy tension, and therefore, a strengthened Council is necessary. Sweden currently conducts testing of the environment in the northern half of the country, performs ice-breaking operations, and is a strong leader in the Arctic Council. One of the greatest concerns affecting Sweden's policy is climate change. Sweden is a strong activist in making sure we continue to protect the environment. Globally, the Earth has warmed by .6 degrees, with the Arctic Region being hit hardest of all. These issues affect indigenous populations because their economy is based around the local environment, and if the environment goes out, they will be forced to change. Sweden proposes that we continue to move towards a greener future, by adopting more environmentally minded things such as solar power. While it is almost inevitable that resources in the Arctic will be used, such as natural gases, we should still try to prevent the over exploitation of natural resources.Allowing indigenous peoples a stronger voice in decisions affecting them will allow us to make smarter decisions. Finally, unifying the entire Arctic Council, as well as all other nations that might be affected, is crucial to achieving any of the above goals. All of the countries of the Arctic Council (Canada, Kingdom of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russian Federation, Sweden, and the United States of America) must be in an agreement over these issues and fully dedicated to making the Arctic Council stronger. If one nation doesn't desire this, then we cannot unify all of the Arctic. One concerning nation could be Russia, because due to Western sanctions, they view drilling in the Arctic for oil and natural gas a must. We must be careful;

while many experts say this will not destroy the environment, it absolutely has the potential to. Topic 3: Preventative Measures in Space Exploration Sweden has always been a symbol of peace and progress in a world constantly caught up in war. Sweden has been in very few wars; their last war was in 1814. This is indicative that Sweden will fully support resolutions to protect the peace and allow for safe space exploration. Sweden has always been a major factor in the exploration of space. Since the 60s, many rockets have been launched from the Esrange Space Center, and six satellites have been launched from Sweden over the past 40 years, used for scientific purposes. Sweden would support an increase of regulation on the militarization of satellites, but also continued support for the exploration of space. In 2000, the United Nations held a vote on whether or not to attempt to regulate the militarization of space. One of the key points is to not allow nuclear weapons in space. It would be disastrous to allow nuclear weapons to be stored in space. Another way to do this is to ensure that all satellites either have a civilian purpose, a peaceful self-defense purpose, or a scientific purpose. This well-defined criteria will prevent discrepancies. Sweden would also like to promote the peaceful exploration of space, and hopes to develop their space program as well as hoping others will in order to gain a better understanding of our universe. One of the major opponents to this is the United States. They chose to abstain from voting on the resolution in 2000, and since then have continued to prepare for a war in space. The United States of America are doing what they are doing for their well-being, but not the international well-being. Most of the other countries in the world, like Germany, support a demilitarization of satellites intended for warfare. Space should be intended for peaceful exploration and activity, not violence. Works Cited Bilefsky, Dan. "Sweden Toughens Rules for Refugees Seeking Asylum."The New York Times. The New York Times, 21 June 2016. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. <http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/22/world/europe/sweden-immigrant-restrictions.html?_r=0>. Cheng, Selina. "The Swedes Who Think Their Progressive Scandinavian Utopia Is Being Ruined by Refugees."Quartz. Quartz, 23 June 2016. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. <http://qz.com/711479/the-swedes-who-think-their-scandinavian-utopia-is-being-ruined-by-refugees/>. "Countries Compete for Oil in the Arctic."VOA: Learning English. Voice of America, 3 Sept. 2015. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. <http://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/countries-compete-for-oil-in-the-arctic/2941245.html>.

"Country Profile Sweden."United Nations Data. United Nations Statistics Division, 2016. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. <http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=Sweden>. DeFrieze, David C. "Defining and Regulating the Weaponization of Space."National Defense University Press. Department of Defense, 01 July 2014. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. <http://ndupress.ndu.edu/Media/News/News-Article-View/Article/577537/jfq-74-defining-and-regulating-the-weaponization-of-space/>. "Esrange Space Center."SSC. Swedish Space Corporation, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. <http://www.sscspace.com/products-services/rocket-balloon-services/launch-services-esc/launch-services-esrange-space-center>. "Geography of Sweden."Worldatlas. World Atlas, 13 July 2016. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. <http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/europe/sweden/seland.htm>. "How Sweden Created a Model Economy."Sweden.se. Swedish Institute, 24 Sept. 2015. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. <https://sweden.se/business/how-sweden-created-a-model-economy/>. Mucci, Alberto. "Do Sweden's Refugee Policies Work?"Al Jazeera. Al Jazeera Media Network, 25 Mar. 2016. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. <http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/02/sweden-refugee-policies-work-160229153658044.html>. "Quick Facts about Sweden."Study in Sweden. Swedish Institute, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. <https://studyinsweden.se/why-sweden/quick-facts-about-sweden/>. Shah, Anup. "Militarization and Weaponization of Outer Space."Global Issues. N.p., 21 Jan. 2007. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. <http://www.globalissues.org/article/69/militarization-and-weaponization-of-outer-space>. "Sweden."Arctic Council. Arctic Council, 07 May 2015. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. <http://www.arctic-council.org/index.php/en/about-us/member-states/sweden>. "Sweden's Culture."Sweden. InterKnowledge, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. <http://www.geographia.com/sweden/culture.html>. "Top Facts about Sweden."Sweden.se. Swedish Institute, 28 Dec. 2015. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. <https://sweden.se/society/sweden-an-overview/>. Westin, Charles. "Sweden: Restrictive Immigration Policy and Multiculturalism."Migration Policy Institute. Migration Policy Institute, 1 June 2006. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. <http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/sweden-restrictive-immigration-policy-and-multiculturalism>.

Name: Taseen Alam Delegation: Community YMCA Committee: Security Council B Country: Syria Part I- Country Description Syria, as of now, is a country that has seen a fair share of headlines due to an ongoing civil war that has lasted since 2011. Despite the heavily publicized turmoil, Syria is a very geographically nondescript nation, being a mere 185,180 sq km. It's located east of Lebanon, south of Turkey, west of Iraq, north of Jordan, and is to the east of the Mediterranean Sea. With regards to the residents of Syria, the nation has a population of 17,185,170 individuals; the population is largely Arab, with 90.3% of Arab descent. The remaining 9.7% is made up of Kurds, Armenians, and other groups. 87% of the population identifies as Islamic, with 74% as Sunni while the remaining 13% include Shiites, Alawi, and Ismaili groups. 10% of the population is Christian, with the rest being Jewish and Druze. The government of Syria is structured as a highly authoritarian presidential republic. The heads of state include President Bashar al-Asad (since July 17, 2000) and Prime Minister Imad Muhammad Dib Khamis (since June 22, 2016). Syria's economy, at a current GDP of $55.8 billion, is in a state of deterioration, as its declined by 62% from 2010 to 2014. The government has struggled to address the effects of international sanctions, widespread infrastructure damage, diminished domestic consumption and production, reduced subsidies, and high inflation; this has resulted in dwindling foreign exchange reserves, rising budget and trade deficits, a decreasing value of the Syrian pound, and falling household purchasing power. Several long-term economic constraints, which have been exacerbated by the current civil war, include foreign trade barriers, declining oil production, high unemployment, rising budget deficits, increasing pressure on water supplies caused by heavy use in agriculture, rapid population growth, industrial expansion, water pollution, and widespread infrastructure damage. Syria belongs to several international organizations, such as the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa, Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development, Group of 77, ICC, International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, Inter-Parliamentary Union, Interpol, and the Islamic Development Bank. Its international relations have been harmed by events such as the aforementioned civil war, as well as the conditions for those residing in Syria. As of now, there are 4.8 million Syrian refugees - dispersed in Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey - as of November 2016, but there are 13.5 million in need. Moreover, Syria is classified as a Tier 3 country with regards to human trafficking due to how rampant it is in the nation, and current events have only led to an increase thereof.

Topic One: Immigrants, Asylum Seekers and Refugees Syria has always been a country with extremely strict immigration laws, but their focus shifted from migrant workers and residents due to the current civil war. Thanks to the ongoing conflict, the Syrian government has not been able to impose ideal immigration policy. As of now, Syria is focused on preventing opposition fighters from entering the nation. These fighters have been entering to fight on both sides of the conflict, with many foreign Shias fighting on the side of the Syrian government (which the government is unopposed to) and many Sunnis fighting for the opposition. As a matter of fact, the U.S. State Department reported on June2 , 2016 that in excess of 40,000 total foreign fighters have gone to the conflict in Syria and from over 100 countries. Six months beforehand, the Russian Defense Ministry estimated that there were about 25-30,000 foreign terrorist mercenaries are fighting for ISIL alone. With regards to the effects of the conflict, Syria is cognizant of the current situation regarding Syrian refugees; in 2016, the United Nations (UN) identified 13.5 million Syrians requiring humanitarian assistance, of which more than 6 million are internally displaced within Syria, and over 4.8 million are refugees outside of Syria. When the Security Council convenes, Syria would like to make several measures to resolve the issue of foreign fighters entering any nation unwelcomed. Syria would be interested in introducing measures that could, if not directly prevent foreign fighters from coming into other countries, have to vet groups via the Security Council before allowing them to enter another country, perhaps even authorizing a force specifically to track these foreign fighters. Moreover, Syria is interested in maintaining strict immigration policy during times of peace, and understands that other countries would like to do so with regards to the current flow of Syrian refugees, Thus, Syria would like to have a system validated by the United Nations that would allow countries to declare interest in allowing immigrants in, and indicating where they would want such immigrants to come from. Countries with strict immigration policies, such as Russia, Saudi Arabia, and North Korea would likely support Syria. Thus, Syria should work with these countries in order to ensure controlled immigration and serve all these nations' best interests. There is a chance that nations such as Germany with very flexible immigration policies could dissent. Moreover, countries that are in favor of rebel groups, such as the United States, might not want to take measures to prevent foreign fighters from entering Syria. Topic Two: Maritime and Territorial Law Another ramification of the ongoing civil war is that several groups are expanding their territory within Syria. This war is being fought by several factions, including the Syrian Government and its various supporters, a loose alliance of Syrian Arab rebel groups, the Syrian Democratic Forces, Salafi jihadist groups (including al-Nusra Front) who often co-operate with the rebels, and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). Groups that hold significant territory include ISIL (holding the east), Kurdish groups (Syrian Democratic Forces, hold the northeast), and rebels in the south and northwest. Moreover, the Golan Heights region is occupied by Israeli

forces, with the almost 1,000-strong UN Disengagement Observer Force patrolling a buffer zone since 1964 despite lacking a treaty or other documentation describing the boundary. Moreover, Syria does hold a bit of maritime territory (12 nm of territorial sea, contiguous zone of 24 nm), but some countries such as Iran have indicated interest in expanding naval hold to Syrian territory. Syria would like to work towards measures that would enable it to regain control of its territory from insurgent groups, and gain the necessary support from nations in the rest of the Security Council in doing so. This can be done by establishing a force within the Security Council that could intervene and assist existing governments, and a means to deploy that force in appropriate situations. Means of determining these appropriate situations and how these forces are to be procured and deployed are to be constructed with the best interests of all nations in mind. Moreover, Syria would like to resolve the issue of Golan Heights by having Israel, and the UN-sanctioned forces pull out. This could be done by working out a treaty benefiting both sides regarding the region, as official documentation simply does not exist. To prevent future instances like Golan Heights, Syria would like to push for measures such as establishing a court consisting of representatives from each nation to resolve matters of occupancy. It is likely that countries such as Turkey and Saudi Arabia are likely to be in the same frame of mind as Syria, as they do not want to allow insurgent groups into the respective nations. Thus, Syria should work with these countries to prevent any insurgent groups from having any more deleterious effects on worldwide security. However, Israel will not be too keen on resolving the issue of Golan Heights immediately, and will likely be opposed to Syria in negotiations. Countries that tend to side with Israel, such as the United States, are likely to side with Israel once more on these issues against Syria. Topic Three: Preventive Measures in Space Exploration Syria recently established the Syria Space Agency (SSA) in 2014. This program is currently small, but has the full support of the government as a public body intended for scientific research. This research, however, has been impeded by the ongoing war. Many scientists and academics have left the nation due to the war, with over 35,000 students alone having left since the war began, while many doctors and scientists followed suit. Syria intends to follow in the footsteps of developing nations such as Nigeria and Ukraine, which have been able to establish space agencies. Syria also understands that only 12 out of the 70 space agencies have launch capabilities, and is willing to work with the rest of the world for advancing space exploration despite being its space agency being in a less-than-ideal state at the present. Syria would like to gain footing with the other space agencies of the world by gaining knowledge and resources to be able to further its space program for scientific use. This can be done by possibly establishing an organization that can assist developing space agencies, while ensuring that materials aren't used for nefarious purposes to ensure security.

It is anticipated that countries such as Russia, which has assisted other governments in building up a space program, should be cooperative with Syria's pursuits in space exploration. Other developing countries that are interested in furthering their own space programs, such as Malaysia, should also work with Syria thanks to sharing common goals. There are countries that could be opposed to further exploration, such as the United States, if they cite security concerns; such concerns should be allayed as quickly as possible to ensure cooperation. Works Cited "Contact CIA." Central Intelligence Agency. Central Intelligence Agency, n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2016. "The World Factbook: SYRIA." Central Intelligence Agency. Central Intelligence Agency, n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2016. "Quick Facts: What You Need to Know about the Syria Crisis." Mercy Corps. N.p., 2016. Web. 29 Nov. 2016. "Map of Syrian Civil War/ Global Conflict in Syria - Syria News - Syria.liveuamap.com." Map of Syrian Civil War/ Global Conflict in Syria - Syria News - Syria.liveuamap.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2016. "Syria Creates 'space Agency' in the Midst of War." Reuters. Thomson Reuters, 2014. Web. 29 Nov. 2016.

"Syrian Arab News Agency S A N A." Syrian Arab News Agency. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2016. "Syria Has Set up a Space Agency." The Washington Post. WP Company, n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2016. "Iran's Naval Ambitions." Iran's Naval Ambitions Maritime Security Review. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2016.

Name: Dylan Adriano Delegation: Washington Twp High School Committee: Security Council B Country: Turkey Part I. - Country Information Existing since 1922 after the Turkish War for Independence, The Republic of Turkey rose from the ashes of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I. Rooted in secularism and democracy characteristic of most modern nation-states, Turkey has a constitution that establishes three separate branches of government. In the Executive branch, The President is the Head of State, and in this case mostly ceremonial in their duties. Executive Power is held by the Prime Minister and Council of ministers. The President is elected directly for five years, while the Prime minister is appointed by the President, and approved by the Legislation. The Legislation is made up of a unicameral 550 seats elected from 85 voting districts. All legislators are elected proportionally to an approved party list. The Judiciary is made up of the High Court of Appeals, which handles administrative cases, the Council of State, the last resort tribunal, and the Constitutional Court, which handles conformity to laws and decrees with the constitution. Every Turkish Citizen has the right to vote at the age of Eighteen. The Country has a political party system, but political parties can be banned, or at least stripped of their public support by the legislator. Turkey is Geographically situated between Asia and Europe, and this situation has been the subject of major international interest since even before the Republic's foundation. Turkey's economy, with a GDP of $1.5 trillion, has been historically highly volatile, and is very divers, using its new industrialization to its fullest. Turkey is a major producer of agricultural products, shipbuilding, electronics, motor vehicles, weapons, minerals, and steel. It also has significant energy resources, from oil to nuclear, with a large geothermal production sector, and forays into clean energy. There is also a rapidly expanding tourism sector. Turkey is connected economically with OECD, G-20, and The EU - Turkey Customs Union. For employment, it is at 9.2% overall, but only 30% of women work. Ethnically, as of 1965, Turkey is made up of 90.2% ethnic Turks, 6.9% Kurdish, 1.4% Georgian, Greek, Circassian and Armenian, 1.2% Arabic. On an International political level, Turkey is a founding member of the United Nations, Organization of Islamic Cooperation, Organization for Economic CO-operation and Development, and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. It is also a member of the Council of Europe and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, World Trade Organization, and G20. The Turkish Republic is also trying to gain membership into the EU. The TAF or Turkish Armed Forces consists of the branches of Land Forces, Naval Forces, Air Force, Gendarmerie, and Coast Guard. Turkey has access to various Weapons of Mass Destruction through nuclear sharing. It has a budget of 26 billion liras and a strength of 1,041,900 active and reserve personnel. Part II. Position on Topics Topic 1: Immigrants As of now, The Republic of Turkey is the single largest host of Syrian asylum seekers, currently holding over 2.7 million refugees, with limited financial aid from other Countries, but the EU has provided over 3.2 billion in aid. Tukey as of now

does not recognize a difference between different asylum seekers. The cultures of Turkey and Syrians allow assimilation to occur more easily than in other European countries. Previously, Turkey has been more open to the movement of the migrants. Turkey has established many camps along the Syrian border, as well as providing transport to other countries. of now, that disposition has changed to be more restrictive, going so far as to create a Syrian Border wall to keep Asylum seekers out. Much like other nations of the UN, this is a reaction to the sheer amount of Asylum seekers moving to other countries. Although this reluctance has fewer Asylum seekers being accepted, Turkey has attempted to begin refugee exchange programs, such as for every refugee sent back to turkey, a refugee from a border camp must be taken by another EU country. The Republic of Turkey, when put into the context of the UN, has a poor human rights track record, with migrant finding it hard to find jobs and education, as well as deplorable conditions within camps. The migrant crisis has proven to be an impressive bargaining chip for use against other countries to achieve its own ends, such as its goal to achieve EU membership. What Turkey should do is work closer with its neighbors, both European and Arab, to find a way to make the dispersion of Asylum seekers and refugees throughout the countries in a fair manner that causes the least instability, but what Turkey would do would be to use its alliances and connections to strong-arm other countries into a solution that benefits them and their goals of things such as EU membership, less UN interference and internal power grabs. Topic 2: Maritime and Territorial Law The Republic of Turkey is surrounded by unstable, volatile nations that are increasingly hostile to other countries, as well as going about its own internal power struggles, Turkey has foregone any sort of expansionism, and otherwise goes against it for the time being. Turkey would be incredibly against exploiting the Arctic for resources, along with other Arab nations, as their exploitation by European nations and the US could take away some of the power they hold from controlling much of the world's natural resources. These nations would subsequently either draw environmental resolutions to stop Arctic expansion, or would attempt to have a major say in partitioning the Arctic between nations. In the South China sea, Turkey would have to follow the same precedent, so Turkey would ally with NATO powers to stop China from expanding, and would try to clarify exactly what moves EEZ's and what is excluded in moving them, even though Turkey has little to no interest in that area. Turkey would oppose all expansionism, and would promote more defensive stances. Topic 3: Preventative Measures in Space Exploration With a budding new space program and a more marshal attitude toward space than many other countries, the last thing the Republic of Turkey wants or needs would be more regulations on space. Turkey is investing the most percentage of GDP out of any of the other nations currently developing a space program. The TAI or Turkish Aerospace Industry is in charge what few space assets Turkey has. While Turkey would push for more international space funding and education, but military regulations on space would be only somewhat important to Turkey, in order to stop foreign powers such as the Russian Federation from deploying space-deployed weapons against them. Otherwise, Turkey would look to such space oriented powers like the US, UK and China to help develop their own military satellite and space programs. Turkey would limit the deployment of weapons and maneuvers that could be carried out in space, but would otherwise refrain from any further preventative

measures on account for its own, warfare oriented space program. As for private enterprise, Turkey would attempt to have a resolution passed to at least clarify what a private enterprise can and can't do, but would most likely want to incredibly restrict it to keep away commotion. Works Cited Jennifer Frakes, (2003) The Common Heritage of Mankind Principle and the Deep Seabed, Outer Space, and Antarctica: Will Developed and Developing Nations Reach a Compromise? Wiscoscin International Law Journal, 21, at 409 Coskun, Ohrhan, and Daren Butler. "Turkey to Complete Syria Border Wall within 5 Months, Official Says."Reuters. Thomson Reuters, 28 Sept. 2016. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. Mortimer, Caroline. "Turkey Poised to Send 3,000 Refugees to Greece Every Day, Intelligence Officials Warn."The Independent. Independent Digital News and Media, 29 Nov. 2016. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. Kanter, James, and Andrew Higgins. "E.U. Offers Turkey 3 Billion Euros to Stem Migrant Flow."The New York Times. The New York Times, 29 Nov. 2015. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. Aaron Mehta, and Valerie Insinna. "Turkey-launch-space-agency-three-months."Defense News. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. "Turkey."Turkey Economy: Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, FDI, Corruption. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. "NEWS FROM TURKISH ARMED FORCES".Turkish Armed Forces. tsk.tr. Retrieved November 2015. "UN Demographic Yearbooks". Unstats.un.org.

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Name: Kevin Cuddihy Delegation: Cranford Committee: Security Council B Country: United Kingdom Part I-Country Information The United Kingdom has been an extremely influential country throughout history. Its power was greatly weakened in the 20th century by World War 1 and World War 2, and its empire is all but gone. The country has played an important role in global security for centuries. It is one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, and the country's recent choice to withdraw from the European Union has shocked people throughout the world. When "Brexit" occurs, it will be a severe blow to the EU, as the United Kingdom is an economic powerhouse. The population of the UK is 64.1 million. As of 2013, the GDP per capita is 41,787.47 USD (World Bank) The country has an area of 94,058 square miles. Part II-Position on Topics Topic 1: Immigrants, Asylum Seekers, and Refugees The refugee crisis plaguing Europe is a huge problem, and a threat to British national security. The United Kingdom will not allow one asylum seeker to cross its borders. The threat of radical Islamic terrorism is too great to allow refugees from the Middle East into England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Some of these immigrants could be agents of ISIS, al-Qaeda, and the Taliban. It is impossible to separate the good asylum seekers from the forces of terrorism, so the UK needs to reject all asylum seekers. The United Kingdom has dealt with the ongoing task of preventing immigrants from illegally entering the country through Calais. Refugees attempt to sneak into trucks, shipping containers, and onto boats. The UK will not tolerate this. The problem does not only need to be combated, but completely eradicated. This is why the UK is invested in building a 13 foot tall roadside barrier made of concrete around the French port of Calais. The project, along with the tightening of security at the port, will cost only $22.5 million dollars (NBC), and the French will not have to pay for it. The wall is expected to discourage and prevent people from entering the country illegally. The refugee crisis is not a problem that the UK should have to deal with. The countries that made the mistake of accepting refugees should deal with the problem. It is also not a problem for the United Nations to handle. The United Kingdom refuses to deal with the overflow of refugees in Europe and clean up the mess that is a result of the Syrian Civil War.

Topic 2: Maritime and Territorial Law The old laws established by the United Nations seventy years ago regarding international land and waters need to be updated to accommodate changes in technology. The Chinese have made claims on land and waters in the South China Sea that conflict with the claims of other countries, like Vietnam. China has built artificial islands by moving sediment from the seafloor to reefs (New York Times). The United Nations never foresaw this new technology, and there are no laws regulating this process as a result. Not only does building artificial islands increase tension in the South China Sea, a region that should only be used for economic purposes according to the UN (Lowy Institute), it is also harmful to the wildlife living in the reefs that the islands are built on. The United Nations needs to put restrictions on the construction of artificial islands in all international waters. It also needs to attempt to broker an agreement between the Southeast Asian countries that have disputed claims in the South China Sea. China has an incredible amount of power, and the country's power will only grow if it is not kept in check. China cannot be allowed to bully its less powerful neighbors. The Arctic is a region that contains an immense amount of natural resources, specifically oil. The The area could eventually become a hotspot for violent confrontations between countries with disputed territory. The UN needs to make sure this does not happen. No new land and water claims should be allowed in the arctic. In places where territory overlaps, the United Nations needs to assist in brokering an agreement that divides the land equally. Topic 3: Preventative Measures in Space Exploration States should have exclusive rights to the resources that they gather in space. There is absolutely no reason that a country should have to share resources gathered in space. If the United Kingdom extracts resources from another planet or asteroid sometime in the future, the resources would belong to the United Kingdom. Military satellites have existed in space for decades. They have been used to spy on other countries, for navigation, and for communications (Bright Hub). However, they should not be used as weapons. The use of satellites as weapons would change the world. A country could send a satellite into orbit disguised as a satellite used for cell phone service, and then launch a nuclear warhead with it instead. The United Nations needs to regulate what exactly space agencies and private corporations are sending into orbit. The United Nations Security Council needs to pass international laws restricting the use of satellites as weapons. The Security Council needs to maintain peace in space. Satellites should not interfere with one another. Laws need to be passed that prevent the hacking of satellites, which could be a threat to global security. Satellites cannot be used as weapons. The last thing the world needs is a war in space.

Works Cited "United Kingdom." United Kingdom Data. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2016. Jamieson, Alastair. "Trump Wants a Border Wall, but U.K. Is Already Building One in France." NBC News. NBC, 12 Sept. 2016. Web. 05 Nov. 2016. Watkins, Derek. "What China Has Been Building in the South China Sea." The New York Times. The New York Times, 29 Feb. 2015. Web. 05 Nov. 2016. Graham, By Euan. "South China Sea." Lowy Institute. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Nov. 2016. Ghosh, Anurag. "Military Satellites, Communication & Spy Satellites: Learn More about the Purposes of Military & Spy Satellites." Bright Hub. N.p., 05 Nov. 2010. Web. 05 Nov. 2016.

Name: Avery Greenberg Delegation: Scotch Plains Committee: Security Council B Country: USA Part I- Country Background The United States of America, famous for its mission of establishing justice in order to form a more perfect union, has long been the most outgoing supporter of democracy in the world. With a population over 318 million and a Gross Domestic Product ranking second only to China, a major trading partner of the nation, the United States has maintained its reputation of a world power both economically and militarily for numerous decades. Despite a slight decline of military strength in recent years, the U.S. arguably remains the gold standard of military intelligence and alliances. As a member of many international organizations and blocs such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the United States remains on good terms with a majority of the globe's other military powers. Domestically, the nation is equally strong with a life expectancy of about eighty years, 99% literacy rate, and diverse population. Often referred to as the "melting pot", the United States is home to virtually every religion with five groups each holding at least one percent of the overall population. The United States' primary focus in session will be to resolve global economic, military, and most importantly, ethical conflicts, while standing by its declaration of independence's notion that "...all men are created equal and are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness." Part II- Positions on Topics Topic 1: Immigrants, Asylum Seekers, and Refugees The United States embodies an open border policy taking in a large number of immigrants, asylum seekers, and refugees specifically from Syria. On August 31, 2016, the New York Times reported that "The United States admitted its 10,000th Syrian refugee this week in a resettlement program announced by President Obama last fall, according to the White House". In analyzing the statistic, be aware that 10,000 people is significantly more substantial than it sounds given the nation's geographical distance from Syria and the refugees' lack of ability to travel across the Atlantic ocean. Furthermore, the United States expresses its upmost concern for the provisional rights of refugees who have fled their home nation and have no self sufficiency; the nation hopes to find ways to ensure the human rights of all innocent global citizens who have been victimized by their native land. As the United States maintains its firm view of open borders, the nation fully supports the passing of pro refugee resolutions. The United States hopes to provide assistance to other countries in their taking in of new citizens for ethical purposes. In contrast, the United States could consider accepting immigrants, asylum seekers, and refugees under appropriate conditions but would require extensive background checks to ensure the safety of its current citizens after recent terrorist attacks carried out by immigrants have caused heightened fear among the public. For that reason, mainly, the United States will support any and all resolutions supporting the

notion that "all men are created equal", but is equally hesitant to accept large groups of immigrants, asylum seekers, and refugees without appropriate safety precautions to comfort current citizens. Despite the strong ethical stance, the United States understands that many nations, including its allies, have stubborn, differing views on the topic. As expected, nations such as France and Canada will support refugee immigration while those such as the United Kingdom and Russia have expressed a large concern about their presence regarding safety similar to that of the United States. As of now, the United States continues to support the intake of refugees but understands the concerns of other nations. In hopes that the morals of said opposing nations will prosper, the United States hopes a compromise is present where nations that would like to may take immigrants, asylum seekers, and refugees with assistance from those self-identified as unable to do so at this time. The United States calls on those opposed to the intake of refugees to find suitable ways to contribute to the global mission of equal rights whether it be with the use of money, criminal intelligence, or other miscellaneous resources. Topic 2- Maritime and Territorial Law While acknowledging the benefits to expansion, the United States does not support the changing of borders without consent from all parties involved. Individually, the United States has never been one to take pre occupied land by means of war or force solely for the purpose of expansion. Smaller conflicts have ended with the transfer of land such as the Panama Canal in which the United States eventually returned the property after using it for strictly democratic purposes. Given the United States shares land borders with only two nations, it does not easily relate to those with defensive troops necessary on all sides such as Israel; that said, the United States stands firmly behind the belief that borders must be respected globally to retain international order and avoid unnecessary conflict. Acknowledging the possibility of diplomatic negotiations related to borders, the United States would support a resolution for border change to be legal. Few if any nations have truly maintained a border since creation for good reason. A resolution profusely against border changing is viewed by the United States as overly limiting as in trade, territory is by definition a resource that a struggling nation could one day trade for alternative forms of compensation. Notwithstanding, the Unites States supports a strong resolution against the use of force to seize land. As stated previously, the United States views the respect of a nation's borders to be a quintessential element of global stability and peace and therefore expresses support for any resolution limiting territorial exchange to peaceful, diplomatic matters. As one could infer, the United States stands between two extremes- the thought that changing of borders is wrong due to an assumed change in power and the thought that nations should be allowed to have ambitions of expansion regardless of foreseeable global consequences. While the United States is aware that countries on each side of the argument have peaceful intentions, the nation also recognizes the existence of those supporting border alterations in order to instigate conflict. Though the United States understands their point of view, the nation strongly opposes conflict, specifically invasions and unprovoked military actions for the purpose of forcing the relinquishing of territory.

Topic 3- Preventative Measures in Space Exploration Being a pioneer of space exploration, the United States stands by its original position that all countries are entitled to a private space program and anything they might acquire while in space. The thought of nations being unable to acquire property in space is seen as unfair in the eyes of the United States as the country that discovers something new likely spent significant resource to do so. The United States views any and all actions against that position similarly to a copyright infringement and essentially as stealing. If you make the century's most significant discovery up in the least explored dimension of the galaxy, you probably would appreciate the benefits that come from it. The United States is extremely ambitious in passing a resolution guaranteeing the ownership of anything found in space to the discoverer. Furthermore, the nation would support a resolution guaranteeing consequences to help ensure the agreement is honored by all parties. In addition, the United States would be interested in supporting a resolution focusing on a global effort in space exploration. A single project where nations could contribute findings and hypothesizes could ultimately lead to higher efficiency in all nations' space exploration efforts and benefit the common good of our planet. The United States recognizes smaller nations' hesitancy in allowing nations with larger space programs get most of the benefits has to offer. Nonetheless, they are not contributing to the exploration as much and are therefore individually responsible for the benefits they do or do not receive. The United States hopes that other nations will be able to understand the large economic commitment required space exploration and respect the right of a nation to acquire its findings. Should other nations remain stubborn in their desire for space exploration benefits, the United States hopes they will consider a joint mission either through the United Nations or on the side; in this instance, given a nation provides a valuables asset to the project, it would be equally entitled to the benefits as mandated by a signed agreement. Works Cited Administrator. "US Territorial Acquisitions." US Territorial Acquisitions. Global Policy Forum, 2005. Web. 01 Dec. 2016. "Data and Statistics about the United States." U.S. Data and Statistics USAGov. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2016. Dunbar, Brian. "NASA Glenn's Historical Timeline." NASA. NASA, 7 Apr. 2008. Web. 01 Dec. 2016. "Highlights from the 2016 Index of U.S. Military Strength." 2016 Index of U.S. Military Strength. The Heritage Foundation, 2016. Web. 0129 Nov. 2016.

Park, Haeyoun, and Rudy Omri. "U.S. Reaches Goal of Admitting 10,000 Syrian Refugees. Here's Where They Went." The New York Times. The New York Times, 30 Aug. 2016. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. "Preamble." LII / Legal Information Institute. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2016. Taylor, Alan. "World War II: After the War." The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 30 Oct. 2011. Web. 29 Nov. 2016.

Name: Cristal Carranza Delegation: Trenton High School Committee: Security Council B Country: Vietnam Part I- Country Information Vietnam is aSocialist Republic in south-east Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, Gulf of Tonkin, South China Sea, China, Laos, and Cambodia.President Tran Dai Quang is the head of state and Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc is the head of the government, all part of a one-party system led by a Communist Party.It has a population of 95,261,021 people (July 2016 est.), which places Vietnam in 15th place in a country comparison to the world. Ethnic groups in Vietnam include: Kinh (Viet) 85.7%, Tay 1.9%, Thai 1.8%, Muong 1.5%, and many more. Main languages spoken in Vietnam are Vietnamese (which is the official language) and English (which is being increasingly favored as a second language). Some relgions in Vietnam include: Buddist 7.9%, Catholic 6.6%, Hoa Hao 1.7%, and others.France began their conquest for Vietnam in 1858 and completed it by 1884, making Vietnam a part of French Indochina in 1887. Despite Vietnam declaring independence after the second World War, france continued to rule until it was defeated by the communist forces under revolutionary leader Ho Chi MINH. The communist leaders have strict control over political expressions, but they have showed some improvements in the protection of basic human rights.Vietnam has one of south-east Asia's fastest growing economies andplans on becoming a developed nation by the year 2020. Because of Vietnam's "doi moi" policy in 1986, authorities have commited themselves to increase economic liberalization, enacting structural reforms required to improve the economy. They now produce more competitive and export-driven industries. Vietnam finds itself in a number of international disputes.Cambodia and Laos protest the Vietnam squatters and armed encroachments along the borders;and Cambodia alone acuses Vietnam of wide variety of illicit cross border activities. Part II- Position on Topics Topic 1- Immigrants, Asylum Seekers and Refugees There are 11,000 (2015) Vietnamesestateless persons. In the 1970s thousands of Cambodians fled to Vietnam to escape the Khmer Rouge and were no longer recognized as Cambodian citizins. A major problem for Vietnam was that the women would give up their citizenship to marry foreign men, and when they would divorce they would be stateless and returning home to Vietnam. Fortunately, however, the Vietnamese government adressed the problem in 2009, and the Vietnamese Women were able to begin to regain their citizenship.In May 2016, four Vietnamese asylum seekers were forcibly returned by Australia, and the four went to trial after they were jailed. In 2015, two boats filled with Vietnamese people were intercepted by the Australian government's vessels and underwent "enhanced screening." Despite writtenassurances, four people were charged, tried, convicted, and jailed for the organized boat departure. Topic 2-Maritime and Territorial Law Vietnam encourages and protects the engagement of maritime activities between itself and foreign organizations. Joint ventures and business co-operation contracts are also protected by the basis of respect for the independence, sovereignty, and laws of Vietnam. Vietnam has been involved in numerous declarations such as: Declaration of the Government of the R.S of Vietnam on the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured of

12 November 1982, Declaration of the Government of the R.S of Vietnam on the Territorial Sea, the Contiguous Zone, the Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf of 12 May 1977, and the National Assembly's Reslolution of the Ratification of the 1982 UNCLOS of 23 June 1994.With Cambodia, an agreement was signed on 7 July 1982 which placed an area of over 8000 km2 in the maritime overlapping between the two countries in the Gulf of Thailand under the status of historic internal waters. The two agreed to use the Brevie Line as the dividing line of sovereignty. They also agreed that the two would determine their maritime overlapping area. Overall Vietnam has established maritime overlapping areas, as well as territorial laws,with its neighboring ountries such as Cambodia, China, and Indonesia. Topic 3- Preventive Measures in Space Exploration Vietnam's first space activity dates back to 190 with Cosmonaut Pham Tuan's flight to Salyut 6 station as part of the Intercosmos program. Vietnamhas been using space images for remote sensing and environmental monitoring for several years. Although space development in Vietnam is at its beginning stages, SGAC (Space Generation Advisory Council)has been raising public awareness on their belief that space has immense importance and potential. Vietnam even holds events dedicated to space: Yuri's Night (12 April) and World Space Week (4-10 October). The SGAC focus more on the youth in hopes that they will ignite a sense of importance for space in them. increasing the popularity in space exploration. Works Cited "The World Factbook: VIETNAM."Central Intelligence Agency. Central Intelligence Agency, 10 Nov. 2016. Web. 02 Dec. 2016. "New American Nation."Refugees and "boat People" - The Vietnam War and Its Impact. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Dec. 2016. News, BBC. "Vietnam Country Profile."BBC News. N.p., 13 Apr. 2016. Web. 02 Dec. 2016. Bernardez, Santiago Torres. "Provisional Measures And Interventions In Maritime Delimitation Disputes."Maritime Delimitation(n.d.): 41-70. Web. 2 Dec. 2016. On.THE MARITIME CODe OF VIETNAM(n.d.): n. pag. Web. 2 Dec. 2016. Doherty, Ben. "Vietnamese Asylum Seekers Forcibly Returned by Australia Face Jail."The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 23 May 2016. Web. 02 Dec. 2016. "Vietnam."Vietnam. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Dec. 2016.