nAm I B lA UnIVERSITY - exampapers.nust.naexampapers.nust.na/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/exampape... · nAm I B lA UnIVERSITY ... QUALIFICATION: Bachelor of Town and Regional

'·

nAm I B lA UnIVERSITY OF SCIEnCE AnD TECHnOLOGY

FACULTY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND SPATIAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND SPATIAL PLANNING

QUALIFICATION: Bachelor of Town and Regional Planning

QUALIFICATION CODE: 07BTRP LEVEL: 6

COURSE CODE: SHP 5205 COURSE NAME: Settlement History and Planning Theory

SESSION: November 2016 PAPER: Theory

DURATION: 3 hours MARKS: 100

FIRST OPPORTUNITY EXAMINATION QUESTION PAPER EXAMINER(S} N Korrubet Contact Details: {061) 207 2570, [email protected]

MODERATOR: Dr R RiethmOIIer, Contact Details: {061) 207 2961, [email protected]

INSTRUCTIONS 1. Answer ALL the questions.

2. Write clearly and neatly.

3. Number the answers clearly.

4. Answer in full sentences; not only bullet points or phrases.

PERMISSIBLE MATERIALS 1. Pens, ruler, pencil and eraser

THIS QUESTION PAPER CONSISTS OF 8 PAGES (Including this front page)

'.

Settlement History and Planning Theory SHP520S

Question 1

a) State whether the following statement is true or false. {1)

lt is generally accepted that favourable conditions for the Neolithic revolution first occurred south and east of the Mediterranean, around what is known as the "Fertile Crescent" - a term synonymous with the phrase "the Cradle of Humankind".

b) Provide Gideon Sjoberg's definition ofthe term "city" {4)

[5]

Question 2

Discuss the critical requirements and the other requirements for the urban revolution. {7)

[7)

Question 3

Explain the formation of "tells", characteristic of the Mesopotamian civilisation. {7)

[7)

Question 4

"Although superficially comparable with Mesopotamia, in that both countries contained great rivers flowing through immensely fertile valleys and plains which offered parallel opportunities to early humans, the evolution of urban settlements in Egypt took place along markedly different lines .... However, reasons why they took markedly different forms also account for the scarcity of urban remains.

{Source: Morris, A.E.J., {1994L History of Urban Form. Before the Industrial Revolutions {third editionL London, Prentice Hall, p26 &27)

Discuss the reasons for the scarcity of urban remains in Egypt. {7)

[7)

First Opportunity Question Paper Page 2 of 8 November 2016


Question 5

The urban form determinant Topography and Construction Materials played a part in the creation of the urban third dimension. Explain how each of the determinants influenced the urban third dimension. Two marks for each determinant's explanation. (4)

[4)

Question 6

Describe only ONE of the following TWO man-made urban form determinants. Provide a heading to indicate which one your answer refers to.

a) Religious {3)

b) Aggrandisement (3)

[3]

Question 7

"Townscape, writes Anton Kriesis, is the true reflection of the way of living and the attitude to life of its inhabitants."

(Source: Morris, A.E.J., (1994), History of Urban Form. Before the Industrial Revolutions (third edition), London, Prentice Hall, p35)

Explain only one of the influences, namely Climate, on the visual urban landscape (townscape) of the Greek cities. (4)

[4)

Question 8

One of the basic elements of the typical Greek city plan is the Acropolis. Describe the Acropolis. (9)

[9]


.. Settlement History and Planning Theory SHP520S

Question 9

Augusta Treverorum (Trier) was founded by Augustus around 14BC as the new town for the local Treveri, on the right bank of the river Moselle in north-east Gaul (modern western Germany).

a) The urban form of Trier (as illustrated in the plan provided) differs, from the typical imperial urban plan. Recognise four deviations from the typical imperial urban plans. (4)

b) The Treveri tribe, who inhabited the Moselle valley, is probably an example of native tribesmen who had to be brought into the Roman Empire, in an attempt to hold newly acquired territories. Explain how this was achieved by the Roman Empire. (4)

·. ~ · . .. · '-ol · . .' • loo.,) • •

. ·. ~ · .

. · . ~ · .

. ·.c ·

. · ~ .

Figure- Plan of Augusta Treverorum (Trier) Source: http://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415498647/images24.asp

First Opportunity Question Paper Page 4 of 8

[8]

November 2016

Settlement History and Planning Theory SHPS20S

Question 10

a) Discuss "streets" as a typical urban component of the medieval towns. (10}

b) Discuss the "church square" as a typical urban component of the medieval towns. (4}

[14)

Question 11

Olmsted repeatedly appealed to the political and economic leadership of American cities to create parks that would achieve a whole range of public benefits. Report some of the benefits he claimed/reasoned it would have. (4}

(4)

Question 12

Identify the 5 ideas of Howard, which were quite revolutionary at the time and laid the groundwork for the entire tradition of modern city planning. (5}

(5]

Question 13

Explain how the metaphor of the three magnets (Figure A) and the diagram (Figure B) relate to one another. (4}

First Opportunity Question Paper Page 5 of8 November 2016

Settlement History and Planning Theory

Figure A

THE

THREE MAGNETS.

/!fiE PEnPl\.\ = = liiiUli WILL THEY GO 'I

TOWN-CouNTRY.

rJ \_~ , ul ~ . .,._ ' -~ '

' ~ \ . /I 1~{ M \ !P I; ! I

·~ \ ~) t ' · ___.._/

SHP5205

N~ I.

(Source: R.T. LeGates & F.Stout (editors), (2011), The City Reader (fifth edition), The Routledge Urban Reader Series, London, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, p331-334).

UMliL SITt. S£LlCTlD

Figure B

(Source: R.T. LeGates & F.Stout (editors), (2011), The City Reader (fifth edition), The Routledge Urban Reader Series, London, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, p331-334).

(4]



Question 14

Le Corbusier developed his principles of planning most fully in "La Ville Contemporaine" and "La Ville Radieuse". The key to these principles was the famous paradox. Report Le Corbusier's famous paradox. (4)

[4)

Question 15

Discuss Le Corbusier's Contemporary City/"La Ville Contemporaine", as illustrated in the provided sketch. (10)

.. --· .. · ·:·,..~

. ·:~~ . r r ,.,

··V

(Source: R.T. LeGates & F.Stout (editors), (2011), The City Reader (fifth edition), The Routledge Urban Reader Series, London, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, p339).

[10]

First Opportunity Question Paper Page 7 of8 November 2016

,.


Question 16

Describe briefly Frank Lloyd Wright's Broadacre City Plan.

TOTAL

First Opportunity Question Paper Page 8 of 8

SHP520S

(5)

[5)

[100]

November 2016

nAmiBIA UniVERSITY OF SCIEnCE AnD TECHnOLOGY

FACULTY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND SPATIAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND SPATIAL PLANNING

QUALIFICATION: Bachelor of Town and Regional Planning

QUALIFICATION CODE: 07BTRP LEVEL: 6

COURSECODE: SHP520S COURSE NAME: Settlement History and Planning Theory

SESSION: November 2016 PAPER: Theory

DURATION: 3 hours MARKS: 100

FIRST OPPORTUNITY EXAMINATION MEMORANDUM

EXAMINER($) N Korrubel, Contact Details: (061) 207 2570, [email protected]

MODERATOR: Dr R RiethmOIIer, Contact Details: (061) 207 2961, [email protected]

INSTRUCTIONS

1. The model answers are used as guidelines only.

2. The information presented by the students will be evaluated on merit.

THIS MEMORANDUM CONSISTS OF 14 PAGES (Including this front page)


Question 1

a) State whether the following statement is true or false. (1)

lt is generally accepted that favourable conditions for the Neolithic revolution f irst occurred south and east of the Mediterranean, around what is known as the "Fertile Crescent" - a term synonymous with the phrase "the Cradle of Humankind".

b) Provide Gideon Sjoberg's definition of the term "city"

Answer Question 1(a) {1 mark) False ("the Cradle of Civilization").

(4)

The Cradle of Humankind is a paleoanthropological site about 50 kilometres northwest of Johannesburg, South Africa.

Answer Question 1{b) {1 mark each, as indicated) A community of substantial size and population density that shelters a variety of non-agricultural specialists, including a literate elite.

[5]

Question 2

Discuss the critical requirements and the other requirements for the urban revolution. (7)

Answer Question 2 (1 mark each, for any 7 answers) Requirements for the urban revolution: First-

i. The production of a surplus of storable food and ii. other primary materials, by a section of a society,

111. in order to support the activities of the specialists. Requirements for the urban revolution: Second-iv. The existence of a form of writing, without which permanent records cannot be kept, v. and the development of mathematics, astronomy and other sciences is not possible.

Other requirements for the urban revolution: vi. Social organization to ensure continuity of supplies to the urban specialists,

vii. and to control labour forces for large-scale communal work. viii. Technological expertise providing the means for transporting material in bulk, ix. And significant improvements in the nature and quality of tools.

[7]

First Opportunity Memorandum Page 2 of 14 November 2016


Question 3

Explain the formation of "tells", characteristic of the Mesopotamian civilisation. (7)

Answer Question 3 (1 mark each, for any 7 answers)

i. A tell was created from a city's new buildings being constructed on the ruins of old ones. ii. In Mesopotamia, and other river valley locations, most buildings were made of sun-dried

mud brick; ... iii. The life of a mud-brick house in Mesopotamia was probably limited to about 75 years, iv. by which time weathering brought about collapse. v. The rubble was levelled to provide foundations for the new house,

vi. thereby raising the effective ground level. vii. This process was normally continuous, the city regenerating itself cell by cell.

viii. Complete rebuilding, perhaps after destruction and an unoccupied period, sometimes also occurred.

ix. The close-knit cellular urban grain of Erbil and also Ur embodies Sumerian organic growth. [7]

Question 4

"Although superficially comparable with Mesopotamia, in that both countries contained great rivers flowing through immensely fertile valleys and plains which offered parallel opportunities to early humans, the evolution of urban settlements in Egypt took place along markedly different lines .... However, reasons why they took markedly different forms also account for the scarcity of urban remains.

(Source: Morris, A.E.J., (1994), History of Urban Form. Before the Industrial Revolutions (third edition}, London, Prentice Hall, p26 &27)

Discuss the reasons for the scarcity of urban remains in Egypt. (7)

Answer Question 4 (1 mark each, as indicated)

i. The principal reason for this is the internal peace which existed in Egypt from earliest times; there was no economic necessity, as in Mesopotamia, continually to occupy the same site in order to take advantage of enormous capital investment represented by the defensive walls. (2)

ii. ...given urban mobility each successive pharaoh was free to spend his reigning life on earth preparing his tomb for the life after death (the basis of Egyptian religion) in a different location from that of his predecessor.(2)



iii. A further related reason for the scarcity of urban remains, as compared with the many surviving religious buildings, is that almost all of the resources of the building industry, together with all the durable materials, were made available for the process of tomb and temple construction. The Egyptian urban areas were built of mud-brick, as in Mesopotamia, but failing the creation of a recognizable tell, resulting from long-term site occupation, there is no way of locating the ancient cities ... {3}

[7]

Question 5

The urban form determinant Topography and Construction Materials played a part in the creation of the urban third dimension. Explain how each of the determinants influenced the urban third dimension. Two marks for each determinant's explanation. (4}

Answer Question 5 (2 marks for each determinant's explanation) Topography

i. its visual effects ranging from the virtually non-existent of an open prairie settlement, OR Flat open prairie location with no major topographical growth constraints

ii. To the dramatic skyline of San Francisco and with Athens, Rome and Edinburgh as other outstanding European examples & Muscat example of Muslim cities.

Construction Materials & Technology iii. Traditional materials and the techniques for their use have limited construction (the height of

walls, the width of openings & the clear span of floors and roofs) iv. Thereby determining the fundamentally human-scale, third-dimensional aspects of everyday

buildings in historic cities v. This is in contrast to the structural opportunities inherent in modern steel frame (in

succession to iron) and concrete construction - the urban third dimension been altered out of recognition.

vi. Overcome by revolutionary new construction technology made available by the industrial revolution (modern steel frame & concrete).

[4]

Question 6

Describe only ONE of the following TWO man-made urban form determinants. Provide a heading to indicate which one your answer refers to.

a} Religious (3}

b) Aggrandisement {3}



Answer Question 6(a) & {b) (1 mark each, for any 3 answers) Religious

i. The city as a devotional centre

SHP520S

ii. Expressed through largest buildings or tallest & visually most assertive spire, tower and dome skyline elements.

iii. In various cathedrals, churches, temples & shrines iv. also the church was a major urban landowner. v. Its activities could require extensive building programmes (pyramids & temples to other

urban activities). vi. The city as a devotional centre (cathedrals, churches, temples & shrines)

vii. Expressed through largest buildings or tallest & visually most assertive (spire, tower and dome skyline elements)

viii. The church was a major urban landowner. ix. Its activities could require extensive building programmes (pyramids & temples to diverse

urban activities).

Aggrandisement i. Religious, monarchical &

ii. political vested interests have been glorified in cities, if not actually raised above cities (ex. Norman Castles in England & Medieval spires of churches & Versailles).

iii. Washington DC, an example of (democratic & political) aggrandizement iv. Papal (relating to the pope) policy re-created Rome as a capital of the Catholic world.

[3]

Question 7

"Townscape, writes Anton Kriesis, is the true reflection of the way of living and the attitude to life of its inhabitants."

{Source: Morris, A.E.J ., {1994), History of Urban Form. Before the Industrial Revolutions {third edition), London, Prentice Hall, p35)

Exp lain only one of the influences, namely Climate, on the visual urban landscape {townscape) of the Greek cities. {4)

Answer Question 7 (1 mark each, for any 4 answers) Climate

i. A pleasant & beneficial effect on the basis of everyday life in ancient Greece ii. Moderate & sunny (winter)- winter is severe in the mountains iii. hot (summer) weather - however the heat is not exhausting/sapping because the

atmosphere is dry and iv. the heat is tempered with the daily alteration of land and sea breeze . v. This encouraged an open-air communally orientated attitude to life which assisted the


Settlement History and Planning Theory SHP5205

development of Greek democracy. vi. The possibility for all citizens to gather in one place made feasible the Greek self-governing

innovation. vii. In contrast the domestic Greek world was that of privacy within the constantly encountered

courtyard house. viii. Large-scale open air theatrical ceremonies were performed on slopes.

[4)

Question 8

One of the basic elements of the typical Greek city plan is the Acropolis. Describe the Acropolis. (9)

Answer Question 8 (1 mark each, for any 9 answers)

The Acropolis: i. The original defensive hill-top nucleus of the older Greek Cities and

ii. The fortified citadel of many of the (new) colonial foundations. iii. Evolved from the site of total urban area into the religious sanctuary of the city {Athens) or iv. Became deserted an left outside the city limits (Miletus) v. As long as the city remained of limited size, located on the acropolis there was no need for a

perimeter defensive wall -vi. When attacked the citizens withdrew on to the acropolis, where all the important buildings

were located. vii. However from 6th & 5th centuries the value of investment outside the acropolis required

protection viii. Democratic Greek society required security for whole community. ix. (separate fortification of the acropolis was anti-democratic) x. Athens, Miletus & Priene were walled.

xi. Not all Greek cities were fortified.

Question 9

[9]

Augusta Treverorum (Trier) was founded by Augustus around 14BC as the new town for the local Treveri, on the right bank of the river Moselle in north-east Gaul (modern western Germany).

a) The urban form of Trier (as illustrated in the plan provided) differs, from the typical imperial urban plan . Recognise four deviations from the typical imperial urban plans. (4)

b) The Treveri tribe, who inhabited the Moselle valley, is probably an example of native tribesmen who had to be brought into the Roman Empire, in an attempt to hold newly acquired territories. Explain how this was achieved by the Roman Empire. (4)



·. ~ · . . . . .... :( . ·. ~ ·

.. · l.l..l ". ·. ~ · .

. ·.c · . · . ~ ··

Figure- Plan of Augusta Treverorum (Trier) Source: http://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415498647/images24.asp

Answer Question 9{a) (1 mark each, for any 4 answers)

i. The city was roughly oval in shape & enclosed with a wall.

SHP520S

ii. The street layout of the city based on a gridiron form BUT the insulae blocks are different sizes (southern parts of the town). South western part of town contains deviations from the standard gridiron street layout.

iii. There were 4 gates into the city, but the fourth gate on the south-eastern side is not directly opposite the western gate- maybe due to the locality of the amphitheater.

iv. The new forum was located roughly in the centre of town, consisting of more than 1 insulae block but 3 insulae blocks.

v. The decumanus seemingly does not run straight through the town in other words, there was no through decumanus maximus.



vi. The plan departs from general imperial practice in that there are no continuous cross axes -the cardo, at the forum intersection, not aligned. Kardine does not run through.

Answer Question 9{b) (Marks as indicated, for any 4 answers)

i. The Romans realised that to attempt to hold newly acquired territories by military force, could result in continuing guerrilla warfare

ii. Affect the extending & maintaining the imperial frontiers AND iii. Prejudice/influence development of commerce iv. Native tribesmen were brought into the Empire on advantageous terms Mv. v. Tribal centres were redeveloped as Roman towns -

vi. share the advantages of Roman urban culture & trading prospects vii. In other words eguating/"same as" Romanization with urbanization.

viii. "... the Romans avoided the need to maintain 'standing military presences', through the policy of local settlement of their own people, combined with 'Romanization through urbanization' of native tribesmen".

ix. Colonia - a group of settlers, established in a specific locality to form a self-administering civic community.

Question 10

a} Discuss "streets" as a typical urban component of the medieval towns.

b) Discuss the "church square" as a typical urban component of the medieval towns.

Answer Question 10{a) {1 mark each, for any 10 answers)

i. All medieval towns contained a space, if not several, which acted as a market ii. Specialised spaces dedicated to trade existed, iii. However "the entire medieval city was a market"

[8]

(10}

(4}

iv. Trade & production went on in all parts of the city (in open spaces & closed spaces, public spaces and private spaces

v. Thus main thoroughfares (from the centre to the gates ) frequently narrow irregular lanes in organic growth towns,

vi. Thoroughfares were linear extensions of the market place, vii. As well as communication routes,

viii. Thoroughfares were not so much a traffic network- due to lack of constant wheeled traffic. ix. Street frontage- valuable commercial asset (especially near the gates & market place) x. Later narrow passageways to be formed oft the streets - access to new minor streets and

court development of back gardens. xi. Movement in medieval towns was very largely on foot &

xii. Transport of goods was mainly by pack animal xiii. Upper floors projected still further out over the street- building encroachment.



xiv. Resulted into the traditional street scene of the medieval city.

Answer Question 10{b) {1 mark each~ for any 4 answers) The Church Square: (the medieval parvis)

i. The space before the church -not the adjoining burial ground ii. The faithful gathered on the parvis before and after the service OR for outdoor sermons

iii. Also used for processions. iv. Churches were generally located within their own space v. Frequently next to the market square -7 a two-part nucleus is a typical characteristic of

medieval towns. vi. However the parvis was never intended to compete with the market square, but stalls of

various kinds were set up + mystery plays were performed. [14]

Question 11

Olmsted repeatedly appealed to the political and economic leadership of American cities to create parks that would achieve a whole range of public benefits. Report some of the benefits he claimed/reasoned it would have. (4)

Answer Question 11 {1 mark for each answer)

i. They would contribute to the public health by serving as the "lungs" of the city; ii. They would be practical and necessary additions to the physical infrastructure of the

metropolis, providing a general recreation ground; iii. Their ponds and reservoirs would serve as adjuncts/additions to municipal water-supply

systems; and iv. They would soften and tame human nature, by providing wholesome alternatives to the

vulgar street amusements, bars and brothels ... [4]

Question 12

Identify the 5 ideas of Howard, which were quite revolutionary at the time and laid the groundwork for the entire tradition of modern city planning. (5)

Answer Question 12 (1 mark for each answer) The revolutionary ideas:

i. Urban decentralization, ii. Zoning for different uses.

iii. The integration of nature into cities



iv. Green-belting v. The development of self-contained "New Town" communities outside crowded central cities.

[5]

Question 13

Explain how the metaphor of the three magnets {Figure A) and the diagram {Figure B) relate to one another. {4)

Figure A

THE

THREE MAGNETS .

;!Hf PEOPl\. I. . -- . J

li"HU!I WilL THEY GO ?

TOWN-COUNTRY.

r) \.1' 4) t ' 'Y. ;. -~ · I I\ ,If ~

lp , I

·~ 1;. ;;;1 l

~ ~ .... - --.

N~ I .

{Source : R.T. LeGates & F.Stout {editorsL {2011), The City Reader {fifth edition), The Routledge Urban Reader Series, London, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, p331-334).



''\ ·

<-'

Figure B

SHP520S

~-0 llGRlli ONlY.

UHliL Stn StUtaD

{Source: R.T. LeGates & F.Stout {editors}, {2011}, The City Reader {fifth edition}, The Routledge Urban Reader Series, London, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, p331-334).

Figure included for memorandum purposes.

{Source: R.T. LeGates & F.Stout {editors}, {2011}, The City Reader {fifth edition}, The Routledge Urban Reader Series, London, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, plate 35).



Answer Question 13 {1 mark each, as indicated)

i. The concentric ring diagram (Howard's polycentric vision Social City) was the physical realisation of town-country magnet. OR

ii. (Thus not only a single garden city but the ensemble/grouping of central city and garden cities (satellite cities) was what Howard understood by the term "social city".)

[4]

Question 14

Le Corbusier developed his principles of planning most fully in "La Ville Contemporaine" and "La Ville Radieuse". The key to these principles was the famous paradox. Report Le Corbusier's famous paradox. (4)

Answer Question 14 {1 mark each, as indicated)

i. We must decongest the centres of our cities by increasing their density. ii. In addition, we must improve circulation iii. and increase the amount of open space. iv. The paradox could be resolved/answered by building high on a small part of the total ground

area. [4]


Settlement History and Planning Theory SHPS20S

Question 15

- ~ [' .• ··-. • .. _ _, r'

' · )i,_ ·/ ··...._ .,

"\

· ..

\ .. :(-· ··.·--= ·.J' ..

' .... •. J,:•

.j ·. · ... ·· ... ' ·.

{Source: R.T. LeGates & F.Stout {editors), {2011), The City Reader {fifth edition), The Routledge Urban Reader Series, London, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, p339).

Answer Question 15 (1 mark each, for any 10 answers) The Contemporary City was to have:

i. A clearly differentiated/distinguished spatial structure ii. This was to correspond to a specific segregated social structure: - one's dwelling depended on

one's job. iii. At the centre were the skyscrapers of the Plan Voisin (24 towers) iv. Skyscrapers were intended as offices for the elite cadres/group/clique: industrialists, scientists and

artists (purely for business/jobs) v. Outside this zone the residential areas would be of 2 types: Six storey luxury apartments for these

same cadres & vi. More modest accommodation for the workers built around courtyards vii. These apartments would be mass-produced for mass-living viii. Build on a uniform gridiron of streets

ix. The core of the Contemporary City was a middle-class sort of place x. In the midst of the office centre - an entertainment and cultural complex



xi. The blue-collar workers and the clerks would live in garden apartments within satelite units xii. In other words Unlike Paris of 1920's where rich and poor tended to live in

juxtaposition/combination, La Vi/le Contemporaine would have been a completely class segregated city.

[10]

Question 16

Describe briefly Frank Lloyd Wright's Broadacre City Plan . {5}

Answer Question 16 (1 mark each, for any 5 answers) Wright called for a radical transformation of American Society to restore earlier Emersonian and Jeffersonian virtues. The physical embodiment of that utopian vision was Broad Acre City

i. Every citizen of the United States would be given a minimum of one acre of land per person, ii. With the family homestead being the basis of civilisation, iii. And with government reduced to nothing more than a county architect, iv. who would be in charge of directing land allotments and the construction of basic community

facilities . v. Wright believed the two inventions (telephone & automobile) made the old cities no longer

modern-vi. he looked forward to the decay of dense crowded agglomerations (ex. New York & Chicago) vii. In their place Americans would re-inhabit the rural landscape (and re-acquire the rural virtues

of individual freedom and self-reliance) viii. With a 'city' of independent homestead ix. in which people would be isolated enough from one another to insure family stability, x. but connected enough through modern telecommunications and transportation to achieve a

real sense of community. xi. Both Wright's and Le Corbusier's plans are wedded to the automobile, one vision seeing a

centralising, the other a decentralizing, effect. OR

xii. Broad Acre City Plan called for a city composed of family homesteads - one full acre per person

xiii. The withering away of dense and crowded traditional cities xiv. The private automobile (also the electrical intercommunication becoming complete, radio,

telephone & telegraph ) would virtually abolish distance and allow for a new kind of community based on individualism, families and self-reliance.

[5]

TOTAL [lOO]


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nAm I B lA UnIVERSITY - exampapers.nust.naexampapers.nust.na/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/exampape... · nAm I B lA UnIVERSITY ... QUALIFICATION: Bachelor of Town and Regional