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k':ts M g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g

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k|sfzs M 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn — g]kfn -6LcfO{ g]kfn_

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;xof]u M zfxL gj]{lhog /fhb"tfjf;, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn

;jf{lwsf/ M 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn — g]kfndf ;'/lIft

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IIIg}lts lzIff / ;'zf;gk|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L

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of] g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t–;fdu|L dfWolds / OR5's cGo z}lIfs txsf cWoogstf{nfO{ g}lts lzIff;DaGwL k|lzIf0f lbg] p2]Zo lnO{ tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . g}lts lzIff;DaGwL r]tgf ;dsIfLx¿df k|rf/–k|;f/ ug{ ;Sbf g]kfndf hfu/0f ;+:sf/ :yflkt x'G5 . To;sf nflu ;bfrf/ k|j4{g cleofg lg/Gt/ ;~rfng ug{' cfjZos 5 eGg]df 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn -6LcfO{_ g]kfn ljZj:t 5 .

o:tf ;+:sf/ / cleofgsf d"ne"t kIf g}ltstf, Gofo, c;n rfnrng, ;b\Jojxf/, cfrf/;+lxtf, ;bfrf/, >dsf] ;Ddfg, dof{bf, cfr/0f, cg'zf;g, ;b\u'0f, lzi6frf/ / c;n afgL k|j4{g ugf{n] xfd|f] ;dfhdf ;bfrf/L JolStŒj lgdf{0f x'G5 eGg] klg xfdLnfO{ nfu]sf] 5 .

oL ;fdflhs d"No–dfGotf, ;an / ;'b[9 eP b]zsf] rl/q / gful/s :jefj e|i6frf/lj?4 lg/Gt/ c8fg lng] l:yltdf k'U5 . e|i6frf/h:tf s'sd{ lg?T;flxt x'g] 5g\ . Toltdfq xf]Og ;bfrf/L lzIffk|fKt JolStx¿ a9] eg] /fi6«sf] hLjg kf]lift x'G5 . x/]s gful/sdf ;dfh, /fi6«k|lt pQ/bfoL x'g'k5{ eGg] efj klg j[l4 x'G5 .

k|:t't ;|f]t–;fdu|L tof/ kfg]{ cWoog 6f]nL / ;Dkfbs, / cGo sfo{df ;xof]u ug]{ ;a}hgfk|lt 6LcfO{ g]kfn xflb{s cfef/ k|s6 ub{5 .

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IV g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;gk|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L

Vg}lts lzIff / ;'zf;gk|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L

ljifo ;"rLcu|syg ................................................................................................................................................................ u

;f/–;ª\If]k .............................................................................................................................................................5

efu !M kl/ro!= k[i7e"ld ...............................................................................................................................................................1!=@ p2]Zo ................................................................................................................................................................1!=# k':ts lgdf{0f ljlw ............................................................................................................................................1!=$ ;Ldf ................................................................................................................................................................1!=% ;+/rgf ..............................................................................................................................................................2

efu @M g}lts lzIff@=! g}lts lzIffsf] d"ne"t kIf ..................................................................................................................................3

@=!=! g}lts lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff / zAbfjnL .......................................................................................................3@=!=@ xfd|f ;fdflhs, wfld{s d"No tyf dfGotf / xfd|f] ;dfhdf /x]sf ljs[lt tyf lj;ª\ult ...............................4@=!=# xfd|f wfld{s d"No tyf dfGotf .................................................................................................................8@=!=$ xfd|f ;dfhsf ljs[lt tyf lj;ª\ult ......................................................................................................9

@=@ ;Rrl/q lzIff .................................................................................................................................................12@=@=! ;Rrl/q lzIff eg]sf] s] xf] < ................................................................................................................12@=@=@ ;Rrl/q lzIffsf] cfjZostf tyf dxŒj ...............................................................................................12@=@=# ;Rrl/q lzIffk|fKt JolStsf ;b\u'0f .....................................................................................................13@=@=$ u'0f:t/Lo JolStŒj lgdf{0f s;/L ug]{ < .................................................................................................13

@=# ;dfh / /fi6«k|lt xfd|f]] bfloŒj .......................................................................................................................... 14@=#=! ;dfhk|lt xfd|f] bfloŒj ........................................................................................................................ 14@=#=@ /fi6«k|lt xfd|f] bfloŒj .......................................................................................................................... 14

@=$ ljBfyL{sf clwsf/, st{Jo tyf kfng ug'{kg]{ cfr/0f ........................................................................................ 15@=$=! ljBfyL{sf xs–clwsf/ ...................................................................................................................... 15@=$=@ ljBfno, u'?ju{ / cfdf–afa' tyf cleefjsk|lt ljBfyL{sf st{Jo ......................................................... 16

@=% lzIfssf] e"ldsf ........................................................................................................................................... 17@=^ cleefjssf] e"ldsf ...................................................................................................................................... 18@=& d"No lZfIffdf cfwfl/t sfo{qmd tyf k|ltof]lutfx¿ ............................................................................................ 19

efu # M ;'zf;g#=! ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff / zAbfjnL .......................................................................................................................21

#=!=! ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff ...........................................................................................................................21#=!=@ ;'zf;gsf] bfo/f ..................................................................................................................................22#=!=# ;'zf;g / s'zf;gdf leGgtf ..................................................................................................................22#=!=$ ;'zf;g;DaGwL zAbfjnL ....................................................................................................................22

#=@= ;'zf;gsf tŒj ..............................................................................................................................................23#=@=! ljlwsf] zf;g .....................................................................................................................................23#=@=@ kf/blz{tf ........................................................................................................................................... 24#=@=# hjfkmb]xL .......................................................................................................................................... 24#=@=$ ;xeflutf .......................................................................................................................................... 24#=@=% pQ/bfoL÷k|To'lQmbflotf ....................................................................................................................... 24#=@=^ ;Ddlt cled'v ................................................................................................................................. 24#=@=& ;dtf / ;dfj]lztf .............................................................................................................................. 24#=@=* ldtJolotf, bIftf / k|efjsfl/tf .......................................................................................................... 24

VI g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;gk|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L

#=# ;'zf;gsf ;"rs ............................................................................................................................................. 24#=#=! hgcfjfh tyf hjfkmb]xL .................................................................................................................... 24#=#=@ /fhgLlts l:y/tf / lx+;f/lxt cj:yf ................................................................................................. 24#=#=# ;/sf/sf] k|efjsfl/tf ......................................................................................................................... 25#=#=$ lgodgsf] u'0f:t/ ............................................................................................................................... 25#=#=% sfg'gL zf;g ...................................................................................................................................... 25#=#=^ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ................................................................................................................................ 25

#=$ ;'zf;gdf d'Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ lgsfo .......................................................................................................... 25#=$=! sfo{kflnsf ....................................................................................................................................... 25#=$=@ Gofokflnsf ...................................................................................................................................... 27#=$=# Joj:yflksf -;+;b\_ .......................................................................................................................... 27#=$=$ ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿ .......................................................................................................................... 27

#=$=$=! clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u .................................................................................... 28#=$=$=@ dxfn]vf–k/LIfssf] sfof{no .............................................................................................. 28#=$=$=# nf]s;]jf cfof]u ................................................................................................................ 28#=$=$=% /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u ................................................................................................ 28

#=$=% lghL If]q .......................................................................................................................................... 28#=$=^ gful/s ;dfh ................................................................................................................................... 28#=$=& ;~rf/dfWod ..................................................................................................................................... 28

#=% kf/blz{tf / ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xL clej[l4 ug{ ljsf; ul/Psf s]xL ;fwg ........................................................... 29#=%=! gful/s a8fkq .................................................................................................................................. 29#=%=@ u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg ............................................................................................................................... 29#=%=# ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO .............................................................................................................................. 29#=%=$ ;fdflhs n]vf–k/LIf0f ...................................................................................................................... 29#=%=% ;fd'bflos u|fXofª\s–kq -l;l6hg :sf]/ sf8{_ ..................................................................................... 30#=%=^ gful/s k|ltj]bg–kq ............................................................................................................................ 30#=%=& ;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf tyf ah]6 th{'df .............................................................................................. 30#=%=* ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] ;f]wvf]h -6«Øflsª\_ ............................................................................................... 30#=%=( ;bfrf/ k|lta4tf .............................................................................................................................. 30

#=^ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ............................................................................................................................................ 30#=^=! e|i6frf/sf] kl/efiff ............................................................................................................................ 30#=^=@ e|i6frf/k|]/s jftfj/0f ........................................................................................................................ 30#=^=# e|i6frf/sf] juL{s/0f ............................................................................................................................31#=^=$ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf pkfo ...................................................................................................................31

#=^=$=! lg/f]wfŒds pkfo ..................................................................................................................32#=^=$=@ pkrf/fŒds pkfo ................................................................................................................33

efu $M dfgjclwsf/$=! dfgjclwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff ............................................................................................................................. 35$=@ g]kfn kIf ePsf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw tyf cg'aGw ............................................................ 35

tflnsf !M g]kfn kIf ePsf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw tyf cg'aGw .......................................... 36$=# s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ dfgjclwsf/ dxf;lGw ............................................................................................................. 36

$=#=! dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff, !($* / o;df ePsf Joj:yf ......................................................... 36$=#=@ gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1f–kq, !(^^ / o;df ePsf Joj:yf ................. 37$=#=# dlxnflj¿4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf] e]befj pGd"ng;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(&( / o;df ePsf Joj:yf ................. 38$=#=$ afn clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(*( / o;df ePsf Joj:yf ................................................................ 39

$=$ dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL sfo{/t /fli6«o ;/sf/L lgsfo .......................................................................................... 41$=$=! /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u ................................................................................................................ 41$=$=@ /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u .......................................................................................................................... 41

efu %M lgisif{%=! lgisif{ ............................................................................................................................................................ 43

cg';"rLM g}lts lzIff tyf ;'zf;g tflndsf] kf7Øqmd ..............................................................................................45

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L .........................................................................................................................................................46

VIIg}lts lzIff / ;'zf;gk|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L

g]kfnsf ;+ljwfg @)&@ cg';f/ g]kfn Ps :jtGq, cljefHo, ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg, wd{lg/k]If, ;dfj]zL, nf]stGqfŒds, ;dfhjfb pGd'v, ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfŒds /fHo ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg / sfg'g, gLlt tyf of]hgfsf cfwf/df d'n'ssf] zf;g Joj:yf ;~rflnt x'Fb}cfPsf] 5 . oL ;a} P]g–sfg'g, gLlt tyf of]hgfx¿df d'n'ssf /fhgLlts, gful/s, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, tyf ;f+:s[lts If]qdf ;'zf;g :yfkgf ug{ tyf dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{df ljz]if hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .

;'zf;gljgf s'g} klg b]zsf] ljsf; ;Dej 5}g . ;'zf;g sfod ug{nfO{ OdfGbf/, st{Jolgi7, g}lts, rl/qjfg hgzlQm rflxG5 . t/, clxn] g]kfndf OdfGbf/ tyf g}lts rl/q ePsf dflg;sf] cefj v8\lsPsf] 5 . d'n'sdf ePsf OdfGbf/ / g}lts dflg; cf]e]mndf 5g\ . /fi6«n] o:tf dflg;sf] klxrfg / k|j4{gdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ a]nf cfPsf] 5 . ljBfnodf k9\b} u/]sf afnaflnsf g} eljiodf /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs, pBf]uL, Jofkf/L, ;fdflhs cu'jf x'g] x'g\ . ltgn] g} ef]ln ;/sf/L tyf u}/–;/sf/L If]qsf] g]t[Tj lng] x'g\ . o;}n] pgLx¿nfO{ ;'zf;g tyf g}ltstfsf] lzIff ljBfno:t/b]lv g} lbg cTofjZos b]lvG5 . dfWolds ljBfnodf sIff *, (, / !) df cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{ pd]/sf lx;fan] klg s'g} gofF s'/f a'‰g, l;Sg tyf l;sfpg ;Sg] cj:yfdf x'g] ePsfn] ;djo k|lzIf0fdfkm{t\ pgLx¿nfO{ ;'zf;gsf] 1fg / g}lts lzIff lbg]] x]t'n] 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnaf6 lj1x¿sf] ;xof]u lnO{ of] ;djo k|lzIf0f k':ts tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . o; k':tsaf6 cGo txsf ljBfyL{ Pj+ ;'zf;g, dfgjclwsf/ tyf g}lts lzIffsf] If]qdf cle?rL /fVg] hf]–sf]xL JolQm tyf sfo{/t ;+:yfx¿n] klg nfe lng eg] ;Sg]5g\ .

o; k|lzIf0f k':tssf lgDg p2]Zo /x]sf 5g\M

n ljBfyL{nfO{ g}lts lzIffsf cfwf/e"t kIf hfgsf/L lbg]Ù JolQm, kl/jf/, ;dfh, / /fi6«k|ltsf st{Josf] af]w u/fpg]Ù / c;n, of]Uo tyf rl/qjfg gful/s aGg ltgnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug]{{ .

n dfWolds txsf ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'zf;g tyf dfgjclwsf/ ljifodf cfwf/e"t 1fg lbnfpg], dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0fk|lt ;r]t agfpg] / ltgdf ;'zf;gsf] dfu ug]{ Ifdtf j[l4 ug]{Ù /

of] k':ts lgDg ljlw ckgfO{ tof/ ul/Psf] 5M

n g}lts lzIff, ;'zf;g / dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL ljljw ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] ;ª\sng / cWoog ul/Psf],

n 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf kbflwsf/Lx¿ tyf ;DalGwt clws[tx¿;Fu ;'zf;g, dfgjclwsf/ / g}lts lzIff;DaGwL ;djo k|lzIf0f k':tsdf ;dfj]z ul/g] ljifoj:t' ;DaGwdf 5nkmn÷cGtlqm{of ul/Psf] /

n ;djo k|lzIf0f k':tssf] d;f}bf tof/ u/L ;f] ;DaGwdf 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] /fo;'emfj k|fKt u/L tL /fo–;'emfj;d]tnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L ;djo k|lzIf0f k':tsnfO{ clGtd ¿k lbOPsf] .

o; k':tsdf % efu /x]sf 5g\ . efu ! df kl/ro /flvPsf] 5 . o; efudf k[i7e"ld, p2]Zo, lgdf{0f ljlw, ;Ldf / ;+/rgf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . efu @ df g}lts lzIffsf d"ne"t kIf, ;Rrl/q lzIff, ;dfh / /fi6«k|ltsf] xfd|f] bfloTj, ljBfyL{sf clwsf/, sTf{Jo tyf kfng ug'{kg]{ cfr/0f / lzIfs Pj+ cleefjssf] e"ldsf tyf d"No lZfIffdf cfwfl/t sfo{qmd / k|ltof]lutfsf af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . efu # df ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff / zAbfjnL, ;'zf;gsf d"ne"t tŒj, ;'zf;gsf ;"rs, ;'zf;gdf d'Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ lgsfo, kf/blz{tf / ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xL clej[l4 ug{ ljsf; ul/Psf s]xL ;fwg tyf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf ;DaGwdf k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 . efu $ df dfgjclwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff, g]kfn kIf ePsf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw tyf cg'aGwsf] ;"rL / dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw tyf afnclwsf/ P]gdf ePsf Joj:yf / dfgjclwsf/sf If]qdf sfo{/t /fli6«o ;+:yfx¿sf ;DaGwdf j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . efu % df lgisif{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . 5f]6f] cjlwsf] nflu ;djo k|lzIf0fsf] nflu agfOPsf] kf7oqmd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

;'zf;g / g}lts lzIffsf] aLrdf 3lgi7 ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 . g}lts lzIffsf] k|j4{glagf d'n'sdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{ c;Dej 5 . xfn d'n'sdf g}lts rl/qjfg dflg;x¿sf] vfFrf] b]lvPsf] 5 . dflg;x¿sf] g}ltsdf cToGt} x|f; cfPsf] 5 . dflg;nfO{ ;an, ;Ifd / u'0fjfg agfpg] cfr/0f jf g}lts lzIffn] g} xf] . ;Rrl/q lzIffcGtu{t afnaflnsfnfO{ s;/L c;n gful/s agfpg], s;/L

;f/–;ª\If]k

5

VIII g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;gk|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L

g}ltsjfg agfpg], s;/L :j:y / hfu?s agfpg], s;/L st{Jolgi7 agfpg], s;/L ;fdflhs ¿kdf ;':yflkt x'g ;Sg] JolStsf ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ eGg] s'/f l;sfpg] x'gfn] o;sf] dxŒj 7"nf] 5 . g}lts lzIffleq xfd|f ;fdflhs, wfld{s d"No–dfGotfx¿, ljBfyL{n] /fi6«k|lt, ljBfnok|lt, u'?ju{k|lt, cleefjsk|lt ug{'kg]{ st{Jox¿, ljBfyL{sf xs clwsf/x¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . To:t}, afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;sf] nflu lzIfs / cleefjsn] ug{'kg]{ Jojxf/ / e"ldsf klg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . P]g–sfg'gåf/f ljBfyL{nfO{ y'k|} xs clwsf/ k|bQ 5g\ . To:t}, /fi6«sf] gful/ssf] ¿kdf ljBfyL{n] s]xL st{Jo tyf bfloTjx¿ lgjf{x ug{'kb{5 . P]g–sfg'gsf] kfng ug'{, dtbfgdf ;xefuL x'g', ;/sf/L s/ b:t'/ ltg'{, /fli6«o lxt tyf hgsNof0f x'g] sfddf ;+nUg x'g', ;fdflhs Gofodf an k'¥ofpg', :jR5 jftfj/0f sfod /fVg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' cflb o;/L lgjf{x ug{'kg]{ st{Jo tyf bfloŒjx¿ x'g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm, ljBfyL{x¿n] ljBfno, cleefjs / lzIfsk|lt klg s]xL st{Jox¿ lgjf{x ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . k|rlnt z}lIfs lgodx¿åf/f ljBfnox¿df ;':yflkt k4ltcg';f/ cfk"mn] l;Sg] / cfˆgf] z}lIfs sfo{s'zntf ;kmntfk"j{s b;f{pg] ljBfyL{sf] lhDd]jf/L x'G5 . ljBfnon] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dfkb08 jf cfrf/;+lxtfx¿sf] kfngf ug'{ ljBfyL{sf] st{Jo tyf bfloŒj x'G5 .

d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;'zf;g ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . ;'zf;g gePsf] d'n'sdf e|i6frf/ cTolws x'g] / To; b]zsf gful/sx¿n] sfg'g k|bQ dfgjclwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{ gkfpg] l:ylt cfpg ;S5 . d'n'sdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{nfO{ OdfGbf/ / pRr g}ltstf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o:tf JolQmx¿sf] pTkfbg g}lts lzIff k|bfg u/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . cfh xfd|f] d'n'sdf ;'zf;gsf] cefj 5, ljBfyL{df g}lts lzIffsf] sdL 5 . ;'zf;g, dfgjclwsf/ / cfr/0f jf g}lts lzIffsf af/]df ljBfyL{nfO{ 1fg lbO{ d'n'ssf] nflu cfjZos sd{7, of]Uo, nugzLn, OdfGbf/ / st{Jolgi7 gful/s agfpg cTofjZos ePsf] 5 . cf}krfl/s lzIffaf6 dfq tt\;DaGwL 1fg lbg ;Dej gb]lvPsfn] cgf}krfl/s lzIff cyf{t\ ;djo ;xhstf{ k|lzIf0f ljlwdfkm{t\ ;'zf;g, dfgjclwsf/ / g}lts lzIffsf af/]df z'¿df dfWolds ljBfnodf sIff *, ( / !) df cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{nfO{ / eljiodf pRrdfWolds ljBfnodf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ tt\;DaGwL 1fg lbg pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .

vf; u/]/ /fHoaf6 ;Dkfbg ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfk / ;Daf]wg ul/g] dfldnfsf] plrt Joj:yfkgsf] nflu /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs tyf sfg'gL k|flwsf/ -cyf]l/6L_ sf] k|of]u ug]{ k4ltnfO{ g} ;'zf;g jf c;n zf;g elgG5 . ;fj{hlgs jf ;+:yfut gLltut jf sfo{d"ns lg0f{o ug]{ / o:tf gLlt–lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|lqmofn] ;'zf;gnfO{ hgfpF5 . of] ;/sf/ jf ;/sf/ ;~rfngsf] kof{o xf]Og .

;/sf/, ;fj{hlgs If]q, lghL If]q / gful/s ;dfhsf aLrdf x'g] ;Djfb, cGtlqm{of, 5nkmn, ;DaGw / ;~hfnaf6 o;sf] l;h{gf x'g] / s;n], s], slxn], s;/L k|fKt ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] Plsg ug{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿aLr x'g] lg0f{ox¿, ;f}bfjfhL, ljleGg zlSt ;DaGwx¿ o;df ;dflji6 x'G5g\ . ;'zf;gsf] ;j{k|yd k|of]u ljZj a}+sn] u/]sf] / ;g\ !(() b]lv k|rngdf cfPsf] xf], pQm ;dob]lv o;nfO{ j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] k"j{ zt{sf ¿kdf /fVg nfluof] . ;'zf;gnfO{ ljleGg lgsfon] cf–cfˆg} tl/sfn] kl/eflift ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ .

;'zf;gsf] bfo/f km/flsnf] 5 . ;'zf;gsf] cj:yfnfO{ ljZjJofkL, /fli6«o, If]qLo, :yfgLo, If]qut, ;+:yfut:t/df d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsG5 . ljZjJofkL ;'zf;gn] ljZjsf dfldnfx¿ Joj:yfkg ug]{ tf}/tl/sfnfO{ a'emfpF5 . ljZjsf] nflu Pp6} ;/sf/ gePsf] x'gfn] ljZjJofkL ;'zf;gdf ljleGg /fHox¿nufot If]qLo / cGt/f{li6«o lgsfox¿ ;+nUg x'G5g\ . If]qLo ;'zf;g eGgfn] If]qsf dfldnfx¿nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ a'emfpF5 . o;df ;Da4 If]qdf a;f]jf; ug]{ cfd–gful/snufot ;/sf/L tyf u}/–;/sf/L lgsfox¿ ;+nUg x'G5g\ . :yfgLo ;'zf;g eGgfn] ufpF, gu/ tyf lhNnftxsf dfldnfx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ a'lemG5 . :yfgLo lgsfon] ufpF, gu/ tyf lhNnfdf a;f]af; ug]{ ljleGg ju{, tyf hfltsf dflg;x¿ tyf :yfgLo:t/df sfo{/t ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf u}/–;/sf/L ;+3–;+:yfnfO{ lg0f{o tyf sfof{Gjog k|lqmofdf ;+nUg u/fO{ :yfgLo dfldnfx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ub{5g\ . jftfj/0fLo ;'zf;g eGgfn] k|fs[lts ;|f]t–;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ a'lemG5 . o;df cf}krfl/s cgf}krfl/s b'j} lgodx¿ lg0f{o ubf{ ckgfOG5 . o;df cfd–gful/s, ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;+nUgtf /xG5 . ljBfno ;'zf;g eGgfn] ljBfnosf] k7gkf7gsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ a'lemG5 . o; k|lqmofdf ljBfnosf lzIfs, cleefjs / ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] x'G5 .

s'g} klg zf;g Joj:yf /fd|f] x'gsf nflu Tof] zf;g Joj:yfdf ljlwsf] zf;g, kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]xL, ;xeflutf, u|x0fzLntf, dt}Sod'vL, k|efjsfl/tf, bIftf, ;dtfd"ns / ;dfj]lztfh:tf ;'zf;gsf d"ne"t tŒjx¿ jf u'0fx¿ ljBdfg x'g'kb{5 . oL u'0fn] o'Qm gePsf] zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ /fd|f] zf;g Joj:yf eGg ;lsGg . s'zf;gdf cbIftf, l9nf;':tL, s'k|zf;g, e|i6frf/ / rflxg]eGbf a9L uf]klgotf x'G5, hgtfnfO{ u'd/fxdf /flvG5 . ;'zf;g dflg;n] rfx]sf] zf;g Joj:yf xf] eg] s'zf;g dflg;n] 3[0ff ug]{ jf grfxg] zf;g Joj:yf xf] .

;'zf;g sfod ug{df ;/sf/sf cËx¿ – sfo{kflnsf, Gofokflnsf, / Joj:yflksf, ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿, lghL If]q, gful/s ;dfh, u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, tyf ;~rf/dfWodsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xL ;'zf;gsf

h

IXg}lts lzIff / ;'zf;gk|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L

dxŒjk"0f{ u'0f x'g\ . kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xL a9fpg ;lsPdf w]/} xb;Dd ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;lsG5 . t;y{, ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿n] lbg] ;]jfdf u'0f:t/, hjfkmb]xL tyf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg g]kfndf sfg'gL tyf ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf ug{'sf ;fy} kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xL j[l4 ug{ l;4 ePsf ljleGg lsl;dsf ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xL ;fwgx¿– gful/s a8fkq, u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg, ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO, ;fj{hlgs n]vf–k/LIf0f, ;fd'bflos u|fXofª\s–kq, gful/s k|ltj]bg–kq, ;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf tyf ah]6 th{'df, ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] ;f]wvf]h, ;bfrf/ k|ltj4tfsf]] k|of]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfndf e|i6frf/ ;'zf;gsf] afwssf] ¿kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . ;g\ @)!$ df 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn ;++:yfn]] !&% d'n'sdf u/]sf] ;j]{If0fdf g]kfn Ps ;o 5AaL;f}F :yfgdf /x]sf] / g]kfnn] !)) k"0ff{ª\sdf @( dfq kfPsf] 5 . o;n] g]kfn a9L e|i6frf/ x'g] d'n'sdf kg]{ b]vfPsf] 5 . e|i6frf/n] sfg'gsf] zf;gdf x|f; cfpg], Gofodf ;xh kx'Fr gx'g], ljt/0ffTds Gofoaf6 hgtf jl~rt x'g k'Ug], pkrf/fŒds Gofo klg k|efljt x'g], dfgjclwsf/sf Jofks pNnª\3gsf 36gfx¿ a9\g ;Sg], gful/ssf ljsf;sf clwsf/ u'Dg] vt/f a9\g] / ul/aL emg\ a9\g] ePsfn] o;sf] lgoGq0f ug{ h¿/L b]lvG5 . e|i6frf/nfO{ k"0f{¿kn] pGd"ng ug{ ;lsFb}g . To;y{, o;sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu /fHoaf6 d"ntM b'O{ lsl;dsf /0fgLltx¿– lg/f]wfŒds / pkrf/fŒds pkfo cjnDag ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfndf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug{df clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|, Gofo kl/ifb\, ljz]if cbfnt, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, dxfn]vf–k/LIfssf] sfof{no, dxfGofoflwjQmfsf sfof{no, ;fj{hlgs n]vf;ldlt, ;DklQ z'l4s/0f cg';Gwfg ljefu, /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefuh:tf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g\ .

g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs If]qdf x'g] e|i6frf/ /f]syfd, lgoGq0f / Go"gLs/0fsf] nflu bafad"ns tyf gful/s ;dfhsf]

k|ltlglw ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnn] ;lqmo¿kdf sfo{ ub}{cfPsf] 5 . o; ;+:yfn] kf/blz{tf tyf hjfkmb]xL clej[l4sf] nflu rfNg'kg]{ sbdsf af/]df jsfnt ug]{, ;/sf/L tyf gful/s ;dfhsf ;+:yfx¿ tyf bft[lgsfox¿;Fu alnof] sfo{ut ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{, ;fj{hlgs vl/b tyf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf ;'wf/ ug]{, hgr]tgf hufpg], cWoog–cg';Gwfg tyf ;"rgf k|rf/ ug]{, gful/s ;dfh, ;/sf/L lgsfo tyf z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿df g}lts d"No tyf dfGotf k|lzlIft ug]{ sfo{x¿ ub{5 . o; ;+:yfn] 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgnn] x/]s jif{ k|sflzt ug]{ …e|i6frf/ cjwf/0ff ;"rsfª\sÚ k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ug]{ / ;/sf/sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg] u/]sf] 5 .

jf:tjdf dflg; ePsf] gftfn] dflg;n] :jtM k|of]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ g} dfgjclwsf/ xf] . dfgjclwsf/ x/]s dflg;sf] hGdl;4 clwsf/ jf g};lu{+s clwsf/ xf] . ;'zf;g gePsf] cj:yfdf dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ s7Lg x'G5 . g]kfn xfn;Dd !^ j6f dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw tyf cg'aGwx¿sf]] kIf /fi6« ePsf] 5 . g]kfn ;lGw P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf ( -!_ n] g]kfn kIf ePsf ;a} ;lGwx¿ g]kfnsf /fli6«o sfg'g;/x x'g] tyf /fli6«o sfg'g / To:tf ;lGwx¿ aflemPdf ;lGwsf] k|fjwfg nfu" x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;y{, dxf;lGwx¿n] l;h{gf ug]{ bfloŒjx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{' tyf dxf;lGwsf k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{' ;/sf/sf] ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg'gL st{Jo x'g cfpF5 . g]kfndf dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g tyf To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg dGqfno / ljefu, ;'/Iff lgsfo tyf cbfnt lqmofzLn 5g\ . /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ / /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]uh:tf lgsfo dfgjclwsf/s} /Iffy{ lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g\ . o;f] x'Fbfx'Fb} klg g]kfndf ce}m dfgjclwsf/sf] k"0f{¿kdf ;+/If0f ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .

em

X g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;gk|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L

1g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;gk|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L

d'n'sdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{df ;a} ju{sf dflg;x¿sf] e"ldsf /xG5 . d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf] nflu g}lts tyf rl/qjfg gful/sx¿sxf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ljBfnodf clxn] k9\b} u/]sf afnaflnsf g} eljiosf s0f{wf/ x'g\ . eljiodf pgLx¿n] g} d'n'ssf] /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs, Goflos tyf Joj:yfksLo If]qsf] sfo{ef/ axg ub{5g\ . lghL, gful/sh:tf u}/–;/sf/L If]qdf klg ltg}n] e"ldsf v]Ng] xf] . o;}n] pgLx¿nfO{ ;'zf;g tyf g}lts lzIff;DaGwL 1fg ckl/xfo{ 5 . dfWolds ljBfnodf sIff *, ( / !) df cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{ pd]/sf lx;fan] klg s'g} gofF s'/f hfGg, l;Sg tyf l;sfpg pT;'s x'g;Sg] ePsfn] pgLx¿nfO{ ;djo k|lzIf0fdfkm{t\ ;'zf;g tyf g}lts lzIff;DaGwL 1fg lbg ;lsof];\ eGg] x]t'n] 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnaf6 lj1x¿sf] ;xof]u lnO{ of] ;djo k|lzIf0f ;xof]uL k':ts tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . cGo txsf ljBfyL{ Pj+ ;'zf;g, dfgjclwsf/ tyf g}lts lzIffsf] If]qdf cle?rL /fVg] hf]–sf]xL JolQm tyf sfo{/t ;+:yfx¿n] klg o; k':tsaf6 nfe lng ;Sg] :ki6} 5 .

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgcg';f/ g]kfn Ps :jtGq, cljefHo, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg, wd{lg/k]If, ;dfj]zL, nf]stGqfŒds, ;dfhjfb pGd'v, ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfŒds /fHo ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg / ;f];Fu ;';ª\ut g]kfn sfg'g, /fHosf] gLlt tyf of]hgfsf cfwf/df d'n'ssf] zf;g Joj:yf ;~rflnt x'Fb}cfPsf] 5 . oL ;a} P]g–sfg'g, gLlt tyf of]hgfx¿df d'n'ssf /fhgLlts, gful/s, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, tyf ;f+:s[lts If]qdf ;'zf;g :yfkgf ug{ tyf dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{df ljz]if hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .

sltko ;+j]bgzLn ljifodf ljBfyL{n] u'?ju{ jf k|lzIfs;Fu cfk"mn] ga'em]sf jf cfk"mnfO{ nfu]sf s'/fsf af/]df v'n]/ /fVg g;Sg] t/ ToxL s'/f ;djo ;xhstf{n] k|:t't u/]df s'g} ws ;ª\sf]r gdfgL 5nkmndf efu lng ;Sg] ePsfn] To:tf ljifodf ;djo–;xhstf{ k|lzIf0f ljlw k|efjsf/L x'g] dflgPsf] 5 . jf:tjdf kf/:kl/s l;sfO cf}krfl/s /÷jf cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf Ps–csf{ ;djoLaf6 l;Sg] l;sfpg]] ug'{ g]kfnsf] nflu Psbd} gofF lsl;dsf] k|lzIf0f ljlw xf] . lxhf]cfh ljZjsf ljleGg d'n'sx¿df of] z}lIfs ljlw k|rngdf /x]sf] 5 . of] ljlw ckgfO{ ;'zf;g tyf g}lts lzIff ;DaGwL 1fg ljBfyL{nfO{ k|bfg ug{ pko'Qm x'g]

b]vL 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnaf6 of] ;djo k|lzIf0f ;xof]uL k':ts tof/ ul/Psf] xf] .

!=@ p2]Zo

of] k|lzIf0f k':tssf lgDg p2]Zox¿ /x]sf 5g\Mn g}lts lzIffsf] cfwf/e"t kIfdf ljBfyL{nfO{

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n dfWolds txsf ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'zf;g tyf dfgjclwsf/sf] cfwf/e"t 1fg lbnfpg]Ù dfgjclwsf/k|lt ;r]t agfpg] / ;'zf;gsf] dfu ug]{ Ifdtf j[l4 ug]{Ù /

!=# k':ts lgdf{0f ljlw

o; k':tssf] tof/L lgDg ljlw ckgfO{ ul/Psf] 5Mn g}lts lzIff, ;'zf;g, dfgjclwsf/sf ljljw

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] ;ª\sng / cWoogÙ n 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf kbflwsf/Lx¿ tyf

;DalGwt clws[tx¿;Fu k':tsn] ;d]6\g] ljifodf ul/Psf 5nkmn÷cGtlqm{ofsf ;Gbe{df k|fKt hfgsf/Lsf] ;DkfbgÙ /

n ;djo k|lzIf0f k':tssf] d;f}bf tof/ u/L d;f}bfpk/ 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] /fo–;'emfj k|fKt u/L tL /fo;'emfj ;dfj]z u/L d;f}bfsf] clGtd ;Dkfbg .

!=$ ;Ldf

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kl/ro!=! k[i7e"ld

efu !

2 g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;gk|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L

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kf/blz{tf / ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xL clej[l4 ug{ ljsf; ul/Psf s]xL ;fwg tyf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf ;DaGwdf k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 . efu $ df dfgjclwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff, g]kfn kIf ePsf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw tyf cg'aGwsf] ;"rL / dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw tyf afnclwsf/ P]gdf ePsf Joj:yf / dfgjclwsf/sf If]qdf sfo{/t /fli6«o ;+:yfsf ;DaGwdf j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . clGtd efu cyf{t\ efu % df lgisif{, ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L / cg';"rL -g}lts lzIff tyf ;'zf;g tflndsf] kf7Øqmd_ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .


@=!=! g}lts lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff / zAbfjnL

g}lts zAb lzIff zAb;Fu;Fu} hf]l8P/ c;n hLjg–ofkgsf] lglDt afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ /fd|f] afgL–Jojxf/ tyf u'0fx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg] lzIffsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ePsf] 5 . cª\u|]hL efiffsf] df]/n zAb n]l6g efiffsf] d"n zAb df];, df]l/;af6 cfPsf] xf], h;sf] cy{ dflg;x¿n] kfngf ug'{kg]{ cfr/0f Jojxf/, /Llt–lylt, rfnrng x'G5 . g}lts lzIffn] ;fdflhs hLjgdf s;/L Pstfa4 eP/ a:g'kb{5 eGg] bzf{pF5 . ;fy}, o; lzIffn] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfk"m a;f]af; u/]sf] :yfg, ;d'bfo jf ;dfhdf /fd|f] of]ubfg k'¥ofpg / l;h{gzLn x'g l;sfpF5 . o;af6 afnaflnsfx¿n] ;dfhdf d]nldnfksf ;fy s;/L a:g'kb{5 l;S5g\ . g}lts lzIffk|fKt afnaflnsfx¿ OdfGbf/, ;lxi0f', c¿k|lt cfb/efj /fVg] / cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/Laf]w ug]{ :jefjsf x'G5g\ . dfgj hLjgsf] x/kIfdf ;bfrf/ tyf g}lts cfr/0f Jojxf/sf] dxŒj x'G5 . s'g} klg JolSt g}lts cGt:s/0f;lxt s'g s'/f 7Ls xf] / s'g s'/f 7Ls xf]Og eGg] 1fg tyf hfgsf/L;lxt hGd]sf] x'Fb}g . t/, x/]s dflg; h}ljs / k|fs[lts lx;fan] g}ltsjfg dfgj x'g;Sg] Ifdtf;lxt hGd]sf] x'G5 . dflg; hGd]kl5 x'ls{b} a9\b} hfFbf cfˆgf] 3/–kl/jf/, ;d'bfo, ;dfhdf h]–h:tf] b]Vb} / l;Sb} hfG5, l;sfOFb} nluG5 To;}af6 p;sf] cfr/0f Jojxf/sf] ljsf; x'Fb} uPsf] x'G5 .

afnaflnsfn] ;fg}b]lv cfˆgf] 3/ / 5/l5d]saf6 w]/} s'/f l;Sb}cfPsf x'G5g\ . ljBfno, ;fdflhs ;+:yf, Sna jf wfld{s k|lti7fgx¿sf] dfWodaf6 c;n s'/f l;Sb} hfG5g\ . ljBfyL{n] cf}krfl/s¿kdf lzIff lng] 7fpF ljBfno xf], t/ klg cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf lzIff lng] 7fpF kfl/jfl/s tyf ;fdflhs jftfj/0f g} xf] . afnaflnsfx¿n] ;'g]sf] s'/feGbf b]v]sf] / u/]sf] s'/f l56f] l;S5g\ . k9]/eGbf b]v]/ jf u/]/ l;Sg] cj;/ pgLx¿n] 3/ / ;dfhaf6 g} kfpg'k5{ . o;sf/0f 3/fo;L tyf ;fdflhs jftfj/0f ljBfyL{sf nflu cg's"n x'g' cfjZos x'G5 .

g}lts lzIff@=! g}lts lzIffsf d"ne"t kIf

efu @

tyf Jojxf/sf] kl/:s[t / g}lts ¿k xf] . o;nfO{ JolStsf] Jojxf/nfO{ lgoGq0f jf k|efj kfg]{ g}lts l;4fGtx¿ klg elgG5 .

n ;bfrf/M ;bfrf/ eg]sf] s'g} klg JolStdf cGtlg{lxt OdfGbf/L / g}lts¿kdf l;4fGtlgi7 x'g] u'0f jf ljz]iftf xf] . cfrf/zf:qcg';f/ ;bfrf/nfO{ s'g} JolStsf] sfd–sf/afxLdf x'g] OdfGbf/L, ;Totf jf z'4tfsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . JolSt s'g} sfddf ;kmn / s'g}df c;kmn klg x'g;S5, t/ ;bfrf/ lr/:yfoL x'g'kb{5 . ;w}+el/ ;a} kl/l:yltdf ;xL / ;To Jojxf/ ug]{ dflg;nfO{ ;bfrf/L elgG5 .

n >dsf] dof{bfM >dsf] dof{bf eGg'sf] tfŒko{ /fd|f] p2]Zsf ;fy ul/Psf] sfdnfO{ ;dfg¿kdf ;Ddfg ug'{ xf] . s'g} klg sfd cfk}mFdf ;fgf] jf 7"nf] x'Fb}g . t/, >dsf] plrt d"No lbg'kb{5 / s;}sf] >dsf] zf]if0f x'g'x'Fb}g .

nrl/qM ;fdfGotM JolStdf x'g] / g}lts b[li6n] x]l/g] /fd|f] g/fd|f] ;a} sfd s'/fnfO{ rl/q elgG5 . JolSt s;/L lqmofzLn x'G5 To;af6 p;sf] rl/q yfxf x'G5 . cfr/0f JolStsf] cfGtl/s ¿k xf] h;n] sf] s:tf] 5 eGg] b;f{pF5 . cfr/0f JolStsf] JolQmTj / VoflteGbf leGg s'/f xf] . JolStsf] rl/q l:y/ / cljrlnt x'G5 . o;nfO{ cGt/cfTdfsf] afgL klg eGg] ul/G5 . s;}n] gb]Vg] cj:yfdf klg cfk"m s:tf] xf]OG5 cyf{t\ s:tf] Jojxf/ ul/G5 ToxL Jojxf/af6 JolStsf] rl/q :ki6 x'G5 .

ncg'zf;gM cg'zf;g JolStsf] clws OR5fpk/sf] k|lt1f jf b[9 lgZro xf] . lgod kfng ug]{ cEof; xf], lgolGqt Jojxf/ xf] . s'g} JolStsf] Jojxf/ tyf sfo{nfO{ lgolGqt ug]{ Ps k|lqmof xf] . of] sfd :jtM pTk|]l/t eP/ jf lzIf0f jf ;hfosf] dfWodåf/f x'G5 . cg'zf;gn] g}lts ;Gb]z k|jfx ub{5, h;n] ubf{ ljBfno tyf k7g kf7gsf] sfd ;~rfng ug{ ;Dej x'G5 . cg'zf;g lzIffsf] k|d'v cª\u ag]sf] x'G5 . cg'zf;g ePg eg] lzIf0f / l;sfO k|lqmof cj?4 x'G5 . cg'zf;gn] ljBfyL{sf] Jojxf/nfO{ dfu{bz{g ub{5 / s] ug{ x'g] / s] ug{ gx'g] eGg] s'/fsf] ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ub{5 . ljBfnodf ljBfyL{ cg'zfl;t x'g'kb{5

;fdfGo zAbfjnLn g}ltstfM g}ltstf eg]sf] JolSt g}lts x'g] u'0f xf],

s] ug{{ x'G5 / s] ug{ x'Fb}g eGg] s'/fsf] s'g} lgod, l;4fGt cflbdf cfpg] / kfng ug'{kg]{ cfr/0f


@=!=@ xfd|f ;fdflhs, wfld{s d"No tyf dfGotf / xfd|f] ;dfhdf /x]sf ljs[lt tyf lj;ª\ult

@=!=@=! xfd|f ;fdflhs d"No tyf dfGotf

;fdflhs d"No–dfGotf ;dfhsf clnlvt lgod x'g\, h;n] s'g–s'g kl/l:yltdf sxfFsxfF s:tf] Jojxf/ ug'{k5{ eGg] af6f] b]vfpF5g\ . s] ug{ x'G5 s] ug{ x'Fb}g eGg] s'/f :ki6 u5{g\ . ;dfh dfgjLo hLjgsf] d'Vo cfwf/ xf] . dflg; ;fdflhs k|f0fL ePsf] x'Fbf pm ;dfheGbf aflx/ uP/ a:g ;Sb}g . ;dfhdf /xFbf–a:bf p;n] ;fdflhs d"No–dfGotfleq /xg'kb{5 . x/]s ;dfhsf cfˆg} k/Dk/f, snf, ;flxTo, pT;j, wd{, /Llt–l/jfh, ljZjf;, k|rng, ;+:s[ltx¿ x'G5g\ . ;di6Lut¿kdf oL ljifox¿nfO{ ;+:sf/sf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . ;fdflhs¿kdf o; lsl;dsf] ;+:sf/ lgdf{0f 5f]6f] ;dodf x'Fb}g, nfdf] ;do nfUg ;S5 . x/]s gful/ssf ;dfg xs–clwsf/ tyf lhDd]jf/Lx¿ x'G5g\ .

x/]s JolStn] ;dfhsf] lgodleq /xg' / ;dfhsf] lxtdf sfd ug'{kb{5 . dftf–lktf / u'?x¿k|lt cfb/efj /fVg'kb{5 . ;a}l;t ldqjt\ Jojxf/ ug'{kb{5 . ;fdflhs d"No–dfGotfn] g} dflg;nfO{ Pstfa4 agfPsf] x'G5 . h'g ;dfhdf al;G5, ToxfFsf] rfnrng tyf Jojxf/eGbf aflx/ hfg ;lsFb}g . sf]xL JolStn] ;dfheGbf leGg Jojxf/ b;f{pF5 eg] p;nfO{ c;fdflhs elgg ;S5 . lglZrt ;fdflhs d"No–dfGotfnfO{

sfg'gL ¿k lbOPsf] x'G5 . w]/}h;f] d"No–dfGotf cgf}krfl/s eP klg alnof x'G5g\ . s'g} Ps ;dfhdf :yflkt dfkb08 csf]{ ;dfhdf d]n gvfg ;S5 . ;fdfhLs/0fsf] k|lqmofdf JolStn] d"No–dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] x'G5 . ;fdflhs cfbz{x¿ ljZjJofkL x'G5g\, t/ klg To:tf cfbz{ tyf dfGotfx¿ ;dfh–;fk]If x'g] x'gfn] ;dfg dxŒjsf gx'g ;S5g\ . ;fdflhs d"No–dfGotf tyf cfbz{n] dflg;nfO{ cfTd–lgolGqt / ;dfhnfO{ Pstfa4 agfPsf] x'G5 . s'g} ;fdflhs dfkb08 ePg eg] ;dfhdf c/fhstfsf] l:ylt pTkGg x'g;S5 . dflg; cfk"mv';L Jojxf/ ug{ yfNg]5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu 3/df, ljBfnodf, k':tsfnodf, sIffsf]7fdf, gu/ tyf j8f Snax¿df ul/g] Jojxf/ lgZro klg km/s–km/s x'G5g\ / x'g'kb{5 klg . cfdf–afa', u'?ju{ / ;fyLefOl;tsf] Jojxf/ kSs} klg Ps}gf;sf] x'Fb}g . To;}n] cj:yf x]/]/ cfˆgf] Jojxf/nfO{ ;Rofpg ;Sg'kb{5 . g]kfnL ;dfhsf cfˆg} d"No–dfGotfx¿ 5g\ .

@=!=@=@ ldqtf tyf ;b\efj

g]kfnL ;dfh ljleGg efiff, wd{–;+:s[lt, /Llt–l/jfh, Jojxf/ ePsf ljleGg k];fdf cfa4 dflg;x¿ ldn]/ a;]sf] ;dfh xf] . cfk;L ;xof]u, ;b\efj / ;djo ;dfh ;~rfngsf] cleGg kIf ag]sf 5g\ . ;dfhdf /x]sf dflg;x¿aLr ;xof]usf] cfbfg–k|bfg ug]{ / d]nldnfkk"0f{ jftfj/0fdf a:g] ljlzi6tfnfO{ g} ;fdflhs aGw'Tj elgG5 . o;/L aGw'Tj efjdf /x]sf ;dfhsf dflg;x¿ Ps–csf{df lge{/ ub{5g\ . s'g} klg JolStn] cfˆgf lqmofsnfkx¿ cfk"m PSn} ;~rfng u5'{ eg]/ ;Dej x'g ;Sb}g . Ps–csf{l;t e/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5, h:t}M Jofkfl/s k];fdf ;+nUg ePsf JolStx¿ pkef]Uo kbfy{sf lglDt ls;fgx¿l;t e/ kb{5g\ . ls;fgx¿ klg nQfsk8f / cGo b}lgs hLjgsf cTofjZos ;fdUf|Lsf lglDt Jofkf/Lx¿;Fu e/ k/]sf x'G5g\ . s'g} Pp6f k];fdf ;+nUg /x]sf] JolSt csf]{ k];fdf ;+nUg /x]sf] JolStl;t lgs6 ;Dks{df /xg'kg]{ cj:yf x'G5 . ;Dks{df g/xLsg hLjg rnfpg ;Dej x'Fb}g . aLpaLhg dnvfb vl/bsf nflu ls;fgx¿ Jofkf/Ldf e/ k/]sf x'G5g\ . Jofkf/Ln] ls;fgnfO{ rflxg] pTkfbg ;fdu|L pknAw u/fof] eg]dfq ls;fgn] pTkfbgsf] sfd ug{ ;S5 . o:t}u/L, slxn] kIfsf/sf] ¿kdf jlsnsf] e/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 t slxn] lj/fdL eP/ lrlsT;ssf] e/ kg'{kg]{ x'G5 . ofqf ubf{ ;jf/L–;fwgsf] k|of]u ul/G5 / ckl/lrt rfnssf] e/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

t:jL/M stflt/ hfg] eGg] s'/f ;Rrl/q lzIffn] atfpF5

/ lzIfsn] klg cg'zf;gsf] kfng u/fpg'kb{5 . of] g} lzIfsx¿sf] k|fylds bfloŒjleq k5{ .

n;b\u'0fM :jtM :ki6 5 ls o;nfO{ c;n u'0f ePsf], g}lts u'0f ePsf] eGg] cy{df lnOG5 . pRr g}lts:t/ bzf{pg] Jojxf/ jf k|j[lQ ePsf] dflg;nfO{ ;b\u'0f ePsf] JolSt elgG5 . pTs[i6 afgL–Joxf]/f tyf Jojxf/ ePsf] ljBfyL{nfO{ u'0fjfg ljBfyL{sf ¿kdf lnOG5 .

nlzi6tfM lzi6tfnfO{ c¿k|lt bzf{Og] gd| Jojxf/sf ¿kdf lnOG5 . h:t}M ljBfyL{n] u'?ju{nufot ;a}l;t lzi6tfk"j{s Jojxf/ ug'{kb{5 . h:t}M s'g} cf}krfl/s sfo{qmddf cfof]hsn] cfuGt'snfO{ lzi6tfk"j{s :jfut ub{5g\ .

nc;n cfbtM o;nfO{ /fd|f] afgL–Joxf]/f klg elgG5 . h:t}M pRr nIo /fVg], :j:y /xg], ;dosf] kfngf ug]{, ghfg]sf s'/f lzIfs jf ;fyLefO;Fu ;f]Wg], Ps ;dodf Pp6} sfddf s]lGb|t x'g], laxfg ;a]/} p7\g] / cWoogdf nfUg], unt;Fu ;ª\ut gug]{, b'Jo{;gdf gnfUg], of]u;fwgf ug]{, c¿sf] dof{bf ug]{, ldqjt\ Jojxf/ ug]{, cfjZos kbf{ ;xof]u ug]{ cflb ljBfyL{sf c;n cfbt jf afgL x'g\ . c;n afgL–Joxf]/f ePsf] ljBfyL{sf] eljio ;w}+ ;kmn tyf pHHjn x'G5 . c;n afgL–Joxf]/fnfO{ ;f]dt klg elgG5 .


cfk;L ;xof]u / ;b\efjljgf ;dfh rNg ;Sb}g . s'g} klg JolSt afFRg / cfˆgf] hLljsf rnfpg ;dfh rflxG5 . JolSt hGdg'eGbf cl3b]lv d[To'kl5;Dd klg ;dfh rflxG5 / ;dfhlagf sf]xL klg /xg ;lsFb}g . h;/L cfk"mn] c¿nfO{ ;3fOG5, To;/L g} c¿n] cfk"mnfO{ ;3fpg] x'gfn] c¿af6 cfk"mn] s:tf] Jojxf/sf] ck]Iff ul/G5 cfk"mn] klg c¿nfO{ To:t} Jojxf/ ug'{kb{5 . cfk"m ;Ddflgt x'g c¿sf] ;Ddfg ug{ hfGg'kb{5 . ;]jfsf], ;xof]usf], ;xsfo{sf] cfbfg–k|bfg ug{ klg ;d'bfo g} rflxG5, ;dfh g} rflxG5, cfwf/e"t cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf lglDt klg ;dfh g} rflxG5 . t;y{, ;dfhsf] dxQfnfO{ sd cfFSg x'Fb}g . Ps xftn] tfnL aHb}g eGg] a'‰g'kb{5 .

lzIffk|b k|;·;Fu

dnfO{ ;Demgf 5 Û ha d k|fylds sIffdf lyPF, ljBfnodf Pp6f j:t'sf] /ª ;]tf] jf sfnf] 5 eGg] ljifodf 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . 5nkmnsf] ljifo o:tf] lyof]–

sIffsf]7fdf lzIfs ljBfyL{lt/ kms]{/ pleg'ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] cufl8sf] 6]a'ndf Pp6f ckl/lrt j:t' /flvPsf] lyof] . d lzIfssf] afofFtkm{ plePsf] lyPF eg] csf{ ;fyL bfofFtkm{ plePsf lyP . lzIfsn] k|Zg ug'{eof]– 6]a'ndf /flvPsf] j:t'sf] /ª s:tf] 5 < d}n] eg] pSt j:t'sf] /ª sfnf] 5 . csf{ ;fyLn] eg] pSt j:t'sf] /ª ;]tf] 5 . d}n] cfk"m 7Ls 5' eGg] 7fg] / csf{ ;fyLn] pgL cfk"m g} 7Ls ePsf] bfaL u/] . lzIfsn] xfd|f] :yfg ablnlbg'eof] . d]/f] :yfgdf csf{ ;fyL cfP/ pleP eg] d ;fyLsf] 7fpFdf uP/ plePF . lzIfsn] k'gM k|Zg ug'{eof]– Tof] 6]a'ndf /flvPsf] j:t'sf] /ª s:tf] 5 < d}n] eg] pSt j:t'sf] /ª ;]tf] 5 . csf{ ;fyLn] eg] Tof] j:t'sf] /ª sfnf] 5 . d}n] klxnf sfnf] b]v]sf] clxn] ;]tf] b]v]F / csf{ ;fyLn] klxnf ;]tf] b]v]sf]df clxn] sfnf] b]v] .

oyfy{ o:tf] lyof]–Tof] j:t'sf] Psftkm{ ;]tf] / csf]{tkm{ sfnf] /x]5 . d}n] sfnf] efu b]Vbf csf]{ ;fyLn] ;]tf] efu b]Vg] / csf]{ ;fyLn] sfnf] efu b]Vbf d}n] ;]tf] efu b]Vg]+ .

lzIffk|b ;Gb]zs'g} klg ljifo jf ;d:ofnfO{ c¿sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 klg x]g'{ h¿/L x'G5 .

;fdflhs ;b\efj /fVg s;}k|lt klg 3[0ff jf å]if k|s6 ug'{x'Fb}g, c¿sf] s'/f a'‰g] sf]lz; ug'{kb{5 . cfk"mnfO{ lrQ a'em]sf] 5}g eg]] klg c¿sf] dof{bfdf cfFr gcfpg] u/L cfˆgf] ljrf/ /fVg'kb{5 . 3[0ffn] w[0ff hGdfpF5, To;f] x'gfn] :g]x, ;b\efj / efOrf/f tyf ckgTjsf] efjgf /fVg ;Sg'kb{5 . c¿sf] pGglt–k|ultdf l/; ug'{x'Fb}g . slt ;lsG5, cfˆgf] ;xof]u ub}{ hfg'kb{5, 3d08 ug'{x'Fb}g . c¿sf] /fd|f] u'0fsf] sb/ ug'{kb{5 . sf]xL JolQm unt af6f]df

nfu]sf] eP ;'wf/sf] nflu k|of; ug'{kb{5 . h];'s} xf];\, eGg'x'Fb}g . ;xof]usf] efjgf /fVg'kb{5 .

;dfhdf ;a} Ps} x}l;otsf dflg; x'Fb}gg\ . c;xfo / b'MvL dflg; klg x'G5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ ;Sbf] ;xof]u ug'{kb{5, x]nfsf] efjgfn] x]g'{x'Fb}g . sf]xL la/fdL tyf czSt x'G5g\ t sf]xL a[4a[4f x'G5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ klg ;Ddfg / ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 . lg/If/nfO{ ;fIf/ / c1fgLnfO{ 1fgL agfpg kxn ug'{kb{5 .

k|]/s syfljZj k|l;4 gf]a]n zflGt k'/:sf/ lah]tf ef/tLo gful/s >L s}nfz ;TofyL{ @)&! r}tdf sf7df8f}+ cfpFbf Pslbg lj/f6gu/ k'u]sf lyP . ToxfFsf] afnsNof0f ljBfdlGb/df pgsf] ;Ddfg sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . Tof] sfo{qmddf pkl:yt eP/ af]Ng] qmdsf] cGtdf pgn] ljBfyL{nfO{ Pp6f syf ;'gfP, Tof] syf lyof]–

Pp6f 7"nf] hª\undf cfuf] nfu]5 . ;a} hgfj/ s/fP/ efufefu ug{ yfn] . hª\unsf] /fhf elgg] l;+x klg efUg nfu]5 . efUbfefUb} p;n] Pp6f ;fgf] r/fnfO{ cfuf] ePlt/ hfFb} u/]sf] b]v]/ crDd dfGb} ;f]w]5– sxfF hfg nfu]sf] < Totf cfuf] blGs/x]sf] 5 .

r/f]n] hjfkm lbof]– d d'vdf c6\g] hlt kfgL lnP/ cfuf] lgefpg] k|of; ul//x]sf] 5' .

l;+xn] km]l/ 5Ss kb}{ ;f]w]5– ;a} Hofg hf]ufpg eflu/x]sf 5g\, ltdL lsg To;f] ub}{5f}+ < Tolt kfgLn] Toqf] 7"nf] cfuf] lgE5 / <

r/f]n] eg]5– …c¿n] h] u¿g\, d}n] ug{ ;Sg] hlt d u5'{ ;a}n] u/] cfuf] lgEg ;S5 .Ú

;|f]tM sf]lknf, sflGtk'/sf] ;fKtflxs …afn sf];]nLÚ,r}t @@, @)&!

tgfj Joj:yfkgsf] k|]/s k|;·

Pshgf bfz{lgsn] Ps 7fpFdf tgfj Joj:yfkgsf] sIff lng] qmddf bz{s tyf >f]tfu0fsf] jl/kl/ 3'Dg] uy]{ . Psk6s 3'Dg] qmddf pgn] kfgLsf] lunf;nfO{ xftn] p7fP / ;a}lt/ kms]{ . dflg;n] ;f]Rb} lyP, e/L lunf; kfgL 5 jf cfwf kfgL 5 egL ;f]lwg] xf]nf eg]/ . t/, pgn] xFl;nf] x'Fb} ;f]w] ls of] lunf; slQsf] u?ª\uf] xf]nf < / pQ/ cfof], @)) b]lv $)) u|fd;Ddsf] . t/, pgn] eg]– o;sf] jf:tljs tf}n slt 5 . To;sf] s]xL s'/f xf]Og, t/ d}n] slta]/ xftdf c8\ofP/ /fVg;S5' . To;df e/ kb{5 . d}n] Ps ldg]6;Dd xftdf lnO/fVbf s]xL ;d:of gxf]nf, t/ Ps 3G6f;Dd lnO/fv]+ eg] d]/f] kfv'/f b'Vg yfNg]5 . o;nfO{ d}n] lbge/ p7fO/x]+ eg] d]/f] xftkfv'/f rNg g;Sg] x'g]5 . x/]s cj:yfdf lunf;sf] tf}n ablnFb}g Ps}gf; /x]sf] x'G5, t/ hlta]/ d}n] ;dflt/xG5' of] u?ª\uf] x'Fb} hfg]5 . pgn] eGb} uP– hLjgdf tgfj /


@=!=@=# lgM:jfy{ ;]jf

Ps cfbz{ JolStn] lgM:jfy{efjaf6 ;]jf ub{5 . To:tf] JolStnfO{ ;a}lt/ ;a}n] ;Ddfg / dfof ub{5g\ . :jR5 ;dfhsf] nflu To:tf cfbz{ / lgM:jfyL{ JolStsf] vfFrf] kb{5 . g]kfnL ;dfhn] lgM:jfy{ ;]jf ug]{ JolQmx¿nfO{ ;b}j ;Ddfg / cfb/ ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . d[To'j/0fkZrft\ klg To:tf JolQmnfO{ ;dfhn] :d/0f ul//xg] u/]sf] 5, pgLx¿ ;wF} cd/ /xG5g\ . g]kfnL ;dfh To:tf JolQmk|lt ;b}j s[t1 x'g] u/]sf] 5 . k/f]ksf/ ug{'nfO{ g]kfnL ;dfhn] wd{ ;DemG5 .

@=!=@=$ kl/jf/sf] dxŒj

kl/jf/ g} ;a}eGbf ;fgf] ;fdflhs OsfO xf] / kl/jf/nfO{ g]kfnL ;dfhn] 7"nf] dxŒj lbg] u/]sf] 5 . ;x/L If]qdf ;fgf] kl/jf/df /xg] d"No–dfGotfn] :yfg kfpFb} uPsf] eP klg u|fdL0f If]qdf cem} klg ;+o'Qm kl/jf/df a:g] rng 5 . kl/jf/sf] s'g} ;b:osf] ;'v–b'MvnfO{ g} ;Dk"0f{ kl/jf/sf] ;'v–b'Mvsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . a'9];sfndf afa'–cfdfsf] nfngkf]if0f 5f]/f5f]/Laf6 ul/g] ;+:sf/ 5 .

@=!=@=% c¿sf] cfb/ ug{'

g]kfnL ;dfhn] ;a} dflg;nfO{ cfb/ ug{'kg]{, ;Ddfg ug{'kg]{ dfGotf /fVb5 . xfdLn] cfkm"nfO{ hGdlbg] afa'–cfdf tyf cfkm"eGbf 7"nf dflg;sf] ;w+} pRr cfb/ u5f}{+ . afa'–cfdfn] g} xfdLnfO{ hGdlbg], nfngkf]if0f ug]{ / ;Ifd agfpg] / afa'–cfdfaf6} xfdLn] klxnf] lzIff kfpg] x'gfn] afa'–cfdfsf] u'0f xfdLn] slxn} la;{g x'Fb}g . To:t}, xfdLnfO{ c;n Jojxf/ / ;Eo gful/s aGg] lzIff lbg] u'¿ju{nfO{ klg xfdL ;w}+ ;Ddfg u5f}{+ / pxfFx¿ k|lt s[t1 x'G5f}+ . kfx'gfnfO{ klg xfdL ;w}F :jfut, ;Tsf/ / cfb/ u5f}{+ . xfdLx¿ pxfFx¿k|lt ;w}F s[t1 /xG5f}F, s[t£g slxNo} x'g ;Sb}gf}+ . xfdL cfkm"eGbf ;fgfnfO{ ;wF} dfof u5f}{ . afa' ;Ddflgt, afa'eGbf cfdf ;Ddflgt / cfdfeGbf klg u'?sf] ;Ddflgt :yfg x'G5 eGg] xfd|f]] k"jL{o dfGotf /lxcfPsf] 5 .

@=!=@=^ cg'zf;gdf a:g'

g]kfnL ;dfhn] cg'zf;gnfO{ ljz]if dxŒj lbg] u/]sf] 5 . cg'zf;gdf a:g' eg]sf] ;dfhn] dfGotf lbPsf cfr/0f tyf sfg'gn] kfngf ug{'kg]{ eg]sf sfo{x¿ ug{' / gug{' eg]sf

sfo{x¿ gug{' xf] . cg'zf;gdf a:g' dflg;sf] ;b\u'0f xf] . o;n] g} xfdLnfO{ hLjgdf ;kmntf lbnfpF5 . cg'zf;g 3/, kl/jf/, ljBfno, sfof{no hxfF hfFbf, /xFbf–a:bf klg rflxG5 . cg'zfl;t dflg;nfO{ 3/, kl/jf/, ljBfno, sfof{no ;a}n} ¿rfpF5g\, k|z+;f / cfb/ ub{5g\ eg] cg'zf;gxLg JolQmnfO{ ;j{q l5Ml5M / lgGbf ul/G5, pm ;a}sf] x]nfsf] kfq aG5 . t;y{, xfdL ;a} cg'zf;gdf a:g', /xg'kb{5 .

cg'zf;gn] d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs, wfld{s, g}lts, /fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts cflb lgodsf] dof{bf jf ;f] dof{bfleq /xg] sfo{nfO{ hgfpF5 . cfTdfg'zf;g JolStdf cGtlg{lxt Ps To:tf] Ifdtf xf], h;n] sl7g kl/l:yltdf klg cfF6]sf] sfd k"/f ug{ ;Sg] agfpF5 . csf]{ zAbdf cfTdfg'zf;g jf :jfg'zf;g eg]sf] ;'wf/sf nflu cfkm}n] cfk"mnfO{ ;Rofpg] jf lgoGq0f ug]{ k4lt xf], cfk}mF cg'zfl;t x'g] s'/f xf] . cfk}mF cg'zfl;t x'g Tolta]nf ;Dej x'G5, hlta]nf xfdL /fd|f] cfr/0f /xG5f}+ / c;n ;fdflhs Jojxf/ bzf{pF5f}+ . cfbz{ cfr/0f / To;sf] kfngf ug]{ JolSt cg'zfl;t x'G5 . cfTdfg'zf;g Ps cToGt zlStzfnL ;fwg xf], h;af6 cfˆgf] kl/nIo k"/f ug{ ;lsG5 . t/, cfTdfg'zf;g sfod /fVg dgleq}af6 pTk|]l/t / :jlgolGqt x'g'k5{, lglZrt nIo lnP/ To;k|lt b[9tfk"j{s nflu kg'{k5{ . xfdLdf pTkGg ljrf/, efjgf, cleJolSt / lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ cfk}mFn] lgoGq0fleq /fVg'k5{ . leqL dgb]lv g} cfTd;+odL x'g] k|of; ug'{kb{5 . cfTd;+od, ;xL–;To Jojxf/, cfk;L ljZjf; / ;b\efj, ;lxi0f''tf, w}o{tf /fvL cfk"mnfO{ lhTg ;Sg' eg]sf] 7"nf] ljho xf] . dflg; l/;fpg' x'Fb}g . lzv u'? gfgsn] …l/; eg]sf] cfk}mFnfO{ hnfpg] cfuf] xf]Ú eGg'ePsf] 5, . To:t}u/L, u|Ls bfz{lgs ;'s/ftn] klg …l/;af6 aRg ;s] hLjg ;'vL x'G5Ú eGg'ePsf] 5 . To;sf/0f dflg; ;w}F xF;d'v tyf ldng;f/ x'g'kb{5 .

lxGb" dxfsfJo dxfef/tsf s'GtL / kf08'sf h]i7 ;'k'q o'lwli7/ OdfGbf/L / ;Totfsf nflu ;bf :d/0fLo /x] . elgG5, pgn] hLjgdf slxNo} klg e"m6f] af]n]gg\ . To:t}u/L, ;"o{j+zsf #^ cf}+ /fhf xl/:rGb| klg cfbz{jfbL /fhf lyP . pgL ;w}F Gofosf kIfdf pleGy] . cfˆgf] argdf kSsf lyP, ;TojfbL lyP . cd]l/sL e"tk"j{ /fi6«klt hh{ jfl;ª\6gn] eGg] uy]{– …dflg;sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] kb tyf pkflw OdfGbf/ dflg; elgg' xf]Ú .

cg'zfl;t JolSt ;w}F gd| x'G5 . c¿l;t ljgd|tfk"j{s af]N5 / Jojxf/ u5{ . pm lzi6 / ;xgzLn tyf w}o{ x'G5 . p;df cfTd}b]lv ;RrfO x'G5, e"m7f] s'/f ub}{g . p;n] ;t\dfu{df nfUgfn] ;kmn eOG5 / unt dfu{df nfUgfn] gf]S;fg k'U5, k|lti7f u'D5 eGg] s'/f /fd|/L a'em]sf] x'G5 . pm ;a}sf] lxt}ifL, ldng;f/, ljZjfl;nf] x'G5 . c¿sf] z'elrGts x'G5 . p;df pbf/tf, bof, dfof, s[kf, IfdfzLntfh:tf /fd|f u'0fx¿

lrGtf klg kfgLsf] lunf;h:t} x'g\ . Psl5g ;f]Rg'xf];\ s]xL x'Fb}g . clns a]/ ;f]Rb} uOof] eg] To;n] gf]S;fg k'¥ofpg yfN5 . lbge/ ;f]Rg'eof] eg] tkfO{+ rNg g;Sg] ePsf] dx;"; ug'{x'g]5– s]xL klg ug{ g;Sg] . tgfjnfO{ lnO/fVg' x'Fb}g, 5f]8\lbg'kb{5 eGg] ;Demg' dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . To;nfO{ ;fFem;Dd / /ftL;Dd gtGsfpg'xf];\ . lunf;nfO{ tn /fVg gla;{g'xf];\ .

g}lts ;Gb]zM ;d:ofnfO{ dgdf lnO{ /fVg'x'Fb}g, 5f]8\lbg'kb{5 / dg xNsf x'G5 .


x'G5g\ . p;n] c¿sf] lxt / enfO{ rfxG5 . s;}sf] s'enf] ub}{g . c¿sf] clxt lrtfpFb}g . pm OdfGbf/ x'G5 . ;fFrf] / ;To s'/fdfdfq ljZjf; u5{ . p;n] c¿nfO{ wf]sf lbFb}g / c¿af6 klg wf]sf kfO{+b}g eGg] ljZjf; u5{ . pm cfTdljZjf;L / zfGt :jefjsf] x'G5 . o:tf u'0f ePsf] JolStnfO{ dg gk/fpg] sf]xL x'Fb}gg\ . syd\–sbflrt\ e"n x'g uof], uNtL x'g uof] eg] ;xh} :jLsf/ u5{ . lha|f] xf]Og, hLjg af]Ng'kb{5 eGg] dfGotf /fV5 . p;n] w]/} ;fyL agfpgdf eGbf yf]/} / c;n JolStnfO{ ;fyL agfpF5 . dflg;sf] OdfGbf/L p;sf] sfd / af]nL–Jojxf/af6 k|ltlalDat x'G5 .

@=!=@=& ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg

g]kfn ;fg} d'n's eP klg ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs, hftLo, ;f+:s[lts, eflifs, wfld{s lx;fan] ljljwtfk"0f{ /lxcfPsf] 5 . sltko ljifox¿ s'g} vf; :yfg ljz]ifl;t cfa4 5g\ . ef}uf]lns b[li6n] t/fO{, kxf8 / lxdfno If]qsf] ljljwtf 5 eg] lxdfnb]lv t/fO{;Dd hftLo tyf eflifs ljljwtfx¿ 5g\ . d]nfkj{x¿df ljljwtf 5 . ljleGg ef}uf]lns agf]6, jg:klt, xfjfkfgL, /d0fLo tfn–tn}of / gbLx¿ 5g\ . xfd|f] ;dfhdf ljleGg ;fdflhs d"No–dfGotfx¿ 5g\ . afUdtL pkTosfleq ljleGg hfqf dgfpg] rng 5 . t/fO{ If]qdf 57 kj{, df3L kj{ eJotfsf ;fy dgfOG5 . s]xL jif{b]lv /fhwfgL tyf kxf8L If]qdf klg 57 kj{ dgfpg yflnPsf] 5 . k"j{lt/ ;s]nf kj{, p3f}nL tyf pef}nL kj{ dgfOG5 . bz}+, ltxf/, kmfu'h:tf kj{x¿ d'n'ssf] ljleGg efudf dgfOG5g\ .

g]kfnsf] /fli6«o em08f

Ps j0f{ Pshft .xfdL ;a} g]kfnL ..

Ps–csf{aLrsf] ;dembf/L, ljZjf;, :g]x, ;Ddfg, >4f g} g]kfnL hghLjgsf cleGg kIf ag]sf 5g\ . dflg;x¿sf km/s–km/s hLjgz}nLx¿ 5g\ . ltg} d"No–dfGotfn] xfdLnfO{ Pstfa4 agfPsf] 5, ;lxi0f' agfPsf] 5 . ljleGg efiff, ;+:s[lt, ;Eotf, k/Dk/fx¿ 5g\ . hg;d'bfosf ljljw k/Dk/f tyf ;+:s[ltsf] cfb/ ;Ddfg x'Fb}cfPsf] 5 . e]ife"iff klg km/s–km/s 5g\ . cfk;L Pstfaf6 g} o:tf ljljwtfnfO{ u|x0f ug{ cfTd;ft ug{ ;lsG5 . To;sf nflu ;femf d"No k4ltsf] lgdf{0f ug'{kb{5 . cgflbsfnb]lv xfdLn] …j;'b}j s'6'Dasd\Ú cyf{t\ …ljZj g} Ps kl/jf/ xf]Ú eGg] dfGotfdf

/x]/ Ps–csf{k|lt ul/g] ;Tsf/, cfltYotf, ;dGjo, s[kf, s?0ff, dfgjLo Jojxf/h:tf ljifo xfd|f] ;dfhsf cleGg kIf ag]sf 5g\ . oL s'/f xfd|f afnaflnsfsf] ef}lts, zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, af}l4s ljsf;sf nflu ckl/xfo{ 5g\ .

ljZjs} b"n{e k|f0fL /ftf] kf08f g]kfndf pknAw 5 . 6f6]af3, Psl;ª\u] u}+8f, hª\unL e}+;L, rf}+/LufO{, ljleGg hftsf r/fr'?ª\uL / k'tnLx¿ kfOG5g\ . oL s'/f g]kfnsf ljlzi6tf x'g\ . To;}n] ljleGg d'n'ssf dflg;x¿ a;]{gL g]kfnsf] e|d0fdf cfpg] ub{5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ljleGg wd{–;+:s[lt, hflt, ;d'bfo, ;Dk|bfo, pTklQ / efiff–efifLx¿sf aLr ;dfgtf Pjd\ ;xcl:tTjsf cfwf/df :j:y / ;'dw'/ ;fdflhs ;DaGw ljsl;t u/L ;a}sf] efiff, ;flxTo, lnlk, snf / ;+:s[ltsf] ;dfg ljsf;åf/f b]zsf] ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf sfod /fvL /fli6«o PstfnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug{]5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . To;}n] xfdL ;a} g]kfnL Pstfa4 eP/ ;f+:s[lts tyf ;fdflhs ;DaGwnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg'kb{5 . To;}df xfdL ;a}sf] lxt ;'lglZrt x'g]5 .

@=!=@=* ;fbf hLjgM pRr ljrf/

xfd|f] ;dfhn] ;fbf hLjg pRr ljrf/nfO{ dxŒj lbg] u/]sf] 5 . xfd|f k"vf{x¿sf] hLjgz}nL ;fbf lyof], ;/n lyof] clxn]sf] h:tf] el8\snf] / cf8Da/L lyPg . pgLx¿n] ;fbf hLjg pRr ljrf/ cFufNg ;a}nfO{ k|]l/t uy]{ . ;fbf hLjg z}nLsf] klxn] hlQs} clxn] klg dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . t/, clxn]sf] xfd|f] hghLjg el8\snf] / vlr{nf] af6f]tkm{ pGd'v x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . dflg; a9L pkef]ud'vL ePsf] 5 . pkef]usf j:t'x¿ klg dx+uf 5g\ . ld;fj6 / k|b"if0faf6 pkef]Uo kbfy{x¿ klg vfg cof]Uo x'Fb} uPsf 5g\ . dflg;n] a9L dfqfdf k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] bf]xg ug{ nfu]sf 5g\ . jg–hª\un dfl;b} uP/ kxf8sf 8fF8f–kv]/fx¿ phf8 x'Fb} UfPsf 5g\ . o;sf] gsf/fTds c;/ tNnf] t6df a:g]x¿df kl//x]sf] 5 . s[lifof]Uo hldgsf] pj{/fzlSt klg x|f; xF'b}5 . clt pkef]u ug]{] k|j[lQn] dflg;sf] k|ult xf]Og, cwf]ult x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . hLjgnfO{ ;kmn kfg{ pRr ljrf/ / ;/n hLjgz}nL g} rflxG5 . pRr ljrf/ eg]sf] cfˆgf] kl/jf/, ;dfh, d'n's / ljZjs} nflu / ;lsG5 eg] ;di6Lut ¿kdf dfgjtfsf] lxtdf /fd|f] sfo{ ub}{ hfg] b[li6sf]0f /fVg' xf] / ;fdflhs cfbz{ d"No–dfGotf cg';/0f ub}{ ;di6Lut enfOsf nflu ;sf/fTds ;fdflhs kl/jt{g Nofpg cu|;/ x'g' xf] .

jf:tjdf ljrf/ ;a}eGbf anafg\ x'G5 / ljrf/n] g} xfdLnfO{ 8f]¥ofO/x]sf] x'G5 . xfdLh:tf] ;f]R5f}+, cfk"m To:t} x'G5f}+ . wg–;DklQ y'kf/]/ dfq s]xL x'Fb}g, k|s[ltsf] /d0fLotfaf6 cfgGb lng klg hfGg'kb{5 . ef]uljnf;df nfUgfn] z/L/ :j:y / dg :jR5 /xg ;Sb}g . w]/]} vfP/ /fd|f] nufP/ dfq x'Fb}g . ;dfh / /fi6«nfO{ s]xL g s]xL of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] x'g'kb{5 . c¿nfO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] xfgL–gf]S;fgL gk'¥ofO{


cfˆgf] st{Jo / lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug]{ dflg;sf] hLjg g} ;fbf hLjg x'G5 . oxL g} cfbz{ hLjg xf] . pRr ljrf/ /fVg] lalQs} ;fbf hLjg latfpg dg nfU5 . lsgeg] ;fbfhLjg / pRr ljrf/aLr ;x;DaGw x'G5 . pRr ljrf/ ePsf] dflg;n] dfq ;fbf hLjg latfpg ;S5 . xf], dgdf pRr ljrf/ pTkGg x'g klg ;fbf hLjg g} rflxG5 .

b[i6fGtsf ¿kdf dxfTdf ufGwL, :jfdL ljj]sfgGb, ca|fxd lnª\sg, Dof8d So'/L, hh{ jfl;ª\6g, s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{, u0f]zdfg l;+x, dgdf]xg clwsf/Lh:tf JolStx¿sf] gfd hf]l8G5, ;/n hLjg / pRr ljrf/df . oL dxfg\ JolSt x'g\, h;n] d'n's / ;dfhnfO{ of]ubfg lbP/ cfˆgf] 5fk 5f]8\g ;s] . ljrf/0fLo s'/f s] 5 eg] ;f]rfO Ps ;fdfGo k|lqmof ePsf] x'gfn] xfd|f] dgdf /fd|f–g/fd|f b'j} ljrf/ cfpg ;S5g\ . /fd|f] ljrf/nfO{ Jojxf/df Nofpg] / g/fd|f] ljrf/nfO{ x6fpg] ug'{kb{5 . cfˆgf] dgnfO{ lgoGq0fdf /fVg ;Sg'kb{5 . /fd|f ljrf/n] g/fd|f ljrf/nfO{ k/f:q ug]{ x'gfn] b[9 lgZrosf ;fy pTs[i6 pknlAw xfl;n ug]{ OR5f /fVg'kb{5 . To;af6 dfq c¿ pRr ljrf/x¿ pTkGg x'g ;Sg]5g\ . pRr ljrf/ /fVg ;Sg] dflg;sf] JolStTj klg pRr x'G5M kf/bzL{ / v'Nnf x[bosf] x'G5 . b[i6fGtsf nflu ljBfyL{n] k|f/Deb]lv g} c¿sf] lxtdf ;f]Rg yfNg' klg Ps pRr ljrf/ x'g;S5 . cfk"m;Fu ePsf] ;fwg–;|f]taf6 ;Gt'i6L / cfgGb lng ;Sg'kb{5 . To;}n] ;fbf hLjg / pRr ljrf/ 7"nf] dfgjLo u'0fjQf xf] eGg] s'/f dgdf lng'kb{5 .

/fhf hgs, ;Ltf, c+z' jdf{, uf}td a'4, e[s'6L, z+vw/ ;fVjf, /fhf /fd zfx, k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx, eLd;]g yfkf, cd/l;+x yfkf, aneb| s'Fj/, dxfu'? kmfNu'0ffgGb, c/lgsf], df]lt/fd e§, kf;fª\ nfd' z]kf{ cflb g]kfnsf /fli6«o lje"ltx¿k|lt ulx/f] cf:yf / ;Ddfg /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn /fi6«k|lt pgLx¿sf] ct'ngLo of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 .

@=!=@=( :jfjnDaL x'g'

xfd|f] ;dfhn] :jfjnDaL x'g k|]l/t ub{5 . :jfjnDag eg]sf] c¿sf] ;xfotf glnOsg cfˆgf] sfd cfk}mF ug]{, cfˆgf ;d:of cfk}mF ;dfwfg ug]{ Ps tl/sf xf] . :jfjnDagnfO{ cfTdlge{/ / :j;xfotfsf] cy{df klg lnOG5 . of] cfk}mFnfO{ cfk}mF ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg] k|lqmof xf], dfWod xf], :jlgb]{lzt ;'wf/ xf] . xfdLn] ;s];Dd c¿sf] ;xof]u glnOsg cfˆgf] sfd cfk}mF ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . cfˆgf] ana"tfeGbf aflx/sf] s'/fdf dfq c¿sf] ;xof]u lng' /fd|f] x'G5 . x/]s dflg; cjZo klg c¿eGbf c;n / /fd|f] aGg rfxG5 . cfk"m s:tf] x'g rfxg] xf], To:tf] aGgsf] nflu :jfjnDagsf] dfWod ckgfpg' pko'St x'G5 . rfxgf ul/of] eg] cfˆgf w]/} sfd cfk}mF klg ug{ ;lsG5 . t/, To;sf nflu ljZjf;sf ;fy nflu kg'{k5{ . ;fgf]–ltgf] s'/fdf klg c¿sf] ;xof]u vf]Hg] afgL 5f]8\g'k5{ . cfˆgf] ;f]rfO tyf lrGtgnfO{ pTyfg ug'{k5{, gofF 9Ëaf6 ljsf; ug'{k5{ . cfˆgf] lrGtg k|j[lQnfO{ cfTdlge{/ / :j;xfotfsf b[li6n] k'ghL{ljt ug'{k5{ . t/, xfdLn] ;a} s'/fdf :jfjnDaL x'g vf]Hof}+ eg] c;kmn x'G5f}+ . dfgjLo hLjgsf w]/} s'/fdf c¿sf] e/ ug'{kg]{ klg x'G5 . ;a} s'/fdf cfTdlge{/ x'g ;lsFb}g . t/, ;s];Dd cfˆgf sfd cfk}mF ug{ l;Sb} hfg' >]o:sf/ x'G5 . ;kmn hLjgsf nflu ;sf/fTds ;f]r / :jfjnDagsf] cToGt} dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 .

@=!=# xfd|f wfld{s d"No tyf dfGotf

g]kfndf ljleGg wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿ a;f]af; u5{g\ . *) k|ltzteGbf a9L dflg;x¿ lxGb' wd{ dfGg] 5g\ . x/]s wd{sf cf–cfˆgf wfld{s u|Gyx¿ 5g\ . oL wfld{s u|Gyx¿df

ljrf/M ;DklQeGbf lzIff 7"nf]

;GtfgnfO{ ;DklQ xf]Og, lzIff lbg'kb{5 . cfhsf] o'u eg]sf] j}1flgs o'u xf] . lzIffn] ;Gtfgsf] eljio lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u ub{5 . JolStsf] c7f]6, lqmofzLntf / l;h{gf ;DklQaf6 xf]Og, lzIffaf6 k|fKt x'G5 . ;"o{sf] cufl8 aQL eg]h:t} ;"o{ lzIff xf], aQL ;DklQ xf] . aQLn] ;fgf] 7fpFdf dfq} pHofnf] lbG5 . ;"o{n] ;+;f/e/ pHofnf] 55{ .

;'s/ft, c/:t', Kn]6f] ;DklQn] xf]Og, lzIffn] c;n ePsf x'g\ . lzIffn] ubf{ g} pgsf bz{g cfh;Dd rrf{ ug{ nfos 5g\ . lzIffsf] zlQmsf] s'g} ;Ldf 5}g .

sIff–^, O{kLP; :s"n, sf7df8f} ;fef/M sf]lknf, sflGtk'/sf] ;fKtflxs …afn sf]z]nLÚ

r}t @@, @)&!

syfM ef]u–ljnf;sf] kl/0ffd

g]kfns} s'g} Ps ufpFdf Pp6f kl/jf/ a:bYof] . To; kl/jf/n] Jofkf/ Joj;foaf6 dgUu} wg–;DklQ cfh{g u/]sf] lyof] . kl/jf/df gf]s/–rfs/ y'k|} lyP . k};fsf] cefj s:tf] x'G5 eGg] s'/f kl/jf/sf ;b:o s;}n] klg ef]Ug'k/]sf] lyPg . h;} Joj;fo a9\b} hfFb} lyof], kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿df a9L wg–;DklQ cfh{g ug]{ xf]8afhL / clt pkef]usf] k|j[lQ b]vfk¥of], s;}n]–s;}nfO{ guGg] / pgLx¿df cxdtf a9\b} uof] . x'Fbfx'Fbf Ps ;do o:tf] cj:yf cfOk'Uof], hxfF efO–efOdf dgd'6fjsf] l:ylt r'nLdf k'Uof], efOefOsf >LdtLx¿df klg emu8f / af]nrfn} aGbsf] l:ylt pTkGg eof] . cfk"mv';L dgnfUbf] vr{ ug]{ k|j[lQ / plrt ;dGjosf] cefjdf Joj;fosf] ;Gt'ng lau|Fb} hfg yfNof] . sfl/Gbfx¿n] klg sfd 5f8] . Joj;fosf] x/lx;fa klg uf]ndfn x'gyfNof] . kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] :jf:Yo lalu|b} uof] . afnaRrfsf] k9fO lau|g yfNof] . a}+sx¿af6 lnPsf] C0f ltg{ g;s]/ a}+sx¿n] pgLx¿sf] 3/–hUuf lnnfd laqmL u/] / To;kl5 Tof] kl/jf/sf] x]bf{x]b}{ larNnL x'g uof]] . of] lanf;L hLjg / clt pkef]usf] kl/0ffd lyof] .


dflg;n] kfngf ug{'kg]{ jf0fL, Jojxf/ / cfr/0fsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg lzIffk|b pkb]zx¿ lbOPsf 5g\, / tL dg'io hLjgnfO{ ;fy{s agfpg lgs} pkof]uL b]lvG5g\ . k|:t'lt / JofVof leGg¿kn] ljleGg wfld{s u|Gydf pNn]v ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOP klg ;a} wd{df w]/} s'/f ;dfg /x]sf] kfOg'sf ;fy} ;f/tŒj Pp6} e]l6G5 . ;a} wd{n] z/L/, dg / cfTdfnfO{ z'4 /fVg'kg]{, /L;–cfqmf]znfO{ ax;df /fVg'kg]{ / zfGt / ;+oldt x'g'kg]{, gd|tf / lzi6tfk"j{s Jojxf/ ug{'kg]{, cfk"meGbf 7"nfnfO{ cfb/ ug{'kg]{, ;a} dflg;aLr k|]d ;b\efj x'g'kg]{ / emu8f ug'{ gx'g], ;To af]Ng'kg]{ / e"m7f] af]Ng' gx'g], rf]g{' gx'g], bofn' x'g'kg]{, Ifdf lbg', bfg ug{'kg]{ / nf]enfnrf ug{' gx'g], c¿sf] /L;–8fxf ug{' gx'g], lx+;f ug{' gx'g], s;}nfO{ cGofo ug{' gx'g], c;xfo / b'MvLsf] ;]jf ug{'kg]{, Jolerf/L x'g' gx'g], hftLo e]befj ug{' gx'g], hfF8–/S;L tyf r'/f]6 ;]jg ug{' gx'g] cflb s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . xfdLn] h'g;'s} wd{ dfg] klg xfd|f wfld{s u|Gydf pNn]v ePg';f/sf Jojxf/, rfnrng, cfr/0f ckgfpg ;Sof} eg] xfdLn] xfd|f] hLjg ;'vdoL / ;fy{s agfpg ;S5f}+ . ;xgzlQm a9fpg], qmf]wb]lv xf]lzof/ x'g], Jojxf/df OdfGbf/ x'g], kz'k|f0fLdfly bof ug]{, ;a};Fu ldqefj /fVg]h:tf s'/fnfO{ dxŒj lbOPsf] 5 . ;To, wd{, zflGt, k|]d / clx+;fnfO{ kfFr dfgjLo d"Nosf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . oL s'/fx¿ ljBfyL{sf] dfq xf]Og ;a}sf] rl/q lgdf{0fdf ;xfosl;4 x'g] b]lvG5 .

@=!=$ xfd|f ;dfhsf ljs[lt tyf lj;ª\ult

xfd|f] ;dfhdf clxn] klg y'k|} ljs[lt / lj;ª\ult /x]sf 5g\ . log} ljs[lt / lj;ª\ultn] ubf{ xfdL cfly{s, ;fdflhs ¿kdf w]/} k5fl8 k/]sf 5f}+ . g]kfnL ;dfhdf /x]sf s]xL ljs[lt / lj;ª\ult tn pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ .

@=!=$=! xfd|f ;dfhdf /x]sf s'/Llt tyf cGwljZjf;

xfd|f] ;dfh cem} y'k|} ljs[lt, s'/Llt / cGwljZjf;n] u|:t /x]sf] 5 . xfd|f] ;dfhdf 5'jf5't / hftLo lje]b sfod}

5 . af]S;L, wfdL–emfFqmL, e"t–k|]tk|lt w]/} dflg; ljZjf; ub{5g\ . 5'jf5't / hftLo e]befj ;x/df eGbf ufpFdf a9L 5 . af]S;L, e"tk|]tdf klg clzlIft / ufpFsf dflg;n] w]/} ljZjf; /fV5g\ . hfthflt dflg;n] g} l;h{gf u/]sf x'g\, sf]xL klg dflg; hftn] 7"nf] ;fgf] x'Fb}g, dflg; sd{n] dfq ;fgf] 7"nf] x'g;S5 . xfdLn] sd{ ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . To:t}, af]S;L, e"tk|]t x'G5 eGg] s'/f lj1fgn] cfh;Dd k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5}g . t;y{, o:tf s'/fsf] k5fl8 xfdLn] nfUg'x'Gg, o:tf s'/fsf] lj/f]w ug{'kb{5 . c¿x¿nfO{ klg o:tf s'/fsf] kl5 gnfUg ;Nnfx lbg'kb{5 . g]kfnL ;dfhdf afnljjfx, cgd]n ljjfx, ax'ljjfxh:tf s'/Lltx¿ cem} /x]sf 5g\ . 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] OR5fljkl/t ljjfx ul/g' x'Gg / ljjfx ug]{ pd]/ k'u]sf -d'n'sL P]gcg';f/_ / s]6fs]6L b'j}sf] d~h'/L ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq laxfjf/L x'g'kb{5 . ljjfx ug]{ s]6fs]6LaLrsf] pd]/ klg w]/} km/s x'g'x'Gg . hftkft, wd{, j0f{, k];f Joj;fosf] lx;fan] s;}k|lt e]befj /fVg' x'Fb}g . o;sf] cfwf/df e]befj ul/Pdf ;fdflhs Pstf / ;b\efj;d]t vnalng k'U5 / ;dfh ljv08g x'g;S5 .

jt{dfg ;dfhdf d"No–dfGotfsf] x|f; x'Fb}uPsf] 5 . l;4fGtljgf /fhgLltdf nfUg], s'g} k];f–Joj;fo gu/L wg cfh{g ug{ vf]Hg], g}ltstfsf] Vofn gu/L Jofkf/af6 a9L

ljxfaf/L;DaGwL d'n'sL P]gsf] Joj:yf

laxfjf/L ubf{ dlxnf / k'?ifsf] pd]/ ;+/Ifssf] d~h'/L eP c7f/ jif{ / ;+/Ifssf] d~h'/L geP aL; jif{ gk'uL laxfjf/L ug{ u/fpg x'Fb}g . ljjfx u/]–u/fPdf ;f] ug]{–u/fpg]dWo] pd]/ k'u]sf d'VonfO{ b]xfoadf]lhd ;hfo x'G5M

-s_ bz jif{ gk'u]sL aflnsfsf] ljjfx u/] u/fPsf] /x]5 eg] 5 dlxgfb]lv tLg jif{;Dd s}b / Ps xhf/ ¿k}ofFb]lv bz xhf/ ¿k}ofF;Dd hl/dfgf x'G5, -v_ bz jif{b]lv dfly rf}w jif{ gk'u]sL aflnsfsf] ljjfx u/]–u/fPsf] /x]5 eg] tLg dlxgfb]lv Ps jif{;Dd s}b / kfFr xhf/ ¿k}ofF;Dd hl/dfgf x'G5, -u_ rf}w jif{b]lv dfly c7f/ jif{ gk'u]sL :jf:gL dflg;sf] ljjfx u/]–u/fPsf] /x]5 eg] 5 dlxgf;Dd s}b jf bz xhf/ ¿k}ofF;Dd hl/dfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'G5, -3_ aL; jif{ pd]/ gk'u]sf] :jf:gL dflg; jf nf]Ug] dflg;sf] ljjfx u/] u/fPsf] /x]5 eg] 5 dlxgf;Dd s}b jf bz xhf/ ¿k}ofF;Dd hl/dfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'G5, -ª_ P]gn] ljjfx ug{ kfpg] xbleqsf] xf] egL 9fF6L ljjfx u/] ul/lbPsf] eP ghfgL ljjfx ug]{–u/fpg]nfO{ ;hfo x'Fb}g, -r_ ljjfx ug{ u/fpg gx'g]df hfgL–hfgL ljjfxsf] sfd ug]{ k'/f]lxt, ndL / c¿ d2tLx¿dWo] pd]/ k'u]sf]nfO{ Ps dlxgf;Dd s}b jf Ps xhf/ ¿k}ofF;Dd hl/dfgf x'G5, -5_ ljjfx eg] eO{ g;s]sf] /Lt b:t'/ k'¥ofO{ l5lg;Dd ;s]sf] /x]5 eg] ;f] s'/f l5Gg] d'VonfO{ kfFr ;o ¿k}ofF;Dd hl/dfgf u/L l5lg;s]sf] s'/f ab/ ul/lbg'k5{ .

dflg;n] c¿nfO{ lbg;Sg] tLg s'/f x'G5g\M ;do, of]Uotf / /mk}ofF–k};f . pbfx/0fsf nflu, tkfO{+ cfˆgf] of]Uotfcg';f/ cfˆgf] sIffsf] ;fyLnfO{ l;sfP/ ;xfotf ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . 3/df vfgf vfO;s]kl5 ;/;kmfO u/]/ ;xfotf ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . ;d'bfodf a"9fkfsf l5d]sLsf] sfddf ;xfotf ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . tkfO{+ cfˆgf] ;do 3/sf] ;–;fgf sfddf lbg ;Sg'x'G5 . ljBfnodf ljBfnosf] sf]7f ;kmf ug{ ;do lbg ;Sg'x'G5 . 3/df af–cfdfnfO{ pko'Qm cj;/df ljz]if pkxf/ lbg ;Sg'x'G5 . ljBfnosf] ;xfotf sf]ifdf s]xL /mk}ofF–k};f hDdf u/]/ ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . ;d'bfodf vfFrf]df k/]sfnfO{ ;xfotf ug{;Sg'x'G5 . oL t s]xL pbfx/0fdfq x'g\ . oLafx]s y'k|} lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg x'g] ljrf/ agfpg'xf];\ ;kmn x'g'x'g]5 .


nfe p7fpg vf]Hg], cfˆgf] Ifdtf ;fdYo{ gx'Fbf–gx'Fb} klg c¿sf] b]vfl;sL ug]{h:tf k|j[lQn] dfgjLo cfbz{ d"No–dfGotf IfL0f x'Fb}cfPsf] 5 . JolStjfbL k|j[lQ xfjL eO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . o;nfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos ePsf] 5 .

@=!=$=@ >dsf] cgfbf/

g]kfnL ;dfhn] >dnfO{ cem} dof{bf ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . cfh klg >d ug{' jf sfd ug{'nfO{ sltko dflg; xfd|f] ;dfhdf ;fgf] x'g' 7fG5g\ . sfd gu/L a:g kfP cfkm"nfO{ 7fn' 7fGg] dflg;sf] ;+Vof xfd|f] ;dfhdf w]/} 5g\ . jf:tjdf, >dsf] sb/ tyf dof{bf ug'{ eGg'sf] tfŒko{ /fd|f] p2]Zosf ;fy ul/Psf] sfdnfO{ ;dfg¿kdf ;Ddfg ug{' xf] . s'g} klg sfd cfk}mFdf ;fgf] jf 7"nf] x'Fb}g . >ldsn] >d ug{', ls;fgn] v]t hf]Tg', ljBfyL{n] k9\g', sd{rf/Ln] sfof{nodf sfd ug{', efG;]n] eft ksfpg'– oL ;a} dof{lbt sfd x'g\ . >dsf] plrt d"No lbg'kb{5 . sd kfl/>lds lbP;Dd >dsf] sb/ ug]{ afgL a:g d'l:sn k5{ . To;}n] kof{Kt Hofnf–dhb"/L lbg'kb{5 . ljsl;t d'n'sx¿df sfdsf] sb/ x'G5 . sfdsf] sb/ gx'g] eP hfkfg, blIf0f sf]l/of, l;+ufk'/h:tf d'n'sx¿ o;/L cufl8 a9]/ k|ult ug{ ;Sb}gy] . To;}n] s'g} klg sfdnfO{ ;fgf] sfd egL x]nf ug'{x'Fb}g, k"/f dg nufP/, kl/>d u/]/, OdfGbf/Lk"j{s sfd ug{'kb{5 . o:tf] sfd ug]{ JolStnfO{ ;dfhdf ;a}n] dfg;Ddfg ub{5g\ .

dxfTdf ufGwLn] af]nLdf xf]O,g Jojxf/df g} >dsf] sb/ ub{y] . cf>ddf a:g] pgLnufot c¿ ;a}n] a9fg]{–;kmf ug]{, w'g]–l;pg]h:tf sfd cfk}mF cu|;/ eP/ uy]{ .

kl/>dsf] kmn dL7f] x'G5 eGg] xfd|f] pvfgn] g} >dsf] dxŒj :ki6 u/]sf] 5 . >dsf] dof{bf eGgfn] zf/Ll/s sfd jf xftn] ug]{ sfdsf] dof{bf eGg] a'‰g'kb{5 . sfd g} k"hf xf] eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; /fv]/ ;+nUg x'g] d'n'sx¿af6 g} ljZjdf cfw'lgs ;Eotf / ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . s'g} JolStn] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] /fd|f] sfdaf6 c¿n] klg nfe lng ;Sg'kb{5 . kl/>dn] g} dflg;sf] hLjgnfO{ ;fy{s agfpF5 . sfddf ;+nUg gx'g] dflg;sf] hLjg ;fy{s xf]Og, Joy{ x'G5 . To;}n] sfd gu/L a:g] dfgjLo hLjgsf] sNkgf klg ug{ ;lsFb}g . sfd gu/L a:g] dflg;sf] hLjg lg/; tyf pbfl;g x'gk'U5 . /fd|f] sfd ug]{ JolStnfO{ h;n] klg >4f / k|z+;f u/]sf] x'G5 . pm ;Gt'i6 / v';L /xG5Ù cem /fd|f] ug{ k|f]T;flxt x'G5 . 7"nf–7"nf ;Eotfsf] ljsf; s8f kl/>daf6 g} ePsf] xf] . sfd g} k"hf xf] egL dxfTdf ufGwLn] eGg] uy]{ . x/]s st{Jo kljq x'G5 / st{Jok|ltsf] ;dk{0fefj g} O{Zj/sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] k"hf x'G5 eGg] dfGotf /fVy] . oxL cfzo :jfdL ljj]sfgGbsf] æx/]s st{Jo kljq 5g\ / st{Jok|ltsf] ;dk{0f g} eujt\elQm jf k"hgsf] pRrtd ¿k xf]Æ eGg] egfOaf6 k'i6L x'G5 . o; egfOn] s'g} klg sfd dof{lbt x'G5 eGg] k'i6L x'G5 .

:jfdL ljj]sfgGbn] of] klg eg]sf lyPM p7 / rSsfdf

cfˆgf] sfFw yfk (Get up and set your shoulders to the wheels.) o;sf] tfŒko{ s'g} sfd lgwf{l/t ;doleq k"/f ug'{kg]{ 5 eg] s8f kl/>d ug'{k5{ eGg] xf] . ljj]sfgGbhLn] dflg;x¿nfO{ ljz]if ;Gb]z 5f8]/ hfg'ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf] ;Gb]z 5– …of] hLjg slt ;dosf] lglDt xf] / o; w/ltdf hGd ePkl5 s]xL 5fk 5f]8\g'xf];\ . cGoyf tkfO{+ Pjd\ ?v / 9'ª\ufx¿df s] km/s x'G5 . ltgLx¿ cl:tTjdf cfpF5g\ / hfG5g\Ú . lgZro klg olb x/]s dflg;n] s8f ldlxgt ug]{ xf] eg] 5f]6f] ;dodf s'g} klg sfd ;DkGg ug{ ;lsG5, pNn]Vo sfo{ u/]/ :jfdLhLn] eg]h:t} /fd|f] 5fk 5f]8\g ;lsG5 . ;fFlRrs} s8f ldlxgt ug]{ afgL a;fNg] xf] eg] To;af6 cfZro{hgs glthf lg:sg ;do nfUb}g . s'g} klg sfd cfk}mFdf ;fgf] jf 7"nf] eGg] x'Fb}g . 3/df xf];\ jf ljBfnodf w]/} k9\g] 7"nf] kbdf k'Ug] 7"nf] dfG5] aGg] eg]/ l;sfpg'eGbf c;n dfG5 aGg] eg]/ l;sfpg' pQd x'G5 . efOalxgLx¿ klg c;n dfG5] aGg clxn]b]lv g} sf]lz; ug'{k5{ . cleefjsx¿af6 klg >dsf] dxŒj / ul/dfsf] af/]df l;sfpg'kg]{ xf], t/ xfdL To;f] ul//x]sf 5}gf}+ . To;f] ug{ ;lsof] eg] cfhsf afnaflnsfdf sfdk|ltsf] efjgf ;sf/fTds eP/ hfG5 . xfdLn] a'‰g'kb{5, >d / ;]jf dfgjLo hLjgsf] d'Vo cfwf/ xf] . x/]s dflg;n] cfˆgf] sfd dof{bfk"j{s k"/f ug'{kb{5 . xfd|f] ;dfhdf >dsf] k/Dk/fut h'g ljefhg 5, Tof] ljefhg klg /fd|/L sfd x'g ;sf];\ eGg] x]t'af6 ul/Psf] lyof], tTsfnLg kl/j]zdf . t/, kl5 cfP/ ljs[t ¿k lnof] / To;sf] kl/0ffd ;dfh hfthfltdf ljefhg x'g k'Uof] .

vfnL lbdfu / vfnL xft /Xof] eg] gfgfyl/ gsf/fTds ljrf/x¿ cfpF5g\ . To;}n] cfk"mnfO{ v';L /fVg' 5 eg]

ca ;do ablnPsf] 5, ljutsf] h:tf] 5}g . dflg;n] rfx]/ klg grfx]/ klg s'g} g s'g} sfd ug'{ g} kb{5Ù vfnL xft a:g'x'Fb}g . cfk"mn] cFufn]sf] sfdk|lt ?rL /fv]/ v'zL;fy ul/Psf] 5 eg] To;sf] k|ltkmn dL7f] x'G5 . To;}n] cfˆgf] Ifdtf tyf k|ltefcg';f/ k];f–Joj;fosf] 5g}6 ug'{kb{5 / h] sfd ul/G5, To;df k"/f dg nufP/ ug'{kb{5 . To;/L ul/Psf] sfdsf] k|ltkmn cfˆgf] 3/–kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ dfq xf]Og, ;dfh / d'n'snfO{ g} nfebfos x'g;S5 . ;f/f ljZjnfO{ g} pkof]uL x'g;S5 .

;sf/fTds ;f]rsf ;fy ul/Psf] kl/>dsf] k|ltkmn /fd|} lg:sG5 . To;af6 cfk"mnfO{ ;Gtf]if x'g'sf ;fy} c¿sf] k|z+;fsf] kfq klg eOG5 . c;n dgsf ;fy ul/Psf] sfdn] g} dfgjLo hLjgnfO{ ;fy{s / kl/0ffdd'vL agfpF5 . ;DemL /fVg'kb{5M st{Jo O{Zj/ xf] / sfd O{Zj/sf] k"hf xf] eg]/ . jf:tjdf dflg; ;[li6sf] ;'Gb/ tfh xf], h;n] s8feGbf s8f / c;neGbf c;n sfd ug{ ;S5 .


cN5L xf]Og k"mlt{nf] / hfFul/nf] x'g'kb{5 . cN5L dflg; slxn] klg v';L x'g ;Sb}g . xfd|f]h:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sdf >dsf] plrt sb/ x'g;s]sf] 5}g . >dsf] dof{bfdfly p7fpg zf/Ll/s >dsf] plrt kfl/>lds lbg'kb{5 . cfk"mn] >d gug]{ / c¿nfO{ c/fO{–k/fO{ ug{df cfˆgf] k|lti7f ;lDemg] ;+:sf/sf] kl/Tofu gu/];Dd g t JolStsf] gt ;dfhsf] g} pGglt–k|ult x'G5 . lrlsT;s, jsLn, lzIfs, Ol~hlgo/sf] sfd hlt pRr / dof{lbt x'G5, emf8' nufpg] / kmf]xf]/ p7fpg] k];f klg Tof]eGbf sd dxŒjsf] x'Fb}g eGg] s'/f cfTd;ft ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . tL sfdnfO{ dof{bf lbg hfGg'kb{5 . s'g} klg sfd cfk}mFdf leGg x'Fb}g leGg eGg] s'/f xfd|f] x]/fOsf] xf], b[li6sf]0fsf] xf] . ;a} sfd dof{lbt / dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . jf:tjdf >dsf] dof{bf ug{ ghfg]/ g} xfd|f] d'n's k5fl8 k/]sf] xf]eGbf km/s kb}{g .

ljb]zdf uP/ s8feGbf s8f kl/>d ug{ ;Sg]n] cfˆg} 3/–ufpF / ;dfhdf a;]/ ug{ grfxg] h'g ;f]rfO 5, dgf]bzf 5, To;n] xfdLnfO{ cufl8 xf]Og, k5fl8 ws]ln/fv]sf] 5 . a8Kkg b]vfpg] / cfˆg} 3/5]pdf pknAw x'g] sfdnfO{ ;fgf] egL x]nf ug]{ k|j[lQ g} k|ultkysf] d'Vo afws xf] . s]xL cf}krfl/s lzIff xfl;n ub}{df s'g} ljifosf] l8u|Lk|fKt ub}{df >d ug{ 5f]8\g] h'g k|j[lQ 5, Tof] klg k|ultsf] afws xf] . k9fO / sfdnfO{ ;Fu} hf]8\g'k5{ . k9fOleq sfd b]Vg / sfddf k9fO b]Vg ;Sg'k5{, Ps–csf{aLrsf] ;DaGw bzf{pg ;Sg'k5{ . o;df lzIfssf] e"ldsf cu|0fL x'G5 . hfkfgLx¿ s8f kl/>d u5{g\ . sfd ug{ ;Sg] pd]/sf wgL ul/a s'g} klg dfG5] vfnL xft a:b}gg\ . lbg–lbgsf] sdfO tyf cfh{gaf6 vfg'k5{ eGg] b[li6sf]0f 5, pgLx¿sf] . art ?k}ofF–k};f 5 eGb}df sfd gu/L a:b}gg\ . hfkfgLx¿sf] ;d"xdf sfd ug]{ cEof; 5 . pgLx¿df sfd ;fgf]–7"nf] eGg] 5}g . xfdLn] ;fgf]eGbf ;fgf] 7fGg] sfdnfO{ klg pgLx¿n] pRr dxŒj lbG5g\ .

hfkfgsf] 6f]lsof] lj1fg ljZjljBfnosf dfgfy{ k|fWofks 8f= >L gf]l/ofsL vfgf]n] eGg] u5{g\M hfkfgL gful/s kl;gf gaufP/ cys¿kdf lqmofzLn gePsf] eP, hfkfg clxn]sf] l:yltdf cfOk'Ug] lyPg . pgL kl;gf, kl;gf, kl;gf eGb} pGglt / k|ultsf nflu kl;gf aufpg'k5{, eG5g\ . >dsf] dxŒj ga'em]/ To;k|lt clgR5's x'g] hgtf ePsf d'n'sx¿ k5fl8 kg]{ / cljsl;t cj:yfdf g} /xg] lglZrt 5 . clg To;af6 k5f}6]kg, ul/aL, b'Mv–si6afx]s c¿ s] g} ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 / To;}n] >dsf] plrt sb/ gug]{

dfgl;stf kl/Tofu gul/x'Fb}g . OdfGbf/Lk"j{s sfd u/]sf] v08df cfˆgf], ;dfhsf] / ;du| d'n'ss} eljio pHHjn kfg{ ;lsG5 . hfuf}+, p7f}+, h'd'{/fcf}+ / kl/>d u/f}+, cfˆgf] / d'n'ssf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ NofpF .

sltko dflg;x¿ lglZrt ljrf/ agfpg / uGtJo klxNofpg g;s]/ cNdlng] ub{5g\ . To:tf dflg;x¿nfO{ :jfdL ljj]sfgGbsf] k|:tfj 5– …s'g} Ps ljrf/ agfpg'xf];\ . Tof] ljrf/nfO{ cfˆgf] hLjg agfpg'xf];\– To;sf] af/]df ;f]Rg'xf];\, To;s} ;kgf b]Vg'xf];\, ToxL ljrf/df afFRg'xf];\ . dg dl:tis, df+;k]zLx¿, g;fx¿, z/L/sf x/]s efudf ToxL ljrf/ el/g lbg'xf];\, / x/]s c¿ ljrf/nfO{ h:tf] 5 To:t} 5f]8\g'xf];\ . oxL g} ;kmntfsf] dfu{ xf]Ú . Ps lrQ eP/ cfˆgf] sfddf nfUof}+ eg] cjZo klg pxfFsf] egfOcg';f/sf] ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .

@=!=$=# ;dosf] dxŒj a'‰g g;Sg'

g]kfnL ;dfhn] ;dosf] dxŒj /fd|/L a'‰g;s]sf] 5}g . xfdLn] ;do To;} v]/ kmfln/x]sf x'G5f}+ . ;do / 5fn cfpF5, s;}nfO{ klg kv{b}g eGg] o'lQm g} 5 . s'g} klg sfd clxn] ul/xfnf}F gegL ef]lnsf nflu ;fFRg] xfd|f] ;+:s[lt 5 . ;do d"Nodfg 5 eGg] a'‰g ;lsPsf] 5}g . xfd|f] d'n's kl5 kg{'sf] sf/0f Pp6f of] klg xf] . cfh hlt /fi6«n] pGglt–k|ult u/]sf 5g\, ;donfO{ Wofg lbPsfn] g} Tof] ;Dej ePsf] xf] . ljBfyL{n] ef]ln k9fpFnf egL ;do v]/ kmfln/x]sf] x'G5, sd{rf/Ln] ef]ln cfpgf];\ egL ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ kG5fO/x]sf] x'G5 . k|To]s ;]s]08sf] d"No a'‰g ;lsof] eg] ;kmntf kfpg ;lsG5 . ;dodf ug{ g;lsPsf] sfdsf] s'g} d"No x'Fb}g, To;}n] x/]s sfd 7Ls ;dodf ug{'kb{5 . ls;fgn] v]ltkftL nfpg] ;dodf afnL nufOPg eg] afnL leœofpg kfpFb}g . ;dosf] ;a}n] kfngf ug{' kb{5 . ljBfyL{n] laxfg ;a]/} p7\

hfkfgsf] 6f]lsof] lj1fg ljZjljBfnosf dfgfy{ k|fWofks 8f= >L gf]l/ofsL vfgf]n] eGg] u5{g\M hfkfgL gful/s kl;gf gaufP/ lqmofzLn gePsf] eP, hfkfg clxn]sf] l:yltdf cfOk'Ug] lyPg . pgL kl;gf, kl;gf, kl;gf eGg ¿rfpF5g\ .

t:jL/ M :jfdL ljj]sfgGb

‘‘s'g} Ps ljrf/ agfpg' xf];\ . Tof] ljrf/nfO{ cfˆgf] hLjg agfpg'xf];\– To;sf] af/]df ;f]Rg'xf];\, To;s} ;kgf b]Vg'xf];\, ToxL ljrf/df afFRg'xf];\ . dg dl:tis, df+;k]zLx¿, g;fx¿, z/L/sf x/]s efudf ToxL ljrf/ el/g lbg'xf];\, / x/]s c¿ ljrf/nfO{ h:tf] 5 To:t} 5f]8\g'xf];\ . oxL g} ;kmntfsf] dfu{ xf] .ÚÚ

–:jfdL ljj]sfgGb


g'kb{5, xftd'v w'g'kb{5, 7Ls ;dodf vfgf vfg'kb{5, 7Ls ;dodf :s"n hfg'kb{5, 7Ls ;dodf 3/ kms{g'kb{5 / 7Ls ;dodf u[xsfo{ u/L ;'Tg'kb{5 .

@=@ ;Rrl/q lzIff

@=@=! ;Rrl/q lzIff eg]sf] s] xf] <

/fli6«o lzIffsf] d"n p2]Zo /fli6«o ljsf;sf] nflu rflxg] hgzlQm tof/ ug'{ xf] . o:tf] hgzlQm ax'bnLo k|hftflGqs Joj:yfcg's"n ;bfrf/, lzi6frf/ / g}ltstf sfod /fVgsf nflu x'g'k5{ . o;sf nflu ljBfnox¿sf] Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ ub}{ u'0f:t/o'Qm lzIffsf] ljsf; x'g h¿/L 5 . ;Rrl/q lzIff eg]sf] afnaflnsfnfO{ c;n sfd s'/fx¿ a'‰g], yfxf kfpg], hfGg]–l;Sg] / /fd|f] s'/f hfGg OR5f ug]{ / /fd|f] ug{] ljifo xf] . of] Ps 5ftf cjwf/0ff xf], h;df dflg;sf] Jojxf/sf ljleGg kIfnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;Rrl/q lzIffn]] c;n gful/s tof/ ug{ hf]8 lbG5 . afnaflnsfx¿sf] cfr/0f ljsf;sf lglDt pgLx¿nfO{ cfr/0f ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿df ;l/s u/fpg ;lsG5 . ljBfnox¿df ;~rfng ul/g] :sfp6, h'lgo/ /]8qm;, ljBfyL{ u'0fjQf lgoGq0f rqm -P;So";L ;s{n_sf sfo{qmddfkm{t\ cfr/0f ljsf;sf ljifox¿nfO{ ;dflji6 ug{ ;lsG5 .

dflg;sf] st{Jo s] xf], lhDd]jf/L s] xf], hLjgnfO{ ;kmn agfpg s] s:tf] afgL–Joxf]/fsf] ljsf; ug'{kb{5 eGg] s'/f l;sfpg ;lsG5 . o;af6 klg cfr/0f ljsf;df of]ubfg k'Ug;S5 . o;sf lglDt lzIfsx¿ klg cg'zfl;t / st{Jolgi7 x'g'kb{5 . To;f] ePdf dfq ljBfyL{df c;n afgL–Joxf]/f / /fd|f u'0fx¿sf] ljsf; u/fpg ;lsG5 . 7Ls–a]7Ls 5'6\ofpg l;Sg kfpg' ljBfyL{sf] clwsf/ klg xf] . h'g dfWod ckgfpgfn] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;x[boL, lhDd]jf/ tyf OdfGbf/ agfpg ;lsG5, To:tf] dfWod ckgfpg'kb{5 . ljBfyf{x¿n] v'nfkg, ;xof]uL efjgf / OdfGbf/Ltfsf] ljsf; ug'{'kb{5 . af]nL–Jojxf/df ;'wf/ Nofpg'kb{5 . ;a}df ldqefj /fVg ;Sg'kb{5 .

ljBfyL{sf] c;n afgL Joxf]/f / pgLx¿sf] z}lIfs pknlAw cGt/;DalGwt x'G5g\ . cg'zfl;t eP/ cfˆgf] k7gkf7gdf

;l/s x'g], ;dosf] kfng ug]{, ljBfnodf lgoldt xflh/ x'g] / ljBfnoaf6 ;~rfng ul/g] u'0f:t/Lo sfo{qmdx¿df efu lng ?rL /fVg] / efu lng] ljBfyL{sf] z}lIfs k|ult x'Fb} hfG5 . c¿eGbf s;/L cem /fd|f] jf pTs[i6 x'g ;lsG5 To;tkm{ ;sf/fTds¿kdf ;f]r]/ cfˆgf] k9fOk|lt ljz]if Wofg lbg'kb{5 . c;n zLn :jefj / afgL–Joxf]/f ePsf afnaflnsfdfq eljiosf c;n / r]tgzLn gful/s aGg ;S5g\ .

dflg; hlGdbf zfGt / lgZrn :jefjsf] eP klg pd]/ a9\b} hfFbf aflx/L ;+;f/af6 p;n] rfnrng l;Sb} / ljsf; ub}{ uPsf] x'G5 . olb JolStn] cfˆgf OR5f–cfsfª\IffnfO{ lgolGqt / Jojl:yt ug{ ;s]g eg] ef}lts ;+;f/sf ultljlwn] cfsf]{lt/ 8f]¥ofpg a]/ nfUb}g . o;d afnaflnsf ;r]t / ;ts{ /xg'kb{5 geP axlsP/ df}lnstf eGg] s'/f g} x/fP/ hfg ;S5 .

@=@=@ ;Rrl/q lzIffsf] cfjZostf tyf dxŒj

jt{dfg ;dodf cfr/0f Jojxf/sf] l;sfO / lzIf0fsf] dxŒj sd 5}g . dflg;nfO{ ;an, ;Ifd / u'0fjfg agfpg] g} ;Rrl/q lzIffn] xf] . ;Rrl/q lzIffcGtu{t afnaflnsfnfO{ s;/L c;n gful/s agfpg], s;/L g}ltsjfg agfpg], s;/L :j:y / hfu?s agfpg], s;/L st{Jolgi7 agfpg], s;/L ;fdflhs¿kdf ;':yflkt x'g;Sg] JolStsf ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ eGg] s'/f l;sfOsf] Ps k|lqmof ePsf] x'gfn] o;sf] dxŒj 7"nf] 5 . k|f]= 8f= dlj{g asf]{ljh (Dr. Marvin Berkowitz) n] ljBfnodf k|efjsf/L ;Rrl/q lzIffsf nflu sfo{qmdx¿ yk ug]{eGbf c;n ;+:sf/ a;fNg ljBfnosf] hLjgdf ¿kfGt/0f ug'{kb{5 eGg] dfGotf /fV5g\ . afnaflnsfsf] cfr/0fut ljsf;sf nflu ljBfnox¿sf] jt{dfg lzIf0f / l;sfO k|lqmofdf kl/jt{g tyf ;'wf/ ug'{kb{5 . c;n rfnrngsf] ljsf;sf lglDt lgDg lnlvt pkfo ckgfpg ;lsG5M

s_ ljBfyL{sf] k7gkf7g / cfr/0f ;'wf/df ljBfnon] s:tf] e"ldsf v]Ng'kb{5 eGg] ;DaGwdf cleefjs, lzIfs / ljBfyL{sf k|ltlglwx¿ Ps} 7fpFdf h'6L Wofg lbg'kg]{ ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf ;xdt x'g] .

v_ ljBfnosf] hLjg / ;+:sf/df ;Rrl/q lzIffnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ ljifodf lzIfsx¿nfO{ k|lzIf0f lbg] .

u_ cleefjsx¿ / gful/s ;dfhsf JolStx¿;Fu ljBfyL{sf] cfr/0f Jojxf/sf ljifodf ;xsfo{ ug]{ .

ljBfno ;'zf;gsf lglDt oL kIfdf Wofg lbg'kb{5 . ljBfnosf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿, h:t}M cleefjs, /fhgLlt1, lzIfs, :yfgLo ;d'bfosf JolStx¿, ljBfnonfO{ ljleGg sf]0faf6 of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] gful/sx¿, jf bftfx¿, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿, :yfgLo tx / lgsfosf ;/sf/L kbflwsf/L, ;fdflhs ;+3–;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx¿sf]

;Rrl/q lzIff d"ne"t¿kdf g}lts d"No–dfGotfx¿ a'‰g, To;af/] ;d'lrt Wofg lbg / Jojxf/df tb\g'¿k sfo{ ug{ dflg;x¿nfO{ ;3fpg] ;'ljrfl/t k|of; xf] . xfd|f afnaRrfx¿sf] xfdLn] rfxg] cfr/0fsf] af/]df ha xfdLn] ;f]R5f}F, of] :ki6 5 ls pgLx¿ s] 7Ls xf] eGg] 5'6\ofpg ;s"g\, s] 7Ls xf] eGg]df ulx/f] Vofn ug{ / To;kl5 s] 7Ls x'G5 u?g\ eGg] rfxG5f}+– leq jf aflx/af6 k|nf]egsf] bafa eP klg .

– 8f= yf]d; lnsf]gf


cfk;L 5nkmn / k/fdz{af6 ljBfnosf] kf7\oqmd, k7gkf7g / d"Nofª\sgk4lt, ljBfnosf] ef}lts ;+/rgf / ;/;'ljwfx¿, lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lsf] b/aGbL / cfk"lt{ Joj:yf, ljQLo ;|f]tsf] k|aGwh:tf dxŒjk"0f{ ljifodf 5nkmn u/L ;'wf/ ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . ;do–;dodf o;k|sf/sf] cEof; x'Fb} uof] eg] ljBfnosf] ljleGg kIfdf ;'wf/ eP/ hgck]Iffcg'¿k ljBfnosf] ;'zf;g k|j4{g ug{ g;lsg] x'Fb}g .

@=@=# ;Rrl/q lzIffk|fKt JolStsf ;b\u'0f

ljBfyL{df ;Rrl/q lzIffaf6 ljsf; x'Fb} hfg] ;b\u'0f tyf ljlzi6 nIf0fx¿nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5M

s_ ;fxl;s u'0fM ;fg} pd]/b]lv cfr/0fo'St lzIffk|fKt afnaflnsfx¿df c;n u'0fx¿sf] ljsf; x'Fb}cfPsf] x'G5 . pgLx¿df sl7g kl/l:yltsf] klg ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] cfF6 x'G5, Xofp x'G5 .

v_ Gofok"0f{ Jojxf/M ;fyLefO tyf O:6ldql;t /fd|f] Jojxf/ ug]{, cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L tyf st{Joaf]w u/L lglZrt ;Ldfleq /xg] afgLsf] ljsf; x'G5 .

u_ OdfGbf/LM Jojxf/df ;/ntf tyf lgisk6tfsf] ljsf; x'Fb} uPkl5 pgLx¿dflysf] ljZjf; a9\5 / e/–kTof/ kg{ ;lsg] x'G5 .

3_ cg'zfl;t Jojxf/M c:jfefljs nf]e–nfnr gu/L ;+oldt / dof{lbt /xg] u'0fsf] ljsf; x'G5 .

ª_ lhDd]jf/Laf]wM af]nL / Jojxf/ Psgf;sf] x'g], st{Joaf]wsf ;fy lqmofzLn /xg] x'G5 .

r_ ;Ddfgk"0f{ Jojxf/M c¿k|lt cfb/efj /fVg] tyf c¿sf] ts{ ;'Gg] / ljrf/nfO{ dxŒj lbg] u'0fsf] ljsf; x'G5 .

5_ s[t1 x'g]M c¿af6 k|fKt ;xof]u k|lt s[t1 /xg], wGojfb lbg ?rfpg] :jefj a:b} hfG5 .

h_ ;x[boLM c¿sf] Vofn /fVg], bofjfg, pbf/, IfdfzLn tyf c¿sf] lxt–enf] lrtfpg] u'0fsf] ljsf; x'G5 .

em_ nugzLn :jefjM /fd|f] p2]Zosf nflu w}o{tfk"j{s tyf b[9tfk"j{s lg/Gt/ nflu kg]{ u'0fsf] ljsf;

x'G5 .

`_ b]zelQmsf] efjgfM dft[e"ldnfO{ dfof ug]{ Ps jkmfbf/ gful/ssf] ¿kdf :yflkt x'g] u'0fsf] ljsf; x'G5 .

6_ dfgjLo Jojxf/M cfˆgf] :jfefljs ;Ldfleq /xg / c¿sf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug{ ?rfpg] u'0fsf] ljsf; x'G5 .

7_ k/f]ksf/sf] efjgf /fVg]M leqL dgb]lv c;xfo tyf b'MvL dflg;x¿sf] ;xof]u tyf pksf/ ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; x'G5 .

9_ k|fyldstfsf] Vofn /fVg]M s'g} klg s'/fsf] cfjZostf / dxŒj a'emL Jojxf/ ug{ ;Sg] sfo{s'zntf tyf Ifdtfsf] ljsf; x'G5 .

0f_ tYoåf/f Joj:yfkg ug]{M oyfy{ j:t'l:ylt / ;To–tYosf cfwf/df s'/f ug]{ / lqmofzLn x'g] JolQmTj lgdf{0f x'G5 .

t_ of]hgf agfpg]M s'g} sfo{ ug'{eGbf klxn] of]hgf agfpg], sfof{Gjog ug]{, r]s ug]{ / ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg] cfbt a;]sf] x'G5 .

oL s'/fx¿ u'0fjQf ljBfyL{sf nIf0f x'g\ .

@=@=$ u'0f:t/Lo JolQmTj lgdf{0f s;/L ug]{ <

clxn]sf] w"ldn jftfj/0fdf u'0fjQf JolQmTj lgdf{0fsf r'gf}tLx¿ 5g\ . t/ klg JolQmTj lgdf{0fsf nflu lglZrt sfo{of]hgf agfO{ k"0f{ k|lta4tfsf ;fy cEof; ug{ ;lsG5 / To;af6 cfŒd–;'emfj k|fKt eP/ qmdzM JolQmTj lgdf{0f x'Fb} hfg ;S5 . To;sf nflu lglDglnlvt lsl;daf6 cfŒd–;'emfj lng ;lsG5M

s_ d kl/>d ug{ / c¿sf] ;xof]u ug{ k5fl8 klb{g .

v_ d}n] c¿n] eg]sf] af]n]sf] s'/f Wofg lbP/ ;'Gg] u5'{ .

u_ d}n] c¿sf] ;'v–b'Mvsf] Vofn ug]{ / c¿k|lt rf;f] /fVg] u5'{ .

3_ d}n] g/fd|f] afgL Joxf]/f Tofu u/L /fd|f] afgL–Joxf]/f a;fN5' .

ª_ d 3d08 ulb{g, ;a};Fu ldqjt\ Jojxf/ u5'{ .

r_ d OdfGbf/ tyf ljZjf;of]Uo 5', d]/f] e/ kg{ x'G5 .

5_ d cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/Lk|lt ;r]t 5', k|fKt lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ tTk/ 5' .

h_ d cfF6L tyf ;fx;L 5' / d}n] d]/f] kl/jf/, ;dfh / d'n'snfO{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;S5' .

b}lgs¿kdf oL s'/fx¿sf] leqL dgn] cEof; ub}{ hfg] xf] eg] dxŒj"0f{ s'/fx¿sf] af]w x'Fb} hfG5 / cfTdansf] ljsf; x'G5 . lsgeg] ljrf/ anjfg x'G5 . cfk"m s'g} klg sfd ug{ ;S5' eGg] c7f]6sf ;fy nflu kg]{ xf] eg] ;'?df sl7g

cd]l/sL e"tk"j{ /fi6«klt ljlnod h]km/;g lan lSnG6gn] ;Rrl/q lzIff;DaGwL ;Dd]ngx¿sf] cfof]hgf u/fP/ dflg;sf] cfr/0f tyf Jojxf/ ;'wf/ ug{ /fd|} k|of; u/] . kl5 ha hh{ 8ANf"= a'z /fi6«klt ag] pgn] klg cl3Nnf] lSng6g k|zf;gn] ;'? u/]sf] cfr/0f;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ cem lj:tf/ u/] / lzIff If]qsf] ;'wf/sf] sfo{;"rLdf ;Rrl/q lzIffnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg yfn] . o; lsl;dsf] k|of;af6 cd]l/sfdf c;n gful/s tof/ ug{ 7"nf] d2t k'u]sf] lyof] .


nfUg] sfd klg ;kmntfk"j{s k"/f ug{ ;lsG5 . o;af6 k"0f{ JolQmTjsf] ljsf; x'G5 . of] u'0f:t/Lo JolQmTj lgdf{0fsf] Ps pQd cEof; x'g ;S5 . dxfTdf ufGwLn] …;wF} cfˆgf] ljrf/, af]nL / Jojxf/df ;fd~h:o Nofpg] p2]Zo /fv . ;wF} cfˆgf ljrf/x¿nfO{ z'4Ls/0f ug]{ p2]Zo n]pm clg x/]s sfd /fd|f] x'g]5 Ú eGg] ug'{ x'GYof] .

t:jL/M gjfuGt'snfO{ :jfut ub}{ Ps afns

ljBfyL{df c;n rfnrngsf] ljsf; ug{ ljBfno kl/jf/, cleefjs, ljBfyL{, ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ ;a}sf] ;dGjo / ;xof]usf] cfjZostf kb{5 . c;n rfnrng tyf rfl/lqs ljifonfO{ ljBfnosf] kf7\oqmddf ;dfj]z ug'{kb{5 / ljBfnosf] hLjgz}nL tyf ;+:sf/sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug'{kb{5, hxfF k|rlnt d"No–dfGotf, ljZjf;, k/Dk/fdf jfl~5t kl/jt{g Nofpg'kb{5 .

@=# ;dfh / /fi6«k|lt xfd|f]] bfloŒj

@=#=! ;dfhk|lt xfd|f] bfloŒj

ljBfyL{ hLjg cfk"mnfO{ /fd|f] agfpg] ;do xf] . c;n u'0fx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{ ;do klg oxL xf] . t;y{, klxnf] k|fyldstf k9fO g} x'g'kb{5 . t/, To;f] eGb}df Ps ;Ifd gful/ssf b[li6n] ;fdflhs st{Jo / lhDd]jf/Laf6 klG5g ldNb}g . cfˆgf] 3/ kl/jf/nufot ;dfhk|ltsf lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug'{kb{5 . dfgj hLjg ;jf]{Ts[i6 hLjg xf] . ;dfhdf /xFbf xfdLn] cfˆgf] ;'/Iffsf] cg'e"lt ug{ kfPsf x'G5f}+ . cfjZos kbf{ ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿af6 ;xof]u kfO/x]sf x'G5f}+ . PSnf] dx;"; ug'{kg]{ cj:yf kb}{g . ;Fu;Fu} ;fdflhs sfddf nfUbf /dfOnf] x'G5 / v';L klg eOG5 . ;dfhdf ljleGg ;d'bfo x'G5g\ . tL ;d'bfox¿ ldn]/ g} ;dfh ag]sf] x'G5 . dflg; ;fdflhs k|f0fL ePsf] x'Fbf ;dfhk|lt p;sf s]xL lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTjx¿ x'G5g\ . tL lhDd]jf/L / bfloTjx¿ p;n] k"/f ug'{kb{5 . ;dfhdf ;Sbf] ;]jf k'¥ofpg' x/]s JolStsf] st{Jo xf] . dflg;dfq Ps To:tf] ;r]t k|f0fL xf], h;n] ;d:t hLjhGt'sf] ;]jf ug]{ / v';L;fy hLjg latfpg] cd"No cj;/ k|fKt u/]sf] x'G5 . ;fdflhs ;]jfdf ;dlk{t x'Fbf h:tf] cfgGb c¿ s]xL x'Fb}g . hLjgnfO{ ;kmn agfpg' 5

eg] cfˆgf] nflu dfq sfd u/]/ k'Ub}g, 6f]n–5/l5d]s / cfk"m a;]sf] ;dfhsf c¿ dfl;x¿sf] lxtdf klg sfd ug'{kb{5 . ;fdflhs lxt / enfOsf nflu klg s]xL ;do lbg'kb{5 .

;dfh ;]jf ug{ ?k}ofF–k};f rflxG5 eGg] klg 5}g . ;dfh ;]jfk|ltsf] b[9 OR5f ePdfq klg k'U5 . ?k}ofF–k};f geP klg dfgj ;]jfdf ;+nUg x'g ;lsG5 . dflg;n] ;fdflhs sfdsf nflu klg ;do 5'6\ofpg'kb{5, cfˆgf]dfq} sfddf nfu]/ x'Fb}g . ;fdflhs ;]jf ;Ddflgt sfd ePsf] x'Fbf o;df nfUg] dflg;x¿nfO{ ;a}n] cfb/ ub{5g\ . db/ 6]/];f, ̂ nf]/]G; gfOl6ª\un ljZj k|lz4 ;dfh;]jL x'g\ . lgM:jfy{ ;]jfsf nflu pgLx¿ ;bf :d/0fLo / cfb/of]Uo 5g\ . ef/tdf cGgf xhf/], ljgf]bf efj], bofgGb ;/:jtL k|lz4 ;dfh;]jL x'g\ . g]kfnsf :j= bofjL/ l;+x s+;fsf/nufot y'k|} gfd rn]sf ;dfh;]jLx¿ 5g\ .

xfdLn] 7"nf–7"nf ;dfh ;]jfsf sfdx¿dfq ug'{kb{5 eGg] 5}g . ;dfhdf cfOk/]sf ;;fgf sfdaf6 klg 7"n} of]ubfg k'Ug;S5 . clxn] afUdtL gbLsf] ;kmfO cleofgn] 7"nf] rrf{ kfPsf] 5 . o;df s] ljBfyL{, s] sd{rf/L, s] Jofkf/L ;a} g} pT;fxk"j{s ;+nUg 5g\ . of] klg ;dfh ;]jfsf] ultnf] pbfx/0f xf] . of] cleofg b]v]/ sf7df8f}+ aflx/sf gbL gfnfx¿df klg ;kmfO sfo{qmdsf] yfngL ePsf] 5 . of] ;a}sf nflu v';Lsf] ljifo xf] . o;df g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo ;lrj nLnfd0fL kf}8]nsf] ;x|fgLo ;dGjofŒds e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 .

@=#=@ /fi6«k|lt xfd|f] bfloŒj

dft[e"ld :ju{eGbf klg dxfg\ x'G5 . g]kfn ;'Gb/ / wd{–;+:s[lt, / k/Dk/fsf b[li6n] ljljwtfsf] d'n's xf] . xfdLx¿nfO{ o; lsl;dsf] ljljwtfsf] uj{ 5 . h;/L xfdLnfO{ hGd lbg] cfdfn] lgM:jfy{ efjaf6 xfd|f] x]/ljrf/ ePsf] x'G5, 7Ls To;}u/L dft[e"ldn] xfdLnfO{ /fli6«o klxrfg lbPsf] x'G5 . ljZjdf st} uOof] eg] ToxfF xfdLn] g]kfnL eg]/ zL/ 7f8f] kfg{ ;Sg] x'G5f}+ . To;}n] cfˆgf] dft[e"ldk|lt s]xL g s]xL g}lts st{Jo tyf lhDd]jf/L x'G5 . To:tf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ / st{Jo kfng ug{ cfk"m klg ;Ifd / OdfGbf/ x'g ;Sg'kb{5 . Pp6f lhDd]jf/ gful/sn] cfˆgf] d'n'ssf] pGglt–k|ultsf nflu lgDgcg';f/sf] e"ldsf lgefpg ;Sg'kb{5M

@=#=@=! P]g–sfg'gsf] kfng ug'{

cfw'lgs nf]stflGqs d'n'sx¿df /fHodf ;'zf;g sfod /fVg] k|d'v cfwf/ eg]sf] sfg'gsf] zf;g xf] . /fHosf] b]jfgL tyf kmf}hbf/L sfg'gsf] kfngf ug'{ / c¿nfO{ kfngf ug{ ;3fpg' gful/ssf] bfloŒj xf] . sfg'gsf] kfngf ug{af6 c¿nfO{ /f]Sg' x'Fb}g, ;3fpg' kb{5 .

@=#=@=@ dtbfgdf ;xefuL x'g'

d'n'ssf] ;+ljwfg tyf k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd dtflwsf/ k|fKt gful/sn] /fli6«o / :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] lgjf{rgdf


cfˆgf] dtflwsf/sf] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . ;Ifd pDd]bjf/ 5fgL uf]Ko dtbfg ug'{kb{5 . cfk"mnfO{ dg k/]sf] of]Uo pDd]bjf/ 5fGg kfpg' gful/ssf] xs xf] .

@=#=@=# ;/sf/L s/ b:t'/ ltg'{

/fHosf] k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd ;/sf/åf/f lgwf{l/t s/, z'Ns tyf b:t'/ ;dod} ltg'{ ;a} gful/ssf] st{Jo xf] . ;/sf/sf] cfDbfgLsf d'Vo ;|f]tx¿dWo] s/ Ps ;|f]t xf] . hgtfåf/f lt/]sf] s/af6 ;/sf/n] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿ ug{ / gful/snfO{ ;]jf k|jfx ug{ ljleGg zLif{sdf /sd ljlgof]hg ub{5 . kf/bzL{ lx;faaf6 Joj;fo ug]{ / /fHonfO{ w]/} s/ ltg]{sf] 7"nf] ;Ddfg x'G5 .

@=#=@=$ ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f ug'{

;8s, af6f], jg–hª\un, P]ltxfl;s ejg, d7–dlGb/, dl:hb, gbL gfnf, :t'kf, kfs{, rf}/, :s"n, sn]h, k':tsfno, v]nd}bfg, a;kfs{, ljdfg:ynh:tf ;Dkbf ;fj{hlgs k|of]usf ;Dkbf x'g\ . o; lsl;dsf ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f ug'{ gful/ssf] st{Jo xf] . o:tf ;Dkbfx¿sf] pkof]u ug'{ ;a} gful/snfO{ ;dfg xs x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs ;DklQx¿ ;/sf/ tyf ;/sf/sf ljleGg lgsfosf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf x'G5g\ . s'g} klg gful/sn] ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf] ;DklQ / c¿ dflg;sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] ;DklQsf] x:tIf]k / lxgfldgf x'g lbg'x'Fb}g .

@=#=@=% /fli6«o efjgf hfu[t kfg'{

x/]s dflg;n] cfˆgf] dft[e"ldk|lt jkmfbf/ x'g] / cGo gful/sx¿k|lt ;b\efj /fVg] sfd ug'{kb{5 . Ps–cfk;df Pstfsf] efjgf hufpg' kb{5 . cfhLjg dft[e"ldk|lt ;dlk{t /x]/ dft[e"ldsf nflu hLjg alnbfg lbg] elSt yfkf, cd/l;+x yfkf, aneb| s'Fj/h:tf xfd|f of]4f k"vf{x¿ uj{ ug{ nfos 5g\ . xfdL pgLx¿k|lt k"0f{tM C0fL 5f}+, gtd:ts 5f}+ . pgLx¿sf] C0f slxNo} r'Stf ug{ ;lsFb}g . cfbz{ gful/sn] ;w}F dft[e"ldsf] lxtdf sfd ug'{kb{5 . afnaflnsfx¿df /fli6«o efjgfsf] ljsf; x'g' cfjZos 5 . cfˆgf] /fi6« / /fli6«otfk|lt uj{ ug'{kb{5 .

@=#=@=^ /fli6«o lxt tyf hgsNof0f x'g] sfddf ;+nUg x'g'

c;n gful/sn] cfˆgf] d'n'ssf nflu cfGtl/s jf afXo¿kdf s'g} lsl;dsf] vt/f pTkGg x'g] l:yltsf] d"Nofª\sg / ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] ;fdYo{ /fVg'kb{5 . ljkGg tyf c;xfo dflg;x¿k|lt x]o b[li6n] x]g'{ x'Fb}g . cfGtl/s tyf afXo d'n'saf6 cfpg] ko{6sx¿sf] ;Tsf/ ug'{kb{5, pgLx¿;Fu /fd|f] Jojxf/ ug'{kb{5 .

@=#=@=& ;fdflhs Gofodf an k'¥ofpg'

/fi6«df cdg–r}g / ;d[l4 x'Fb} uof] eg] gful/s klg v';L–/fhL;Fu a:g ;S5g\ . To;sf/0f /fi6«sf] pGglt–k|ult x'g] / ;fdflhs Gofo :yflkt x'g] s'/fdf Wofg lbg'kb{5 .

s;}k|lt lyrf]ldrf] ug'{ x'Fb}g . s'g} Ps 7fpFsf] cGofo ;a}lt/sf] cGofo xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ dgg\ ug'{kb{5 .

@=#=@=* :jR5 jftfj/0f sfod /fVg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'

cfˆgf] 3/, 6f]n–l5d]ssf] ;/;kmfOdf plrt Wofg lbg'kb{5 . jftfj/0f :jR5 /fVg ;Sg'kb{5 . lglb{i7 :yfgdf dfq kmf]xf]/ d}nfsf] Tofu ug'{kb{5 . kmf]x/ hDdf ug]{ /fVg] plrt k|aGw ug'{kb{5 . jftfj/0f :jR5 gx'Fbf dflg;df ljleGg /f]ux¿ nfUg] ;Defjgf /xG5 .

oL t eP gd'gfsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] /fi6«k|ltsf gful/s bfloŒj . o;sf cltl/St gful/ssf y'k|} st{Jo / bfloŒjx¿ x'G5g\ ,h;sf] lgjf{x ;a} ;Rrf gful/sn] k"/f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . -;xhstf{n] gful/s lhDd]jf/Lsf] lj:t[tLs/0f ug{ / s]–s] 5g\, cEof; u/fpg ;Sg]_

@=$ ljBfyL{sf clwsf/, st{Jo tyf kfng ug'{kg]{ cfr/0f

@=$=! ljBfyL{sf xs–clwsf/

ljBfyL{n] cfˆgf xs–clwsf/x¿af/] hfgsf/L /fVg'kb{5 . ;fdfGotof ljBfyL{sf clwsf/x¿nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5M

n g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgåf/f lgwf{l/t g]kfnL gful/sn] pkef]u ug{ kfpg] ;a} xs–clwsf/x¿ ljBfyL{sf nflu klg ;'/lIft 5g\ . ljBfyL{sf nflu cleJolStsf] :jtGqtf, wfld{s :jtGqtf, zflGtk"j{s ljBfno kl/;/df hDdf e]nf x'g kfpg] :jtGqtf x'G5 .

ndof{lbt hLjg afFRg kfpg] clwsf/, jfs\ tyf k|sfzg :jtGqtf, zflGtk"j{s e]nf x'g] jf ;ª\3 / ;+:yf;Fu cfj4 x'g kfpg] :jtGqtf 5 . ljBfyL{sf] hft jf ;d'bfo, efiff jf wd{sf cfwf/df pgLx¿nfO{ s'g} lsl;dsf] e]befj ul/g' x'Fb}g . s'g} ljBfyL{sf] hft jf 5'jf5"tsf cfwf/df s;}k|lt j:t', ;]jf jf ;'ljwfx¿df lje]b ul/P Tof] b08gLo x'G5 .

n g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf lgMz'Ns k|fylds / dfWolds lzIffsf] clwsf/ ;dfj]z 5 . afnaflnsf / dlxnfsf] lglDt ljz]if clwsf/x¿ k|Tofe"t ul/Psf 5g\ .

n;a}nfO{ cfˆgf] wd{ dfGg kfpg] clwsf/ 5, t/ of] clwsf/ cfk"m hGdFbfsf] wd{df dfq nfu" x'G5 . ljBfyL{nfO{ s'g} lsl;dsf] kIfkft tyf e]befj/lxt Jojxf/ kfpg] clwsf/ x'G5 . s'g} hft, wd{, lnË, pd]/, tf}n, cUnf] xf]rf], kfl/jfl/s cfDbfgL, kfl/jfl/s k];f–Joj;fo, s'g} lsl;dsf] c;Ifdtf, /fhgLlts cf:yf ljZjf;h:tf j}olSts ljz]iftfsf] cfwf/df e]befj ug{ kfO{+b}g .

nljBfyL{nfO{ ;fj{hlgs dxŒjsf] ;"rgfk|fKt ug{


kfpg] clwsf/ x'G5 . ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ cg';f/ cfd–ljBfyL{ af/]sf ;"rgf jf cfˆgf] JolStut¿kdf cfjZos k/]sf] / ljBfnoaf6 k|fKt x'g] ;"rgf kfpg] clwsf/ x'G5 .

nljBfyL{nfO{ k|fl1s :jtGqtf x'G5 . ljBfnodf cfˆgf] sIff sf]7fdf cfk"mn] hfg]sf] ljifodf c¿nfO{ l;sfpg / cfk"mn] l;Sg rfx]sf] ljifo c¿af6 l;Sg kfpg], l;Sg ;Sg] clwsf/ x'G5 .

nljBfnodf cleJolStsf] :jtGqtf x'G5 . JolStut ¿kdf jf ;fd"lxs¿kdf ljBfyL{sf xs clwsf/sf] ljifodf :jtGq¿kdf 5nkmn ug]{, ;f]wk'5 ug]{, / cfˆgf] ljrf/ JoSt ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ x'G5 .

nljz'4 z}lIfs sfo{s"zntfsf] cfwf/df s'g} lsl;dsf] kIfkft/lxt ¿kdf cfk"m d"Nofª\lst x'g kfpg] xs x'G5 . o; ;DaGwdf s;}n] kIfkft ug{ ldNb}g .

nljBfyL{sf xslxt;DaGwL ;+3–;+:yf vf]Ng jf vf]lnPsf ;+3–;+:yfdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg], hDdf e]nf eP/ a}7s ug{, 5nkmn ug{ ljrf/–ljdz{ ug{ :jtGq /xG5g\ .

nljBfyL{sf cfjlws k|sfzgx¿df z}lIfs tyf k|fl1s ljifodf :jtGqtfk"j{s n]v–/rgfx¿ k|sfzg ug{ kfpg] :jtGqtf /xG5 . cfˆgf] ?rLsf ljifodf n]Vg / k|sfzg ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ /xG5 . t/, c¿nfO{ nf~5gf nfUg] u/L n]Vg / k|sfzg ug{ x'Fb}g . o;df 5'6 x'g ;Sb}g .

nljBfnosf] jftfj/0fdf s'g} afwf–Jojwfg gx'g] u/L ljBfyL{n] zflGtk"0f{¿kdf ljBfyL{sf] lxtljk/Lt x'g nfu]sf] jf ePsf] ljifosf] lj¿4df k|bz{g ug{ jf lj/f]w ug{ kfpF5g\ . t/, o:tf] lj/f]w u/fO{ ;Eo / dof{lbt¿kdf x'g'kb{5 .

nljBfyL{nfO{ JolStut zf]if0faf6 ;+/lIft x'g kfpg] xs x'G5 . s;}n] s'g} k|sf/af6 zf]if0f ug{ kfpFb}g .

-;xhstf{åf/f ljBfyL{sf xs–clwsf/sf ljifodf 5nkmn u/fpg ;lsg]_

@=$=@ ljBfno, u'?ju{ / cfdf–afa' tyf cleefjsk|lt ljBfyL{sf st{Jo

@=$=@=! ljBfnok|lt ljBfyL{sf st{Jox¿

nk|rlnt z}lIfs lgodx¿åf/f ljBfnox¿df ;':yflkt k4ltcg';f/ cfk"mn] l;Sg] / cfˆgf] z}lIfs sfo{s"zntf ;kmntfk"j{s b;f{pg] ljBfyL{sf] lhDd]jf/L x'G5 . ljBfyL{n] cfˆgf] k|ultsf nflu o; lsl;dsf] lhDd]jf/Laf]w ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 .

nljBfnoåf/f lzIf0f / l;sfO k|lqmofsf] ;Gbe{df z}lIfs Sofn]08/, ;dotflnsf, 5fqj[lQsf] k|fjwfg,

k/LIff k4lt, glthf k|sfzg, cltl/St lqmofsnfk cflb ljifosf s'g} dfkb08 jf cfrf/;+lxtfx¿ lgdf{0f u/L hf/L ul/Psf] eP ;f]sf] kfngf ug'{ ljBfyL{sf] st{Jo tyf bfloŒj x'G5 .

nsIff sf]7fdf jf ljBfno kl/;/df ljBfyL{sf] Jojxf/ lzIf0f / l;sfO k|lqmofk|lt ;sf/fTds x'g'kb{5 . k|Œo'Tkfbs Jojxf/ x'g'x'Fb}g . z}lIfs lgod / k];fut dof{bfsf] Vofn ug'{kb{5 .

nljBfnodf s'g} kf];fs tf]lsPsf] eP pSt kf];fs nufpg' ljBfyL{sf] st{Jo x'g cfpF5 . ljBfnoaf6 ljz]if ;df/f]x, kl/l:ylt / cj;/df hf/L ePsf] ;"rgfsf] kfngf ug'{ ljBfyL{sf] st{Jo x'g]5 .

ns'g} x8\tfn, wgf{ jf ¥ofnLsf] qmddf s'g} JolSt jf ;d"xnfO{ nlIft u/L ufnL–unf}h ug{ kfO{+b}g / s'g} lsl;dsf] zf/Ll/s xfgL–gf]S;fgL k'¥ofpg' x'Fb}g .

nljBfyL{n] ljBfnosf] ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f ug'{kb{5, xfgL–gf]S;fgL k'¥ofpg' x'Fb}g . xfgL–gf]S;fgL k'¥ofP b08gLo x'G5 . ljBfnosf lqmofsnfkdf hfgL–hfgL Jojwfg pTkGg ug'{x'Fb}}g . s;}nfO{ wDSofpg t;f{pg x'Fb}gÙ ldqefj /fVg'kb{5 .

-;xhstf{åf/f ljBfyL{sf st{Jo tyf bfloŒjsf ljifodf 5nkmn u/fpg ;lsg]_

ljBfyL{n] kfngf ug'{kg]{ cfr/0f

lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%(sf] lgod !#$ df b]xfocg';f/sf] cfrf/;+lxtf kfng ug'{kg]{5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5M

s_ lzIfssf] cf1fkfng / cfb/ ug'{kg]{,v_ ljBfnodf jf aflx/ hxfF;'s} cg'zf;gdf

/xg'kg]{,u_ /fli6«otf, efiff / ;+:s[ltsf] pTyfgsf] lgldQ ;w}

k|oTgzLn /xg'kg]{,3_ ljBfnon] cfof]hgf u/]sf] sfo{qmddf

;lqmo¿kdf efu lng'kg]{,ª_ ;a};Fu lzi6 Jojxf/ ug'{kg]{,r_ Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf cGo

cfrf/;+lxtf kfng ug'{kg]{ .

ljBfyL{n] hfgL /fVg'kg]{ lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( df ePsf] cGo Joj:yf

/fli6«o ufg ufpg kg]{M ljBfnodf dgfOg] ;df/f]xsf] k|f/Dedf /fli6«o ufg ufpg' kg]{5 .

em08f]Qf]ng ug'{{kg]{M ljBfnodf dgfOg] k|To]s ;df/f]xsf] k|f/Dedf /fli6«o em08f]Qf]ng ug'{ kg]{5 .

ljBfyL{sf] kf]zfsM ljBfnon] ljBfyL{sf] nflu Ps} lsl;dsf], sd vlr{nf], ;fwf/0f, /fli6«otf emNsfpg]


;fdfGotof ljBfno÷pRr dfWolds ljBfnox¿df ljBfyL{ egf{ ubf{ ljBfyL{n] ckgfpg'kg]{ cfrf/;+lxtfsf ljifodf olb ljBfyL{n] ljBfnosf] lgod gdfg]df ljBfnosf] lgodfg';f/ h'g;'s} sf/afxL u/] klg d]/f]–xfd|f] d~h'/ 5 egL cleefjssf] d~h"/L lng] u/]sf] kfG5 . b[i6fGt tn k|:t't 5M

@=$=@=@ u'?ju{k|lt ljBfyL{sf st{Jox¿

ljBfyL{n] cfˆgf lzIfs jf u'?ju{k|lt s]xL st{Jo lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ljBfyL{n] kfngf ug'{kg]{ s]xL st{Jox¿ tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5M

nljBfyL{n] cfˆgf lzIfsx¿nfO{ cfb/efj bzf{pg'k5{ .

nlzIfsk|lt g/fd|f] Jojxf/ ug'{ x'Fb}g .

nlzIfssf] cufl8 lh2L ug'{ /fd|f] x'Fb}g .

ncfjZostfcg';f/ lzIfsnfO{ ;3fpg'k5{ .

ncfk"mn] ghfg]sf] s'/f lzIfsl;t lzi6tfk"j{s ;f]Wg'k5{ .

nlgoldt¿kdf u[xsfo{ u/L lzIfsnfO{ hFrfpg'k5{ .

nlzIfssf] s'/f sf6\g], lgGbf ug]{ jf r'SnL nfpg]h:tf] Jojxf/ ug'{ x'Fb}g .

nsIffsf]7fdf cg'zfl;t eP/ a:g'k5{ .

ncfˆgf] sIffdf lgoldt¿kdf pkl:yt x'g] / lzIfsn] k9fpFbf Wofg lbP/ ;'Gg'k5{ .

nlzIfssf] ljifodf uf]kgLotf sfod /fVg l;Sg'k5{, hyfefjL af]Ng]] ug'{ x'Fb}g .

nlzIfsnfO{ ;Ddfgsf ¿kdf clejfbg ug'{k5{ .

nlzIfsn] k9fO/x]sf] ;dodf xNnf ug]{ / afwf k'¥ofpg] sfd ug'{ x'Fb}g .

@=$=@=# cfdf–afa' tyf cleefjsk|lt ljBfyL{sf st{Jo

cfˆgf cfdf–afa'k|lt slxNo} r'Stf ug{ g;lsg] C0f x'G5 eGg] s'/f a'‰b} ljBfyL{n] cfdf–afa' tyf cleefjsx¿k|lt k"/f ug'{kg]{ st{Josf s]xL b[i6fGt tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M

nljBfyL{n] cfˆgf cfdf–afa' tyf cleefjsx¿sf] cf1f kfng ug'{k5{ .

ncfdf–afa' tyf cleefjsx¿k|lt cfb/ tyf ;Ddfg ug'{k5{ .

ncfdf–afa' tyf cleefjsx¿n] lbPsf] ;Nnfx ;'emfj Wofg lbP/ ;'Gg] / dgdf lng] ug'{k5{ .

ncfdf–afa' tyf cleefjssf] lrQ b'vfpg' x'Fb}g, v';L /fVg'k5{ .

ncfˆgf] k9fOsf] af/]df cfdf–afa' tyf cleefes;Fu s'/f ug]{ ;Nnfx ug]{ ug'{k5{ .

na[4fj:yfdf cfdf–afa'sf] /fd|f] :ofxf/–;Dxf/ ug'{k5{ .

ncfdf–afa'n] cfˆgf ;Gtfgsf] clxt lrtfpFb}gg\ eGg] s'/f dgdf lng'k5{ .

ns'g} klg sfd cfk}mFdf ;fgf] x'Fb}g . cfˆgf] k9fOsf] ;fy–;fy} 3/sf] sfddf ;do lbP/ c¿nfO{ ;3fpg'k5{ .

n3/df cfˆgf] sfd cfk}mF ug]{ afgL a;fNg'k5{ . o;n] ubf{ 3/sf ;b:ox¿n] cGo sfddf Wofg lbg EofpF5g\ .

@=% lzIfssf] e"ldsf

ljBfnodf ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ljBfno k|zf;gsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /xG5 . z}lIfs ;'zf;g sfod /fVg lzIfsx¿sf] klg plQs} e"ldsf / bfloŒj x'G5 . lzIf0f / l;sfO k|lqmofnfO{

/ xfjfkfgL ;'xfpFbf] kf]zfs tf]Sg ;Sg]5 . ljBfnon] ljBfnoaf6} kf]zfs lng ljBfyL{nfO{ afWo u/fpg x'Fb}g .

cd/ Hof]lt pRr dfWolds ljBfno:o"rf6f/–%, sf7df8f}+

ljBfnodf ljBfyL{n] ckgfpg'kg]{ cfrf/;+lxtf!= lzIfssf] cf1f kfng / cfb/ ug'{kg]{5 .@= /fli6«otf, efiff, / ;+:s[ltsf] pTyfgsf] lgldQ ;w}F

k|oTglzn /xg'kg]{5 .#= ljBfnon] cfof]hgf u/]sf] sfo{qmdf ;lqmo¿kdf

;xefuL x'g'kg]{5 .$= ljBfyL{n] ;w}+ lzi6 Joxf/ ug'{kg]{5 .%= ljBfnodf cfpFbf ljBfnon] tf]s]sf] kf];fs

-8«];_ clgjfo{ nufpg' kg]{5 .^= ljBfno cfO{ 3/ hfg' k/]df jf labf a:g' k/]df sIff

lzIfs jf O~rfh{nfO{ clgjfo{ ;"rgf lbg'kg]{5 .&= 5fqn] skfn 5f]6f] agfpg' kg]{5 .*= ljBfnoleq jf ljBfno aflx/ cg'zf;gsf] kfngf

gu/L s'g} cg'zf;gljk/Lt sfo{ u/]sf] kfOPdf ljBfnoaf6 lgsflng]5 .

(= ljBfyL{x¿n] cf}F7L, 6k, afnfh:tf s'g} klg j:t'sf] k|of]u ug{ kfOg]5}g .

oL dflysf ;t{x¿ d~h'/ 5 . olb ljBfnosf] lgod gdfg]df ljBfnosf] lgodfg';f/ h'g;'s} sf/afxL u/] klg d]/f]–xfd|f] d~h'/ 5 .

cleefjssf] gfdM 7]ufgf Mkmf]g g+= df]jfOn g+=M =

;|f]tM cd/ Hof]lt pRr dfWolds ljBfno


bIf / k|efjsf/L agfpg pgLx¿sf] cxd\ e"ldsf /xG5 . pgLx¿ klg cfk}mF cg'zfl;t / dof{lbt x'g'kb{5 . pgLx¿sf] klg cfr/0f / Jojxf/ /fd|f] x'g' kb{5 . ljBfnodf pgLx¿sf] lgoldttfn] k7gkf7g k|lqmofdf 7"nf] k|efj k/]sf] x'G5 . sIffdf x'g] pgLx¿sf] Jojxf/ lgikIf / ;dfj]zL x'g'kb{5 . ;a} ljBfyL{k|lt ;dfg Jojxf/ x'g'kb{5 . lzIfs sIffsf]7fdf hfg'eGbf klxn] k9fpg'kg]{ ljifodf k"0f{ tof/Lsf ;fy hfg'kb{5 . cfˆgf] ljifodf ljBfyL{af6 k|fKt lh1f;fnfO{ ;Gt'i6 kfg{ ;Sg'kb{5 . cl3Nnf] lbgsf] sIffsf] ljifosf] k|ltkf]if0f lnFb} gofF kf7 ;'? ug'{kb{5 . lzIfsx¿n] klg cfrf/;+lxtfsf] kfngf ug'{kb{5 .

lzIff lgodfjnLdf plNnlvt cfrf/;+lxtf b[i6fGtsf ¿kdf tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M @=^ cleefjssf] e"ldsf

cWoog/t cfˆgf afnaflnsfx¿k|lt cfdf–afa' tyf cleefjsx¿sf] cxd\ e"ldsf /xG5 . b[i6fGtsf nflu s]xL e"ldsfx¿ lgDgcg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5M

s_ afnaflnsfnfO{ pgLx¿sf] ?rLcg';f/sf] ljifo 5fGg / k9\g ;3fpg],

v_ u[xsfo{ u/]–gu/]sf] hfgsf/L lng] / To;df ;Sbf] ;xof]u ug]{,

u_ cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{ v/fa ;ª\ut / cfr/0faf6 hf]ufpg cWoog / cGo /rgfTds sfo{df ;+nUg u/fpg],

3_ ;kmn l;sfOsf lglDt cleefjs, ljBfyL{, / lzIfsx¿aLr ljleGg dfWodaf6 lg/Gt/ ;~rf/;DaGw sfod /fVg] -e]63f6, kmf]g, Od]n cflb_,

ª_ 3/df afnaflnsfnfO{ l;sfOsf] pko'St jftfj/0f agfpg], l;sfOdf ;3fpg],

r_ afnaflnsfsf] 1fg, ;Lk / ;sf/fTds k|j[lQ tyf c;n afgL–Joxf]/fsf] ljsf; ug{ pgLx¿sf ;d:of a'‰g] / ;dfwfg ug{ ;3fpg],

ljBfyL{sf k9fOsf ;DaGwdf k|f= 8f= ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf eGg'x'G5– ælzIfsnfO{ ;a} ljBfyL{n] lg/LIf0f ug'{k5{ . To;f] ePdf lzIfs ;hu x'G5 . ljBfyL{n] k9\b}gg\ eGg] lzIfssf] u'gf;f] cfpg] u/]sf] 5, lsg k9\b}gg\ eGg] lzIfsn] g} cWoog ug'{k5{ / ;dfwfgsf] af6f] b]vfpg'k5{ . ljBfyL{df k|Zg ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug'{k5{ . ljBfnodf /fhgLlt gx'g], /fd|f] Joj:yfkg x'g] / lzIfsn] /fd|f];Fu k9fpg] xf] eg] glthf w]/} /fd|f] x'G5 . ;fd'bflos ljBfnonfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ xf] eg] ;a}eGbf klxn] lzIfsnfO{ ;'wf/ ug'{k5{ . lzIfsn] kf7\ok':ts, kf7\oqmd ePg eg]df lzIfsnfO{ g} ljsNk s] xf], Tof] ug{ nufpg'k5{ . /fd|f] k9fpg] lzIfssf] /fd|f] d"Nofª\sg ug'{k5{ .Æ

lzIfsn] kfng ug'{kg]{ cfrf/;+lxtf

lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] kl/R5]b–@@ lgod !## df lzIfsn] b]xfoadf]lhdsf] cfrf/;+lxtf kfng ug'{kg]{5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5M-s_ cfk"mnfO{ v6fPsf] 7fpFdf uO{ tf]lsPsf] sfd

ug'{kg]{,-v_ lgwf{l/t ;dodf lgoldt¿kn] ljBfnodf cfP

uPsf] ;do hgfO{ xflh/ x'g'kg]{ / klxn] labfsf] cg'dlt glnO{ ljBfnodf cg'kl:yt x'g' gx'g],

-u_ cfˆgf] ;]jf;DaGwL s'/fdf dtna ;fWo ug]{ dg;fon] s;}dfly klg s'g} /fhgLlts jf cjf~5gLo k|efj kfg{ jf k|efj kfg]{ k|oTg ug'{ gx'g],

-3_ g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]kfnL hgtfsf] kf/:kl/s ;DaGwdf jf s'g} ljb]zL /fi6«;Fusf] ;DaGwdf vnn kg{ ;Sg] u/L cfˆgf] jf:tljs jf sfNklgs gfdaf6 jf a]gfdL s'g} n]v k|sflzt ug{ jf k|];nfO{ s'g} va/ lbg jf /]l8of] jf 6]lnlehg cflbh:tf ;"rgf dfWodåf/f efif0f k|;fl/t ug{ jf s'g} ;fj{hlgs efif0f lbg jf jQmJo k|sflzt ug{ gx'g],

-ª_ ljBfyL{nfO{ of]Uo gful/s agfpg] p2]Zo lnO{ cWoog / cWofkgnfO{ cfˆgf] d'Vo nIo ;Demg'kg]{,

-r_ cf1fsfl/tf, cg'zf;g, ;b\efjgf, ;xof]u, ;bfrf/, ;xfg'e"lt, w}o{ / ;Rrl/qtfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg'kg]{,

-5_ s'g} efiff, ;Dk|bfo tyf wd{lj/f]wL efjgf lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{ ju{df km}nfpg gx'g],

-h_ ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf lzIfsn] Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Lsf] :jLs[lt glnO{ cfk"m jxfn /x]sf] ljBfno aflx/ sfd ug{ gx'g],

-em_ ljBfno jf z}lIfs ;+:yfsf] dfWodåf/f /fli6«o efjgf hfu[t u/L b]zdf efjgfTds Pstf Nofpg sfd ug'{kg]{,

-`_ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / cv08tfdf cfFr cfpg] u/L b]zsf] zflGt, ;'/Iff, j}b]lzs ;DaGw / ;fj{hlgs dof{bf tyf cbfntsf] cjx]ngf x'g] jf s'g} klg sfof{no jf clws[tsf] sfg'gåf/f lgwf{l/t st{Jo k"/f ug{df afwf–lj/f]w x'g] u/L k|bz{g, x8\tfn, y'g5]s tyf 3]/fp ug{ gx'g] .

pSt lgodfjnLdf …o; cfrf/;+lxtfsf] kfng eP–gePsf] clen]v lzIfsx¿sf] xsdf k|wfgfWofksn] / k|wfgfWofkssf] xsdf Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] /fVg'kg]{5 / cfrf/;+lxtf kfng gePsf] eP To;sf] ljj/0f ;DalGwt lhNnf lzIff sfof{nodf k7fpg' kg]{5Ú eGg];d]t pNn]v ePsf] 5 .


5_ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ljBfno jf cGoq s'g} lsl;dsf] lx+;fdf kg{af6 hf]ufpg ;r]t /xg], ljBfno hfg gdfg]df To;sf] sf/0f kQf nufpg] / ljBfno hfg] jftfj/0f agfpg],

h_ afnaflnsfsf] ;Gt'lnt vfgf, ef}lts lqmofsnfk, cf/fd tyf k"0f{ lgb|faf/] ;d'lrt Wofg lbg],

em_ ljBfnosf] lgodx¿af/] /fd|f] hfgsf/L /fVg] / ;dosf] kfngfdf d2t ug]{,

`_ ljBfnosf k|frfo{ / lzIfsx¿;Fu kl/lrt x'g] / lgoldt ;Dks{df /xg] cflb .

@=& d"No lZfIffdf cfwfl/t sfo{qmd tyf k|ltof]lutfx¿

ljBfnodf d"No lZfIffdf cfwfl/t ljleGg sfo{qmd tyf k|ltof]lutfx¿ ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] To:tf sfo{qmdx¿ lgDglnlvt 5g\M

-s_ k|bz{gL, l;sfO cfbfg–k|bfg

-v_ jfbljjfb÷kIf ljkIfdf ax;

-u_ k|jrg tyf jSt[Tjsnf k|ltof]lutf

-3_ 5nkmn tyf cGtlqm{of

-ª_ ;flxlTos sfo{qmd -sljtf jfrg, syf, gf6s_

-r_ ;fdfGo 1fg k|ltof]lutf

-5_ snf tyf ;f+uLlts sfo{qmd

-h_ ljBfno aflx/ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t sfo{qmd

-em_ cWoog e|d0f tyf v]ns"b sfo{qmd

-`_ s'g} ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t eP/ k':ts cWoog

-6_ k':tsfno cWoogsf] cEof; cflb .

ljBfnodf o:tf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng u/]/ ljBfyL{ tyf cleefjsx¿nfO{ hLjgdf d"Nosf] dxQfsf] ljifodf hfu?s agfpg, ljifoj:t'pk/ ;+j]bgzLn x'g] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ug{ ;lsG5 . lzIfsx¿sf ljifok/s (Thematic) ;d"x lgdf{0f u/L hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf b[li6n] To:tf tYok/s;d"x dfkm{t ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . To;af6 ljBfyL{df d]nldnfk, ;xof]u, ;xsfo{, ;d'bfo ;]jf, ;sf/fŒds k|lt:kwf{, cfTdljsf;, JolStŒj ljsf; tyf ;dfhLs/0fsf] efjgfsf] ljsf; x'Fb}hfg] dxŒjk"0f{ cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 . o;df lzIfsx¿sf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . ljBfyL{sf] klg ;djo ;xhsf/L ;d"x lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 .



;'zf;g#=! ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff / zAbfjnL

#=!=! ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff

vf; u/]/ /fHoaf6 ;Dkfbg ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfk / ;Daf]wg ul/g] dfldnfsf] plrt Joj:yfkgsf] nflu /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs tyf sfg'gL k|flwsf/ -cyf]l/6L_ sf] k|of]u ug]{ k4ltnfO{ g} ;'zf;g jf c;n zf;g elgG5 . ;fj{hlgs jf ;+:yfut gLltut jf sfo{d"ns lg0f{o ug]{ / o:tf gLlt–lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|lqmofn] ;'zf;gnfO{ hgfpF5 . of] ;/sf/ jf ;/sf/ ;~rfngsf] kof{o xf]Og . ;/sf/, ;fj{hlgs If]q, lghL If]q / gful/s ;dfhsf aLrdf x'g] ;Djfb, cGtlqm{of, 5nkmn, ;DaGw / ;~hfnaf6 o;sf] l;h{gf x'g] / s;n], s], slxn], s;/L k|fKt ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] Plsg ug{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿aLr x'g] lg0f{ox¿, ;f}bfjfhL, ljleGg zlSt ;DaGwx¿ o;df ;dflji6 x'G5g\ . ;'zf;gsf] ;j{k|yd k|of]u ljZj a}+sn] u/]sf] / ;g\ !(() b]lv k|rngdf cfPsf] xf], pQm ;dob]lv o;nfO{ j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] k"j{ ;t{sf ¿kdf /fVg nfluof] . ;'zf;gnfO{ ljleGg lgsfon] cf–cfˆg} tl/sfn] kl/eflift ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ .

;'zf;gsf] cj:yfnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o, /fli6«o, If]qLo, :yfgLo, If]qut tyf ;+u7gfTds:t/df klg x]g{ ;lsG5 . g]kfndf ;'zf;gsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 < xfd|f] ljBfnodf ;'zf;g s:tf] 5 < eGg]af/]df 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5 / ;'zf;gdf ;d:of ePdf 5nkmn u/L ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

efu #

n ljsf;sf] lglDt d'n'ssf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs ;|f]t–;fwg Joj:yfkgdf clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ tl/sfnfO{ ;'zf;g elgG5 .

—ljZj a}+s, !((@n ljleGg txdf d'n'ssf] dfldnfx¿sf] Joj:yfkgsf]

nflu cfly{s, /fhgLlts tyf k|zf;lgs clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ;'zf;g elgG5 .

—;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd, !((&

n ;dfhnfO{ zfl;t ug]{ k|lqmof jf tl/sfnfO{ g} ;'zf;g elgG5 .

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bIftfM yf]/} k'FhL, >d / ;do k|of]u u/L w]/} pTkfbg ug{'nfO{ bIftf elgG5 .

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;'zf;gdf ;dfhsf ;a} dflg;nfO{ ju{, hflt, wd{, j0f{, lnª\u, If]qsf] cfwf/df e]befj gu/L ;dfg Jojxf/ ul/G5 . ;a} k'¿if tyf dlxnfnfO{ cfˆgf] pGgltsf] nflu ;dfg cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 . /fi6«sf ;a} ;+/rgf tyf lqmofsnfkdf ljleGg sf/0fn] cj;/ gkfPsf ;d'bfonfO{ ;dfj]z u/L d"n k|jfxdf ;dflxt ul/G5 .

#=@=* ldtJolotf, bIftf / k|efjsfl/tf

;'zf;gn] ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ldtJooL, bIftf / k|efjsf/L 9Ën] k|of]u ug{df hf]8 lbG5 . zf;g Joj:yf /fd|f] ePsf] d'n'sdf hyfefjL jf dgk/L 9Ën] ;fj{hlgs ;|f]t–;fwgsf] k|of]u ug{df k"0f{¿kdf /f]s nufOG5 .

#=# ;'zf;gsf ;"rs

s'g} d'n'ssf] zf;g Joj:yf /fd|f] 5 ls 5}g jf ToxfF ;'zf;g 5 ls 5}g eg]/ dfkg jf d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsG5 . ljZj a}+sn] lgDg ;"rsx¿nfO{ ;'zf;gsf] dfkg ug]{ cfwf/sf] ¿kdf lng] u/]sf] 5 .

#=#=! hgcfjfh tyf hjfkmb]xL

af]Ng kfpg] / ;+ul7t x'g kfpg] hgtfnfO{ :jtGqtf 5–5}g, ;~rf/dfWod :jtGq 5g\–5}gg\ / cfkm"n] rfx]cg';f/sf] ;/sf/ 5fGg jf agfpg hgtf slt xb;Dd ;fdYo{ 5g\ eGg] s'/fn] s'g} klg d'n'ssf] ;'zf;gsf] cj:yf b]vfpF5 . hgtfn] af]Ng klg gkfpg] / ;+ul7t x'g klg gkfpg], ;~rf/dfWod klg :jtGq gePsf / lge{ok"j{s hgtfn] hgk|ltlglw jf ;/sf/ 5fGg kfpg] cj:yf geP ToxfF ;'zf;g 5 eg]/ eGg ;lsGg .

#=#=@ /fhgLlts l:y/tf / lx+;f/lxt cj:yf

ljZjsf sltko d'n'sx¿df clxn] klg /fhgLlts cl:y/tf ljBdfg 5 / lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ /fHo / ljb|f]xL kIfaf6 eO/x]sf 5g\, ;/sf/ h'g;'s} a]nf klg u}/–sfg'gL tl/sfaf6 x6\g ;Sg] cj:yf 5 . lx+;f JofKt x'g', tyf ;/sf/nfO{ u}/–;+j}wflgs jf lx+;fsf] dfWodaf6 cl:y/ agfpg] jf x6fpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf x'g'n] tL d'n'sdf ;'zf;gsf] cj:yf gePsf] b]vfpF5 .


#=#=# ;/sf/sf] k|efjsfl/tf

;/sf/ slt r':t / k|efjsf/L 5 eGg] s'/f o;n] hgtfnfO{ k|bfg ug]{ ljleGg lsl;dsf ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/af6 gfKg ;lsG5 . gLlt–lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog tyf ;]jf k|jfx sfo{df ;/sf/nfO{ dxŒjk"0f{¿kdf ;xof]u ug]{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ s:tf] 5, slt xb;Dd /fhgLlts bafaaf6 d'Qm jf :jtGq 5g\, gLlt lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjogsf] u'0f:t/ s:tf] 5 / oL gLltk|lt ;/sf/sf] k|lta4tfsf] ljZj;gLotf s:tf] 5 eGg] s'/fn] ;'zf;gsf] cj:yf k|ltlalDat ub{5 . sltko d'n'sdf k|zf;g oGqdf /fhgLlts x:tIf]k a9L x'g] u/]sf] / ;/sf/n] cfkm"n] k|lta4tf u/]sf] s'/f nfu" ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0f ;/sf/sf] k|efjsfl/tf klg hgtfn] dx;"; ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ / ;/sf/n] eg]sf s'/fk|lt hgtfsf] sd ljZjf; x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

#=#=$ lgodgsf] u'0f:t/

;/sf/sf] k|d'v sfd eg]sf] ljleGg lgsfodfkm{t\ x'g] sfd–sf/afxLsf] lgodg ug{' klg xf] . ;/sf/n] lgodg ug{ sltsf] ;s]sf] 5, lghL If]qsf] ljsf;nfO{ cg'dlt lbg jf k|j4{g ug{sf] nflu :jR5 gLlt tyf lgodx¿ th{'df tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;/sf/sf] Ifdtf s:tf] /x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fn] ;'zf;gsf] cj:yf a'lemG5 .

#=#=% sfg'gL zf;g

;j{;fwf/0fn] sfg'gdf sltsf] ljZjf; /fV5g\ / sfg'gsf] kfngf ;j{;fwf/0f tyf zf;g Joj:yfdf ;+nUg lgsfo tyf clwsf/Lx¿af6 s;/L eO/x]5 tyf s/f/ ;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjog, cbfntsf]] Gofo ;Dkfbg tyf k|x/Lsf] ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf] u'0f:t/ Pj+ ck/fw / lx+;f x'g;Sg] cj:yf sltsf] k|an /x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fn] sfg'gL zf;gsf] l:ylt atfpF5 . sfg'gsf] b[li6df ;a} ;dfg 5g\ / uNtL jf ck/fw u/]df ;fgf]–7"nf s]xL gegL ;a}nfO{ ;dfg¿kn] sf/afxL x'g] cj:yf ePdf sfg'gL zf;g ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . hxfF ck/fwLnfO{ sf/afO{ x'Fb}g / lg/k/fwLdfly sf/afxL x'g] cj:yf x'G5, ToxfF ;'zf;g x'g ;Sb}g .

#=#=^ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f

e|i6frf/ s'g} klg zf;g Joj:yfsf] dxf/f]u xf] . zf;g Joj:yfdf ;fgf tyf 7"nf lsl;dsf e|i6frf/nufot JolQmut nfesf] nflu ;fj{hlgs clwsf/sf] b'¿kof]u s'g dfqfdf x'g] u/]sf] 5, lghL rfxgf tyf ;dfhsf 7"nf–7fn'n] /fHodfly sAhf hdfPsf 5g\–5}gg\ eGg] s'/fn] klg ;'zf;gsf] :t/ lgwf{/0f ub{5 . e|i6frf/ JofKt ePsf] d'n'sdf ;'zf;g 5 eGg ldNb}g . g]kfnnufot ljZjsf sltko d'n'sx¿df e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] sfo{ r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

#=$ ;'zf;gdf d'Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ lgsfo

zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfngdf ljleGg lgsfox¿sf] ;+nUgtf x'G5 . ;'zf;g sfod ug{df ;/sf/sf cª\ux¿ -sfo{kflnsf, Gofokflnsf / Joj:yflksf_, ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿, lghL If]q, gful/s ;dfh, u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, tyf ;~rf/dfWodsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 .

#=$=! sfo{kflnsf

;'zf;g sfod ug{df sfo{kflnsfsf] dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg /xG5 . sfo{kflnsfcGtu{t dGqLkl/ifb\, ;/sf/sf dGqfno, ljefu, If]qLo tyf :yfgLo sfof{nox¿ kb{5g\ . g]kfndf tLg txsf ;/sf/ /xg] jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . s]Gb|df ;ª\3Lo sfo{kflnsf, k|b]zdf k|b]z sfo{kflnsf / :yfgLo txdf :yfgLo sfo{kflnsf /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . sfo{kflnsfn] Jofjxfl/s gLlt tyf sfo{qmd th{'df tyf sfof{Gjog u/]/, ;fj{hlgs ;|f]t–;fwgsf] k|of]u tyf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx;DaGwL sfo{ljlw lgwf{/0f u/]/, zflGt–;'/Iff sfod u/]/, dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg tyf ;'lglZrt u/]/, pGgltsf nflu ;a} gful/snfO{ cj;/df ;dfg kx'Fr k|bfg u/]/ / ;dfhsf sdhf]/ ju{sf] lxt tyf rfxgfsf] ;+/If0f u/]/ ;'zf;gsf] k|j4{g ub{5 . g]kfndf ;'zf;g sfod ug{df lgDg lgsfox¿sf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . oL lgsfox¿n] ug]{ d'Vo sfo{x¿ tn pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ .

#=$=!=! k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no of] sfo{sf/L k|d'v jf d'n'ssf] k|wfgdGqLn]] g]t[Tj ug]{ ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ dGqfno:t/sf] sfof{no xf] . k|b]zdf sfo{sf/L k|d'vsf] ¿kdf d'Vo dGqLn] sfo{ ug]{ Joj:yf ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] 5 . o; sfof{non] ug]{ dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ lgDgadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\Mn g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ljefhg / dGqfnox¿sf]

u7g, lj36g tyf ;+u7g ;+/rgf x]/km]/,

n g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg lgodfjnLsf] sfof{Gjog

n ljleGg dGqfnosf] sfdsf] /]vb]v, lgoGq0f, lg/LIf0f, ;'kl/j]If0f, ;dGjo tyf cg'udg d"Nofª\sg

;'zf;g s]nfO{ dfGg ;lsG5 <

Zff;gdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf, sfg'gL / j}wflgs zf;gk4lt, hg–pQ/bfoL ;/sf/, kf/bzL{ k|zf;goGq, dfgjclwsf/sf] /Iff, hgtfsf] ;"rgfdf ;xh kx'Fr, k|efjsf/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jf, zflGt–;'Joj:yf / cdgr}g, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ;Dj[l4d'vL, e|i6frf//lxt zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ ;'zf;g eGg ;lsG5 .


n dGqLkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg

n ljw]os, cWofb]z, lgod tyf cfb]zsf] th{'df, :jLs[lt jf hf/L

n g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cNksfnLg tyf bL3{sflng gLlt tyf /0fgLltsf] th{'df, :jLs[lt, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg

n b]zsf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, k|zf;lgs ultljlw tyf zflGt ;'Joj:yfsf] cBfjlws hfgsf/L tyf cg'udg

n zf;sLo ;'wf/, ;'zf;g

n dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g

n e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] gLlt, of]hgf tyf To;sf] sfof{Gjog

n cbfntsf] km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg

#=$=!=@ /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|

e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( adf]lhd e|i6frf/nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf lgoGq0f ug{ tyf e|i6frf/lj¿4 hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug{ k|wfgdGqLsf] k|ToIf /]vb]v / lgoGq0fdf /xL sfo{ ug]{ u/L lj=;+= @)%( ;fndf dGqfno:t/sf] /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]G›sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . d'n'ssf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{df o; sfof{nosf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( n] o; s]Gb|nfO{ tf]s]sf sfo{x¿ lgDgadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\Mn g]kfn ;/sf/sf dGqfno÷ljefu÷sfof{no jf

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g'kg]{ sfdx¿ lgoldt ¿kdf ePgePsf] ;"rgf ;ª\sng ug]{ / lgoldt ¿kdf ePsf] gkfOPdf ;ts{ ug]{,

n ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd lbPsf] ;DklQ ljj/0f / cfosf] cg'udg ug]{,

n e|i6frf/ x'g;Sg] :yfg jf sfddf lgoldt lgu/fgL /fVg], 58\s] hfFr / cGj]if0f ug{ cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg],

n e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ;DaGwdf ckgfpg'kg]{ gLlt, /0fgLlt / tt\;DaGwL sfg'gdf s'g} ;'wf/ ug{'kg]{ b]lvPdf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos ;'emfj lbg],

n g]kfn ;/sf/sf dGqfno÷ljefu÷sfof{no jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfdf ph'/Lk]l6sf /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfpg],

n e|i6frf/ /f]syfd ug]{ p2]Zon] cfjZostfg';f/ ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ ;'emfj jf lgb]{zg lbg],

n e|i6frf/;DaGwL s;'/df cg';Gwfg ug]{ lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Laf6 e|i6frf/;DaGwL cfjZos ljj/0f jf ;"rgf k|fKt u/L cBfjlws u/fO{ /fVg],

n e|i6frf/;DaGwL k|fKt s'g} hfgsf/L ;DalGwt

lgsfodf n]vL k7fpg],

n e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ;DaGwdf cfOkg]{ cGo sfd ug]{ jf u/fpg],

n g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf cGo sfo{ ug]{ u/fpg] .

e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] /0fgLlt tyf sfo{of]hgf, @)^% n] o; s]G›nfO{ e|i6frf/sf] /f]syfd tyf lgoGq0f ;DaGwdf ul/Psf cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ tyf e|i6frf/lj¿4sf k|of;nfO{ cem ;zQm agfpg yk lhDd]jf/L ;'Dk]sf] 5 .

#=$=!=# ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no vl/b sfo{sf] cg'udg ug{ k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nocGtu{t /xg] u/L ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfof{no :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . o; sfof{nosf] k|d'vdf ;lrj:t/sf] sfof{no k|d'v /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o; sfof{nosf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/L o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\Mn vl/b;DaGwL gLlt jf k|rlnt sfg'gdf ;'wf/ ug{

;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug]{,

n vl/b;Fu ;DalGwt k|fljlws dfu{bz{g / lgb{]lzsf hf/L ug]{,

n vl/b;DaGwL ljleGg sfuhftsf] :6ofG88{ gd"gf tof/ ug]{,

n ;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 x'g] jf ePsf] vl/b sf/afxLsf] tYofª\s ;ª\sng u/L k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd eP–gePsf] cg'udg jf k|ljlws k/LIf0f ug]{ jf u/fpg],

n vl/b P]g, lgodfjnL, / lgb{]lzsfsf af/]df ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] /fo–k/fdz{ dfu u/]df /fo–k/fdz{ lbg],

n af]nkqbftf, k|:tfjbftf, k/fdz{bftf, ;]jfk|bfos, cfk"lt{stf{, lgdf{0f Joj;foL, jf cGo JolQm, kmd{, ;+:yf jf sDkgLnfO{ lghsf] sfo{sf] ufDeLo{tfsf] cfwf/df ! b]lv # jif{;Dd sfnf];"rLdf /fVg ;Sg] .

#=$=!=$ /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]u

;"rgfsf] xssf] ;+/If0f, k|j4{g, / cEof;sf nflu Pp6f :jtGq ;"rgf cfof]usf] Joj:yf ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]gdf /x]sf] 5 . o; cfof]un] ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /x]sf ;"rgf;DaGwL clen]v tyf b:tfj]hsf] ;"rL agfpg tyf Joj:yf ug{ Pj+ gful/ssf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu ;"rgfsf] ;fj{hlgsLs/0f ug{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{ cfb]z lbg;Sg] tyf s;}n] s'g} ;"rgf kfpg lgj]bg lbPdf ;"rgf lbg'kg]{ ;do;Ldf lgwf{/0f u/L tf]lsPsf] ;dodf ;"rgf lbg cfb]z ug{ ;Sg] cfof]unfO{ clwsf/ /x]sf] 5 . ;fy}, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/;DaGwdf tyf ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL sfg'gsf] ;+/If0f tyf k|j4{gsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf cGo lgsfonfO{ cfof]un] ;'emfj tyf l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ klg /x]sf] 5 .


#=$=!=% ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f cg';Gwfg ljefu

;DklQ z'4Ls/0f tyf cftª\sjfbL lqmofsnfkdf ljQLo nufgL lgjf/0f;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg ug]{ k|d'v lgsfosf] ¿kdf ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f cg';Gwfg ljefu g]kfn ;/sf/af6 #! c;f/ @)^* df :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f cftª\sjfbL lqmofsnfkdf ljQLo nufgL / cGo ljgf;sf xftxltof/ lj:tf/df ;xof]u ug]{ s'g} klg k|sf/sf u}/–sfg'gL sdfO / of]ubfgsf lj¿4 cg';Gwfg ug]{ Ps cflwsfl/s lgsfo xf] .

#=$=!=^ /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefucy{ dGqfnocGtu{t /x]sf] o; ljefusf] :yfkgf @)%) ;fndf ePsf] xf] / o; ljefunfO{ /fh:j r'xfj6 -cg';Gwfg tyf lgoGq0f_ P]g @)%@ adf]lhd s/ tyf u}/s/ /fh:j r'xfj6sf] cg';Gwfg txsLsft / lgoGq0f Pj+ ljb]zL ljlgdo lgoldt ug]{ P]g, @)!( adf]lhd ljb]zL ljlgodsf] ckrngsf] /f]syfd tyf lgoGq0f;DaGwL cg';Gwfg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ;'lDkPsf] 5 .

#=$=!=& lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no tyf If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{no

cfˆgf] lhNnf tyf If]qleq /x]sf ;fj{hlgs sfof{nodf ;'zf;g sfod ug{df oL sfof{nox¿sf] dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg /x]sf] x'G5 . lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nosf] g]t[Tj ug]{ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L lhNnfsf] k|d'v k|zf;s tyf ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglw;d]t ePsfn] lhNnfdf zflGt–;'/Iff tyf cdg–rog sfod ug]{ tyf ljleGg ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿af6 x'g] sfo{x¿sf] ;dGjo / /]vb]v cg'udg ug]{ tyf hgtfsf kL/dsf{ u'gf;f ;'gL To;sf] lg/fs/0f ug]{ sfo{df lghsf] k|d'v e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . o;}u/L, cfˆgf] If]qdf zflGt–;'/Iffnufot ;'zf;g sfod ug{df k|efjsf/L Pj+ ;dGjosf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{nodf ;lrj:t/s} If]qLo k|zf;s k|d'v /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

#=$=!=* s]Gb|Lo tx;Ln sfof{no

cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g tyf cGo sfg'gadf]lhd lhDd]jf/ JolQmaf6 c;'n ug{'kg]{ /sd / g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu u/]sf] ;t{gfdfcg';f/ a'emfpg'kg]{ /sd ga'emfPsf] / ;/sf/L gubL tyf lhG;L ;dfg lxgfldgf ug]{ JolQmaf6 c;'n ug{'kg]{ /sd c;'n ug]{ bfloŒj cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g, @)%% n] o; sfof{nonfO{ lbPsf] 5 . ;fy}, cw{Goflos lgsfosf k|d'vn] cfkm"n] u/]sf] km};nf adf]lhd p7fpg'kg]{ b08–hl/jfgfsf] ljj/0f k7fO{ c;'npk/ ug{ eg]df ljj/0fadf]lhd nut s;L ;DalGwt JolQmaf6 km};nfadf]lhdsf] b08–hl/dfgf ;/sf/L afFsL;/x c;'npk/ u/L ;l~rt sf]ifdf hDdf ug{'kg]{ lhDd]jf/L klg o; lgsfonfO{ lbOPsf] 5 . o; sfof{non] c;'npk/ ug{'kg]{ /sd c;'npk/ ubf{ ;DalGwt JolQm, ;+:yf jf kbflwsf/L;Fu cfjZos k|df0f a'‰g], aofg u/fpg], ;fIfL

lemsfpg]nufot k|rlnt sfg'gsf] clwgdf /xL y'gfdf /fvL sf/afxL ug]{ cbfntnfO{ eP;/xsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 .

#=$=!=( g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] ljQLo PsfO

;DklQ z'4Ls/0f, cftª\sjfbL lqmofsnfkdf ljQLo nufgL tyf ;Da4 s;'/;DaGwL zª\sf:kb sf/f]af/sf k|ltj]bg tyf cGo ;"rgfk|fKt ug{, ljZn]if0f ug{ / ljZn]if0fsf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug{ sfof{Tds¿kdf :jfoQ tyf :jtGq PsfO g]kfn /fi6« a}+sdf :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 .

#=$=@ Gofokflnsf

/fHosf] Gofo;DaGwL sfd ug]{ cË Gofokflnsf xf] . sfg'gL zf;g, Gofo tyf lgikIftfsf] k|j4{g tyf dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Ddfgsf] ;'lgZrtf ub}{ Gofokflnsfn] ;'zf;g sfod ug{df dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . Gofokflnsf :jtGq tyf lgikIf¿kdf Gofo lbg ;Ifd x'g'kb{5 . Gofokflnsfsf] ;lqmotf ;fdflhs c;dfgtf tyf cGofonfO{ lgd{"n kfg{df ;xfosl;4 x'g] / o;n] ;b\efjo'Qm ;dfh lgdf{0fdf klg ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . xfn g]kfndf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, !^ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / &% lhNnf cbfntaf6 Gofo;DaGwL sfo{ eOcfPsf] 5 eg] g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, pRr cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntaf6 Gofo;DaGwL sfd x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

#=$=# Joj:yflksf -;+;b\_

Joj:yflksfn] gofF P]g–sfg'g agfpg] / k'/fgf P]g–sfg'gsf] ;+zf]wg ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] cf–cfˆg} Joj:yflksf x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . Joj:yflksfn] ;/sf/n] agfPsf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;dLIff tyf 5fglag ug]{ sfo{ klg ub{5 . hgtfsf k|ltlglwx¿af6 Joj:yflksf aGg] ePsf]n] Joj:yflksfn] hgtfsf rf;f] / rfxgfsf] af/]df 5nkmn ug]{ tyf ;f]nfO{ ;+af]wg ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ lgb]{zg;d]t lbg] ub{5 . Joj:yflksfsf ljleGg ;ldltx¿n] ;/sf/sf k|ult k|ltj]bgdfly 5nkmn ug]{ / ;/sf/nfO{ lgb]{zg lbg];d]t sfo{ ub{5 . Joj:yflksfn] ;/sf/nfO{ cfkm"n] u/]sf lg0f{ok|lt hjfkmb]xL klg agfpF5 . o;n] gful/sx¿nfO{ ;dfg, bIftf tyf k|efjsf/L¿kdf ;]jf k|bfg eO/x]sf] 5–5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf d"Nofª\sg;d]t ub{5 .

#=$=$ ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿

;/sf/sf] sfddf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ljleGg ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf ul/Psf] 5 . oL lgsfox¿n] ;/sf/sf] k|efjdf gk/L :jtGq tyf lgikIf¿kdf cfˆgf] clwsf/ If]qleq /xL ;'lDkPsf] sfo{x¿ ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 .


#=$=$=! clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u

s'g} ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] e|i6frf/ u/L clVtof/ b'¿kof]u u/]sf] ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg / txsLsft ug{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] nflu :jtGq¿kdf sfo{ ug]{ ;jf]{Rr lgsfosf] ¿kdf of] cfof]u /x]sf] 5 / o; cfof]un] e|i6frf/sf ;DaGwdf u/]sf sfd–sf/afxLsf] hg:t/df k|z+;f x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o; cfof]un] u/]sf] cg';Gwfg txsLsftaf6 ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] sfg'gadf]lhd e|i6frf/ dflgg] s'g} sfd u/]df ljz]if cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug{ jf u/fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o; cfof]un] axfnjfnf ;}lgs sd{rf/L, ljleGg txsf Gofofnosf GofofwLzx¿ tyf ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lafx]s cGo ;a} lgsfosf kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Lx¿n] u/]sf] clVtof/ b'¿kof]usf 36gfx¿sf] cg';Gwfg tyf txsLsft ug]{ clwsf/ ;'lDkPsf] 5 . xfn;Dd o; cfof]unfO{ lghL If]qdf x'g] clVtof/ b'¿kof]usf 36gfx¿sf] cg';Gwfg txlssft ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lbO{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .

#=$=$=@ dxfn]vf–k/LIfssf] sfof{no

/fi6«k|lt / pk/fi6«kltsf] sfof{no, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;ª\3Lo ;+;b\, k|b]z ;ef, k|b]z ;/sf/, :yfgLo tx, ;+j}wflgs lgsfo jf ;f]sf sfof{nox¿, cbfnt / dxfGofoflwjStfsf] sfof{no / g]kfnL ;]gf, g]kfn k|x/L jf ;z:q k|x/L an, g]kfn nufotsf ;a} ;ª\3Lo / k|b]z ;/sf/L sfof{non] /fv]sf] n]vfsf] lgoldttf, ldtJolotf, sfo{bIftf, k|efjsfl/tf, / cf}lrTo;d]tsf] ljrf/ u/L n]vf–k/LIf0f ug{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf dxfn]vf–k/LIfssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . dxfn]vf–k/LIfsn] cfkm"n] u/]sf] sfdsf] k|ltj]bg k|wfgdGqL;dIf k]; ug]{ / k|wfgdGqLn] To:tf] k|ltj]bg ;+;b\;dIf k]z ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . dxfn]vf–k/LIfsn] lbg] k|ltj]bgdf n]vf–k/LIf0f u/]sf lgsfox¿sf] ljj/0fx¿, n]vf–k/LIf0faf6 b]lvPsf a]¿h'sf] l:ylt, a]¿h' km:of{}6 ug{ ul/Psf k|of;x¿ tyf k|fKt pknlAw tyf n]vf–k/LIf0fdf eljiodf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/sf] ljj/0f pNn]v ul/g] Joj:yf 5 . ;/sf/sf] 9's'6Laf6 vr{ x'g] Ps k};fsf] klg b'¿kof]u x'g gkfcf];\ eGg] g} n]vf–k/LIf0fsf] k|d'v p2]Zo xf] .

#=$=$=# nf]s;]jf cfof]u

;'zf;g sfod ug{df ;/sf/sf] bflxg] xftsf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf kbdf lgo'lQmsf] lgldQ pko'Qm pDd]bjf/x¿ 5gf}6 ug{ k/LIffx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ;+ljwfgn] nf]s;]jf cfof]unfO{ ;'Dk]sf] 5 Û o; cfof]unfO{ jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnL ;]gf, g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an, cGo ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/L ;]jf / ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] kbdf kbk"lt{sf nflu lnOg] lnlvt k/LIff ;~rfng ug]{ lhDd]jf/L klg ;'lDkPsf

5 . o; cfof]un] lgikIf¿kdf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] 5gf}6 ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . o; cfof]usf] k/fdz{lagf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] kbdf :yfoL lgo'Qm x'g g;Sg] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf ul/Psf] 5 . k|To]s k|b]zdf k|b]z nf]s;]jf cfof]u /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;df lgo'lQm x'g] sd{rf/Ln] cfkm"df ePsf] ;Lk 1fgsf] ;b'kof]u u/L lgikIf¿kdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf pknAw u/fO{ ;'zf;g sfod ug{df 7"nf] ;xof]u k'¥of{pF5g\ .

#=$=$=% /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u

;'zf;g ePsf] cj:yfdf JolStsf dfgjclwsf/sf] k"0f{¿kdf ;Ddfg / ;+/If0f klg x'g] x'Fbf dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g / To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+j}wflgs cfof]usf] ¿kdf /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/sf] :yfkgf ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o; cfof]unfO{ JolQm jf ;d"xsf] dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3g jf To;sf] b'?T;fxg ePsf]df 5fglag tyf cg';Gwfg u/L bf]ifLpk/ sf/afxL ug{ l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ ;'lDkPsf] 5 .

#=$=% lghL If]q

gful/sx¿nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{df lghL If]qsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . lghL If]qn] cfkm"df ePsf] 1fg, ;Lk, / k'FhL kl/rfng u/]/ u'0f:t/Lo j:t' tyf ;]jf hgtfnfO{ k|bfg u/L ;'zf;gdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;S5g\ .

#=$=^ gful/s ;dfh

;'zf;g sfod ug{df ;lqmo gful/s ;dfhsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . /fHosf] gLlt–lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjogdf gful/s ;dfhsf] klg dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . hglk|o gLlt th{'df tyf sfof{Gjog ug{ gful/s ;dfhn] bafa ;d"xsf] ¿kdf tyf To:tf gLltsf] kIfdf jsfnt ug{ ;Sb5g\ . ;fy}, /fHo ;~rfngdf b]lvPsf ljleGg ljs[lt tyf lj;ª\ult cf}+NofO{ To:tf ljs[lt tyf ;+ulj;ª\ultsf af/]df hgtfnfO{ ;';"lrt u/L tL sfo{x¿ /f]Sgdf dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm gful/s ;dfhn] cfk}mFn] ;]jf k|bfg u/]/ tyf ljleGg ;r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng u/]/ ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofO/x]sf x'G5g\ . d'n'sdf ;bfrf/ tyf ;'zf;g sfodf ug{df 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgnh:tf cGt/f{li6«o tyf /fli6«o u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 .

#=$=& ;~rf/dfWod

;~rf/dfWodnfO{ /fHosf] rf}yf] If]qsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . hgtfnfO{ ;';"lrt ug]{ sfo{df ;~rf/dfWodsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . :jtGq ;~rf/dfWod k|hftflGqs Joj:yfsf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ ;"rs klg xf] . /fHon] u/]sf


/fd|f tyf g/fd|f s'/fsf] k|rf/–k|;f/ u/]/ ;~rf/dfWodn] ;'zf;g sfod ug{df ;xof]u ub{5g\ . /fHon] Wofg glbPsf] tyf gk'¥ofOPsf] ljifo tyf /fHodf ePsf ljs[lt tyf ;+ulj;ª\ultsf af/]df ;To–tYo aflx/ NofO{ hgtfnfO{ ;';"lrt ug]{ tyf /fHozlQmsf] Wofgfsif{0f ug]{ sfd ;~rf/hut\n] ub{5 .

#=% kf/blz{tf / ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xL clej[l4 ug{ ljsf; ul/Psf s]xL ;fwg

kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xL ;'zf;gsf] dxŒjk"0f{ u'0fx¿ x'g\ . kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xL a9fpg ;lsPdf w]/} xb;Dd ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;lsG5 . t;y{, ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿n] lbg] ;]jfdf u'0f:t/, hjfkmb]xL tyf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg g]kfndf sfg'gL tyf ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf ug{'sf ;fy} kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xL j[l4 ug{ l;4 ePsf ljleGg lsl;dsf ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xL ;fwgx¿sf] k|of]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf xfn k|rlnt s]xL d'Vo ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xL ;fwgx¿sf] af/]df ;ª\If]kdf tn j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 .

#=%=! gful/s a8fkq

;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|bfos lgsfon] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfsf] lsl;d, ;]jfk|fKt ubf{ nfUg] z'Ns tyf b:t'/, ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ lhDd]jf/ JolQm, ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/, ;]jf k|bfg ubf{ nfUg] ;dofjlw, ;]jf k|jfxsf] zt{ tyf sfo{ljlw, ;]jf pknAw x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf Ifltk"lt{ lbg] Joj:yf pNn]v u/L ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf 6fFl;Psf] ;"rgfnfO{ gful/s a8fkq elgG5 . ;'zf;g P]gn] ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ jf hg;Dks{ sfod ug]{ k|To]s ;/sf/L sfof{non] ;a}n] b]Vg] :yfgdf gful/s a8fkq /fVg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

#=%=@ u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg

k|To]s dGqfno, ljefu tyf ;/sf/L lgsfo tyf sfof{nodf To:tf ;/sf/L sfof{no tyf lgsfon] cfkm"n] u/]sf] sfd–sf/afxLsf] u'0f:t/, k|efjsfl/tf / To;df x'g;Sg] clgoldttf ;DaGwdf u'gf;f] ;'Gg ;a}n] b]Vg] :yfgdf u'gf;f]k]l6sf /fVg'kg]{, u'gf;f] x]g]{ clwsf/L tf]Sg'kg]{, # lbgdf Psk6s cGo sd{rf/Lsf] /f]xj/df u'gf;f]k]l6sf vf]Ng'kg]{ / hfoh u'gf;f]sf] ;dod} ;Daf]wg ug{'kg]{ ;'zf;g P]g tyf lgodfjnLn] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . k|wfgdGqL

tyf dGqLkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nodf Joj:yf ul/Psf] …x]nf] ;/sf/Ú ;j{;fwf/0fsf] u'gf;f] ;+af]wg ug{ /flvPsf] Pp6f gd"gf xf] .

#=%=# ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO

;]jf k|bfos lgsfon] cfk"mn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;]jfsf af/]df ;DalGwt ljz]if1, ;/f]sf/jfnf, gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglw tyf :yfgLo lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ cfdGq0f u/L ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ pknAw u/fOPsf] ;]jfsf] af/]df pgLx¿sf] rf;f]nfO{ ;+af]wg ug{ cfof]hgf ul/g] ;fd'bflos d~rnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ elgG5 . ;'zf;g P]gn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;a} sfof{nosf k|d'vn] sfof{nosf] sfdnfO{ :jR5, kf/bzL{ / j:t'lgi7 agfpg tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] sfg'g;Ddt ;/f]sf/nfO{ ;+af]wg ug{ ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ u/fpg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

#=%=$ ;fdflhs n]vf–k/LIf0f

:yfgLo:t/df ;~rfng x'g] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf of]hgfx¿df ul/Psf] nufgLsf] k|ltkmnsf af/]df ;/f]sf/jfnf, :yfgLo hgk|ltlglw Pj+ nfeflGjt ;d"xsf] k|ToIf ;xeflutfdf n]vfhf]vf ul/g] ;+oGqnfO{ …;fdflhs n]vf–k/LIf0fÚ jf …;fdflhs n]vfhf]vfÚ elgG5 . ;fdflhs n]vf–k/LIf0f ubf{ cfof]hgfsf] nflu slt /sd, s'g ;|f]taf6, slxn] s;/L cfof], s]–slt /sd, s]–s'g sfo{df, sf]–sf] ;+nUg eP/ vr{ eof], s:tf] vl/b k|lqmof ckgfOof], vr{ ubf{ kf/bzL{9Ën] ul/of] ls ul/Pg tyf of]hgf ;~rfng ubf{ s]–s:tf sdL–sdhf]/L /xg uP eGg]af/]df of]hgf;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg]af6 k|ltkf]if0f k|fKt ul/G5 . o:tf] k/LIf0f

;'zf;g sfod ug{df s;sf] e"ldsf a9L x'G5 <;'zf;g sfod ug{df Joj:yflksf, Gofokflnsf, k|zf;goGq, lghL If]q, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, ;~rf/dfWod, gful/s ;dfh, cfd–gful/s cflbsf] e"ldsf x'g] eP klg ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf ;/sf/sf] g} /x]sf] x'G5 .

x]nf] ;/sf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <;j{;fwf/0fsf] u'gf;f], ljsf; lgdf{0f;DaGwL dfux¿, e|i6frf/ / clgoldttf / ck/flws ultljlw;DaGwL ;"rgfx¿ tyf cfkt\sfnLg ;xof]usf] dfunfO{ ;xh / ;/n¿kdf Joj:yfkg u/L ;/sf/sf] sfd–sf/afxLnfO{ cem a9L hg;+j]bgzLn agfpgsf] nflu #^% lbg / @$ ;} 3G6f ;~rfngdf /xg] u/L k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nodf @)^* sflQs & ut]b]lv x]nf] ;/sf/sf] sIf :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 .

x]nf] ;/sf/df s;/L ;"rgf lbg ;lsG5 <b]xfosf dfWodaf6 x]nf] ;/sf/sf] sIfdf ;"rgf lbg ;lsG5Mn 6f]n k|mL 6]lnkmf]g gDa/ !!!! df kmf]g u/L sIfsf

sd{rf/LnfO{ l6kfP/,n sIfsf] ôfS; gDa/ !!)) df ôfS; u/]/,n sIfsf] !!!! gDa/df ;Gb]z -P;PdP;_ k7fP/,n sfof{nosf] j]a;fO6 www.opmcm.gov.np sf]

ph'/ tyf ;'emfj k]l6sfdf ph'/ / ;'emfj k7fP/ .


of]hgf:yndf g} ;~rfng ul/G5 .

#=%=% ;fd'bflos u|fXofª\s–kq -l;l6hg :sf]/ sf8{_

;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/nfO{ gful/sn] cg'udg ug]{ ;+oGqnfO{ ;fd'bflos cª\s–kq elgG5 . o;df ;]jfu|fxL gful/sn] ;]jfsf] ;"rsfª\ssf] cfwf/df ljleGg:t/df cª\s k|bfg ub{5g\ eg] ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sd{rf/Ln] klg cfkm"n] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfsf] ;"rsfª\ssf] cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg u/]/ cª\s k|bfg ub{5g\ . o; ljlwdf ;]jfu|fxL gful/s / ;]jfk|bfos sd{rf/Ln] 5'§f5'§} a;]/ lbPsf] cª\snfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf hf]8]/ yk ljZn]if0f u/L ;]jfsf] ;fd"lxs d"Nofª\sg ul/G5 . ljBfno tyf :jf:Yo rf}sLx¿n] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfx¿ of] ;fwg k|of]u u/L d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsG5 .

#=%=^ gful/s k|ltj]bg–kq

;]jfu|fxL gful/sn] ;]jf lnFbf b]v]sf, ef]u]sf / cg'udg u/]sf s'/fnfO{ ;xeflutfd"ns ;j]{If0fk4ltdfkm{t\ k|fKt x'g] k|ltkf]if0faf6 ;]jfsf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{ ljlwnfO{ gful/s k|ltj]bg–kq elgG5 . gful/s k|ltj]bgsf nflu u'0ffTds tyf kl/df0ffTds b'a} cg';Gwfgk4lt ckgfOG5 .

#=%=& ;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf tyf ah]6 th{'df

nlIft ju{sf gful/snfO{ ;dfj]z u/L pgLx¿sf] rfxgf / cfjZostfcg';f/sf] of]hgf agfpg] ljlwnfO{ ;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf tyf ah]6 th{'df elgG5 . ;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf tyf ah]6 th{'df ug]{ sfo{df ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t tyf pkef]Qmf;DaGwL ;+3–;+:yf, gful/s ;dfh, :yfgLo lgsfo, /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglw, tyf ;/sf/L lgsfosf k|ltlglw ;dfj]z ul/G5 . o:tf] ljlwaf6 h'g ju{sf] nflu of]hgf agfOg nfu]sf] xf], pgLx¿n] of]hgfsf af/]df hfgsf/L tyf cfˆgf] ;/f]sf/sf af/]df s'/f /fVg] cj;/ kfpg], of]hgfdf ckgTj x'g], / gful/ssf] Ifdtf klg j[l4 x'g hfG5 .

#=%=* ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] ;f]wvf]h -6«Øflsª_

:yfgLo lgsfo, ;/sf/L tyf u}/–;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 ;~rfng ul/Psf of]hgfx¿df s]–slt ah]6 /sd ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] 5, ah]6 /sd s]–s;/L vr{ ePsf] 5 jf x'Fb}5 / s] lsl;dsf] k|ltkmn k|fKt eof] eg]/ vf]hL ug]{ ljlwnfO{ …;fj{hlgs vr{sf] ;f]wvf]hÚ elgG5 . o; ljlwaf6 ;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfkgdf b]lvPsf clgoldttf, sdL sdhf]/L tyf r'xfj6h:tf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{df ;xof]u k'Ug hfG5 .

#=%=( ;bfrf/ k|ltj4tf

;fj{hlgs If]qn] :jR5, ldtJooL, k|efjsf/L, bIf, kf/bzL{ / cf}lrTok"0f{ tl/sfn] sfd ug]{ k4ltnfO{ …;bfrf/

k|ltj4tfÚ elgG5 . g]kfndf 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgnn] s]xL :yfgLo lgsfox¿df ;bfrf/ k|ltj4tfsf] k/LIf0f u/]sf] / ;f] k|lta4tf nfu" ul/Psf :yfgLo lgsfox¿df ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fn] ;]jf k|jfxdf ;sf/fTds kl/0ffd NofPsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . ljleGg lgsfox¿n] cfˆgf kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] nflu agfOPsf cfrf/;+lxtfdf ;bfrf/ k|lta4tfdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] k|fjwfgx¿ /fVg] ul/Psf] 5 .

#=^ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f

#=^=! e|i6frf/sf] kl/efiff

e|i6 / cfrf/ b'O{ zAbsf] ;lGw eP/ e|i6frf/ zAb ag]sf] 5 . g]kfnL a[xt\ zAbsf]ifn] gLlt–lgodlj¿4sf] cfr/0f jf ;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln] 3"; vfg', kIfkft ug{' / o:t} cg]s cg}lts sfd ug{'nfO{ e|i6frf/ atfPsf] 5 .

#=^=@ e|i6frf/k|]/s jftfj/0f

e|i6frf/hGo sfo{ a9\g] 36\g] s'/f jftfj/0fdf e/ kb{5 . s'g} jftfj/0fdf e|i6frf/ df}nfpg] x'G5 eg] s'g} jftfj/0fdf lgolGqt x'G5 .

e|i6frf/ s] nfO{ elgG5 <…JolQmut nfesf] nflu ;'lDkPsf] clwsf/sf] b'¿kof]uÚ nfO{ g} e|i6frf/ elgG5 .e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( n] /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Ln] lgDg sfo{x¿ u/]df e|i6frf/ x'g] dfg]sf] 5Mn l/;jt lng] lbg], n lagfd"No jf sd d"Nodf j:t' jf ;]jf lng], n bfg–bftAo, pkxf/ jf rGbf ;/sf/ jf ;+:yfsf]

k"j{:jLs[tlagf lng], n ;/sf/L sfd ubf{ sldzg lng],n /fh:j r'xfj6 ug]{, n u}/–sfg'gL nfe jf xfgL k'¥ofpg] ablgotn] sfd

ug]{,n unt lnvt tof/ ug]{, n unt cg'jfb ug]{, n ;/sf/L sfuh ;Rofpg], n ;/sf/L sfuhft gf]S;fg ug]{, n k|Zgkqsf] uf]klgotf eË ug]{ jf k/LIffsf]

kl/0ffdnfO{ km]/abn ug]{ sfo{ ug]{, n u}/–sfg'gL Jofkf/ Joj;fo ug]{, n e"m§f ljj/0f lbg], n ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] lxgfldgf ug]{,n unt n]vf–k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg lbg] .


#=^=# e|i6frf/sf] juL{s/0f

e|i6frf/ ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL b'j} If]qdf JofKt /x]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs If]qdf x'g] e|i6frf/sf] k|efj tyf dfqf 7"nf] x'g] / hgtfn] s/ lt/]sf] /sdsf] b'¿kof]u x'g] x'gfn] o; If]qdf x'g] e|i6frf/sf] af/]df w]/} rf;f] / lrGtf JoQm ul/g] / o; If]qdf x'g] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] nflu ljz]if dxŒj lbg] ul/Psf] 5 . ;fdfGotof e|i6frf/nfO{ dfqfsf] cfwf/df lgDg b'O{ ju{df ljefhg ul/G5M

#=^=#=! ;fgf–ltgf e|i6frf/

;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ lgsfodf sfo{/t tNnf] / demf}nf txsf sd{rf/L, larf}lnof, bnfn, jsLn, n]vgbf; cflbn] ldlndtf] u/L ;]jfu|fxLaf6 afWofTds kl/l:ylt agfO{ u}/–sfg'gL¿kdf c;"n ug]{ ;fgf] /sdnfO{ ;fgf] :t/sf] e|i6frf/ elgG5 . clen]v ;Rofpg], k|ltj]bg x]/km]/ ug]{, unt tYofª\sx¿ lbg], sfddf l9nfO ug]{, em~em6 x}/fg lbg], pkxf/lagf sfd ug{ gvf]Hg], lgodn] tf]s]eGbf a9L c;'n ug]{, /fh:j sd hDdf ug]{, sfd ul/lbPafkt vfhf lrof cflb vfgf vf]Hg] k|j[lt b]vfO{ ;]jfu|fxL gful/saf6 ;]jf lbPafkt 3';sf] cfzf /fVb5g\ . :yfgLo txsf /x]sf ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf ;]jf lng hfFbf 3'; glbO{ ;]jf kfpg

sl7g x'g] / ;]jf lnFbf w]/yf]/ 3'; v'jfpg'kg]{ cj:yfnfO{ o; lsl;dsf] ju{df /flvPsf] 5 . o:tf] /sdnfO{ slxn]sfFxL 3'; gegL sfd l56f] ul/lbg lbPsf] /sd (Speed Money) jf sfd ul/lbPafkt ;]jfu|fxLn] v';L eO{ lbPsf] …alS;;Ú /sd klg eGg] ul/G5 .

#=^=#=@ 7"nf e|i6frf/

o:tf lsl;dsf] e|i6frf/df dflyNnf] txsf sd{rf/L jf /fhgLlts g]t[Tj jf b'j}sf] ;+nUgtf x'g] / e|i6frf/ u/]sf] /sd klg 7"nf] x'g] ub{5 . 7"nf cfof]hgf tyf vl/b lgdf{0f;DaGwL sfo{x¿df x'g] ;+:yfut e|i6frf/ Pj+ s]xL ;Lldt JolQm / ju{nfO{ kmfObf k'Ug] u/L ablgot /fvL ul/Psf gLltut lg0f{ox¿ o;cGtu{t kb{5g\ . o; lsl;dsf] e|i6frf/ gLlt th{'dfsf] ;'¿ r/0fb]lv sfof{Gjog, cg'udg, tyf d"Nofª\sg;Ddsf r/0fx¿df ;'lgof]lht¿kdf ljleGg r/0fdf x'g] ub{5 . o:tf e|i6frf/df ;fgfb]lv dflyNnf]:t/sf sd{rf/L, 8g, lgdf{0f Joj;foL, Jofkf/L, ljz]if1, k/fdz{bftf, larf}lnof, bnfn, g]tf cflb ;+nUg x'G5g\ . ljZj a}+sn] o; lsl;dsf] e|i6frf/nfO{ /fHos} sAhfsf] ;+1f lbPsf] 5 .

#=^=$ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf pkfo

e|i6frf/ Pp6f ;fdflhs dxf/f]u xf] . o;n] ;dfhsf x/]s If]qnfO{ k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{ u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf e|i6frf/ P]ltxfl;s sfnb]lv g} k|d'v ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /lxcfPsf] 5 . clxn] klg g]kfn e|i6frf/ a9L x'g] d'n'sdf kb{5 . ;g\ @)!$ df 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn ;++:yfn]] !&% d'n'sdf u/]sf] ;j]{If0fdf g]kfn !@^ cf}F :yfgdf /x]sf] / g]kfnn] !)) k"0ff{ª\sdf @( dfq kfPsf] 5 . o;n] g]kfn a9L e|i6frf/ x'g] d'n'sdf kg]{ b]vfPsf] 5 .

g]kfndf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug{df clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]G›, Gofo kl/ifb\, ljz]if cbfnt, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, dxfn]vf–k/LIfssf] sfof{no, dxfGofoflwjQmfsf sfof{no, ;fj{hlgs n]vf–;ldlt, ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f ljefu, /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefuh:tf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs If]qdf x'g] e|i6frf/ /f]syfd, lgoGq0f / Go"gLs/0fsf] nflu bafad"ns tyf gful/s ;dfhsf] k|ltlglw ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnn] ;lqmo ¿kdf sfo{ ub}{cfPsf] 5 . o; ;+:yfn] kf/blz{tf tyf hjfkmb]xLtf clej[l4sf] nflu rfNg'kg]{ sbdsf af/]df jsfnt ug]{, ;/sf/L tyf gful/s ;dfhsf ;+:yfx¿ tyf bft[ lgsfox¿;Fu alnof] sfo{ut ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{, ;fj{hlgs vl/b tyf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf ;'wf/ ug]{, hgr]tgf hufpg], cWoog–cg';Gwfg tyf ;"rgf k|rf/ ug]{, gful/s ;dfh, ;/sf/L lgsfo tyf z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿df g}lts d"No tyf dfGotf k|lzlIft ug]{ sfo{x¿ ub{5 . o; ;+:yfn] 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgnn] x/]s jif{ k|sflzt ug]{ …e|i6frf/ cjwf/0ff

e|i6frf/ s:tf] jftfj/0fdf df}nfpF5 <n cfd–hgtfdf ;fj{hlgs ljifosf ;"rgfsf] kx'Fr

gePdf,n;fj{hlgs sfd–sf/afxL kf/bzL{ tl/sfn] x'g] k/Dk/f

gePdf,ncf]xbfdf a:g] dflg;nfO{ sd}dfq jf sf/afxL x'Fb}

gx'g] kl/kf6L ePdf,npQ/bfloŒjaf6 klG5g] k|j[lQ ;fj{hlgs If]qdf JofKt

ePdf,n;fj{hlgs kbdf /x]sf JolQmnfO{ :j]R5frf/L 9Ën]

k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] sfg'g, k/Dk/f jf dflyNnf] lgsfon] clwsf/ lbPdf,

n;bfrf/k4ltsf] :yflkt cEof; g/x]sf] cj:yfdf,ngftfuf]tf, lrghfg, / eg;"g ug]{ ;fdflhs kl/kf6Ln]

a9fjf kfPsf] cj:yfdf,ne|i6frf/lj¿4 ;zQm¿kdf cfjfh p7fpg] ;lqmo

gful/s ;dfhsf] cefj jf gful/sdf tt\;DaGwL r]tgfsf] cefj ePdf, jf e|i6frf/sf] ;"rgf lbg] JolQmsf] plrt ;+/If0fsf] s'g} Joj:yf gePsf] ;fdflhs kl/j]zdf,

nnf]stflGqs cEof; sdhf]/ /x]sf] cj:yfdf,ne|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf ;+nUg lgsfosf] lgl:qmotf

jf Ifdtfsf] cefj tyf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f;DaGwL sfg'gsf] ckof{Kttf tyf sdhf]/ sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf ePdf .


;"rsfª\sÚ k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ug]{ / ;/sf/sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg] u/]sf] 5 .

e|i6frf/nfO{ k"0f{¿kn] pGd"ng ug{ ;lsFb}g, To;y{ o;sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu /fHoaf6 d"ntM lgDg @ lsl;dsf /0fgLltx¿ cjnDag ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5Mnlg/f]wfTds pkfo npkrf/fTds pkfo

#=^=$=! lg/f]wfTds pkfo

/f]u nfu]/ /f]usf] pkrf/ ug{'eGbf /f]u nfUg g} glbg' pQd pkfo xf] elgG5 . e|i6frf/sf] ;Gbe{df klg e|i6frf/LnfO{ sf/afO{ u/]/ lgoGq0f ug{'eGbf e|i6frf/ x'g glbg] pkfox¿sf] cjnDag ug{' g} ;jf]{Qd pkfo dflgPsf] 5 . e|i6frf/sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu lgDg lg/f]wfTds pkfox¿ ckgfOg] u/]sf] 5M

#=^=$=!=! hgr]tgf clej[l4e|i6frf/sf lj¿4df ;j{;fwf/0fdf hgr]tgf a9fpg cfjZos x'G5 . e|i6frf/sf lj¿4df hgr]tgf a9fpg] sfo{df e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf ;+nUg lgsfox¿, ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿, u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yf Pj+ gful/s ;dfhsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . cf}krfl/s÷cgf}krfl/s lzIffs} dfWodaf6 hgtfnfO{ g}ltstf, OdfGbf/L, ;bfrfl/tf Pj+ e|i6frf/lj¿4 n8\g 1fg lbg ;lsg] ePsfn] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f tyf ;bfrf/;DaGwdf ljBfnob]lv ljZj ljBfnosf ljleGg txsf kf7\oqmddf tt\;DaGwL ljifo ;dfj]z u/L k7gkf7g ug]{ Joj:yf ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . ;/sf/L, u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yf, tyf gful/s ;dfhsf] ;xeflutfdf e|i6frf/;DaGwL ljleGg tflnd, uf]i7L, 5nkmn tyf cGtlqm{of cfof]hgf u/L jf e|i6frf/;DaGwL /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, kqklqsfdfkm{t\ ;dfrf/, n]v, /rgf, uLt, sljtf, syf, gf6scflb k|rf/–k|;f/ u/L e|i6frf/sf af/]df hgr]tgf a9fpg ;lsG5 . e|i6frf/;DaGwL krf{, kf]i6/h:tf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ljsf; tyf ljt/0f u/L tyf ;fj{hlgs :yfgdf xf]l8{ª af]8{ /fvL hg:t/df r]tgfj[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 .

#=^=$=!=@ cfrf/;+lxtfsf] th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog/fHosf ljleGg cËdf sfd ug]{ kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cfrf/;+lxtf th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog u/]df o;n] e|i6frf/nfO{ /f]Sgdf w]/} xb;Dd d2t k'¥ofpF5 . cfrf/;+lxtfdf ;DalGwt kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Lx¿n] s] ug{' x'g], s] ug{' gx'g] eGg] s'/f :ki6¿kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5 . g]kfndf w]/}h;f] ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] cfrf/;+lxtf agfO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf 5g\ . lgDg ;/sf/L tyf u}/–;/sf/L lgsfox¿n] cfrf/;+lxtfsf] lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf 5g\MndGqLkl/ifb\sf ;b:ox¿sf] cfrf/;+lxtfnGofofwLzx¿sf] cfrf/;+lxtf nclVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf]

cfrf/;+lxtfndxfn]vf–k/LIfssf] sfof{nosf] cfrf/;+lxtf nlgjf{rg cfof]usf] cfrf/;+lxtfn;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] cfrf/;+lxtf, @)^*nlghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] cfrf/;+lxtfng]kfn pBf]u afl0fHo dxf;+3sf] cfrf/;+lxtfnu}/–;/sf/L dxf;+3sf] cfrf/;+lxtfnkqsf/ cfrf/;+lxtf

#=^=$=!=# lg/LIf0f, lgodg, cg'udg, d"Nofª\sg tyf lgu/fgL ug]{ lgsfosf] Joj:yf

ljleGg ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf x'g] clgoldttf tyf e|i6frf/nfO{ /f]syfd ug{ tL lgsfox¿n] ug]{ sfdsf] k|efjsf/L¿kdf lg/LIf0f, lgodg, cg'udg, d"Nofª\sg tyf lgu/fgL ug]{ lgsfosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . g]kfndf klg o:tf lg/LIf0f, lgodg tyf lgu/fgL ug]{ lgsfox¿sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf x'g] sfdsf] lg/LIf0f, cg'udg tyf lgu/fgL tt\;DaGwL lhDd]jf/L kfPsf lgsfon] k|efjsf/L ¿kdf u/]df e|i6frf/ /f]Sgdf w]/} ;xof]u k'Ug hfG5 .

#=^=$=!=$ cWoog cg';Gwfge|i6frf/sf /f]syfdsf nflu cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . e|i6frf/ lsg, s;/L, s], sf/0fn] eO/x]5 / o;nfO{ /f]Sg s] pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]af/]df lg/Gt/ cWoog–cg';Gwfg ug{' kb{5 . e|i6frf/nfO{ a9fjf lbg] ;fj{hlgs gLlt–lgb]{zg, Joj:yf, k|lqmof cflbsf af/]df cWoog–cg';Gwfg u/L To:tf gLlt– lgb]{zg, Joj:yf, k|lqmof cflbdf lg/Gt/ ;'wf/ ub}{ n}hfg ;s]df e|i6frf/nfO{ /f]syfd ug{ ;lsG5 .

#=^=$=!=% /fli6«o ;bfrf/k4ltsf] th'{df/fli6«o ;bfrf/k4ltn] e|i6frf/sf] /f]syfd s'g} Pp6f lgsfon] dfq u/]/ ;Dej 5}g, o;sf] nflu ;a} lgsfosf] plQs} e"ldsf / bfloŒj x'g] s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 . o;k4ltn] ;Dk"0f{tfsf] b[li6 /fVb5 / e|i6frf/nfO{ w]/} hf]lvd / yf]/} k|ltkmnsf] sfo{ agfpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 . o;k4ltn]

e|i6frf/nfO{ lsg lgoGq0f ug{ cfjZos x'G5 <e|i6frf/n] lgDg k|efj kfg]{ ePsfn] o;sf] lgoGq0f ug{ h¿/L b]lvG5Mnsfg'gsf] zf;gdf x|f; cfpg],nGofodf ;xh kx'Fr gx'g], ljt/0ffŒds Gofoaf6

hgtf jl~rt x'g k'Ug], pkrf/fŒds Gofo klg k|efljt x'g],

ndfgjclwsf/sf Jofks pNnª\3gsf 36gfx¿ a9\g ;Sg],

ngful/ssf ljsf;sf clwsf/ u'Dg] vt/f a9g],nul/aL emg\ a9\g] .


e|i6frf/sf] sd{ eO;s]kl5 b08 lbg]df eGbf e|i6frf/ x'g} glbg] kIfdf hf]8 lbG5 . ;bfrf/k4ltn] sfo{sfl/0fL, ;+;b\, Gofofno, lghfdtL ;]jf, lgodg tyf ;'k/Lj]If0f Pj+ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf ;+nUg lgsfox¿, gful/s ;dfh tyf lghL If]q, ;~rf/dfWod tyf cGt/f{li6«o OsfOnfO{ cfwf/:tDesf] ¿kdf lnPsf] 5 . e|i6frf/sf] lgjf/0fsf] nflu oL ;a} :tDe plQs} alnof] / lqmofzLn x'g'kg]{df o;k4ltn] hf]8 lbG5 . 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnn] ;g\ @)!$ df u/]sf] /fli6«o ;bfrf/k4lt cWoogn] g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;bfrf/ k|0ffnL sdhf]/ /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 .

#=^=$=@ pkrf/fŒds pkfo

o; pkfocGtu{t e|i6frf/ u/]df e|i6frf/LnfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf] b08 lbg ;lsg] sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . o; pkfocGtu{t lgDg sfo{x¿ kb{5g\M

nd'2f bfo/ u/L sfg'gadf]lhdsf] ;hfo lbnfpg],

n/sdsf] lxgfldgf u/]sf] eP c;'n ug]{, n;r]t u/fpg], nljefuLo sf/afxL ug]{,nb'ikl/0ffd ;Rofpg] cflb .

ljZjsf ;a} d'n'sn] e|i6frf/ ug]{nfO{ s;'/sf] dfqf x]/L b08–;hfo lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . rLgdf ei6frf/ u/]df d[To'b08;d]t x'g;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]gcg';f/ g]kfndf e|i6frf/ ug]{nfO{ a9Ldf !) jif{;Dd s}b / lauf]adf]lhd hl/dfgf x'g;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . ;/sf/af6 dgf]gLt jf lgo'Qm x'g] kbflwsf/L, g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;lrj jf ;f];/xsf kbflwsf/L, ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf k|d'v, dxfk|aGws jf ;f];/xsf kbflwsf/LnfO{ ;hfodf yk # jif{ s}b x'g] Joj:yf 5 . cbfntaf6 e|i6frf/L 7x/ ePsf] JolQmnfO{ lgjf{rgdf efu lng tyf cGo ;fj{hlgs kbdf lgo'lQm x'g cof]Uo dflgG5 .



dflg; ePsf] gftfn] dflg;n] :jtM k|of]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ g} dfgjclwsf/ xf] . dfgjclwsf/ x/]s dflg;sf] hGdl;4 clwsf/ jf g};lu{+s clwsf/ xf] . dfgjclwsf/x¿ ljZjJofkL 5g\, cljefHo 5g\ / Ps–cfk;df cGtlg{lxt 5g\ . dfgjclwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt /fHon] ug{'kb{5 .

cGwsf/n] cGwsf/nfO{ wkfpg ;Sb}g, pHofnf]n] dfq cGwsf/nfO{ wkfpg ;S5 . 3[0ffn]–3[0ffnfO{ wkfpg ;Sb}g, dfofn] dfq 3[0ffnfO{ wkfpg ;S5 .

–8f=dfl6{g n'y/ lsª\u

hgtfsf] dfgjclwsf/sf] OGsf/ ug{' eg]sf] pgLx¿sf] dfgjtfnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg' xf] .

–g]N;g d08]nflrq $M dfgjclwsf/sf cfwf/e"t kIf

$=@ g]kfn kIf ePsf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw tyf cg'aGw

g]kfn xfn;Dd lgDg !^ j6f -tflnsf ! _ dfgjclwsf/sf cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw tyf cg'aGwx¿sf]] kIf /fi6« ePsf] 5 . g]kfn ;lGw P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf ( -!_ n] g]kfn kIf ePsf ;a} ;lGwx¿ g]kfnsf /fli6«o sfg'g;/x x'g] tyf /fli6«o sfg'g / To:tf ;lGwx¿ aflemPdf ;lGwsf] k|fjwfg nfu" x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;y{, dxf;lGwx¿n] l;h{gf ug]{ bfloŒjx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{' tyf dxf;lGwsf k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{' ;/sf/sf] ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg'gL st{Jo x'g cfpF5 .

dfgjclwsf/ $=! dfgjclwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff

lzIffsf] clwsf/

cf:yf cFufNg kfpFg] clwsf/

;"rgfdf kx'Fr

dfgj clwsf/

cfjt\–hfjt ug{ kfpg] clwsf/

5fkfvfgfsf] clwsf/

af]Ng kfpFg] clwsf/

;+3–;+:yf vf]Ng] kfpg] clwsf/

e]nf x'g kfpFg]

clwsf/

wfld{s :jtGqtf

efu $

dfgjclwsf/ s] xf] < n dflg;n] dflg; eP/ dof{lbt¿kdf afFRgsf] nflu

cfjZos kg]{ ;a} clwsf/nfO{ g} dfgjclwsf/ elgG5 .

dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3g tyf cfk/flws 36gfaLr s] km/s 5 <

n dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{df /fHokIfsf] k|d'v bfloŒj x'g] ePsf]n] s'g} klg JolQmsf dfgjclwsf/x¿ pNnª\3g ug{ sfo{df /fHokIf k|ToIf jf k/f]If¿kdf ;+nUg ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3g ePsf] 36gfsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . ;fy}, olb JolQm jf ;d"xsf] clwsf/dfly /fHosf] s'g} jf k"/} e"–efu sAhf u/L cfˆg} k|zf;g rnfPsf] JolSt jf ;d"xaf6 x:tIf]k ePsf] 5 eg] To:tf] 36gfnfO{ klg dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3g ePsf] 36gfsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .

n t/, s'g} JolQm jf ;d"xn] s;}sf] clwsf/dfly x:tIf]k ePsf] 5 eg] Tof] ck/flws 36gf x'G5 / To:tf] JolQm jf ;d"xnfO{ /fHon] sf/afxL ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ sfg'gn] lbPsf] x'G5 .


tflnsf !M g]kfn kIf ePsf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw tyf cg'aGw

l;= g+=

dxf;lGw÷k|lt1fkqsf] gfd kfl/t ldlt

g]kfnn] cg'df]bg ÷;lDdng u/]sf]

ldlt

!= bf;Œj dxf;lGw @% ;]K6]Da/ !(@^

& hgj/L !(^^ -;_

@=bf;Œj dxf;lGwnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug]{ k|f]6f]sn k"/s dxf;lGw

@# ;]K6]Da/ !(%#

& hgj/L !(^# -;_

#=

bf;Œj, bf; Jofkf/ / bf;Œj ;dfg ;+:yf / cEof;x¿sf] pGd"ng;DaGwL k"/s dxf;lGw

& ;]K6]Da/ !(%^

& hgj/L !(^# -;_

$= gf/Lsf] /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw

@) l8;]Da/ !(%@

@) clk|n !(^^ -;_

%=hflt xTof–ck/fwsf] /f]syfd / ;hfo;DaGwL dxf;lGw

( l8;]Da/ !($*

!& hgj/L !(^( -;_

^=

;a} lsl;dsf hftLo e]befj pGd"ng ug]{;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw

@! l8;]Da/ !(^%

#) hgj/L !(&! -;_

&= /Ëe]b ck/fwsf] bdg / b08;DaGwL dxf;lGw

#) gf]e]Da/ !(&#

!@ h'nfO{ !(&& -;_

*= v]ns"bdf /Ëe]blj¿4sf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw

!) l8;]Da/ !(*% ! dfr{ !(*( -c_

(= afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw @) gf]e]Da/ !(*(

!$ ;]K6]Da/ !((! -c_

!)=dlxnflj¿4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng;DaGwL dxf;lGw

!* l8;]Da/ !(&(

@@ clk|n !((! -c_

!!=

cfly{s, ;fdflhs, tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1f–kq

!^ l8;]Da/ !(^^ !$ d] !((!-;_

!@=gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1f–kq

!^ l8;]Da/ !(^^

!$ d] !((! -;_

!#=

gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1f–kqsf] :j]lR5s k|f]6f]sn

!^ l8;]Da/ !(^^

!$ d] !((! -;_

!$=

oftgf tyf cGo q"m/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf b08lj¿4 dxf;lGw

!) l8;]Da/ !(*$

!$ d] !((! -;_

!%=

hLp df:g]–a]Rg] tyf c¿sf] j]Zofj[lQsf] zf]if0fsf] bdgsf nflu Joj:yf ePsf] dxf;lGw

@ l8;]Da/ !($(

@& l8;]Da/ !((% -;_

!^= d[To'b08 pGd"ng ug]{ p2]Zon] Joj:yf ePsf] gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt– /f{li6«o :j]lR5s k|f]6f]sn

!% l8;]Da/ !(*(

$ h"g !((* -;_

$=# s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ dfgjclwsf/ dxf;lGw

$=#=! dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff, !($* / o;df ePsf Joj:yf

;g\ !($* sf] l8;]Da/ !) df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;fwf/0f;efn] dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff–kq cg'df]bg u/L hf/L u/]sf] xf] . of] g} dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL dxŒjk"0f{ b:tfj]h xf] . o; 3f]if0ff–kqdf #) wf/fx¿ /x]sf 5g \. o; 3f]if0ff–kqdf /x]sf d'Vo k|fjwfgx¿ lgDg /x]sf 5g\M

n ;a} JolQmx¿ hGdhft :jtGq 5g\, tL ;a}sf] ;dfg k|lti7f / clwsf/ 5 . pgLx¿ ljj]szlQm / cGt:s/0fn] o'Qm ePsfn] / k|To]sn] k/:k/df eft[Œjsf] efjgf lnP/ Jojxf/ ug{' kb{5 .

n hflt, j0f{, lnª\u, efiff, wd{, /fhgLlts jf cGo dt, /fli6«o jf cGo ;fdflhs pTklQ, ;DklQ jf c¿ s'g} dof{bfsf] cfwf/df e]befj gu/L k|To]s JolQmnfO{ o; 3f]if0ff–kqdf pNn]lvt clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/ x'g] .

n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ j}olQms :jtGqtf / cfŒd;'/Iffsf] clwsf/ x'g] .

n afFwf jf bf; agfO{ s;}nfO{ klg /flvg] 5}g / bf;Œj / bf;bf;Lsf] Jofkf/ k"0f{¿kdf lgif]w ul/Psf] 5 .

n s'g} JolQmnfO{ klg zf/Ll/s oftgf lbOg] 5}g, q"m/, cdfg'lifs, jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfo ul/g] 5}g .

n sfg'gsf] b[li6df k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;j{q Ps JolQmsf] ¿kdf dfGotf kfpg] clwsf/ x'g] .

n sfg'gsf] b[li6df ;a} ;dfg 5g\, lagf e]befj ;a} sfg'gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/L x'g]5g\ . ;a} o; 3f]if0ffnfO{ pNnª\3g u/L ul/Psf] e]befj jf To:tf] e]befj ug{ ul/Psf] pS;fx6lj¿4 ;dfg ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/L x'g]5g\ .

n ;a}nfO{ ;+ljwfg jf sfg'gåf/f lbOPsf] df}lns clwsf/x¿sf] pNnª\3glj¿4 of]Uo /fli6«o cbfntsf] k|efjsf/L pkrf/sf] clwsf/ x'g] .

n s;}nfO{ klg dgdfgL9Ën] b]z lgsfnf jf lu/ˆtf/ jf gh/aGb ul/g] 5}g .

n s'g} JolQmpk/ nufOPsf] kmf}hbf/L cleof]ulj¿4 lghsf] clwsf/ / bfloŒjsf] lg/f]k0f ub}{ :jtGq / Gofoo'Qm cbfntaf6 lgikIf ;'g'jfOsf] xs x'g] .

n b08gLo ck/fwsf] cf/f]k nfu]sf] k|To]s JolQmnfO{ arfpsf] ;a} cfjZos k|Tofe"lt ePsf] v'nf cbfntsf] sfg'gcg';f/ ck/fwL g7x/fp~h]n lg/k/fw dflgg] .

n s'g} JolQmn] u/] jf gu/]sf] s'g} sfd pQm ;dodf /fli6«o jf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcGtu{t ck/fw dflgFb}g


eg] To:tf] sfdsf] nflu s'g} JolQmnfO{ klg bf]ifL g7x/fOg] / s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ pQm ;dodf lbg ;lsg] ;hfoeGbf a9L ;hfo lbg g;lsg] .

n s'g} klg JolQmsf] uf]kgLotf, kl/jf/, 3/ jf kq Jojxf/df dgf]dfgL x:tIf]k ul/g] 5}g / s;}sf] ;Ddfg tyf k|lti7fdf x:tIf]k ul/g] 5}g . x:tIf]k ePdf sfg'gL ;+/If0f k|fKt x'g] .

n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ b]zsf] ;Ldfgfleq :jtGqtfk"j{s ljr/0f / a;f]af; ug]{ clwsf/ x'g] . ;fy}, b]z jf c¿ s'g} b]zaf6 aflx/ lg:sg] / cfˆgf] b]zdf kmsL{ cfpg] k"0f{ clwsf/ x'g] .

n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ pTkL8gaf6 plDsg c¿ b]zdf z/0f vf]Hg] / lng] clwsf/ x'g] .

n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ /fli6«otfsf] clwsf/ x'g], /fli6«otf kl/jt{g ug]{ clwsf/af6 jl~rt gul/g], dgf]dfgL9Ën] /fli6«otfaf6 jl~rt gul/g] .

n hflt, /fli6«otf jf wd{sf] e]befjlagf jo:s :qL–k'?ifnfO{ cfk;df ljjfx ug]{ / kl/jf/ a;fpg] clwsf/ x'g] .

n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ PSn} jf c¿;Fu ldn]/ ;DklQ /fVg] clwsf/ x'g]] .

n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ljrf/, cGt:s/0f / wfld{s :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/ x'g] .

n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ljrf/, :jtGqtf / cleJolQmsf] clwsf/ x'g] .

n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ zflGtk"0f{ tl/sfn] ;ef ug]{ tyf ;+:yf vf]Ng] clwsf/ x'g] .

n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ cfˆgf] b]zsf] ;/sf/df k|ToIf¿kn] jf :jtGqtfk"j{s r'lgPsf k|ltlglwdfkm{t\ efu lng] clwsf/ x'g] .

n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/ x'g] .

n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ p;sf] k|lti7f / JolQmŒjsf] :jtGq ljsf;sf] nflu ckl/xfo{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs, / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/x¿ pkof]u ug]{ clwsf/ x'g] .

n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ sfd ug]{, :j]R5fn] /f]huf/L /fVg], / sfd ug{sf] lgldQ plrt / cg's"n kl/l:ylt k|fKt ug]{ / a]sf/Laf6 ;'/Iff kfpg], ;dfg sfdsf] nflu ;dfg sfd kfpg] tyf p;sf] lxtsf] /Iffsf] lgldQ 6«]8 o"lgog :yfkgf ug{ kfpg] / To;df ;lDdlnt x'g kfpg] .

n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ dgfl;j sfo{ ;dosf] d'gfl;j ;Ldf ;j}tlgs cfjlws labf;lxt cf/fd / lj>fdsf] Joj:yf .

n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ p;sf] / p;sf] kl/jf/sf] :jf:Yo / sNof0fsf] nflu kof{Kt hLjg:t/sf] clwsf/ x'g] / cfdf / lzz'x¿nfO{ ljz]if x]/rfx / ;xfotf kfpg]

clwsf/ x'g] .

n k|To]s afnsnfO{ lzIff kfpg] clwsf/ x'g]5 . k|f/lDes lzIff lgMz'Ns / clgjfo{ x'g], k|fljlws / Jofj;flos lzIff ;j{;'ne x'g] / pRr lzIff of]Uotfsf cfwf/df ;a}nfO{ ;dfg¿kn] pknAw x'g] .

n lzIffsf] nIo dfgjsf] JolQmTjsf] k"0f{ ljsf; / dfgjclwsf/ tyf df}lns :jtGqtfk|ltsf] cfwf/nfO{ alnof] agfpg] / ;a} /fi6«, hflt / wfld{s ;d"xx¿aLr ;dembf/L, ;lxi0f'tf / d}qLsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

n 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ lbOg] lzIff /f]Hg] k|fylds clwsf/ afa'–cfdfnfO{ x'g] .

n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ :jtGqtfk"j{s ;dfhsf] ;f+:s[lts hLjgdf efu lng], snfx¿sf] cfgGb lng] / j}1flgs k|ult / lj1fgn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;'ljwfsf] pkof]u ug]{ .

n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ p;n] /rgf jf l;h{gf u/]sf] s'g} j}1flgs, ;flxlTos, jf snfTds s[ltaf6 k|fKt ePsf] g}lts / ef}lts :jfy{x¿sf] ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/ x'g] .

n k|To]s JolQmsf] ;dfhk|lt st{Jo x'g] .

n cfˆgf] clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] pkof]u ubf{ k|To]s JolQmn] c¿sf] clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] klg cfb/ ug{'kg]{ / k|hftflGqs ;dfhsf] g}ltstf, ;fj{hlgs ;'Joj:yf / ;j{;fwf/0fsf] sNof0fsf] nflu rflxg] plrt cfjZostfx¿ xfl;n ug]{ p2]Zon] sfg'gåf/f lgwf{l/t ;Ldfleq /xg'kg]{ .

$=#=@ gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{l{i6«o k|lt1f–kq, !(^^ / o;df ePsf Joj:yf

dfgj hfltn] gful/s ePsf] gftfn] pkef]u ug{ kfpg] gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ ag]sf] k|lt1f–kqnfO{ gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1f–kq elgG5 . o; k|lt1f–kqdf %# wf/fx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o; k|lt1f–kqn] gful/sx¿nfO{ k|bfg u/]sf clwsf/ lgDgadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnn] kIf /fi6«sf] x}l;otn] of] k|lt1f–kq nfu" ePsf] Ps jif{leq / To;kl5 dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltn] cg'/f]w u/]sf] avt ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf dxf;lrj;dIf cfjlws k|ltj]bg a'emfpg' kb{5 .

n ;Dk"0f{ hgtfnfO{ cfTd–lg0f{osf] clwsf/ . To; clwsf/sf] sf/0faf6 g} pgLx¿ :jtGqfk"j{s cfˆgf] /fhg}lts x}l;ot lgwf{/0f ub{5g\ tyf :jtGqtfk"j{s cfˆgf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, tyf ;f+:s[lts ljsf;df nfUb5g\ .


n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ hLjgsf] cGt/lglxt clwsf/ . :j]R5frf/L¿kn] s;}sf] klg hLjgx/0f gul/g ].

n oftgf jf q"m/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfolj¿4sf] clwsf/ . ljz]ifu/L s;}nfO{ klg lghsf] :jtGq d~h'/Lljgf lrlsT;sLo jf j}1flgs k|of]u ef]Ug nufOg] 5}g .

n bf;Œj jf ank"j{ssf] >dlj¿4sf] clwsf/ .

n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ :jtGqtf tyf ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/ .

n s/f/Lo bfloŒj k"/f gu/]sf]df s}bdf g/flvg] clwsf/ .

n :jtGq¿kdf cfjt–hfjt ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ .

n sfg'gsf] cufl8 ;dfgtf ul/g] clwsf/ .

n sfg'gsf] cufl8 JolQmsf] ¿kdf dfGotf kfpg] clwsf/ .

n ljrf/, ;b\ljj]s tyf wd{ :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/ .

n uf]kgLotfsf] clwsf/ .

n ljrf/ / cleJolQmsf] clwsf/ .

n zflGtk"j{s e]nf x'g] clwsf/ .

n cfˆgf] lxtsf] nflu 6«]8 o'lgog vf]Ng kfpg] jf To;df ;lDdlnt x'g kfpg] clwsf/ .

n ;fdflhs, wfld{s, jf eflifs cNk;ª\Vosx¿sf JolQmx¿nfO{ cfˆgf ;d"xsf cGo ;b:ox¿;Fu ldnL cfˆgf] ;+:s[ltsf] pkef]u ug]{, cfˆgf] wd{sf] cjnDag ug]{ jf cfˆg} efiff k|of]u ug]{ clwsf/ .

n k|To]s afnsnfO{ hflt, j0f{, lnª\u, efiff, wd{, /fli6«o jf ;fdflhs pTklQ, ;DklQ jf hGdsf] cfwf/df s'g} e]befjlagf lgh gfafns ePsf] x}l;otaf6 cfjZos ;+/If0fsf pkfox¿sf] clwsf/, kl/jf/, ;dfh, tyf /fi6«af6 k|fKt x'g] / k|To]s afnsnfO{ hGd]kl5 tTsfn} btf{ ul/g] / lghsf] gfd /flvg] Pj+ k|To]s afnsnfO{ /fli6«otf k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ .

$=#=# dlxnflj¿4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf] e]befj pGd"ng;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(&( / o;df ePsf Joj:yf

dlxnflj¿4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf] e]befj pGd"ng ug]{ dxf;lGw dlxnfsf] dfgjclwsf/ ;+/If0f ug]{ k|d'v dxf;lGw xf] . dlxnflj¿4 x'g] e]befj pGd"ng ug]{ Pj+ dlxnf / k'¿ifaLr ;dfgtf sfod ug]{ o; dxf;lGwsf] d'Vo p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . o; dxf;lGwdf #) wf/fx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o; dxf;lGwdf kIf/fi6«x¿n] dlxnflj¿4 ul/g] ;a} e]befjsf] eT;{gf ub{5g\, dlxnflj¿4 ul/g] ;a} e]befjnfO{ pGd"ng kfg]{ gLlt pko'Qm tl/sfaf6 cljnDa ckgfpg d~h'/ ub{5g\ / o;sf] nflu ljleGg sbdx¿ rfNg'sf ;fy} dlxnfsf] k"0f{ ljsf; tyf k|j4{g ;'lglZrt u/L k'?if;/x ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df dfgjclwsf/ tyf df}lns :jtGqtfsf] k|of]u

tyf pkef]unfO{ k|Tofe"lt lbnfpgsf] nflu ;a} ;Da4 If]q vf; u/]/ /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s Pj+ ;f+:s[lts If]qdf sfg'gL Joj:yfnufotsf ;Dk"0f{ pkfox¿ rfNg] elgPsf] 5 .

g]kfnn] kIf /fi6«sf] x}l;otn] k|To]s rf/ jif{df tyf dlxnflj¿4 e]befj pGd"ng ;ldltn] cg'/f]w u/]sf] ;dodf cfjlws k|ltj]bg a'emfpg' kb{5 .

o; dxf;lGwn] dlxnfnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf clwsf/x¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\M

n dlxnfsf] lsga]r tyf dlxnfsf] j]Zofj[lQsf] nflu ul/g] of}gzf]if0flj¿4sf] clwsf/

n dlxnfnfO{ k'?if;/x d'n'ssf] /fhgLlts tyf ;fj{hlgs If]qdf ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/

n cGt/f{li6«o txdf ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwTj jf cGt/f{li6«o ;+3–;+u7gdf sfd ug{ kfpg] ;dfg cj;/sf] clwsf/

n /fli6«otf;DaGwL clwsf/ .

dlxnflj¿4sf] e]befjnfO{ o; dxf;lGwn] s;/L kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 <

/fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, gful/s jf c¿ s'g} ljifo;DaGwL dfgjclwsf/ tyf :jtGqtfnfO{, cfˆgf] j}jflxs l:ylt h]–h:tf] /x]sf] eP tfklg, k'?if / dlxnfsf] ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df pkof]u jf k|of]u ug]{ sfo{df Jojwfg ug]{ jf To;sf] dfGotfnfO{ g} Iflt jf z"Gos/0f kfg]{ p2]Zo ePsf], lnª\usf] cfwf/df x'g] s'g} klg e]befj, jf alxisf/ jf k|ltaGwnfO{ dlxnflj¿4sf] e]befj x'g] dxf;lGwn] eg]sf] 5 .

o; dxf;lGwn] dlxnfsf] /fli6«otfsf] ;DaGwdf s:tf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 <

n dlxnfnfO{ k'?if;/x /fli6«otfk|fKt ug]{, kl/jt{g ug]{ jf wf/0f ug]{ ;dfg clwsf/

n ljb]zL;Fu ljjfx ePsf] sf/0faf6 jf kltn] /fli6«otf kl/jt{g u/]sf] sf/0faf6 kTgLsf] /fli6«otf :jtM kl/jt{g gx'g] clwsf/

n kltsf] /fli6«otf h]–h:tf] eP tfklg dlxnfnfO{ cfˆgf] OR5fcg';f/sf] /fli6«otf wf/0f ug{ kfpg] clwsf/

n ;GtfgnfO{ /fli6«otf lbnfpg] ;DaGwdf k'?if;/x dlxnfnfO{ klg ;dfg clwsf/

n lzIffsf] clwsf/ .


$=#=$ afn clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(*( / o;df ePsf Joj:yf

afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug]{ cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwnfO{ g} afn clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw elgG5 . of] dxf;lGw ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efaf6 @) gf]e]Da/ !(*( df kfl/t eO{ @ ;]K6]Da/ !(() b]lv nfu" ePsf] xf] . g]kfnn] o; dxf;lGwnfO{ ljgf s'g} zt{ !$ ;]K6]Da/ !(() df cg'df]bg u/]sf] lyof] . o; dxf;lGwdf %@ wf/fx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o; dxf;lGwn] afnaflnsf;DaGwL sfg'gn] klxn] g} aflnu x'G5 egL tf]s]sf]df afx]s !* jif{eGbf sd pd]/sfnfO{ afnaflnsfsf] ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . o; dxf;lGwn] afnaflnsfnO{ lgDg clwsf/x¿ k|bfg u/]sf] 5M

n afFRg kfpg] k|To]s afnssf] hGdl;4 clwsf/

n hGd btf{ / gfd /fVg kfpg] clwsf/

n /fli6«otfsf] clwsf/

n ;Dej eP;Dd cfˆgf afa'–cfdf yfxf kfpg] / pgLx¿af6 :ofxf/ kfpg] clwsf/

o; dxf;lGwn] dlxnfnfO{ lzIffsf If]qdf s]–s:tf clwsf/x¿ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 <

n cWoog ug]{ / pkflw kfpg] clwsf/

n ;a} k|sf/sf Jofj;flos k|lzIf0fsf] clwsf/

n ;dfg ef}lts ;'ljwfsf] z}lIfs clwsf/

n 5fqj[lQ ;DaGwdf clwsf/

n k9fO{ 5f]8\g] 5fqfx¿sf] ;lqmo¿kdf z}lIfs sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] clwsf/

n v]ns'b tyf zf/Ll/s lzIffdf efu lng kfpg] ;dfg cj;/sf] clwsf/

n kl/jf/ lgof]hg;DaGwL ;"rgf ;Nnfxnufot kl/jf/sf] :jf:Yo tyf ;d[l4 ;'lglZrt ug{ ;xfos x'g] z}lIfs hfgsf/L kfpg] clwsf/

n /f]huf/Lsf] clwsf/ .

o; dxf;lGwn] dlxnfsf] :jf:Yo;DaGwL clwsf/df s]–s:tf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 <

n dlxnfnfO{ kl/jf/ lgof]hg;Fu ;DalGwt s'/fx¿nufot :jf:Yo / :ofxf/;DaGwL ;]jflagf s'g} e]befj k'?if;/x k|bfg ug{'kg]{,

n dlxnfnfO{ ue{jtL, k|;'lt / k|;'ltkZrft\sf ;dodf rflxg] cfjZos ;]jfx¿ pknAw u/fpg'kg]{,

n ue{jlt / :tgkfgsf] ;dodf dlxnfnfO{ kof{Kt kf]if0f pknAw u/fpg cfjZos Joj:yf ug{'kg]{ . cfly{s tyf kfl/jfl/s nfesf] clwsf/

n u|fdL0f dlxnfnfO{ ljz]if clwsf/ .

o; dxf;lGwn] dlxnfnfO{ /f]huf/L ;DaGwdf s:tf clwsf/x¿ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 <

n /f]huf/Ldf ;dfg cj;/sf] clwsf/,

n /f]huf/Lsf] :jtGq¿kdf rog ug{ kfpg] clwsf/,

n ;]jfsf] ;t{ / ;'/Iff;DaGwL clwsf/,

n ;dfg kfl/>lds tyf ;'ljwfsf] cj;/, k"/f tna;lxtsf] k|;'lt labfsf] clwsf/, ue{jtL ePsf] cfwf/df kbRo"t ug{ gkfpg] clwsf/, afn :ofxf/ ;'ljwf k|0ffnLsf] pkef]usf] clwsf/, ue{jtL dlxnfnfO{ xflgsf/s sfddf nfpg gkfpg] clwsf/,

n :jf:Yo;DaGwL clwsf/ .

o; dxf;lGwn] u|fdL0f dlxnfnfO{ s]–s:tf clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 <

n ljsf; of]hgfsf] lj:t[tLs/0f / sfof{Gjogsf] ;a} txdf efu lng kfpg] clwsf/

n kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;"rgf, ;Nnfx / ;]jfnufot kof{Kt :jf:Yo ;'ljwf kfpg] clwsf/

n ;fdflhs ;'/Iffaf6 k|ToIf nfe kfpg] ;'ljwf

n cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s tflnd / lzIffk|fKt ug]{ clwsf/

n :j/f]huf/Lsf nflu :jfanDjg ;d"xx¿ tyf ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿ u7g ug{ kfpg] clwsf/

n ;d:t ;fd'bflos lqmofsnfkdf efu lng kfpg] clwsf/

n cfjf;, ;/;kmfO{, ljB't\, oftfoft, vfg]kfgL tyf ;~rf/;DaGwL Joj:yfx¿ pkof]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/

n sfg'gL ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/

n ljjfx tyf kl/jf/sf] clwsf/ .

o; dxf;lGwn] dlxnfnfO{ ljjfx / kl/jf/sf ;DaGwdf s]–s:tf] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 <

n ljjfx ug]{ clwsf/

n cfˆgf] hLjg;fyL :jtGq¿kn] 5fGg kfpg] clwsf/

n ;DaGw–ljR5]bsf] clwsf/

n ;Dkltdf klt–kTgL b'j}sf] ;dfg clwsf/

n ;Gtfg slt hGdfpg], slxn] hGdfpg] eGg] s'/f lgwf{/0f ug{ kfpg] clwsf/

n ;Gtfgsf] ;+/IfsTj u|x0f ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ .


n cfdf–afa';Fu a;f]af; ug]{ clwsf/ n kfl/jfl/s k'gld{ngsf] clwsf/n afnaflnsfn] ljrf/ k|s6 ug{ kfpg] / ljrf/n]

plrt dfGotf kfpg] clwsf/ n cleJolQm :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/n ljrf/, ;b\ljj]s, / wd{sf] :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/n ;Ë7g ug]{ / zflGtk"j{s e]nf x'g] :jtGqtfn lghLkgsf] ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/, plrt hfgsf/L

k|flKtsf] clwsf/n ckfª\u afnaflnsfx¿sf] clwsf/ . czQm

afnaflnsfn] ljz]if x]/rfx kfpg'kg]{ . dfgl;s jf zf/Ll/s¿kn] czQm afnaflnsfsf] dof{bf ;'lglZrt x'g'kg]{, :jfjnDag clej[l4 ug]{ / cfˆgf] ;d'bfodf lghsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf ;'ud agfpg'kg]{ .

cfWoflTds, g}lts / ;fdflhs ljsf;df xflgsf/s x'g;Sg] s'g} sfo{af6 ;+/If0f kfpg] clwsf/ kIf /fi6«x¿n] cfˆgf] If]qleqsf k|To]s afnaflnsfsf] jf lghsf] afa'–cfdfsf] jf sfg'gL ;+/Ifssf] hflt, j0f{, lnª\u, efiff, wd{, /fhgLlts jf cGo ljrf/, /fli6«o, hftLo jf ;fdflhs pTklQ, ;DklQ, czQmtf jf cGo x}l;otsf cfwf/df e]befj gu/L o; dxf;lGwdf plNnlvt clwsf/x¿nfO{ ;Ddfg tyf ;'lglZrt ug]{5g\, elgPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] kIf /fi6«sf] x}l;otn] o; dxf;lGwsf] cfjlws k|ltj]bg k|To]s % jif{df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf dxf;lrjdfkm{t\ afnclwsf/ ;ldltdf a'emfpg' kb{5 .

of] dxf;lGwcg';f/ cfdf afa'n] cfˆgf afnaflnsfk|lt s]–s:tf] bfloŒj lgjf{x ug{'kg]{ x'G5 < afnaflnsfsf] kfngkf]if0f tyf ljsf;sf] nflu afa'–cfdf jf kl/l:yltcg';f/ sfg'gL ;+/Ifssf] k|fylds bfloŒj x'g] / o;df /fHon] klg ;xof]u ug{'kb{5 .

of] dxf;lGwcg';f/ afnaflnsfk|lt /fHon] lgjf{x ug{'kg]{ bfloŒj s]–s] x'g\ <

n e]befj ug{ gx'g]n cfdf–afa' jf cGo lhDd]jf/ dflg;x¿n] a]jf:tf

u/]df kof{Kt :ofxf/–;Def/ ug{'kg]{n clwsf/x¿sf] sfof{Gjog ug{'kg]{n afa'–cfdfsf] dfu{ bz{g / afnaflnsfsf] pbof]Gd'v

Ifdtf ;DaGwdf clej[l4 ug{'kg]{n bL3{hLjg / ljsf; ug{'kg]{n kl/ro ;+/If0f ug{'kg]{n afa'–cfdfaf6 la5f]8 ePdf ;+/If0f lbg'kg]{n afnaflnsfx¿sf] ljb]zdf cj}w :yfgfGt/0f jf

ckx/0f;DaGwL clwsf/sf] /Iff ug{'kg]{n afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ 1fgjw{s hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{n b"Jo{jxf/ / pk]Iffaf6 ;+/If0f ug{'kg]{n kl/jf/ljxLg afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f ug{'kg]{n z/0ffyL{ afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+/If0f / ;xof]u ug{'kg]{n afn dhb"/sf] ;+/If0f ug{'kg]{n a]rlavg, ;f}bfjfbL / ckx/0f /f]syfd ug{'kg]{n ;fdflhs k'g:yf{kgf ug{'kg]{n plrt Goflos sf/afxL ug{'kg]{n :jf:Yo / :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] clwsf/ . :jf:Yosf]

pRrtd k|fKo:t/sf] pkof]u tyf /f]usf] pkrf/ ug{ kfpg] / :jf:Yosf] k'gnf{e ug{ kfpg] ;'ljwf kfpg'kg]{

n ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/ . zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s lx+;f, Iflt jf b'Jo{jxf/, pk]Iff jf pk]lIft Jojxf/, zf]if0f, of}g b'Jo{jxf/;d]taf6af6 ;+/If0f ug{'kg]{

n afnaflnsfsf] lzIffsf] clwsf/ .

of] dxf;lGwn] afnaflnsfsf] lzIff;DaGwL s]–s:tf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 <

n k|fylds lzIff ;a}nfO{ clgjfo{ / lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fpg]

n k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ dfWolds lzIff pknAw u/fpg] / dfWolds lzIffdf pgLx¿sf] kx'Fr k'¥ofpg]

n Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df ;a}sf lglDt pko'Qm ;fwgåf/f pRrlzIff k|fKt x'g;Sg] u/fpg]

n ;Dk"0f{ afnaflnsfnfO{ z}lIfs / Jofj;flos hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg]

n ljBfnox¿df lgoldt xflhl/nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ / k9fO{ kl/Tofu ug]{x¿sf] ;ª\Vof 36fpg ljleGg pkfox¿ ckgfpg]

n afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, cfWoflTds, g}lts / ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] nflu rflxg] kof{Kt hLjg:t/sf] clwsf/

n ;fdflhs, wfld{s, jf eflifs cNk;ª\Vossf afnaflnsfnfO{ cfˆgf ;d"xsf cGo ;b:ox¿;Fu ldn]/ cfˆgf] ;+:s[ltsf] pkef]u ug]{, cfˆgf] wd{sf] cjnDag tyf cEof; ug]{ jf cfˆg} efiff k|of]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/

n cf/fd ug]{ / k'm;{b lng kfpg], cfˆgf] pd]/ ;'xfpFbf] v]n / dgf]/~hgk"0f{ lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg x'g kfpg] / ;f+:s[lts hLjg tyf snfdf :jtGq¿kn] ;xefuL x'g kfpg] clwsf/

n nfu" kbfy{sf] b'?kof]uaf6 aRg];DaGwL clwsf/n of}gzf]if0faf6 ;+/If0f kfpg'kg]{ clwsf/n cfly{s zf]if0faf6 / hf]lvdk"0f{ x'g] jf cfˆgf] lzIffdf

bVvn jf cfˆgf] :jf:Yo jf zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s .


$=$ dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL sfo{/t /fli6«o ;/sf/L lgsfo

$=$=! /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u

g]kfndf dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g tyf To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu o; cfof]usf] :yfkgf @)^& ;fn h]7 !# ut] ul/Psf] xf] .

o; cfof]un] dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3gsf 36gfx¿sf] 5fglag / cg';Gwfg ug{'sf ;fy} dfgjclwsf/sf] pNnª\3g ePsf] nfu]df 7x/ u/L kLl8t JolQmnfO{ pkrf/ k|bfg ug{ / Ifltk"lt{ lbg'kg]{ nfu]df ;f];d]t 7x/ u/L ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ k7fpg ;Sb5 / cfof]un] To;/L n]vL k7fPdf ;f]adf]lhd sf/afxL ug{' ;/sf/sf] bfloŒj x'G5 . dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3g ePsf] sf/0faf6 d[To' ePdf cfof]un] Ps nfvb]lv tLg nfv;Dd Ifltk"lt{ lbnfpg ;Sb5 . o; cfof]un] uf]i7L, ;ef, ;Dd]ng, tyf ;~rf/dfWodaf6 dfgjclwsf/ lzIffsf] k|rf/–k|;f/ ug]{ sfo{;d]t ub{5 .

$=$=@ /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u

/fli6«o dlxnf cfof]usf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @)%* ;fndf dlxnfsf] xslxtsf] ;+/If0f / ;Daw{g u/L ljsf;sf] d"n k|jfxdf dlxnfnfO{ k|efjsf/L¿kdf ;dflxt ug{ / dlxnfsf] ;du| ljsf; u/L n}lËs Gofo sfod ug]{ p2]Zon] :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] . jt{dfg ;+ljwfgdf o; cfof]unfO{ ;+j}wflgs cfof]usf] ¿kdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . dlxnfsf] xslxt;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] th{'df u/L g]kfn ;/sf/;dIf k]z ug]{, dlxnfsf] xslxt;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'g jf g]kfn kIf ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfcGtu{tsf] bfloŒj sfof{Gjog eP–gePsf] ljifodf cg'udg u/L ;f]sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] pkfo;lxt g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj lbg], dlxnfnfO{ /fli6«o ljsf;sf] d"n k|jfxdf ;dflxt ug{ tyf /fHosf ;a} lgsfodf ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{ df}h'bf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] ;dLIff, cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg ug]{ / To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug]{ tyf n}ª\lus ;dfgtf, dlxnf ;zlSts/0f tyf dlxnf;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] cWoog–cg';Gwfg u/L To:tf sfg'gdf ug{'kg]{ ;'wf/sf ;DaGwdf ;dalGwt lgsfonfO{ l;kmfl/; ug]{ / ;f]sf] cg'udg ug]{ cflb sfo{ o; cof]unfO{ ;'lDkPsf] 5 .

dfgjclwsf/sf] pNnª\3g ePdf sxfF–s;/L ph"/L lbg ;lsG5 < ph'/Ldf s]–s] s'/f pNn]v ug{' kb{5 <

dfgjclwsf/sf] pNnª\3g ePdf /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]udf cfk}mF pkl:yt eO{ lnlvt jf df}lvs lgj]bg lbO{ jf 6]lnkmf]g jf x'nfs jf cGo dfWodaf6 df}lvs jf lnlvt lgj]bg k7fO ph'/L lbg ;lsG5 . ph'/Ldf ph'/ ug]{sf] gfd 7]ufgf, ph'/Lsf] ljifo / Joxf]/f, ph'/L ug{' k/]sf] sf/0f / ph'/LnfO{ ;dy{g jf k'i6L ug]{ k|df0f / cfk"mn] dfu u/]sf] pkrf/sf] ljj/0f pNn]v ug{' kb{5 .



Zff;gdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf, sfg'gL / j}wflgs zf;gk4lt, hgpQ/bfoL ;/sf/, kf/bzL{ k|zf;goGq, dfgjclwsf/sf] /Iff, hgtfsf] ;"rgfdf ;xh kx'Fr, k|efjsf/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jf, zflGt–;'Joj:yf / cdg–rog, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ;Dj[l4d'vL, e|i6frf//lxt zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ ;'zf;g eGg ;lsG5 . ;'zf;gsf] bfo/f cToGt} km/flsnf] 5 . ;'zf;gsf] cj:yfnfO{ ljZjJofkL, /fli6«o, If]qLo, :yfgLo, If]qut, ;+:yfut:t/df d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsG5 . ljBfno ;'zf;g eGgfn] ljBfnosf] k7gkf7gsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ a'lemG5 . o; k|lqmofdf ljBfnosf lzIfs, cleefjs / ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] x'G5 .

s'g} klg zf;g Joj:yf /fd|f] x'gsf nflu Tof] zf;g Joj:yfdf ljlwsf] zf;g, kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]xL, ;xeflutf, pQ/bfoL, ;Ddltcled'v, k|efjsfl/tf, bIftf, ;dtfd"ns / ;dfj]lztfh:tf ;'zf;gsf d"ne"t tŒjx¿ jf u'0fx¿ ljBdfg x'g' kb{5 . cGoyf, To:tf] zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ /fd|f] zf;g Joj:yf eGg ;lsGg . ;'zf;g sfod ug{df ;/sf/sf cËx¿– sfo{kflnsf, Gofokflnsf, / Joj:yflksf, ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿, lghL If]q, gful/s ;dfh, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, tyf ;~rf/ dfWodsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xL ;'zf;gsf] dxŒjk"0f{ u'0fx¿ x'g\ . kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xL a9fpg ;lsPdf w]/} xb;Dd ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;lsG5 . t;y{, ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿n] lbg] ;]jfdf u'0f:t/, hjfkmb]xL tyf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg g]kfndf sfg'gL tyf ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf ug{'sf ;fy} kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xL a[l4 ug{ l;4 ePsf ljleGg lsl;dsf ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xL ;fwgx¿– gful/s a8fkq, u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg, ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{, ;fj{hlgs n]vf–k/LIf0f, ;fd'bflos u|fXofª\s–kq, gful/s k|ltj]bg kq, ;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf tyf ah]6 th{'df, ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] ;f]wvf]h, ;bfrf/ k|lta4tfsf]] k|of]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/Psf] 5 .

;'zf;glagf s'g} klg d'n'ssf] ljsf; ;Dej 5}g . ;'zf;g gePsf] cj:yfdf dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ s7Lg x'G5 . g}lts lzIffsf] cefjdf d'n'sdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{ c;Dej 5 . xfn d'n'sdf g}lts rl/qjfg dflg;x¿sf] vfFrf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;'zf;g gePsf] d'n'sdf e|i6frf/ cTolws x'g] / To; b]zsf gful/sx¿n] sfg'gk|bQ dfgjclwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{ gkfpg] l:ylt cfpg ;S5 . clxn] klg g]kfn

e|i6frf/ a9L x'g] d'n'sdf kb{5 . ;g\ @)!$ df 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn ;++:yfn]] !&% d'n'sdf u/]sf] ;j]{If0fdf g]kfn !@^ cf}+ :yfgdf /x]sf] / g]kfnn] !)) k"0ff{ª\sdf @( cª\sdfq kfPsf] 5 . cfh xfd|f] d'n'sdf ;'zf;gsf] cefj 5, ljBfyL{x¿df g}lts lzIffsf] sdL b]lvPsf] 5 .

d'n'sdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{nfO{ OdfGbf/ / pRr g}ltstf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o:tf JolQmx¿sf] pTkfbg g}lts lzIff k|bfg u/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . ;'zf;g, dfgjclwsf/ / cfr/0f jf g}lts lzIffsf af/]df ljBfyL{nfO{ 1fg lbO{ d'n'ssf] nflu cfjZos sd{7, of]Uo, nugzLn, OdfGbf/ / st{Jolgi7 gful/s agfpg ;lsG5 . cf}krfl/s lzIffaf6 dfq tt\;DaGwL 1fg lbg ;Dej gb]lvPsfn] cgf}krfl/s lzIff cyf{t\ ;djo ;xhstf{ k|lzIf0f ljlwdfkm{t\ ;'zf;g, dfgjclwsf/ / g}lts lzIffsf af/]df ljBfnosf efOalxgLx¿nfO{ 1fg lbg ;lsG5 .

jf:tjdf, ;djo l;sfO k|lqmofsf] dfWodåf/f ;'zf;g / g}lts cfr/0f Jojxf/sf ljifodf ljBfyL{ efOalxgLx¿n] cfˆg} sIff jf csf]{ sIffsf jf csf]{ ljBfnosf ;fyLx¿nfO{ cfk"mn] hfg] a'em]sf], l;s]sf] s'/f atfpg ;S5g\ . o;/L hfg]–a'e]msf] s'/f atfpg] l;sfpg] sfdnfO{ Jojl:yt¿kn] ;fd"lxs¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fdfGotM l;sfOg] s'/f ljBfno kf7\oqmdleqsf jf aflx/sf x'g ;S5g\, JolStut ;/f]sf/ tyf rf;f]sf ljifo klg x'g ;S5g\ . o;af6 cfˆgf] ljrf/, 1fg, cg'ej, bIftf, ;Lk cflb Ps–csf{aLr cfbfg–k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . of] k|lqmof b'j} kIfnfO{ nfebfos x'G5 . ;fy}, k|ltkf]if0f lnP/ cfˆgf] l;sfOsf] d"Nofª\sg tyf ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . o;af6 lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ k|j4{g ug{ d2t k'U5 .

o; k':tsdf, g}lts lzIff, ;'zf;g, dfgjclwsf/, e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fh:tf kIf ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . of] k':ts tof/ ug'{sf] d'Vo p2]Zo dfWoflds txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{df ;'zf;g tyf dfgjclwsf/ /Iffsf] dfu ug]{ Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{, Jojxf/df ck]lIft kl/jt{g Nofpg pTk|]l/t ug'{ tyf g}lts lzIffsf] k|j4{g ug'{ xf] . o;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ljBfyL{ :jfjnDaL aGg l;s"g\, kl/>dL aGg l;s"g\ / cfˆgf] v'§fdf cfk}mF cl8g ;s"g\ eGg] ck]Iff /x]sf] 5 . o; k':tsdf ePsf ;fdu|Laf6 lzIfs, cleefjs, gful/s ;dfh tyf ;'zf;gdf ?rL /fVg] hf]–sf]xLn] klg kmfObf lng;Sg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

efu %

lgisif{%=! lgisif{



klxnf] lbg

;qM klxnf]!_ p2]ZoM k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ g}lts lzIffsf cjwf/0ff /

zAbfjnLsf af/]df 1fg lbnfpg' x'g]5 .@_ ;dofjlwM ! 3G6f #_ k|lzIf0fdf ;dfj]z x'g] ljifox¿M n g}lts lzIffsf cjwf/0ff / zAbfjnL$_ k|lzIf0f ljlwM kfj/KjfOG6 k|:t'lt, n3'k|jrg, k|Zgf]Q/,

;d"x cEof;, xflh/Lhjfkm, 5nkmn cflb .%_ ;xhstf{nfO{ ;'emfjM ;xhstf{n] ;d"x ljefhg u/L

ljleGg cEof; u/fpg ;Sg] .^_ k|lzIf0f ;fdu|LM cWoog ;fdu|L, n]vgk'l:tsf, sDKo"6/,

k|f]h]S6/, lˆnkrf6{, XjfO6af]8{, dfs{/k]g, d]6fsf8{ cflb .

&_ k|ltkf]if0f / d"Nofª\sgM k|ZgfjnLdfkm{t\ k|lzIffyL{x¿af6 k|ltkf]if0f lnO{ k|lzIf0fsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{ .

*_ ck]lIft k|ltkmnM k|lzIffyL{x¿n] ;qsf] cGTodf g}lts lzIffsf cjwf/0ffsf af/]df 1fg k|fKt ug]{5g\ .

@= PsfO b'O{M g}lts lzIffsf cfwf/e"t kIf

bf];|f] lbg

;qM klxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f]!_ p2]ZoM k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ g}lts lzIffsf cfwf/e"t

kIfsf af/]df 1fg lbnfpg' x'g]5 .@_ ;dofjlwM # 3G6f#_ k|lzIf0fdf ;dfj]z x'g] ljifox¿M n xfd|f ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotfn ljBfyL{sf clwsf/, st{Jo tyf ljBfyL{n] kfngf

ug'{kg]{ cfr/0fnljBfyL{sf xs–clwsf/nljBfno, cleefjs / u'?ju{k|lt ljBfyL{sf]

bfloŒjn;dfh / /fi6«k|ltsf]] lhDd]jf/LnljBfyL{n] kfngf ug'{kg]{ cfr/0f

nlzIfs / cleefjssf] e"ldsf$_ k|lzIf0f ljlwM kfj/KjfOG6 k|:t'lt, n3'k|jrg, k|Zgf]Q/,

;d"x cEof;, xflh/Lhjfkm, 5nkmn cflb .%_ ;xhstf{nfO{ ;'emfjM ;xhstf{n] ;d"x ljefhg u/L

ljleGg cEof; u/fpg ;Sg] .^_ k|lzIf0f ;fdu|LM cWoog ;fdu|L, n]vgk'l:tsf, sDKo"6/,

k|f]h]S6/, lˆnkrf6{, XjfO6af]8{, dfs{/k]g, d]6fsf8{

cflb .&_ k|ltkf]if0f / d"Nofª\sgM k|ZgfjnLdfkm{t\ k|lzIffyL{x¿af6

k|ltkf]if0f lnO{ k|lzIf0fsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{ .

*_ ck]lIft k|ltkmnM k|lzIffyL{x¿n] ;qsf] cGTodf g}lts lzIffsf cfwf/e"t kIfdf hfgsf/L k|fKt u/]sf x'g] 5g\ .

#= PsfO tLgM ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff, tTj / ;"rs

t];|f] lbg

#=! PsfO PsM ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff tyf zAbfjnL ;q klxnf]!_ p2]ZoM k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ ;'zf;g;DaGwL cjwf/0ff /

zAbfjnLaf/] 1fg lbnfpg' x'g]5 .@_ ;dofjlwM ! 3G6f#_ k|lzIf0fdf ;dfj]z x'g] ljifox¿M n ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffn ;'zf;gsf] bfo/fn ;'zf;g / s'zf;gdf leGgtfn ;'zf;g;DaGwL zAbfjnL

$_ k|lzIf0f ljlwM kfj/KjfOG6 k|:t'lt, n3'k|jrg, k|Zgf]Q/, ;d"x cEof;, xflh/Lhjfkm, 5nkmn cflb .

%_ ;xhstf{nfO{ ;'emfjM ;xhstf{n] ;d"x ljefhg u/L ljleGg cEof; u/fpg ;Sg] .

^_ k|lzIf0f ;fdu|LM cWoog ;fdu|L, n]vgk'l:tsf, sDKo"6/, k|f]h]S6/, lˆnkrf6{, XjfO6af]8{, dfs{/k]g, d]6fsf8{ cflb .


*_ ck]lIft k|ltkmnM k|lzIffyL{x¿n] ;qsf] cGTodf ;'zf;gsf]] cjwf/0ff / ZfAbfjnLaf/] 1fg k|fKt u/]sf x'g]5g\ .

#=@ PsfO b'O{M ;'zf;gsf d"ne"t tŒj ;qM bf];|f]!_ p2]ZoM k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ ;'zf;gsf d"ne"t tŒjx¿af/]

1fg lbg' x'g]5 .@_ ;dofjlwM ! 3G6f#_ k|lzIf0fdf ;dfj]z x'g] ljifox¿M n ;'zf;gsf /fhgLlts, Joj:yfksLo, ;fdflhs, /

cGt/f{li6«o cfofdx¿

g}lts lzIff tyf ;'zf;g tflndsf] kf7Øqmd != PsfO PsM g}lts lzIffsf] k|f/lDes hfgsf/L

cg';"rL


n sfg'gL zf;g, pQ/bfloŒj, kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]xL, ;dfj]lztf, ;xeflutfh:tf ;'zf;gsf d"ne"t tŒjx¿,



^_ k|lzIf0f ;fdu|LM cWoog;fdu|L, n]vgk'l:tsf, sDKo"6/, k|f]h]S6/, lˆnkrf6{, XjfO6af]8{, dfs{/k]g, d]6fsf8{ cflb .


*_ ck]lIft k|ltkmnM k|lzIffyL{x¿n] ;qsf] cGTodf ;'zf;gsf cfofd, d"ne"t tŒj Pj+ ;"rssf af/]df 1fg k|fKt u/]sf x'g]5g\ .

#=# PsfO tLgM ;'zf;gsf d"ne"t ;"rs ;qM t];|f] / rf}yf]!_ p2]ZoM k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ ;'zf;gsf ;"rsx¿sf] af/]df

1fg lbg' x'g]5 . @_ ;dofjlwM @ 3G6f#_ k|lzIf0fdf ;dfj]z x'g] ljifox¿M hgcfjfh / pQ/bfloTj, /fhgLlts l:y/tf / lx+;f/lxt

cj:yf, lgodgsf] u'0f:t/, sfg'gL zf;g, e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f, ;/sf/sf] k|efjsfl/tfh:tf ;'zf;gsf ;"rsx¿ ;dfj]z ul/g] 5 .





*_ ck]lIft k|ltkmnM k|lzIffyL{x¿n] ;qsf] cGTodf ;'zf;g ;DaGwL jt{dfg ;"rsaf/] 1fg k|fKt u/]sf x'g]5g\ .

$= PsfO rf/M ;'zf;gdf d'Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ lgsforf}yf] lbg;qM klxnf] / bf];|f]!_ p2]ZoM k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ ;'zf;gdf d'Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x

ug]{ lgsfox¿ / tL lgsfon] ug]{ sfo{x¿sf] af/]df 1fg lbnfpg' x'g]5 .

@_ ;dofjlwM @ 3G6f#_ k|lzIf0fdf ;dfj]z x'g] ljifox¿Mn sfo{kflnsfcGtu{tsf lgsfox¿sf]] e"ldsf

-k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|, ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no,

/fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]u, ;DklQ z'l4s/0f cg';Gwfg ljefu, /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefu, lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no tyf If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{no, s]Gb|Lo tx;Ln sfof{no, g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] ljQLo PsfO_

n ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿sf] e"ldsf -clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, dxfn]vf–k/LIfssf] sfof{no, dxfGofoflwjStfsf] sfof{no, nf]s;]jf cfof]u, /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u_

n Gofokflnsfsf] e"ldsfn Joj:yflksf -;+;b\_ sf] e"ldsfn lghL If]qsf] e"ldsfn gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsfn ;~rf/dfWodsf] e"ldsf




&_ k|ltkf]if0f / d"Nofª\sgM k|ZgfjnLdfkm{t\ k|lzIffyL{x¿af6 k|ltkf]if0f -lkm8Aofs_ lnO{ k|lzIf0fsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{ .

*_ ck]lIft k|ltkmnM k|lzIffyL{x¿n] ;qsf] cGTodf ;'zf;gdf d'Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ lgsfox¿ / tL lgsfosf] sfd st{Josf / e"ldsfsf af/]df 1fg k|fKt u/]sf x'g] 5g\ .

%= PsfO kfFrM kf/blz{tf / ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xL clej[l4 ug]{ ;fwg;qM t];|f] / rf}yf]!_ p2]ZoM k|lzIffyL{nfO{ kf/blz{tf / ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xL

clej[l4 ug]{ ;fwgaf/] 1fg lbnfpg' x'g]5 .@_ ;dofjlwM @ 3G6f#_ k|lzIf0fdf ;dfj]z x'g] ljifox¿ M ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xL

clej[l4 ug]{ k|rlnt ;fwgx¿– gful/s a8fkq, u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg, x]nf] ;/sf/, ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO, ;fd'bflos cskq, gful/s k|ltj]bg–kq, ;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf tyf ah]6 th'{df, ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] ;f]wvf]h, ;bfrf/ k4lt, ;fj{hlgs k/LIf0f




&_ k|ltkf]if0f / d"Nofª\sgM k|ZgfjnLdfkm{t\ k|lzIffyL{x¿af6 k|ltkf]if0f lnO{ k|lzIf0fsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ .

*_ ck]lIft k|ltkmnM k|lzIffyL{x¿n] ;qsf] cGTodf kf/blz{tf / ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xL clej[l4 ug]{ ;fwgx¿af/] 1fg k|fKt u/]sf x'g] 5g\ .


^= PsfO 5M dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL sfg'g / dfgjclwsf/sf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ /fli6«o ;+:yfx¿

kfFrf} lbg

;qM klxnf] / bf];|f]!_ p2]ZoM k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ g]kfn kIf ePsf

dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g / dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL dxŒjk"0f{ cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw tyf cg'aGw tyf afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]gdf ePsf Joj:yf / dfgjclwsf/sf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ /fli6«o ;+:yfx¿sf] af/]df 1fg lbnfpg' x'g]5 .

@_ ;dofjlwM @ 3G6f#_ k|lzIf0fdf ;dfj]z x'g] ljifox¿Mn dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff !($* df

ePsf d'Vo Joj:yfx¿ngful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o

k|lt1fkq !(^^ df ePsf afnaflnsf;DaGwL Joj:yfx¿

ndlxnflj¿4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ug]{ dxf;lGw !(&( sf d'Vo Joj:yf

n;+o'St /fi6«;+3Lo afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw !(*( df ePsf Joj:yf

nafnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$* df ePsf Joj:yf ndfgjclwsf/sf] If]qdf sfo{/t /fli6«o ;+:yfx¿




&_ k|ltkf]if0f / d"Nofª\sgM k|ZgfjnL dfkm{t k|lzIffyL{x¿af6 k|ltkf]if0f lnO{ k|lzIf0fsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{ .

*_ ck]lIft k|ltkmnM k|lzIffyL{x¿n] ;qsf] cGTodf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL sfg'g / dfgjclwsf/sf If]qdf sfo{/t ;+:yfx¿sf af/]df 1fg k|fKt ug]{5g\ .


!= clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, -@)%(_, e|i6frf/sf ;DaGwdf ePsf ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg'gL Joj:yf, sf7df8f}+ .

@= clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, -@)&)_, ;+:yfut /0fgLlt -;g\ @)!$–@)!(_, sf7df8f}+ .

#=cgf}krfl/s If]q ;]jf s]Gb| -OG;]s_, -@)%&_, k];fut lzIffdfnf, sf7df8f}+ .

$= sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, lzIff P]g @)@*, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+ .

%= sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, lzIff lgodfjnL @)%(, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+ .

^= sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt -@)^#_, ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^#, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+ .

&= sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt -@)^$_, cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+ .

*= sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+ .

(= ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ .!)= k//fi6«dGqfno, -!((*_, dfgjclwsf/, g]kfn kIf ePsf

dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx¿sf] ;ª\u|x, sf7df8f}+ .

!!= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, -@)^(_, jflif{s k|ltj]bg, cfly{s jif{ @)^*÷^(, sf7df8f}+ .

!@= k|f]klAns, -@)^)_, c;n zf;gsf nflu jsfnt, ;|f]t–;ª\ufnf], sf7df8f}+ .

!#= e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] /0fgLlt tyf sfo{of]hgf, @)^% .!$= e|i6frf/lj¿4 ;o'St /fi6« ;ª\3Lo dxf;lGw, ;g\ @))# .!%= dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno,

afnaflnsf;DaGwL /fli6«o gLlt @)^(, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+ .

!^= dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno, afnaflnsfsf nflu /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf g]kfn, -cf=j=@)^!÷^@–@)&!÷&@_, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+ .

!&= dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno, s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldlt -@)&@_, afnaflnsfnfO{ lbOg] ;hfo / s]xL ljsNkx¿ ;r]tgf k'l:tsf, xl/x/ejg, nlntk'/ .

!*= dfgjclwsf/ tyf zflGt ;dfh, -@)%*_ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g / dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g–;Ddfg / kfngf .

!(= 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfn -;g\ @)))_, 6L=cfO{= ;f];{ a's -g]kfnL ;ª\If]k_, sf7df8f}+ .

@)= 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfn, -@)^)_, ;'zf;g;DaGwL s]xL l;4fGtx¿, dGqLkl/ifb\sf ;b:ox¿sf] cfrf/;+lxtf tyf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cfrf/;+lxtf;DaGwL ;'emfjx¿, sf7df8f}+ .

@!= 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfn, -@)^#_, e|i6frf/lj¿4 k|lzIf0f k'l:tsf, sf7df8f}+ .

@@= 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfn -@)&)_, k|j[lQ -syf ;ª\u|x_, sf7df8f}+ .

@#= 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfn, -@)!$_, /fli6«o ;bfrf/ k|0ffnL cWoog, sf7df8f}+ .

@$= /f0ff, ;=k|=, >]i7, ;'j0f{bf;, l;jfsf]6L, dx]Gb|k|sfz -@)^@ ;fn_, g}lts lzIff, dw'jg k|sfzg, l8NnLahf/, 3§]s'nf] sf7df8f}+, k|yd ;+:s/0f .

@%= /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u g]kfn, -@))#_, dfgjclwsf/ k|Zg pQ/ ;ª\ufnf], nlntk'/ .

@^= ljZj a}+s, g]kfn -@)^)_, g]kfndf hjfkmb]lxtf;DaGwL sfo{qmd, ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf @! ;+oGq -;|f]tk':ts_

1. Adhikari, Y.P. (2014), Vidhyarthi Civics and Moral Education, Book 8, Vidyarthi Prakashan (P.) Ltd. Publisher and Distributor, Kamalpokhari, Kathmandu.

2. Central Board of Secondary Education, Values Education: A Handbook for Teachers, New Delhi: 2012.

3. EDUCATION for PEACE PROGRAMME AND REFERENCE MATERIALS of First National Convention on Student's Qualiy Circle, 2005, organized by World Council for Total Quality and Excellence in Education-Nepal in association with Interreligious and International Federation for World Peace-Nepal under the aegis of Kathmandu University, Network for Quality, Productivity and Competitiveness of Nepal, Private and Boarding School Organization Nepal and productivity and Quality Committee/FNCCI, Kathmandu.

4. Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare, GoN, The Rights of Child, 2013.

5. Nepal, Ram Babu, Development Governance and Management, 2007.

6. Transparency International Nepal, Integrity Pact: Bhaktapur Framework, 1999.

7. The World Bank, Helping Countries Combat Corruption, 2000.

8. Transparency International Nepal, A Study on Codes of Conduct, July 2013.

9. Transparency International Nepal, Strategic Plan (2013-2017), 2013.

10. UNDP, Corruption and Development, Anti-Corruption Interventions for Poverty Reduction, Realizations of the MDGs and Promoting Sustainable Development, 2008.

11. UNDP, Tackling Corruption, Transforming Lives, Accelerating Human Development in Asia and the Pacific, 2008.

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