EUROPEAN ACTIVITIES IN EAST AFRICA AND THE SRAMBLE/PARTITION

The scramble of Africa refers to the rush made by the European countries in order to obtain terriotories as their coloniesParttion on the other hand refers to the process of dividing/sharing of African territories among European countries

WHY EUROPEANS WERE INTERESTED IN COLONISING EAST AFRICA

The reasons for the colonization were social, economical, and political.There was an urgent need by Europeans to invest their surplus capital in East Africa to further their profits.

Europeans were looking for market for their finished goods.The discovery of minerals in South Africa i.e diamond at Kimberly and gold at Witwatersrand increased the demand for territories.There was growth of nationalism among Europeans. They colonized East Africa for prestigious reasons i.e the more colonies one had, the more the respect.Europeans came due to the need to abolish slave trade at the coast and the interior.The need by the Europeans to spread Christianity in East Africa created the need to rush for colonies.Europeans rushed for territories in East Africa since they wanted to introduce western education.There was a need by the European government to resettle the surplus population elsewhere ie Kenya where white settlers were resettled.The coming of the Europeans to East Africa was influenced by men on spot such as explorers, chattered companies etc. The strategic location of East Africa i.e the presence of river Nile upon which the life of Egypt and Sudan depended inspired Britain to take up Uganda and KenyaThe activities of king Leopold of Belgium in Congo influenced other European countries like Britain to come to East Africa.The German and Italian unification of 1870/71 that brought about balance of power in Europe and accelerated the scramble for territories.The Franco –Prussian war of 1870/1871 made German more determined to have as many colonies as possible.

The influence of the Berlin conference of 1884 and 1885 which laid down guidelines for acquiring territories.The need to spread western culture /civilization accelerated the scramble and partition of east Africa.Influence of the Darwinism theory. This theory was advanced by Charles Darwin who believed in racial superiority i.e the right of Europeans to dominate Africans.

EFFECTS OF COLONIALISM ON EAST AFRICA

Colonialism ended the independence of the East African societies since colonialists took over.Colonialism ended the commercial importance of Zanzibar i.e as a trading center and as a slave Centre. The African traditional leaders lost their powere e.g Omukama Kabalega, Kabaka Mwanga etc.Colonialism completely ended slave trade and slavery in East Africa due to the slave trade abolution.The colonization of East Africa marked the beginning of economic exploitation of African resources e.g minerals, forests, etc.Colonialism led to the beginning of wide spread rebellions in East Africa such as Abushiri, Hehe, Nandi, Maji maji, Mau-Mau.Led to the growth of nationalism as people started revolting against German and British rule.Many Africans were subjected to forced labour on plantations and public works.As result of colonialism, heavy taxation was introduced e.g the hut and gun tax.

Colonialism also marked the beginning of forced cash crop growing e.g the compulsory cotton growing scheme on southern Tanganyika.As a result of colonial rule, tribal institutions were destroyed.There occurred massive loss of lives by the resistors for example Kiryikitire Ngware, Abushiri, Mkwawa, Orkoyiot Koitarel Arap Samoei.There was massive loss and destruction of property such as houses, crops etc.Colonialism led to the collapse of the long distance trade.Africans were edged out of trade e.g Nyamwezi, Akamba, since the long distance trade had collapsed.Africans lost their land to the white settler’s e.g in Kenya, the kikuyu were driven out of the Kenyan highlands.Formal education was promoted and western civilization through building of schools such as Gayaza high school 1905, St. Marys college Kisubi 1908, Ngora high school 1907, Kings college Buddo- 1906.Colonialism ended the conflict between the Germans and British over East Africa.Led to spread of Christianity in East Africa as many Africans got converted except at the coast.Health centers and services were improved upon with the construction of hospitals, eg Mengo, Rubaga, Nsambya,etcColonialism greatly undermined the African culture

The Berlin conference of 1884 in progress

METHODS USED BY THE COLONIALISTS TO OBTAIN COLONIES.

Treaty signing was a method used by the colonialist’s e.g Buganda agreement.Colonialists also at times used force or military means on societies that refused to collaborated e.g Hehe, Nandi.Intimidation was another method used by the colonialists i.e threats.They also used Christian missionaries who made every work done by Europeans to appear good.Colonialists relied on the information from explorers who identified areas of hostility and places of economic potential.

Colonialists also gave gifts and rewards to East Africans in order to make them support them e.g clothes, guns and titles.They also used the divide and rule method by introducing different religious e.g Catholicism and Protestantism which divided the ganda society.Colonialism gave harsh punishments to those who resisted e.g Mkwawa, Abushiri were be headed and hanged respectively.Colonialists used traders in the names of chartered companies to disguise the Africans e.g IBEACO and GEACOThey also built transport and communication lines for effective occupation e.g the Uganda railway.They also built administrative centers and military bases to strength them selves.

REASONS FOR THE COMING OF THE EXPLORERS TO EAST AFRICA

To explore means to discover, research, find out about something. Those who are involved in exploration are called explorers. In East Africa, explorers were people who came from Europe to discover more about the people of East Africa and the surrounding.In East Africa, the early explorers were: Burton, Speke, Grant, Stanley, Livingstone, Krapft, Rebmann, Count Teleliki, Sir Samuel Baker and Thompson among others.The explorer came to East Africa because of the following reasons:

They came to discover the source of the Nile River because it had been a mystery disturbing European explorers.Other explorers came to discover the social aspects of the East African people like cultures, beliefs and customs.Some of the explorers were Christians who came to spread the word of God.They came to discover the commercial and economic values of the East Africa like minerals, soils and trade.They came to find out how the East African leaders related with foreigners.Others were also aware of the trading activities in East Africa and therefore they wanted to get items like gold, ostrich feathers, human labour and so on.Other explorers were looking for fertile soils, where to carry out agriculture in order to produce raw materials for their industries.Some of them also came to look for areas for settlement of excess population.Others came to identify navigable rivers and lakes, which would assist in the movement of the Europeans like missionaries, imperialists, and traders. Such rivers would include: the Congo, Niger, and Nile Rivers.They came to find ways of starting a legitimate trade with the people of East Africa after the decline of the long distance trade.They came to revenge on the Arab activities in East Africa, for example they never wanted the Arabs to spread Islamic religion into the interior.

Others came to widen their knowledge about the area the East African people live in.They came to win prestige from their home countries as discoverers of great physical features in East Africa like mountains, lakes and rivers among others.Some explorers took risks because East Africa was regarded to be a “Whiteman’s grave”.They came as colonial agents to look for territories on behalf of their home governments.They came because of the good reports made by the earlier Portuguese explorers, who had come to the coast.

EXPLORERS AND THE MYSTERY OF THE SOURCE OF THE NILE RIVER

The issue of the Nile River remained a big problem to the European explorers.The issue of the Nile River became certain when Ptolemy first suggested that River Nile originates from a lake. This was in A.D 1.John Leander and Richard Burton proved that the Nile River did not have any connection with the Niger River.In 1849, Edhart drew an accurate map of East Africa showing the lake system of East Africa, and this increased a lot of interest in Europe about the source of the Nile River.

The mystery of the source of the Nile was later solved through a number of journeys made by various explorers.In 1856, the Royal Geographical Society (R.G.S) asked Richard Burton and John Speke to come to East Africa and locate the source of the Nile.In 1857, the two who had already arrived at the east African coast, set off from Zanzibar to Tabora.In February, 1858 they reached Lake Tanganyika where they discovered that it was not the source of River Nile.In July 1858, Speke left Burton at Tabora because Burton was sick. He travelled to Mwanza where he saw a big lake and named it Victoria, after the Queen of England. When Speke came back to Tabora, he told Burton that he had discovered a big lake in the interior and that it was the source of the Nile River but Burton refused to believe him.They quarrelled over the matter and they went back in February as enemies.In 1860 Speke was sent back for the second journey by the Royal Geographical Society (R.G.S) to prove his claim. He was escorted by James Grant.In September 1860, they set off from Bagamoyo and reached Karagwe on the shores of Lake Victoria. In October 1860 Grant fell sick while here.Speke left Grant at Karagwe and he continued to the palace of Mutesa I of Buganda.He was later joined by James Grant in May 1862.

On 28th October 1862, the two moved up the Nile and they became the first Europeans to see the source of the Nile River.Speke thus solved the mystery of the Nile River which had disturbed the Europeans for many years.Meanwhile earlier, Sir Samuel Baker and his wife had also tried to solve the mystery of the Nile River Source by tracing the river from its mouth to the source.On 14th march 1864, Baker and his wife travelled and reached a lake which they named after the King of England, Albert and claimed it was the source of the Nile River.Later Baker and his wife saw Kabalega falls which they renamed Murchison falls.1n 1862 Livingstone was asked to come to Africa and find the truth about the Nile River.He was sent because people had not believed the story of Speke about the source of the Nile River. By then Speke had died and there was no body to defend his claim.Even Baker had not seen the source of the Nile River so there was no proof of the claim of Speke’s claim.Livingstone started his journey in 1866 from the North of River Ruvuma looking for the source of river Nile.In November 1871 Stanley was sent to look for Livingstone who was thought to be dead.In 1875 he reached Lake Victoria and proved beyond doubt that it was the source of the Nile River.In 1876 he also proved that Lake Tanganyika had no connection with the Nile River.

Thus a number of expeditions helped the explorers to solve the mystery of the Nile River source which had disturbed the Europeans for long

ROLE OF EXPLORERS IN COLONIZATION OF EAST AFRICA.

The explorers were Europeans travellers who came to Africa to discover new physical features. They included John Speke, H.M Stanley, James Grant, Dr. David Livingstone, etc.Explorers discovered navigable rivers and therefore passed information hence e.g Stanley between 1877 travelled up to river Congo and to the Atlantic colonialism.Explores discovered East Africa’s economic potentials and made reports back home which attracted colonialism.Explorers report to their home governments about the inhuman practice of slave trade that later led to colonization.Explorers such as H.M Stanley invited missionaries to come to Buganda yet missionaries were fore runners of colonialism.Some explores like H.M Stanly also signed treaties that led to the colonization of east Africa.Explorers helped to draw the sketch map of East Africa which encouraged the colonialists to come to east Africa.Explorers such as John hanning Speke discovered the source of the Nile which was of great importance to the colonialists.Some explore served as administrators of the colonialists e.g sir. Samuel Baker became a governor of Equatorial province.Some explorers built forts e.g sir Samuel baker built a fort at patiko which were used by the colonial troops.

Explorers helped to report about the hostile African leaders and kings and societies e.g Kabalega, Nandi.

ROLE PLAYED BY THE CHARTERED COMPANIES /TRADERS IN COLONIZATION.

These were trading companies that were given a license to trade in East Africa.They included the IBEACo formed in 1888 by William Macknnon and the GEACo formed in 1884 by Carl Peters.Chartered companies promoted legimate trade which was profitable, which profits attracted colonialists.Chartered companies stopped slave trade which had caused untold suffering and East Africa became peaceful.Chartered companies provided information regarding East Africa’s minerals and resources which could be exploited .this attracted colonialists.Chartered companies provided protection to missionaries in East Africa who were forerunners of the colonialists.Chartered companies set up infrastructure such as roads and railways that were used by the colonialists hence eased transportWhen chartered companies ran bankrupt they surrendered their charters to colonialists who claimed such areas.Chartered companies also silenced and quelled Africa resistances especially in areas that were hostile.Chartered companies set up administrative forts and garrisons that were later used by the colonialists.

Chartered companies promoted colonialism through identifying hostile and accommodative societies and later informing their home governments.Chartered companies provided administrators as initial manpower who administered on behalf of the colonial governments e.g captain F.D.Lugard and Carl Peters.Chartered companies provided guns to chiefs collaborators hence attracting more collaboration.Their revaries brought in the colonialists to settle i.e GEACo Vs IBEACo in (1884-1890) until the heligoland treaty was signed.

PROBLEMS FACE BY CHARTERED COMPANIES

Chartered companies lacked enough manpower / administrators.They also faced the problem of limited funds due to the unreliable donors hence ran bankrupt.Chartered companies faced a problem of constant rebellions from hostile tribe’s e.g Bunyoro, Nandi, Hehe, Coastal Arabs etc.Chartered companies faced a problem of poor or under developed transport systems since there were no roads.Poor means of communication back home was another problem faced by the chartered companies since they lacked telephones. Also faced a problem of stiff or unhealthy competitions among the colonialists themselves e.g British Vs Germans.Also faced the problem of religious wars between the protestants , Catholics, Muslims and traditionalists especially in Buganda

There were tropical disease such as malaria, sleeping sickness etc in East Africa yet they lacked health facilities.Also faced with the problem of corrupt and incompetent leaders who embezzled funds.Administrators of companies also lacked geographical knowledge about east Africa as a whole.Faced a problem of limited natural resources, centrally to what they expected before.There were many restrictions put on the companies by their home governance Faced conflicting interests ie they were torn between doing business and administration.Faced the problem of poor accommodation facilities due to the poor housing conditions.The harsh climatic conditions paused a big problem especially floods and prolonged drought.Faced a problem of wild animals in the think forests such as lions, elephants, leopards.Faced a problem of language barrier.Also lacked support from their home governments when at war with hostile tribes e.g nand and hehe.There were frequent delays in supply of necessities from home or at times it took so long.Faced the problem of opposition from slave traders.

CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES IN EAST AFRICA.

a) Missionaries were a second group of Europeans to come to East Africa in the 19th century

b) This came as a result of the evangelical revival in Europec) They mostly came in order to spread Christianity, stop slave

trade, and civilize the backward people of East Africad) They came in groups that included the Church missionary

society, the London missionary society, White fathers, Holy Ghost fathers, (any one)

e) The first missionaries included Ludwig Krapt( 1844), John Rebman (1846)

Alexander Mackay Dr.David Livingstone

The white fathers-Catholic missionarie

REASONS FOR THEIR COMING TO EAST AFRICA

The evangelical revival in Europe greatly encouraged many missionaries to come to East Africa. They came mainly to spread Christianity i.e to convert as many people as possible.Came to East Africa in order to abolish slave trade and slavery at large.They were interested to come to East Africa mainly to promote western education in East Africa.They wanted to check on the spread of Islam in East Africa.Missionary came to East Africa because they were invited by some local leaders e.g kabaka Muteesa 1 of Buganda in 1875.They wanted to create a civilized society among African communities that was free from barbaric practices like human sacrifices, throwing away of twins. Missionaries came mainly to promote legitimate trade i.e buying of cash crops.Missionaries wanted to pave way for the coming of Europeans imperialism/ colonialism in a near future. Christain missionariesCame to east Africa because of Dr Living stones writings which stirred up interest of the missionaries to come to east Africa from Europe.The influence of the industrial revolution in Europe led to the discovery of quinine which could cure malaria which encouraged missionaries to come to East Africa without fear of malaria.They wanted to explore the interior of East Africa /adventure.

Missionary were encouraged to come to East Africa because of the different accounts of earlier travellers /explorers.

PROBLEMS FACED BY CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES IN THE 19 TH CENTURY.

Missionaries faced the problem of geographical barriers like rapids, water falls, rivers, mountains, valleys, and many othersThere existed thick impenetrable forests that became a problem because it was hard to cross themThere was harsh or un favorable climate such as heavy rainfall, drought among others that made missionary work very difficultMissionaries also faced a very big challenge of tropical diseases such as malaria, small pox, sleeping sickness and so onThe missionaries also faced a problem of hostile tribes that disturbed them so much such as the Nandi and MasaaiMissionaries also faced a problem of limited supplies as they ran short of medicine, food and fresh drinking water oftenThe missionaries further faced a problem of inadequate or lack of enough funds to facilitate their missionary workThere was another problem of language barrier since missionaries never understood the local languages and likewise the local peopleMissionaries faced strong hostility from Islam which was deeply rooted at the coast hence could not give them audience

The numerous wild animals further proved a menace to the missionaries for example lions and leopardsAnother problem faced was the fact that missionaries were too few to carry out their work compared to the areaMissionaries faced a problem of poor transport network since the road and railway system were un developedThey also faced aproblem of poor communication network since they lacked telephones to send information back homemissionaries met strong opposition from the slave traders who dint want to give up their source of income for example Abushiri, Isike of Unyanyembe among othersSome missionaries intervened in the politics of East Africa hence endangering their own lives so muchThe Christian practices often conflicted with African traditions for example monogamy Vs polygamy, Christianity Vs LubaleismMissionaries also faced a problem of rivalry among the Christian missionary groups that resulted into the wangereza Wafransa wars in BugandaThe interior traditional rulers always saw them as a threat to their authority for example, Kabaka Mwanga of Buganda ordered for the killing of Bishop Hannington and the Uganda martyrs in 1886Others mistook the missionaries to be people of military assistance which they failed to provide for example, Kabaka Muteesa I of BugandaMissionaries faced another problem of unfaithful porters who often stole their property as they moved

There was lack of literature for the new converts such as bibles that greatly hindered the progress of their workAfricans were generally illiterate who dint know how to read and how to writeMost missionaries also had a problem of lack of enough geographical knowledge

EFFECTS OF MISSIONARY ACTIVITIES IN EAST AFRICA

Mt. St Marys-Namagunga Kings’ College Buddo

Christian missionaries while in East Africa preached the gospel which converted many into Christianity.Missionaries built schools such as Gayaza High School1905, Kings college Buddo-1906, Ngora High School 1907, St. Marys’ college Kisubi in 1908, etc which improved literacy in East Africa.Missionaries built hospitals such Mengo hospital, Nsambya and Rubaga which provided better wealth services.

Missionaries helped abolish slave trade and slavery restored human diginity and respect for life.Missionaries introduced legitimate trade which became an alternative source or means of livelihood.The Christian missionaries introduced new language such as English, French, German, Latin, etc which eased communication in East Africa.missionaries promoted the study of African languages which led to the production of literature for the converts.Introduced new methods of agriculture / farming which greatly improved farming yields e.g mulching, terracing etc.Missionaries introduced new cash crops such as coffee, cotton, sisal, rubber, tea, etc on which the East African economy depended.Missionaries built roads in East Africa which greatly eased transport and communication.Missionaries built up a number of mission stations such as Rabai, Bagamoyo, etc that later developed into large towns.Missionaries opened up mission stations which later became centrs of colonialism such as Rabai Mpya, TaboraMissionaries further softened the hearts and minds of Africans and thus weakened the African political powerMissionaries created employment opportunities for many Africans which improved people’s standards of living eg clerical work like teaching, nursing and interpretation.Missionaries also spread western culture or civilization which greatly undermined African culture.

Missionaries introduced new technical skills which were acquired by Africans eg brick laying, carpentry, craft, pottery, etc.Missionaries also paved way for the European colonialism which eroded African independence.Missionaries also influenced some local leaders to collaborate with the colonial administrators which eased colonization.Missionary education produced pioneer nationalists who greatly contributed to the liberation struggles of their respective countries eg Apolo.Milton Obote and Ignatius Kangave Musaazi of Uganda, Julius Nyerere of Tanzania, Jomo Kenyatta and Tom Mboya of Kenya.Missionary education further produced African elites who formed political parties based on religion e.g DP for Catholics, UPC for Protestants, KANU for Protestants and KADU for Catholics.Missionary activities led to divisions that led to death of East Africans due to religious wars between Catholics and Protestants.Missionaries introduced the printing press in East Africa which eased the production of literature.Missionaries funded chartered companies such as IBEACo and GEACo leading to the colonization of east Africa.Christian missionaries greatly checked on the spread of Islam in East Africa as many people adopted Christianity.Missionaries made efforts to elevate women status through domestic sciences for example at Gayaza High School, Stella Marris College Nsuube in NkokonjeruCivil wars were greatly reduced in East Africa due to the missionary preaching of loving one another.

Missionary introduced new architecture which greatly improved living conditions.Missionary preaching greatly divided Africans in East Africans along religious lines that’s to say Protestants and CatholisMissionaries participated in the signing of Buganda agreement of 1900 that resulted into loss of Buganda’s independenceMissionaries set up homes for freed slaves and taught them practical skills thus reducing on suffering and misery

ROLE OF MISSIONARIES IN COLNISATION OF EAST AFRICA.

Missionary groups which came to East Africa included the London missionary society, Cchurch missionary society, white fathers, Millhill fathers, etc.Through their teaching, missionaries softened the hearts of Africans that they did not resist colonialism.

Missionaries always called upon their home government to come and occupy areas where they worked in order to protect them from their rivals.Missionaries were over thrown of local rulers’ e.g in Buganda; Christian missionaries were involved in the overthrow of kabaka Mwanga.Missionaries settled in areas where their homes government had economic interests.Missionary preaching divided Africans along Christian denominations making it easy for the colonialists to conquer.Missionary helped in signing of agreements which became official documents for colonization e.g Bishop Tucker of C.M.S assisted in the signing of Buganda agreement.The church missionary society helped in financing some colonial companies’ e.g IBEACo got financed by C.M.SMissionaries who had learnt Africans languages were used as interpreters and translators during the colonial period.

Missionaries carried out exploration and hence identified areas with economic potential for exploration and in return,reported to their home govermnents

Missionary education prepared Africans to work as agents of colonialism e.g secretaries, drivers, cooks, etc.

Missionary supported the building of roads and other physical infrastructures which were used by the colonialists.

Missionaries encourage the growth of agriculture upon which colonial economy thrived/ depended.

Missionary greatly encouraged legitimate trade on which colonialism thrived.

Missionaries built health centers which provided health services that reduced on the white man’s burden eg mengo, Nsambya.

Missionaries introduced foreign languages such as English, French, and German which later eased communication with the colonialists.

Missionaries abolished slave trade hence creating a conducive atmosphere for colonial rule.

Missionary stations were used by the colonialists as administrative centers.

Missionaries gave information about hostile and accommodative societies hence colonialists came knowing East Africa.

Missionary teaching pitted kings against their subjects leading to loss of king’s power.

Missionaries constructed schools such as king’s college Buddo St.Mary’sCollege Kisubi, Gayaza High School, e.t.c which gave rise to collaborators.

RELIGIOUS WARS IN BUGANDA.

They are at times referred to as the wa-ingereza wafaransa wars.

Theses were a series of wars/ conflicts amont the different religious groups in Buganda among different religions such as Traditionalists, Muslims, Protestants and catholics

A group of early converts, later the Uganda Martyrs being burnt at Namugongo

CAUSES OF RELIGIOUS WARS IN BUGANDA.

The presence of several religious groups in Buganda at the same time i.e the traditionalists, Muslims, Catholics &Protestants.

Each religion wanted to win as many converts as possible which increased rivalry.

Each religion wanted to win the favour of the kabaka in the end each religion ended up talking evil of the other.

Catholics accused the Protestants that they wanted mwanga to accept IBEACo because the company would help the Protestants against the Catholics.

When mwanga was in exile in kabula, there was a rumour that he was with mackay learning Protestantism.

Some leading catholic said it was better to fight than being ruled by the Protestants.

Western religions were brought by rival colonial masters ie Britain and France.

The religious conflicts in Europe between the Catholics and Protestants were extended to colonies.

Christianity condemned traditional religion and customs which annoyed them.

Christianity/ christians did not want to be dominated by the Muslims.

Pages in the palace belonged to different religious groups led by prominent and often jelousy converts.

Each religion wanted to win more political offices.

The death of kabaka muteesa1 in 1884 created a power vacuum ie he was a diplomatic and knew how to handle each religion.

The rise of kabaka mwanga who was young and lacked experience.

Mwanga’s character i.e was young, erratic, proud and arrogant.

The killing of Bishop Hannington in 1885 created more rivalry, accelerating the wars.

The ordering for the killing of the early converts by kabaka mwanga led to hostility against him -3rd June -1886. These were the Protestants, catholic, Muslim and traditional religious wars in Buganda in 1890.

THE COURSE OF RELIGIOUS WARS

They are at times referred to as the Wa-ingereza Wafaransa wars.

In 1875, H.M Stanly andJjohn Speke appeared at the kabaka’s court and kabaka Muteesa1 sent a letter to the queen of England inviting Christian missionary groups to Buganda.

In response, protestant missionaries arrived in Buganda in 1877 when CMS came led by Rev C.T Wilisom and Alexander Mackay.

The Roman catholics also arrived two years later in 1879 led by Fr Loundel Marpel and Bro Ammans.

These two Christian fanctions started competing for political influences at the kabaka’s court.

This was thee situation which kabaka Mwanga found after succeeding his father muteesa 1 who had died in 1884.

The Arab and the Muslim faction in Buganda took advantage of the long stay in Buganda to warn kabaka Mwanga that the Christians wanted to take over his kingdom.

Kabaka Mwanga responded by punishing those who refused to denounce the new religions.

Bishop Hanington was murdered during the crisis on mwanga’s order in 1885.

On the 3rd June 1886 many more early Christian converts were burnt at Namugong for their refusal to denounce religion. These came to be known as the Uganda martyrs.

Sensing continued instability, kabaka Mwanga planned to chase away all the religious factions from Buganda ie Christians and Muslims alike.

But they discovered his plans and they combined to overthrow Mwanga, thereafter they installed kiweewa.

For refusal to be circumcised,he was overthrown and Kalema was installed, then the Muslims started persecuting the Christians; they fled to kabula (in Ankore)

The Catholics came under Nyonyintono Honerat, while the Protestants came under Apollo kaggwa.

The Christian factions came back and deposed the Muslims; Mwanga was reinstated with a lot of catholic sympathies in 1890.

In the same year 1890 captain F.Lugard had arrived in Uganda as a representative of the IBEACo .He used the protestant missionaries to influence Mwanga for a treaty.

Thereafter he armed the Christians and followed the Muslims to Bunyoro where they had fled and were soliciting support from Omukama Kabalega.

Captain Lugard continued to Tooro and Ankore and when he returned to Buganda, he found Catholics and protestant in conflict for influence at the kabaka’s court.

Mwanga’s support lay with the Catholics,

Lugard armed the Protestants with 500 guns and there ensured battles of Mengo which are usually referred to as Wa Ingereza- wafaransa wars.

Where W’ Fransa stands for Catholics, Wa Ingereza stands for protestants.The protestants won the wars.

After the wars, another treaty was signed with Mwanga and it marked the beginning of protestant hegemony in the politics of Buganda and the whole of Uganda that was later to be formed.

Buganda was divided between the Protestants, Catholics and Muslims; the Protestants took the central countries of kyagwe, Kyadondo, Busiiro, and Mawokota.

The Catholics were given Buddu and the Muslims were pushed to Butambala and Gomba.

EFFECTS OF THE RELIGIOUS WARS

There was loss of lives i.e in 1886, about 30 Christian converts were burnt at Namugongo.

Just to protect them selves, the Christians formed two armed groups ie protestants and Roman Catholics.

By 1894, missionaries urged their hone governments to colonize Uganda in order to protect the lives and interests of missionaries.

Chief offices of Buganda were divided according to religion.

Political parties were formed a long religious lines e.g D.P Catholics, UPC for protestants.

Schools were established a long religious lines leading to rivalry e.g St mary’s college kisubi; mt. st Marys’ Namagunga, etc for Catholics and Gayaza High School, King’s college Buddo, Mengo S.S for protestants.

Kabaka Kalema and Kiweewa were also overthrown by the different religious factions.

Some Baganda came to prominence as aresult of religious wars e.g Nnyonyintono Honerat Apollo kagwa, zakaria kisingiri, Stanslus Mugwanya e.t.c.

Religious wars led to signing of1900 Buganda agreement to stop religious wars.

Religious wars greatly checked on the spread of Islam in Buganda.

Buganda’s countries were divided according to religious ie Catholics (08), protestants (10) and Muslims (02).

The Protestants took the central countries of Kyagwe, Kyadondo, Busiro and Mawokota.

The Catholics were given Buddu while Muslims were pushed to Butambala and Gomba .

A lot of property was destroyed such as houses and banana plantations

Religion became a factor in Uganda’s politics

The wars led to loss of Buganda’s independence and Uganda at large

The Uganda martyrs later became famous

ROLE PLAYED BY CARL PETERS IN COLONIZATION.

Carl peters was a pioneer of German colonial ambitions in East Africa

Carl peters founded the German East African company in 1884, a brain child of the German colonization society.in 1885; the GEACo received a charter/license from German.

Carl peters was greatly known for his trading activities.

He signed several treaties with African chiefs in East Africa e.g in Usambara, Kilimanjaro, and Mumia in Kenya and Mwanga in Buganda 1890.

These treaties brought those areas under German control/ sphere of influence.

And were presented at the Berlin conference in 1884/1885.

They enabled German to acquire Usagara, Urungulu, Ukemi and Uzigwa

Later German acquired Witu and Part of the Kilimanjaro district

He financed the German administration

Carl Peters provided protectorate man power

His rivalry with IBEACO of William Macknnon and Lugard led to the Anglo-Germany treaty of 1886

Further rivalries led to the signing of the Heligoland Treaty of 1890

Following coastal revolts, the German government took over control

By then the company had grown bankrupt and inefficient

ROLE OF FREDRICK LUGARD IN THE COLONISATION OF UGANDA

a. Captain Fredrick Lugard was a retired army officer/ General who served in India during the British colonial days

b. He came to Uganda as the first administrator of the Imperial British East African company (IBEAco)

c. His main duty was to defend British colonial interests in Uganda

d. He forestall German advances to Buganda by stopping Charles Stokes, a German missionary who was believed to have been heading to Buganda

e. Captain Lugard also checked the advances of Emin pasha from the north

f. In December 1890, he signed a protection treaty with Kabaka Mwanga at Mengo

g. In 1890, the Heligoland treaty was signed between the British and the Germans in order to define the Western boundary of their spheres of influence which placed Uganda under the (IBEAco)

h. In 1891, Lugard armed the protestants against the Catholics and Muslims in Buganda during the religious wars and managed to defeat them

i. Mwanga and the Catholic chiefs fled to Bulingugwe islandj. In 1891, Lugard signed a treaty with the rulers of Ankole

making it a company territoryk. In 1892, Lugard signed another treaty with Mwanga, giving

him official political control over Bugandal. In 1893, Lugard restored Omukama Kasagama of Tooro to

the throne and signed a protection treaty with himm. Lugard went to lake Edward and persuaded Selim Bey

with his Sudanese soldiers to enlist in the company forcen. He then embarked on weakening Bunyoro with the help of

Semei kakunguluo. Lugard built several forts along the Tooro-Bunyoro border

and one in Buganda at Old Kampalap. In 1893,Lugard went back to England where he became a

chief campaigner for British retention of Uganda through the press and public speeches

q. In 1893, the IBEAco under captain Lugard handed over the charter to the British colonial government when the company ran bankrupt

r. In 1894, Uganda was declared a British protectorate through the efforts of captain Lugard

s. In 1922,Lugard wrote a guideline book on colonial administration entitled “the Dual Mandate in Tropical Africa”

t. This guideline became a basis of British policy of administration of indirect rule

PROBLEMS FACED BY CAPTAIN LUGARD WHILE IN UGANDA

a. There were wide spread rebellions against the British rule for example Kabalega’s Nyangire rebellion

b. Lugard also faced the problem of language barrier due to the multiplicity of African languages

c. Lugard lacked enough/ inadequate manpower/admnistrators: The colonial government had been given only 40 trained personnel

d. There was also inadequate means of transport because there was no developed roads and railway lines

e. Lugard faced the problem of communication between the headquarters and other parts of the protectorate

f. Lugard faced a problem of very harsh climatic conditions especially floods and prolonged drought/ sunshine

g. He also faced the problem of tropical diseases such as malaria, yellow fever,small pox and many more since he lacked health facilities

h. Captain Lugard faced the problem of inadequate fund or Shortage of funds to facilitate his administration

i. Introducing of a uniform economic activity(ies) in Uganda was very difficult

j. There existed different systems of administration in the different parts of Uganda by the time the British arrived

k. This made the creation of a centralized system of administration where it did not exist so difficult

l. The Kiganda model of administration which the British wanted to use throughout Uganda failed in some areas

m. Some Baganda agents were not loyal to the British and therefore posed a big threat

n. The Sudanese soldiers attacked northern Uganda to the extend the equatorial province

o. The company activities were restricted by the home government (Britain) which hindered its economic growth

p. Lugard also faced a problem of limited natural resources/ Shortage of marketable commodities

q. Lugard also faced a challenge of conflicting interests that’s to say business as opposed to administration

r. The local indigenous people/ local people did not know how to read and write hence they were illiterate

s. The people of Uganda were strongly divided along religious lines which caused insecurity in Buganda and Uganda

t. The occurance of religious wars handcapped the company activities so much

u. Lugard also faced the problem of wild animals in the thick forests such as lions and leopards

v. Some of the company/ colonial agents were un popular for exBmple the baganda agents sent to Bunyoro

w.Captain Lugard faced a problem of lack of adequate geographical knowledge

x. There was stiff competition among the colonial masters themselves such as the British and Germans

y. There was also rivalry between the trading companies such as the IBEAco and the GEAco

z. Lugard also faced a problem of mismanagement and inefficiency from the administrators because they had poor and inexperienced managers

aa. There was also lack of cooperation from the local leaders for example the slave traders

bb. The problems that captain Fredrick Lugard faced were political, social and economic/ internal and external/ Short term and longterm.

COLLABOLATORS IN EAST AFRICA

This is a group of Africans who cooperated with the colonial masters during the establishment of colonial rule e.g semei kakungulu, Apollo kagwa, lenana, nuwa, mbaguta, etc.

SIR APOLO KAGGWA

Kagwa’s career typifies/ exemplifies African cooperation with colonial rule.

Kagwa was a Muganda from Nsenene/ grasshopper clan born in 1861.

He served in the courts of Muteesa1 and Mwanga and he was converted into Protestantism. He later became a leader of protestant group in Buganda.

In 1898, he played a role of suppressing and defeating the Sudanese mutiners.

He fought against the Muslims. He helped the British to keep law and order.

In 1899, Kagwa helped the British to over throw Mwanga and Kabalega.

Kagwa was made a chief regent when Daudi Chwa was still young.

Kagwa played a role in the 1900 Buganda agreement and persuaded the Baganda at accept the terms.

This agreement paved way for the reforms in the judiciary and administration organs.

He then continued to work closely with the colonial government especially as a British imperialsts in Uganda.

Apolo kagwa encouraged school /education.

He encouraged modern methods of farming in Buganda.

Kagwa persuaded the Baganda to diversity traditional subsistence crops and introduced cash crops e.g cotton.

He assisted in the evacuation of people from the shores of L. victoria because of sleeping sickness.

He stood in the defense of the ganda traditional institution as represented in the likiiko reforms of 1914-1916.

He increasingly fell out with the colonial administration.

Apolo kagwa was increasingly hated by the Bataka / clan heads.

He used the lukiiko to suppress daudi chwa from regaining effective control as kabaka.

The granting of the beer license in the kibuga also climaxed the tension between kagwa and the commissioner of Buganda in 1915.

However, kagwa had outlived his usefullness to the British/ protectorate government and to his people.

He wrote book on Buganda e.g ‘’Empisa za Baganda’’,’’ Bassekabaka ba Buganda’’.

Angry and frustrated kagwa resigned in 1926 and he later died in 1927.

WHY DID SEMEI KAKUNGULU COLLABORATE WITH THE BRITISH?

Semei Kakungulu

a. Semei Lwakilenzi Kakungulu was born in 1870 in Kooki but grew up as a page at the kabaka’s court.

b. As a young boy, he joined the Buganda’s loyal army where he demonstrated that he was a good soldier .This earned him the title of general.

c. He participated in 1888-1890 religious wars in Buganda on the side of the Protestants which was the beginning of his collaborating career with the British.

d. The growing influence of the missionaries at the kabaka’s court forced him to collaborate.

e. His first posting as the incharge of the northern areas conquered from Bunyoro gave him first taste of power and created an urge in him to conquer and rule other areas.

f. He was an opportunist who expected material rewards from the British, hence he collaborated.

g. Kakungulu collaborated because of his lowly origin; he wanted to earn himself fame and recognition.

h. Kakungulu’s collaboration was due to his lustatiable ambition for power and leadership. He for example crowned him the “Kyabazinga” of Busoga to satisfy his huge appetite for power.

i. The willingness of the British to tap the administrative potentials in him made him to collaborate.

j. He was also convinced that the best way of fighting Buganda’s enemies was to ally with the British eg Bunyoro.

k. His failure to get a post in Buganda government might have frustrated him, driving him to ally with the British.

l. He had rivaled with the Apollo kagwa for the post of katikiiro but failed.

m. It was part of the indirect rule to look for shrewd and brave Africans thus Kakungulu un knowingly availed himself.

n. Kakungulu wanted to use the British connections to extend Buganda’s influences to the neighboring areas.

o. In 1929, Kakungulu died a disappointed old man, which was typical of most collaborators. He had not realized his dream of creating a big empire for him self .he was buried in Mbale at Gangama

LENENA OF THE MASAAIa. Following the death of Laiban Mbatian in 1890 Lenena and

Sedayo fought for power of the vacant post of Laibonship in the area.

b. Lenana settled his followers between Ngong and Naivasha.c. He managed to maintain his position as Laibon in the area

despite Sedayo’s frequent raids on his territory and other problems.

d. In 1890 rinder pest epidemic killed many cattle, Lenana made arrangements to transfer some Masaai women to kikuyu villages.

e. In 1894, Lenana went to the British administration which led to the good relationship between Masaai and the British.

f. He obtained assistance of Francis Hill, the local British officer, who employed the Masaai warriors against other tribes.

g. For example, combined force raided the kikuyu and captured many cattle.

h. The Uganda railway across Masaai land was built with out any hinderance.

i. The masaai supported the British raids against the Nandij. This increased Lenana’s prestige and successfully asserted

his claim to the Laibonship.

k. Lenana was later given the title of paramount chief of the Masaai.

l. He then signed the 1stMasaai agreement of 1904 by which the Masaai were put into reserves.

m. For example in the south of Ngong Hills and the other in Laipia plateau.

GERMAN SYSTEM OF ADMINSTRATION IN TANGANYIKA

WHY GERMANS USED DIRECT RULE.

It was a system of administration where the Germans themselves administered Africans.

Indirect rule, traditional chiefs lost their political power which was given to German agents i.e Akidas and Jumbes.

German used it because it they had used force to occupy many parts of Tanganyika. In order to maintain their stay, direct rule had to be used.

Germans believed that direct rule was the only effective system of administration.

Germans believed that direct rule would help them to effectively exploit and benefit from African resources.

Germans wanted to impose their superior culture over Africans through direct rule.

German had suffered early revolts and therefore thought to bring harsh Akidas Jumbe to tame Africans.

Tanganyika lacked centralized kingdoms that would produce enough chiefs to be used in administration.

Germans were proud and never wanted to share their administration with Africans.

Germans were also being threatened by British in Tanganyika, it is this that made them to adopt direct rule.

Germans through the Berlin conference acquired the principle of effective occupation which could only be achieved through direct rule.

Direct rule was away of creating employment to German settlers.

Bismarck’s policy of “blood and iron” greatly inspired the German to use force in controlling their colonies, this force needed direct rule.

Germans joined scramble and partition very late, therefore to quicken up colonization, direct rule had to be used.

German wanted to build a strong empire in Africa. Germans were inexperienced in colonial administration i.e were over reacting / used too much force therefore direct rule was the only suitable policy.

They feared expenses of training Africans. They could use indirect rule because indirect rule was being used by their rivals the British.

EFFECTS OF GERMAN RULE

The system of direct rule led to wide spread rebellions in Tanganyika, mainly against the harsh Akidas and Jumbes eg majiHmaji rebellion, hehe, etc.

Led to the rise of nationalism as many people started organizing themselves into revolutionary struggles for independence.

Lost chiefs lost their power and authority because it was given to the Akidas and Jumbes.

It generally led to the loss of independence among Africans.

The system also destroyed the tribal institutions in Tanganyika.

Many Africans lost their lives in the course of resisting German rule.

Famine and hunger broke out in Tanganyika as Africans were forced to grow cash crops and through the scotched earth policy.

German rule made Africans to live in great fear and panic.

Africans lost large chunks of land due to high numbers of German settlers hence became squatters.

African culture and customs were eroded in preference of western culture.

Led to development of infrastructure like roads and railway which eased transport.

Western civilization was promoted through building of Christian churches and schools.

Led to wide spread of Christianity except at the coast that was deeply- rooted into Islam.

German administrators undermined traditional culture and Islam i.e they entered mosques with dogs and boots, raped Africans woman and gave asylum to a boy who had seduced the king’s wife.

Africans were subjected to forced labour on white’s plantations and public works for long hours.

German rule in Tanganyika divided Africans into two classes’ i.e collaborators and resisters.

Led to wide spread destruction of property such as houses and plantation.

In 1904 however, the Germans abandoned direct rule and took over indirect rule.

GERMAN ADMINISTRATION IN TANGANYIKA

The German took over the administration of Tanganyika from the German East Africa Company GEACo in 1891.

At the top of their administration was the German governor with his headquarters in Dar-es-salaam and was at first usually a soldier.

However, the governor in Tanganyika was answerable to the colonial minister back home in German.

In 1904, governors’ council was set up to advise the governor.

The territory of Tanganyika was divided into districts. and by 1914,there were 22 districts

However, two of the districts, Mahenge and Iringa were under military control.

The district officers, who were whites collected taxes, appointed and dismissed African chiefs.

They also presided over courts and administered punishment sand also commanded small police force.

At the county level, the Akidas were in charge and also collected taxes for the government.

The Germans were inexperienced in colonial rule because they had just begun to acquire colonies.

Germans aimed at making Tanganyika produce profits to meet the cost of administration.

The Germans mainly applied direct rule.

Germans used forced labour on road construction, communal cotton growing.

Africans were part less or nothing for their labour.

The jumbes were in –charge of villages and were appointed by the Germans.

The African chiefs were replaced by the German personnel and their agents.

Wherever possible the Germans made use of African chiefs to assist in governing districts eg chagga chiefs.

Germans practiced brutal, crael, harsh methods of administration and tax collection.

They were arrogant and always isolated themselves from their subjects (lived in a closed community).

Germans, Arabs and Swahili Akidas disrespected African chiefs and customs.

CHANGES INTRODUCED BY THE BRITISH IN TANGANYIKA AFTER 1920

Tanganyika was a mandated territory to Britain in 1919The first British governor was Sir Horage Byatt who took German administration as he found itThe major British concern was to set the economy back on its feet again after the wars’ distractionThe barrier set up (gap) between the rulers and the ruled by the Germans remainedSir Donald Cameroon (1925 to 1931) as a governor was the one who established indirect ruleCameroon established the native Authority Ordinance of 1926 whereby the African leaders were empowered to collect taxes, administer justice and carryout executive tasksIn 1926, he established Tanganyika legislative council whereby the settlers were incorporated into the government and other communities to share in the work of the governmentAfricans were limited to the local councils and this later provoked the young mission educated against colonial ruleThe British settlers found it difficult to get labour and when they obtained it, it was very expensiveThe government fixed wages to safe guard the Africans

Many settlers went to Kenya, hence settlers’ problem in Tanganyika was reducedMany Africans continued producing coffee and cotton on shambasNew roads were built and old ones were extended and railway lines were constructed to help communication with KenyaIn 1925, they set up a department of education to direct and finance the education system in cooperation with the missionariesA new system emerged whereby Europeans controlled central administration. This was seen later by the Africans as means to prevent political development of AfricansLand re-allocation and soldiers’ resettlement schemes were set upLand ordinance of 1923 was allocated to a one year leaseThe British put slavery to an end in Tanganyika

THE BRITISH SYSTEM OF ADMINISTRATION

The British system of administration mainly involved the use of indirect ruleIn this system, power was entrusted to the native chiefs and traditional rulersIt was popularized by Capt. Fredrick Lugard

Through Lugard’s book called the Dual mandate of 1922REASONS WHY INDIRECT RULE WAS USED

The British used indirect rule because it was cheap i.e. Africans required less payment compared to employing whitesThe British used indirect rule because they wanted to preserve traditional institutionsThe British used indirect rule in East Africa because it had succeeded elsewhere e.g. in Nigeria, and IndiaAfricans understood fellow Africans better therefore, the British therefore chose to use indirect ruleThe British used indirect rule because of the problem of language barrier since they dint know the language of Africans The British used indirect rule because they wanted Africans to act as shock absorbers i.e shield them against African resistanceThe British applied indirect rule such that Africans would not understand who gave them instructionsTheBritish applied indirect rule because their enemies the Germans had used direct rule in TanganyikaThe British wanted Africans to learn skills of administering themselves after whites had leftBritish applied indirect rule simply because most areas had welcomed the EuropeansThe British were influenced by kiganda Model of administration which was highly organizedThere were already well established/centralized institutions in the areas they applied it

The British used indirect rule because it would reduce resistance against the BritishThey used indirect rule because it would enablechiefs to acquire some leadership skillsThe British feared to move in some areas infested with diseases such as malaria, sleeping sickness, small poxIndirect rule was applied because it was a sign of appreciation to reward societies which had collaboratedThe British applied indirect rule because they wanted to solve the problem of manpower i.e they had few admnistratorsIndirect rule was the best way to entrenching colonial rule without realization of the subjectsIndirect rule was applied because of its Dual benefit i.e both blacks and whites would benefit from itIndirect rule was used because it indirectly gave the British more powers over the AfricansThe British believed their traditional leaders secured ready obedience from the subjectsIndirect rule was used because it was in line with British people and the rest of the British policy of divide and ruleAfricans were likely to be more effective in moblising fellow Africans for forced labour,tax payment, road construction, etcTraditional chiefs would not demand modern amenities like roads, railways, radios stations etc because they did not know themSome areas were remote and inaccessible/ poor transport and communication

BRITISH ADMINISTRATION IN EAST AFRICA

DIAGRAMMATIC STRUCTURE OF THE BRITISH INDIRECT RULE

Colonial secretary (white) based in London

Governor General (white) based in the colony

Provincial governors (whites) based at the provinces

District commissioners (whites) based at the Districts

County Chiefs based (Africans) based at the county Headquarters

Sub County Chiefs (Africans) based at the Sub county Headquarters

Parish Chiefs (Africans) based at the Parish Headquarters

Sub-Parish Chiefs (Africans) based at the Sub Parish Headquarters

Village Headman (Africans) based at the villages

a. At the top of their administration was the colonial secretary (white man) based in London

b. He was incharge of colonial affairs and was answerable to the British Parliament

c. Below the colonial secretary were the governors for the respective colonies

d. These were also whites and were answerable to the colonial secretary

e. Below the governors were the provincial commissioners who headed each province

f. Provincial commissioners were answerable to the governorsg. Below the provincial commissioners were district

commissioners heading every district.h. These always took orders from the provincial commissionersi. The districts were also divided into counties each under a

county/Saza chiefj. These were supposed to be Africans who took orders from

the district commissionersk. Counties were subdivided into sub-counties (Gombolola)

under a sub-county chiefl. These also were Africans who were answerable to the county

chiefsm. Sub-counties were broken into smaller units called

parishes (Muluka) under the parish chiefsn. These Parish chiefs were answerable to the sub-county

chiefso. Parishes were further divided into sub parishes under sub

parish chiefsp. These took orders from the parish chiefsq. Below the sub parish chiefs were the village headmen

heading every villager. These took orders from the sub parish chiefs and passed

them to the common mans. Thus all chiefs from the village headmen up to the governor

formed a chain of commandt. Top positions were for the British officials while local level

positions were reserved for the Africans onlyu. Indirect rule was based on the assumption that every area

was like Buganda.

PROBLEMS FACED BY THE BRITISH

There were wide spread rebellions e.g. Nandi, NyangireThere was a problem of language barrierLack of enough man power was a challenge faced by the BritishThere was a problem of poor transportCommunication problem was another challenge faced by the BritishThe British faced the problem of tropical diseases e.g. malariaThe outbreak of Religious warsHigh cost of administration proved a big problemThere was lack of a uniform economic activityCreating centralized administration by the British was difficultThe Kiganda model of administration failed in other areas1900 Buganda agreement marginalized the Catholics and Muslims The British faced a problem of boycott of non-African shopsSudanese mutiny in the northern Uganda was another problemAgitation for political independenceHostile climate

EFFECTS OF BRITISH INDIRECT RULE IN UGANDA

Indirect rule created a class of ambitious Ugandan like Semei kakungulu, Appolo KagwaIndirect rule encouraged centred thinking among Ugandans

Indirect rule some areas of Uganda to develop secession tendencies e.g BugandaIndirect rule enabled the British to effectively exploit Ugandan resourcesElementary education was promoted at the expense of real educationIdirect rule created a class of conservative AfricansIndirect rule saved Uganda from becoming a settler colony like KenyaIndirect rule brought religion into the politics of Uganda e.g British relied on protestant chiefsIndirect rule dehumanized and demoralized African chiefsIndirect rule reduced the spread of islamIndirect rule gave birth to tribalism and tribal disunity e.g Baganda were hated by other tribesIndirect rule led to introduction of new taxes e.g hut tax, gun tax, poll taxIndirect rule led to the outbreak of rebellions such as Nyangire and Lamogi rebellionsMany Africans acquired leadership skills e.g Appolo KagwaThe Kiganda model of administration was spread to other parts of UgandaIn conclusion, the effects of Indirect rule were both positive and negative

REBELLIONS IN EAST AFRICA

A learner needs to know that apart from individual resisters, some tribes organized themselves into societal rebellions. However, for clarity, a learner should avoid generalizing these rebellions but should know that rebellions are classified into two namely; primary and secondary rebellions

i) Primary rebellionsThese are the type of rebellions that were staged up immediately when the white colonialists or imperialists had arrived in east Africa. In these, Africans were fighting to defend their independence such that they don’t lose it. E.g. Abushiri, Hehe and Nandi rebellions

ii) Secondary rebellionsHaving tasted the bitterness of the colonial rule, Africans in secondary rebellions were fighting to regain or end all the suffering(s) they had experienced e.g. Maji Maji and Mau-Mau rebellionsPRIMARY REBELLIONS SECONDARY REBELLIONS

1. ABUSHIR REBELLION -1888-1890(Coastal Arabs Vs Germans)Took place in TanganyicaCAUSES

Influx of Germans Hoisting of the

German flag Religious differences Abolution of Slave

trade To defend

independence Protect their

4. MAJI MAJI REBELLION 1905-1907( Southern Tanganyikans Vs Germans)Took place in TanganyikaCAUSES

Compulsory cotton growing

Tired of forced labour Definition of Maji maji Wanted return of their

independence Over taxation of Africans

independence Defend their

middlemanship position in trade

Rumour that sultan had sold the coast

Arrogancy of Germans i.e entered mosques with boots and dogs

Defend their land Influence of Abushir

Bin Salim2. HEHE REBELLION 1890-

1898 (Took place in Tanganyika) Hehe under Mkwawa Vs Germans

Defend their independence

Expected support from chief Chabruma

Defend their culture Mkwawa’s

expansionist policy Germans claim for the

trade route German refusal to pay

Hongo tax Closure of the trade

route Imprisonment of

Germans and Arabs Refusal to release

Germans and Arabs Mkwawa’s sending of

peace messangers Defend Hehe land Inspiration from

previous rebellions e.g Abushiri

Akidas and Jumbes were so brutal

Raping of Wangindo girls and women

Revenge for Borma massacre

Tired of land alienation Poor yieds due to poor

soils Influence of the magic

water Influence of Kinjikitire

Ngwale Inspired by previous

uprisings

5. MAU-MAU REBELLION -1952-1960(Took place in Kenya)Africans Vs BritishCAUSES

Tired of the Kipande policy

Wanted representation in Legco

Demand for return of Kenyan Highlands

Need for independence

Wanted to be allowed to grow cashcrops

Return of Ex-service men

Rise of elites like Jomo Kenyatta

Racial segregation Wanted to revive

their culture

Mkwawa’s personality3. NANDI REBELLION 1895-

1906( Took place in Kenya)Nandi Vs BritishCAUSES

Nandi belief to be superior

Arrival of British claiming superiority

Nandi believed their land was most ferile

Construction of Uganda railway through Nandi territory

Prophecy of the iron snake

Murder of Peter West 1895

Influence from preious uprisings

Murder of Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei

Hated interference in their ivory and slave trade

Wanted to defend their culture

Wanted to defend their culture

Influence of previous revolts

Rise of Kenyatta Un employment

among Kenyans

ABUSHIRI REBELLION 1888 – 1890

Abushiri Bin Salim

The Abushiri uprising was also commonly known as the Arab/Coastal / Afro- Arab rebellion staged in 1888 – 1890. The rebellion comprised of three separate attempts to drive out the Germans: one led by Abushiri in the northern coast, another in Dar-es Salaam,Kilwa, Lindi by Mataro and another in Uzigua under Bwana KheriIt was organized by Abushiri-Bin-Salim, a sugar cane planter and the most prominent Swahili-Arab trader of the town. It involved mainly the Swahili traders, Arabs and Africans such as the Zigua, Bondei, etc. Abushiri was later joined by Bwana Kheri

CAUSES OF THE REBELLION

COURSE OF ABUSHIRI REBELLION

a. The rebellion is also known as the Arab/coastal rebellionb. It was the first major resistance against the German colonial

rule in Tanganyikac. The rebellion was led by Abushiri Bin Salim who was later

joined by Bwana Herid. Arabs, Swahili and Africans were all mobilized and joined the

rebellione. The revolt started when Abushiri’s people refused the

hoisting of the German flag and instead rioted against themf. The rebellion then abruptly and spontaneously spread to

other areas like Kilwa, Bagamoyo, Tanga, Mukidini, etc.g. The uprising was the earliest resistance against German rule

in Tanganyika which took place between 1888 and 1890h. The uprising was led by Abushiri Ibin Salim and Bwana Herii. The uprising was also referred to as the Arab/ Coastal

rebellionj. The Coastal people never wanted to lose their independence

to the Germansk. The Coastal people wanted to protect their land from being

grabbed by the Germansl. The Coastal people were also protecting their economic

power from the Germans who were competing with them in Ivory trade after abolishing Slave trade

m. The German abuse of their culture and traditions annoyed them and made them to revolt

n. The Germans had also taken over the collection of the mainland import duties from the Coastal people, hence leading to the revolt

o. The mistreatment of the local people by the Germans such as severe punishments like flogging, being humiliated and harassed by the Germans annoyed them

p. The Germans had also dismissed the Liwalis who were serving in their administration yet these people were related to the Coastal Arabs

q. There was forced cash crop growing under severe conditions that annoyed/ angered the Coastal people and made them to revolt

r. The poor administrative polocies of the Germans irritated the Coastal people for example they never respected the local leaders, discriminated people, etc

s. The rise of charismatic leaders like Abushiri, Bwana Heri, etc encouraged the Coastal people to revolt

t. The Germans demand for heavy taxes from the Coastal people such as Poll tax, Hut tax, etc caused the revolt

u. The Germans disrespected the Coastal people by entering their Mosques with dogs and shoes/ German arrogance

v. The Coastal people were protecting the loss of their property. The German East African company (GEACO) had started confiscating Arab houses

w.The raising of the German flag at the coast annoyed the Coastal people leading to the rebellion

x. The hatred for Christianity by the Coastal people greatly led to the rebellion

THE COURSE OF THE REBELLION

a. The rebellion started on 8th August 1888 in Pangani district where the German East African Company had established an administrative post

b. It was led by Abushiri Ibin salim, a prominent trader of Afro-Arab origin

c. It started when Abushiri refused to hoist/ raise the German flag and refused to listen to the German instructions

d. The rebellion then spread to other areas like tanga, Kilwa, Bagamoyo, Mikindani, Kilira, etc

e. Some Bantu communities like the Bomda and Zigua also joined the rebellion

f. Bwana Heri, a Swahili chief in Uzigua and other Coastal traders joined the revolt later

g. In the initial stages, the revolutionaries took the Germans unaware and managed to kill many of them

h. The German officials were caught up,severely punished and driven out of the Coastal towns which belonged to the Arabs

i. This forced the Germans to call their home government for reinforcement

j. At this time, major Von Wissman was sent by the Germans to suppress the resistance

k. Later , a large army of Germans arrived that was assisted by hired Nubian Sudanese, Somalis and Zulu hence the resistance started to crumble

l. Within two months, Major Von Wissman had captured Nothern towns of pangani and Dar-es-Salaam

m. Following this success, many Arabs who had supported Abushiri opted to make peace with the Germans which weakened the rebellion further

n. Sensing defeat, Abushiri retreated into the interior and hired 500 Maviti fighters

o. But these did not save the situation because they were only interested in looting

p. At first, he used conventional warfare but sensing the possibility of defeat, he embarked on guerrilla (Hit and run) tactics

q. In 1889,he was betrayed by a Jumbe magaya of Usagara who reported him to the Germans

r. He was captured and hanged at Bagamoyos. He had used Islam to rally supportt. His weaponry consisted of arms like old fashioned guns,

bows and arrows, spears and clubsu. The Germans had superior weapons like machine guns and

bombsv. By 1890, the German administrators had captured the

Southern towns of KIlwa and Lindiw.This forced Bwana Heri to desperately surrender to the

Germans and this marked the end of the uprising

x. Africans were finally defeated by the Germans/ Coastal people lost their independence to the Germans

y. The organization of the rebellion was political, social and economic

WHY THIS UPRISING FAILED

Lack of military training i.e. Abushiri had never been a military man but a sugar cane planterThe Germans had superior weapons such as the Maxim gun compared to the inferior weapons of Africans e.g. sticks, arrows, etc.Abushiri lacked a united command since every town fought independentlyThere was lack of unity among fighters e.g. Abushiri was betrayed by a Jumble Magaya of UsagaraThe German army was well trained and well equipped with modern weaponsAbushiri’s fighters lacked determination and the spirit of nationalismAbushiri’s army was not big enough compared to the large force of the GermansWhen Abushiri retreated into the interior, he hired maviti mercenaries who did not know why they were fighting and fought with a low morale

Abushiri going to the interior, his being defeated at the coast made him lose support from the local Arabs/SwahilisThe Germans hired ruthless Zulu, Somali, Nubian and Turkish mercenary troops who defeated AbushiriWhile he retreated into the interior Abushiri was cut off from trade and supply of guns hence his defeatAbushiri lacked a following in the interior hence was easily defeatedSome tribes easily gave in to the Germans while others like the Zigua supported the Germans under their chief Kingo Mkubwa which weakened the resistanceThe rebellion was poorly organized and had poor fighting tactics among the coastal people i.e. direct confrontation/open warfareThe rebellion lacked a national outlook. It was taken to be an Arab revoltThere were many divisions that emerged as the coastal people had different aims of fighting e.g. the Swahilis wanted to gain their independence, they didn’t want either Germans or Zanzibar’s’ dominationThe Arabs were mainly traders who aimed at protecting their economic interests and were not ready to embark on a prolonged war which would ruin their tradeThere was an outbreak of famine due to the scortched earth policy made many fighters to surrenderAbushiri lacked a strong economy to sustain a prolonged war/povertyThe topography or relief at the coast was not conducive i.e. they lacked defensive barriers that could hide them

The Germans were highly determined to crush the coastal uprising at all costsThe Germans used cruel methods to suppress the revolt which greatly instilled fear among fighters e.g. they hanged AbushiriThe peace treaty Abushiri signed with the GEAco was broken by Wissman. Wissman quickly organized war which caught Abushiri unpreparedThe cruelty of the coastal leaders against those who refused to participate in the war denied the revolt supportLack of leadership especially after the defeat of Abushiri greatly stalled the rebellionAbushiri lacked modern communication gadgets/facilities e.g. radio calls

EFFECTS OF THE ABUSHIRI UPRISING

Led to massive loss of lives e.g. AbushiriThere was massive destruction of propertyThe coastal Arabs lost their independence to the GermansSlave trade was finally abolishedLed to famine due to the scotched earth policyChristianity was introduced in TanganyikaThere was poverty, misery and suffering due to disruption of tradeThe coastal Africans and Arabs were defeated Tanganyika became a Germany protectorate in 1891Africans and Arabs were taught a lesson Some Africans collaborated after sending the Germans strength

German oppressive policies were introduced e.g. forced labourThe rebellion later inspired other rebellionsAbushiri Bin Salim was killed at BagamoyoSlave trade was abolished at the coastThe war led to the outbreak of famine due to the scortched earth policyIn conclusion, The effects of the Abushiri rebellion were both positive and negative/ Longterm and Short term

HEHE REBELLION 1890 – 1898

Hehe chief-Mkwawa

This was a rebellion staged up by the Hehe who were living in southern Tanganyika against the Germans. It is also known as chief Mkwawas resistance because he was the learder of the HeheSsome historians have argued that this rebellion was between German,the most powerful military nation in Europe at the time and the Hehe,who were the most powerful military states in East Africa

CAUSES OF THE HEHE REBELLION

Chief Mkwawa wanted to protect the independence of his people which the Germans were proving to erodeMkwawa also wanted to maintain the tax (his source of income) which he levied on caravan traders. The Germans were trying to make him abandon itMkwawa’s aim was also to maintain the Hehe land which the Germans wanted to grabChief Mkwawa had built a strong army which he based on to resist the GermanJust like the Germans, Mkwawa had imperialistic tendencies over his neighbors by taking over their land in order to increase his tribute payin area. His imperialism clashed with the one of the GermansThe Germans used to disrespect Mkwawa by calling him backward and uncivilizedMkwawa wanted to protect his control over the central long distance trade route which the Germans had started claiming. This route connected from the coast to Unyamwezi landThe Germans system of gun down (shooting) Mkwawa’s diplomatic envoy that he had sent to negotiate peace with the Germans made him to fightGermans also condemned African traditional system and labeled them satanic. This made Mkwawa to resistMkwawa expected support from chief Chabruma of the Ngoni and Isike of Tabora thus rebelled against the GermansHehe warriors also assisted some Africans imprisoned by the Germans at Usagara to escape. This caused Germans to attack Mkwawa

German missionaries threatened to abolish slave trade, which was a profitable business to Mkwawa. This led him into resisting the GermansMkwawa’s refusal to go to the coast where the Germans had invited him, instead he sent his messengers which led to resistanceMkwawa’s character also led to the outbreak of the revolt. He was arrogant, big headed and unpredictable/un stable-indeed one of his praise names meant ‘ madness of the year’ Influence from earlier resistances also influenced Mkwawa to revolt e.g. Abushiri

COURSE OF THE HEHE REBELLION

In 1890 Mkwawa closed the trading route between Bagamoyo and Tabora which annoyed the GermansHe then sought alliance with Ngoni chief Chabruna of the Ngoni and Isike of Nyamwezi with intentions of fighting German administrationIn 1891, Mkwawa ambushed a German force of 1000 men near Iringa, killing 290 Germans including their commander and others escaped in shock and disbeliefIn August 1891, the Germans sent military weapons and soldiers to the Hehe so as to make peace with MkwawaIn return, Mkwawa sent representatives to offer presents and make peace with the Germans but the Germans thought Mkwawa’s representatives had come to attack them so they killed all of themIn 1892, Mkwawa attacked a large commercial Caravan belonging to German traders at Mukindala to block German advance into his territoryHe also attacked Kilosa Garrison killing all occupants

To strengthen himself, he built a fort at Kalenga where he could gather his supporters and prepare for warIn October 1894, an expedition led by Gevernor Venschelele and Captain John Von Prince attacked Kalenga but Mkwawa managed to escapeKalenga was occupied by the Germans who later destroyed it and established a German settlement thereMkwawa then attempted to ambush the Germans on their return to the coast but he failedBetween 1894 and 1896, the Hehe engaged in Guerrilla warfare against the GermansIn 1896, the Germans attacked the Hehe againIn 1898, Mkwawa was betrayed by some of his chief to the GermansTo avoid being captured, Mkwawa committed suicideThe Germans then cut-off his head and sent it to a German museum in Berlin where it stayed up to 1954The Germans used the scotched earth policy while Africans used rudimentary weapons such as spears, arrows,sticks,stones,etc

WHY THE REBELLION WAS UNSUCCESSFUL

There was a lot of disunity among the people of Hehe hence their defeatLoss of morale among the fighting forces led to the collapse of the resistance i.e. after Mkwawa’s deathThe existence of traitors / betrayers like the chiefs who betrayed Mkwawa to the Germans

There was lack of effective mobilization and cordination among the fightersThere was also generally lack of sufficient supply of arms i.e. the Hehe didn’t have access to modern weaponsThe Hehe also used poor methods of fighting hence their defeat came so soonThe Hehe had a poor economy that couldn’t sustain a victorious rebellionMkwawa lacked a strong standing army hence he was defeatedThere was lack of leadership among the Hehe especially after Mkwawa was killedThe Germans were so determined and used all possible means to defeat the Hehe so as to control the areaThe Hehe didn’t have enough preparations for war hence were defeated at lastThe outbreak of diseases like typhoid, cholera, etc. also greatly weakened the rebellionThe Germans used intimidation e.g. they cut off Mkwawa’s head which made the Hehe to fear the Germans and thus surrendered easilyThe Germans were militarily superior over the Africans hence defeat was obviousThe Germans used scotched earth policy i.e. destroying everything which scared the fightersOutbreak of famine greatly weakened the Hehe people

EFFECTS OF HEHE REBELLION

The Hehe and their leader Mkwawa were defeated and humiliated in 1898Chief Mkwawa and his soldiers managed to kill 290 GermansThere was terrible loss of lives on both sidesGenerally there was depopulation in the area due to massive loss of livesThere was also destruction of people’s property, villages, food stores and plantationsThe Hehe culture was disorganized as many people ran awayThe African hatred for the Germans greatly increased which bred more future rebellions e.g. Maji-MajiAfricans suffered hunger and starvation after their villages and gardens had been burntDiseases like dysentery and sleeping sickness also spread so muchAfter the war, the Germans became more brutal and cruel to the Africans (Hehe)Germans also learnt that African rebellions shouldn’t be taken for grantedThe Hehe learnt that it was hopeless (futile) to fight the Germany. That is why they didn’t participate in the Maji-Maji rebellionThe Hehe completely lost their independenceThe Hehe also lost control of their trade in IvoryThe Germans captured and destroyed Mkwawa’s city of Kalenge in 1894Mkwawa committed suicide for fear of being captured by the Germans

NANDI REBELLION 1895 – 1906

The Nandi are a Nilotic grop of people who occupy the highland escarpment, west of the Uasin Gishu plateau in Kenya.

The Nandi resistance

CAUSES OF THE NANDI RESISTANCE

The Nandi fought against the whites because they disliked the British interference and so wanted to be independentThe Nandi never wanted the British to cross their land or territoryBecause of their experience in raiding expeditions over their neighboring tribes, Nandi believed in their military superiorityThe Nandi also believed in their cultural superiority over all their neighbors The British arrival with a claim of superiority which violated the Nandi belief/integrity hence the Nandi wanted to chase away the BritishThe Nandi viewed the Europeans as female devils because of their cloth and skin colour, thus had to be expelled instantly

The prophecy of their religious leader Orkoiyot KimnyoleHe prophesied the coming of the iron snake which turned out to be the railway lineThe Nandi resisted being thrown out of their land through which the railway line had to passThe British settlers desire to occupy the same land through a forced peace treaty of KiptureNandi resisted because they were being forced into reserve areas out of their landThe British killing of the Nandi Orkoiyot in a shameful incident forced the Nandi to pick up arms in 1895The British were interfering in the ivory and slave trade of the NandiThe Nandi act of killing a British trader Peter West in 1895 who was a British envoy sparked off warNandi resisted because their neighbors such as Masai and Baluyia had collaboratedThe Nandi rebellion was inspired by other previous rebellions like the Hehe and Abushiri

COURSE OF NANDI REBELLION

Having cowed/ defeated most of their neighbors, the Nandi were in no mood to submit to the white man’s ruleThey would not even let individual Europeans to cross their territoryIn 1895, the Nandi murdered a British trader called Peter West who tried to cross the Nandi territory by force

This event sparked off /began over eleven years of hostility between the Nandi on one side and the British protectorate government on the otherIn response, a British military expedition was sent against the Nandi but failed to defeat themThe Nandi raiding continued and was intensified after 1900 when the railway passed close to their territoryThe Nandi warriors made frequent raids on railway depots to carry off steel wire and other suppliesThe British sent more punitive expeditions against the Nandi, and they resorted to guerilla warfareThough the British burnt down villages and carried off thousands of the Nandi domestic animals, the Nandi as a nation were undefeatedThe Nandi resistance was not broken until October 1905 when the local British commander, colonel Meinertzhagen paid a visit to the Nandi leader, Orkoiyot Koitarel Arap SamoeiWhen Samoei came out to greet his visitors, he and several of his followers were shot deadMeinertzhagen claimed the shooting was done in self-defense but the Nandi have always believed that Samoei’s killing was a cold blooded and treacherous murderWhatever the truth of the matter, the events of the day in October 1905 were the turning point in the conflict between the Nandi and the BritishThe Nandi were moved into a reserve away from the railway line and some of their land was given to European settlers

WHY THE REBELLION TOOK SO LONG

The environmental advantage of a mountainous country with steep, heavily wooded valleys was ideal for guerilla warfare on the side of the NandiThe same environment was unsuitable for the British Maxim gun that they usedThe wet and cold climate caused respiratory infections among the British forces and so weakened themThe Nandi practiced a mixed economy which reduced the effect of crop burning by the British as they lived on their livestockThe mobility of the British expeditions was reduced by the large number of porters who had to carry foodNandi had a highly disciplined and efficient army which had experience of warfare against the Masai and other neighborsThis experience made the Nandi to put up a strong resistance against Sudanese soldiers who were employed by the British to fight themThe Nandi had good military tactics that involved night fightings and ambushes for which the British were unpreparedNandi didn’t have defensive strong points that would have been good targets for British gunsThe Nandi fought in separate companies according to their clans and residences and therefore defeating them was not easyWhile fighting, in case one company was destroyed, the struggle would continue for other companies, hence prolonged war.Nandi manufactured their own weapons i.e. arrows and spears; hence there was constant supply of ammunitions.

Nandi also acquired modern weapons such as guns from the Arabs through trade, which boosted the resistancesNandi didn’t suffer from adversities such as famine, diseases, etc. unlike many other African societiesThe British underestimated the strength of Nandi forces. They at first sent smaller expeditions that the Nandi easily crushedThe Nandi were highly determined to fight and defend their country and independenceThe British lacked geographical knowledge of the area as compared to the Nandi who were well versedThe cutting of communication lines and rails greatly hindered the transport and reinforcement of British troopsThe Nandi had good leaders especially Orkoiyot Koitaled Arap Samoei

WHY THE NANDI RESISTANCE LATER FAILED

Though the Nandi resistance lasted for a long time, it later failed due to the following;The superiority of the British forces i.e. the British were well trained compared to the NandiThe British had considerable man power i.e. they hired Sudanese, Nubian and Zulu mercenaries to assist themThe British had large quantities of superior weapons such as Cannon guns, machine guns, bombs, unlike the Nandi inferior weaponsThe killing of the Nandi leaders Koitalel Arap Samoei greatly demoralized the Nandi hence were defeatedThe poor economy of the Nandi could not sustain a prolonged war

The British were highly determined to crush the NandiThe Nandi lacked support from their neighbors such as the Masai and Luyias who instead collaborated with the BritishThe resistance with the BritishThe resistance was partly weakened by outbreak of natural calamities such as droughtLater, the harsh climate was accompanied by outbreak of famine which weakened the resistanceThe Nandi lacked a united command since each clan or area of residence fought in separate groupsThe Nandi highly depended on superstition rather than science i.e. prophecy of ORKOIYOTNandi lacked a dependable natural defense barrier hence they were direct targets of BritishNandi lacked constant supply of arms such as guns hence mostly depended on inferior weaponsThe British used the scotched earth policy which weakened the NandiThe British were reinforced by Swahilis, Masai, Ganda and Sudanese mercenariesThe Nandi lacked good military tactics since they went forward in mass groupsThe signing of treaties with Europeans led to the defeat of the NandiThe British had with time recognized the need to organize strong expeditionThe long period of resistance (11 years) left the Nandi exhausted

EFFECTS OF NANDI REBELLIONa. Therewas terrible loss of livesonboth sidesb. Therewasdepopulation∈the Nandiareac. The Nandi lost their fertile land ¿ the Britishd. The Nandiwere eventually defeated∧greatly humiliatede. The Britishwere able ¿construct a railway line through the Nandi territoryf. The Nandi power∧pride∈the regionwasweakened by the Britishvictoryg.The Nandieventually lost their independence∧soviereignty since they accepted European rule after defeath. The rebellion led ¿ the deathof theNandi leader Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoeii. Thewhite settlersgreatly increased∈number∈the area after the Nandiwere defeatedj. The Nandicame ¿ realize the supremacy of thewhiteman’ s technologyk. Some of the Nandiwere forced ¿migrate ¿urbanareas ¿ look for employment opportunitiesl. Many Nandiwere converted∧turned intoChristianity after their defeatm.Therewasmassive destructionof property suchas villages , food stores , etc .n. Agriculturewas greatly disrupted leading ¿ famine∈theregiono. The rebellion led ¿wide spread misery∧suffering of theNandi∈their areap. The rebellionalso led ¿anoutbreak of poverty due¿ constant attacksagainst theNandiq.The long period of resistance led ¿loss of land by theNandi whowere pushedinto reserveswere conditionswere very poorr.Thedefeat of the Nandi taught the neighbors a lessonwho collaborated e . g .Luyia ,Masai , etc .s. Forts werebuilt throughout theNandiarea ¿calm theNandit. The Nandi rebellion taught the Britishthat Africanscould put upa strongresistance

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MAJI MAJI REBELLION 1905 – 1907 War in progress

This was the largest uprising against German rule in southern Tanganyika

Maji-Maji was a Swahili word which meant Magic Water given by a medicine man on river Rufigi believed to give protection against any evil (German bullets)The tribes involved in the rebellion included the Pogoro, Gindo, Bena, Ha, Matumbi, and Zaramo while tribes that had been defeated such as the Hehe, Chagga and Nyamwezi didn’t join

CAUSES OF MAJI MAJI REBELLION

Prophet Kinjikitire Ngwale of Ngarambe influenced Africans to rebel i.e. he convinced them about the magic waterThe Germans disrespected African traditional leaders for example they flogged them publicallyGermans also replaced African leaders with harsh Akidas and Jumbes who were Arabs and SwahilisThe Germans entered their mosques with dogs and boots which amounted to arroganceThe Africans in southern Tanganyika also rebelled because the Germans over taxed themCoupled with the above, the Germans used brutal and harsh methods of tax collection i.e. flogged AfricansThe Germans also used Africans in forced labour on communal farms and public projects like roadsThe introduction of the compulsory cotton growing scheme in 1904 which required every home to have a garden of cotton yet the yields were poorThe Germans were also blamed for disrespecting African customs for example the Akidas and Jumbes raped Wangindo women and girlsThe Germans had grabbed the fertile land of the Africans, so they wanted it back/ land allienation

The Germans were so harsh and brutal in their administration which caused discontent because they were so dictatorialAfricans fought the Germans because they wanted to regain their lost independence from GermansThe cotton growers received very low pay for their harvests i.e. 35 cents per annum on averageThe Ngoni wanted to revenge against the Germans for the Boma Massacre of 1897Africans rebelled in opposition for the poor working conditions i.e. worked for very long hours with little or no payment at allThe Germans had given asylum to a boy who had seduced and slept with chief Chabruma’s wife which was very unacceptableThe introduction of Christianity by the German missionaries which interrupted African culture worried Africans hence leading to yhe rebellionThe people of southern Tanganyika were influenced and inspired by the earlier rebellions e.g. Hehe and Abushiri rebellions

COURSE OF THE MAJI MAJI REBELLION

The phrase Maji-Maji was a Kiswahili word that refered to the magic waterIt was an African rebellion that was staged against the German colonial rule in Southern TanganyikaThe rebellion started in the area of matumbi hills on the 31st

July 1905 when the matumbi drove the Akidas and Jumbes from their hillsThe rebellion involved several tribes living in the area such as the Ngindo, Mbunga, Pogoro and the Ngoni

It then spread to the cotton producing/ growing areas around river Rufigi and then to Ulunguru, Mahenge to Kilombero valleyThe Ngindo, Mbunga, Pogoro and the Ngoni were brought together by the traditional religion known as the Kelero or Hongo cultProphet kinjikitire Ngwale encouraged the unity of the people by getting water from river Rufigi and mixed it with sorghum and milletThe mixture was intended to protect the fighters from German bullets as it was believed would make the bodies of the fighters bullet proofKingikitire ensured secrecy by using a secret method of communication or whisper called JujilaThe German plantations, missions administration, bomas/admnistative centres and Swahili shops were attackedThe African fighters used surprise attacks when they invaded the German headquarters and forts of Mahenge, Kilosa, Iringa and SongeaThey also attacked the Mahenge fort with the aim of dragging away machine guns but failed with heavy causalitiesOn the 2nd August 1905, the coastal town of Samanga was burnt and the people especially government employees were killedIn September 1905, the Bena joined the rebellion but were surrounded and killed by the GermansThe Germans got reinforcement from the Zulu, Sudanese and Swahili mercinaries to give them a handThe German reinforcement was placed under major Von Wissman

Africans then resorted to guerrilla warfare after the defeat of the NgoniAfricans were armed with the magic water, spears, clubs, stones and arrowsOn the other side, the Germans used the scorched earth policy which involved destroying everything like houses and plantationsThey therefore destroyed the strength of the Africans through burning their houses, farmland among othersHowever, the magic water did not work and many Africans were killed In 1906, some of the rebellion leaders were captured by the Germans and hanged to deathThe Africans were finally defeated by the Germans in 1907.

EFFECTS OF THE REBELLION

Many Africans lost their lives whereby about 75,000 to 125,000 Africans died durng the rebellionAs a result of the rebellion, Africans were defeated by the GermansDue to scotched earth policy, crops were destroyed leading to famine known as Fuga FugaAfricans stopped violence and tried other peaceful means to regain independenceThe Germans learnt a lesson and changed their methods of administrationThe Germans equally stopped taking Africans for granted

Africans were encouraged to grow cash crops on their ownCorporal punishments were stopped and the white settler’s demand for forced labour were controlledAfrican education was introduced where it lacked and also improved were it was in existenceWhite settlers who mistreated Africans could also be punishedAfricans lost trust and confidence in their traditional rulersAfricans lost confidence in traditional beliefsMany Africans joined foreign religions i.e. Islam and ChristianityThere was economic decline in southern Tanganyika e.g. trade and agricultureAfrican collaborators were greatly rewarded by the GermansThere was terrible destruction of property such as villages, food stores, etc.Tanganyika was divided into districts and the rebellious areas were put under direct military rule e.g. Mahenge and IringaThe rebellion became a source of inspiration to later nationalists such as Julius Kambarage NyerereREASONS WHY THE AFRICANS WERE DEFEATED BY THE

GERMANS

Kinjikitile’s false propaganda of the magic water which did not provide immunity against the German bullets as promised before hence defeatedThe Africans were armed with poor of traditional or rudimentary weapons such as spears, arrows and stones yet the Germans used modern weapons such as the maxim guns, rifles among others

The poor organization of Africans because Africans did not make enough preparations for the war hence were defeatedThere was no military training carried out to prepare the fighters for the war hence were easily defeatedThere was lack of unity among the various tribes of southern Tanganyika in fighting therefore they were defeatedSome tribes did not join, that’s to say the Hehe, Chagga and Nyamwezi did not join the rebellion hence weakening the fightersThe African fighters lacked a unified or centralized command as they had more than one leaderThe German system of the scorched earth policy that was used by the Germans left the food stores and gardens destroyed hence an outbreak of famineThis forced the Africans to surrender to the Germans in 1907 hence were defeatedThe Maji-Maji fighters lacked persistence that’s to say some tribes pulled out leaving the other fighters to suffer aloneThe Germans received reinforcement from the Germans in form of arms and troops The Germans were helped by the Zulu, Sudanese and Somali mercenariesThe slave trade had taken away the energetic men and left only the weak ones that could not fight the GermansThe African economies were too weak to sustain a prolonged war against the Germans because they were generally poorThe Germans were strongly determined to take over Tanganyika hence used all means to win the Africans

The death of the African leaders made the rebellion to lose continuity such as Kingikitile Ngwale, Abdullah Mpanda and Mputa GamaThe Africans resorted to the guerrilla warfare/hit and run hence giving up direct warfare that led to their defeatAfricans were defeated because they lacked communication since Kinjikitile was far away in NgarambeThe people of Southern Tanganyika had poor fighting methods as compared to the good German methodsThe factors for the defeat of Africans by the Germans were social, political and economic/ internal and external

THE MAU MAU REBELLION 1948 – 1960

This was an African revolt against the colonial rule in KenyaMau-Mau was an African rebellion meaning Mzungu Ayende Ulaya Mwafrika Apate Uhuru meaning let the white man go back to Europe that the Africans regain independence

CAUSES OF MAU MAU REBELLION

The kikuyu were mainly fighting for political independence to be free from foreign ruleThe Africans were resisting the loss of their land to white settlers especially the Kenyan highlandsAfricans were fighting because they were resisting the policy of being pushed into reserves/ camps were conditions were unfavorable

Africans faced and experienced overstocking, over population, congestion, etc. in the reservesAfricans were fighting because they hated the policy of racial segregation in jobs, residential areas, education institutions, etc.Africans were absolutely poor while the whites and Asians were rich because they monopolized tradeThe Kikuyu further fought because they were tired of forced labour on the whitemans’ plantionsAfricans joined the Mau Mau rebellion because they were given low wages or no wages at allAfricans fought because they were restricted from growing cash crops on the pretext that this would lower the quality of productsThe reluctance of the British to effect constitutional reforms in Kenya led to the Mau Mau rebellionSome extremists in K.A.U were dissatisfied by K.A.U which wanted peaceful means of achieving independenceIn 1946, K.A.U extremists and ex-soldiers formed Kenya land freedom army which came to be known as Mau MauThe returning of the world war II ex-service men/veterans who returned with new ideas and grievances for independence e.g. Waruhiu Itote, Bildad Kaggai, Paul Ngei. Africans rebelled because of their belief in traditional religion and cultureMau Mau rebelled because Africans hated restricted movement by the use of Kipande policyAfricans disliked continued domination of the government by whites i.e. Africans were not fairly represented in politics

Lack of direct African representation in the Legco persuaded Africans to rebelAfricans rebelled because they resented the imposition of high taxes on them/over taxationAfricans rebelled because of their grievances like lack of jobs for the educated AfricansAfricans further hated the massive arrests, detention and ruthlessness of the British against themThe whites didn’t respect the African chiefs and culture and therefore Africans rebelledThe death and reduction in the number of cattle greatly annoyed AfricansAfricans greatly hated the introduction of Christianity which opposed female circumcision that was much cherished by the KikuyuAfricans/Kikuyu were greatly encouraged by earlier resistances such as the Nandi and Maji Maji, AbushiriThe increased growth and development of African nationalism led to the Mau Mau rebellionThe influence of the Egyptian revolution of 1952 greatly encouraged the Mau Mau rebellion i.e. extended moral and material support to the Mau Mau fightersInfluence of strong nationalists/elites who mobilized fellow Africans e.g. Jomo Kenyatta, Bildad Kaggia, Paul NgeiThe grievances over idle land led to the Mau Mau rebellion i.e. white settlers owned large pieces of land which was idle and unused. This brewed feelings of security amongst the landless Africans

EFFECTS OF THE REBELLION

Both Africans and Europeans lost their lives which caused depopulationAbout 13,000 Africans and 58 Europeans died during the course of the rebellionIn October 1952, the British colonial government declared a state of emergence in KenyaMany Kikuyu, Akamba, Meru were forced into reserves and detention campsA number of political leaders were arrested such as Jomo KinyattaA number of military leaders were arrested e.g. Kimathi, Itote, Tom Mboya, etc.A number of Mau Mau supporters throughout Kenya were arrested in April 1954There was an outbreak of famine that struck KenyaClans and families were disintegrated due to either being loyal or disloyalPrisoners greatly suffered harsh treatment and bad living conditionsThe Mau Mau rebellion cost 50,000 pounds to both Kenya and BritainMany Europeans started opposing colonialism and criticized Britain and the white settlersSettlers were forced to give up their ideas of turning Kenya into a white man’s countryThe Kenyan road to independence was greatly accelerated that resulted into independence in 1963

The British government came to good terms immediately with Africans and white settlersKenyatta and many other leaders of the Mau Mau were released later to participate in governmentThe Africans interests gained supremacy over Asian and white settlersThe Mau Mau rebellion led to the exodus of many whites to South AfricaMassive properties were destroyed during the rebellionThe Mau Mau rebellion led to decline in Kenyan economyThe rebellion created a lot of insecurity in the regionIn 1956, five (5) Africans were allowed to sit on the Legco. Their number was later increased to 14 in 1958Political parties were allowed to operate e.g. K.A.U which strengthened nationalism

(a) CHIEF AWICH OF PAYIIRAa. Chief Awich was the chief (Rwot) of Payiira in Acholi.b. Awich came to power in 1880’s after the death of his beloved

father Rwot Can moo.c. Chief Awich was one of the greatest resistors, who resisted the

British rule.d. Chief Awich carried constant attacks against the British

Commissioner at Nimule in Southern Sudan.e. He gave asylum (refuge) to Kabalega as the British were

hunting for him which intensified British hostility to him.

f. It was chief Awich of Payiira who refused to endorse (sign) any treaty of co-operation in Acholi land whereas other Acholi chiefs had done so in l892.

g. Awich assisted Kabalega’s soldiers against the British which made the British to force him to expel the soldiers of Kabalega, but he refused.

h. The British attacked him in 1901 under the command of Harman. He was defeated and imprisoned in Kololo in Kampala.

i. As he was kept under lock, his people greatly revolted and claimed for his release, especially because the British had practically failed to establish effective rule in their area.

j. Before April 1902, chief Awich was returned to lead his people of payiira.

k. Whereas, the British through Colonel Macdonald made threats to chief Awich of Payiira to refrain from resisting the British, the chief refused.

l. In 1912, the British alleged that chief Awich had kept several guns from Arab traders, when the British insisted that the Acholi in his areas should register their guns, Awich refused the demand.

m. Chief Awich inspired his people into a rebellion against the British known as the Lamogi rebellion.

n. Upon all the above activities chief Awich was charged again at Nimule. While the court proceeded or was going on, it is said that chief Awich lost his temper and only reacted by slapping, other writers say by boxing the British prosecutor Sollven.

o. Chief Awich was again imprisoned in Kololo, given a fine of a number of heads of cattle and ivory

p. Unfortunately chief Awich died in 1920s having tried tooth and nail or in vain to resist the British rule in Acholiland.

b) KABAKA MWANGA (1866-a. Mwanga was born, in 1866 and he came to power when still a

youth of only 18 years.b. Kabaka Mwanga came to power in 1884 after the death of his

father Mutesa I. c. Mwanga inherited the throne when there were different

religious groups, that is to say the Catholics, Protestants, African traditionalists and Muslims.

d. Mwanga under the influence of traditionalists was totally against Europeans.

e. Mwanga tried to maintain his authority by killing three Christian converts in 1885.

f. In 1885 still, Mwanga ordered for the killing of Bishop Hannington who was approaching his Kingdom from the Eastern direction, yet the soothsayer had predicted that whoever would be approaching his Kingdom from that direction would be the one to overthrow him.

g. Mwanga’s hardened heart character had been partly a result of Mwanga reigning (ruling) at a time of real troubles in Buganda.

h. The poor man ruled when there were serious religious factions in his Kingdom.

i. Bunyoro his neigbouring state was growing from strength to strength each and everyday.

j. The European powers were increasing their hold all over E. African territories.

k. Mwanga’s anger with the Christians was still exemplified by his act of killing 30 Christians at Namugongo for refusing to denounce Christianity.

l. In September 1888, Mwanga was deposed by combined Muslim, Catholic, Protestant forces and replaced by his brother Kiwewa.

m. In October 1889 Mwanga regained the throne after deposing Kiweewa with the Moslem supporters.

n. Mwanga emphasized traditional laws against British law which greatly up-set Frederick. Lugard.

o. Mwanga managed to overcome the struggle of the WaFransa- Wangereza Wars (religious wars in Uganda).

p. In 1897, Mwanga staged a rebellion against Lugard and after failing, he fled to Tanganyika.

q. He had joined with chief Awich to fight against British in Northern Uganda.

r. Still Mwanga joined hands with Kabalega in Northern Uganda, Lango at a place called Kangai to fight the British.

s. Mwanga and Kabalega were captured by Semei Kakungulu who handed them over to the British.

t. Mwanga was exiled in Seychelles Island.

a)CHIEF MKWAWAa. Mkwawa was the leader of Hehe Society. b. He came to power in 1878 after succeeding his father

Mungyigumba.c. Mkwawa led one of the greatest resistances against German

authority during the 19th century.d. Mkwawa had his own problem with the Germans, that is to say

the Germans had wanted to depose him; they were not at all comfortable with Mkwawa’s prosperity from trade.

e. It was therefore the above factors and others that forced Mkwawa to rebel against the Germans.

f. In June 1891, a German force of more than one hundred troops advanced from Kilwa to attack Mkwawa.

g. M kwawa, the Hehe chief was ready for them, but still hoping that war could be avoided, he sent un armed men with presents to meet the visitors and assure them of his friendly intentions

h. The Germans instead completely frustrated Mkwawa only by opening up fire against them and several of Mkwawa’s men were killed.

i. Mkwawa’s hope for peace was surely got eliminated. j. Mkwawa was too quick to ask his soldiers to attack with a lot of

rapidity or speed; the German invaders including their leader “Zewlesky” were completely damaged.

k. The German garrison at Kilosa was attacked and all its occupants were killed.

l. A fresh German expedition led by Von Prince attacked Mkwawa’s fort at Kalenga and captured it in 1804 after fierce resistance.

m. At this very stage, Mkwawa escaped and resorted to prolonged guerrilla warfare that ended in 1898.

n. The German from 1898 on wards tried hard to crack down Mkwawa, seeing that life had become so precarious (risky and dangerous), Mkwawa committed suicide.

o. The Germans still got his dead body, cut off the head and took it to Germany only to return in 1954 after his people had made a lot of noise.

p. His death marked the end of the Hehe resistance.q. No doubt, Mkwawa was a great resistor in the eyes of German

invaders, and he will remain in the history of East Africa for quite along period.

b)CHIEF ABUSHIRIa. Chief Abushiri was a leader of the Arab coastal resistance to

the German and British Colonisation in East Africa.b. Chief Abushiri was born in 1845 to an Arab Father and from a

Galla mother. c. He was a descendant of one the first Arab settlers on the coast

of East Africa and a member of a group who had come to regard themselves as local people.

d. Like many others, he opposed the influence of the Sultanate of Zanzibar on the coast and even advocate for independence.

e. As a young man, Abushiri had organised expeditions into the interior of East Africa to trade in ivory.

f. From the profits he made out of trade, he bought himself a farm and planted sugarcane.

g. He was also engaged in a campaign against the Nyamwezi which enabled him to assemble warriors who were later to be used against the Germans.

h. Under Abushiri’s 1eadership the coastal people fired on a German warship at Tanga in September 1888 and gave the Germans two days to leave the coast, they later attacked Kilwa and killed two Germans there.

i. But the Germans who termed this, the Arab revolt sent out Hermann Von Wissman, who reached Zanzibar in April 1889, attacked Abushiri in his fortress near Bagamoyo and drove him out.

j. Abushiri escaped northwards to Uzigua where he was betrayed and handed over to the Germans who hanged him at Pangani on 15th December 1889.

k. The coastal resistance finally collapsed when Kilwa was bombarded and taken by the Germans in May 1890.

c) OMUKAMA KABALEGA OF BUNYOROa. Kabalega was born in 1850 to Omukama Kyebambe Kamurasi

IV who reigned from 1852-1869. Kabalega’s mother was called Nyamitaligwa.

b. Kabalega spent his early life in Bulega with his mother when his father was deposed briefly.

c. When in Bulega, he was referred to as “Akana ka Bulega” meaning “the stubborn child from Bulega” because of his doggedness, hence the name Kabalega.

d. It was life in Bulega that shaped kabalega’s character and made him developed love for his people.

e. In 1870 Kabalega rose to power after defeating his brother Katigumire in a succession struggle when their father died in 1869.

f. He faced problem from the European imperialists, for example in 1872 Sir Samuel Baker fought Kabalega in a battle of Isasha in Mubende but Baker’s forces were defeated.

g. Lugard also made several attacks on Kabalega in 1891 but never succeeded.

h. In 1894, colonel Colville was sent to defeat Bunyoro.i. Kabalega was therefore forced to fight war of resistance

against the British because of such attacks. The causes of Kabalega’s resistance:

a. The need to protect his kingdom’s freedom.b. Kabalega had adopted the character of his father who was

naturally a fighter.c. Besides he had just organised his army and conquered a

number of areas like Buddu. There was need to protect those changes.

d. The experience Kabalega underwent when he saw his father being overthrown made him to re-organize himself to take over Bunyoro leadership.

e. Kabalega believed so much in his army, the Barusura.

f. Kabalega had heard about the dangers of the whiteman, for example they had led to Buganda’s loss of independence, taken over trade, land and abused their culture. Kabalega therefore could not accept the same in his Kingdom.

g. Bunyoro’s enemies Tooro and Buganda had collaborated with the British, hence need to crush them.

h. Kabalega fought the British because he wanted to protect loss of his resources like minerals, land among others.

i. Bunyoro was feared all over the great lakes region as a super power, hence there was need to protect this pride.

j. The Banyoro were united and it was easy to organise for war.k. Bunyoro had fought very many wars. The wide experience in

war therefore assisted her to resist the whites.l. They were encouraged by the defeat of Samuel Baker at the

Isasha battle in Mubende.

THE COURSE OF KABALEGA RESISTANCEa. Sir Samuel Baker had signed an agreement with Kabalega in

which Baker promised to protect Bunyoro against her enemies.b. Kabalega later realized how dangerous the whiteman could be

and he decided to fight Baker.c. Baker brought his Egyptian forces against Kabalega and they

were defeated at Isansha in Mubende.d. Kabalega attacked and captured Tooro under Kasagama in

1890 because he believed that he was collaborating with the British, his enemies.

e. Lugard later organised a large force against Kabalega and defeated him. He then built a number of Forts on the boarders between Tooro and Bunyoro to prevent any further attacks on Tooro by Kabalega.

f. Kabalega then signed a peace agreement with the British but it was short lived because he later attacked Tooro.

g. In 1894, combined forces of British, Sudanese and Buganda soldiers under colonel Colville were sent to Bunyoro to crush Kabalega’s resistance.

h. He was overpowered and later hid in Budongo forest where he employed guerilla warfare (hit and run military tactics) between 1893 and 1897.

i. Kabalega was later smoked out of Budongo forest by Colville’s forces.

j. Apparently Kabalega escaped to Lango where he took refuge at a place called Kangai in Dokolo. He was joined by his counter part Mwanga of Buganda kingdom that was also experiencing similar problems.

k. In 1879 a group of soldiers under the commander of Semei Kakungulu, a collaborator was sent to capture him.

l. Kabalega and Mwanga were captured at Kangai and exiled in the Seychelles Island in the Indian Ocean Island.

m. Kabalega was later returned at the age of 73 years when he could not resist but he died on his way to Bunyoro at Busoga.

EFFECTS OF BUNYORO RESISTANCE

a. Bunyoro kingdom lost the resistance to the British and a result lost her independence.

b. Kabalega therefore was exiled in the Seychelles Island after his defeat.

c. Peace returned to Bunyoro’s neighbours like Tooro and Buganda.

d. There was loss of independence of Bunyoro under Kabalega.e. There was massive loss of lives of the Banyoro.f. Property too was destroyed.g. Bunyoro was then ruled with the assistance of Buganda agents.h. There arose hatred and enmity between Buganda and Bunyoro

because Buganda assisted the British to have Bunyoro defeated.

i. When Kabalega died Bunyoro lacked a leader and that marked the end of Bunyoro’s resistance.

j. The Banyoro learnt a lesson that the British were stronger in all aspects and that force will never wind back their independence.

k. The chiefs who rallied behind their leader Kabalega were arrested and jailed.

l. The Bunyoro resistance laid a foundation for other rebellions in Bunyoro like the Nyangire rebellion.

m. Forced cotton growing was introduced in Bunyoro after cotton was grown.

n. The people in Bunyoro lived in fear and panic.