NA2067BS_NepaliBrihatShabdakosh.pdf

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ISBN No.: 978-99933-71-10-6 d'b|s

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g]kfnL efiff hLjGt efiff xf] . of] efiff hftLo hLjgleq x's{+b} cfPsf] xf] / x's{Fb} 5 . o;df cfkm}leqaf6 ljsl;t x'g] / efiffGt/sf zAbnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug]{ zlQm 5 . oxL g} o;sf] hLjGttfsf] lrXg xf] . sf]zsf/sf] lglDt o;sf af]nLrfnLaf6, nf]s;flxToaf6, lnlvt jf\doaf6, efiffGt/af6 zAb;\sng ug]{ s}of}F kmfF6 kfOG5g\ . sf]zsf/n] zAbnfO{ To;/L ;\sng u5{ h;/L r/fn] ar/fnfO{ v'jfpg] rf/f r'G5 . To;df tf]/Lsf u]8f klg x'G5g\ / afn'jfsf s0f klg x'G5g\ t/ ToxfF ljif jlh{t x'G5 . xfdLn] kfPhlt zAb ;f]xf]/]/ ;fWo 5}g, kRg]hlt dfq r'g]/ efiffsf] kf]if0f ug'{k5{ . jQmf / >f]tfsf j:t' / efjsf laDax kl/l:ylt / dgMl:yltcg';f/ k|ltkn clnslt eP klg leGg} x'G5g\ . ltgsf] lglDt dg'ion] slt g} zAbsf] lj:tf/ ug{ ;S5 / < gofF zAbsf] k|flKt gf} c\skl5 z"Gosf] k|flKth:t} x'gk5{ clg cfjZostf x]/L To:t} c zAbsf] ;fy k|:tf/ ug{ kfOG5 . s'g} hfltsf] efiffdf Gofo zAbsf] gofF k|ljli6af6 Tof] hfltleq} eO/x]sf] d"s efjgfn] jf0fL kfpF5, To;}sf] dfWodaf6 hLjgdf To; efjgfn] lj:tf/ kfpF5 . h'g efiffdf hlt g} a9L zAb kfOG5g\, Tof] efiff Tolt g} ;d[4 dflgG5 . t/ o;eGbf klg dxjk"0f{ s'/f s] 5 eg] h'g efiffsf zAbdf hlt a9L cleJolQmIfdtf kfOG5, Tof] efiff Tolt g} ;d[4 x'G5 . ;+:s[th:tf] ;d[4 efiffdf klg Pp6} of]u zAbnfO{ ci6f\uof]u, ul0ft, kmlnt Hof]ltif / cfo'j]{bn] cfcfgf kl/efiff lbP/ k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfnL efiffn] zLtn zAbnfO{ gb'vfpg] cy{df klg k|of]u u/]sf] 5 / g} skfn kmfNbf of 3fp lgrf]bf{ xfdL zLtn xftnfO{ dg k/fpF5f}F . cfdfnfO{ cfdf eGbfv]l/ hlt cfTdLotfsf] af]w x'G5, dftf eGbfv]l/ Tolt x'Fb}g . t/ zAbsf]zdf of] cGt/ 5'fpg] s'g} pkfo 5}g . xfdLnfO{ xfd|} :yfgLo af]nLsf] ;f]N6L slt /fd|f] nfU5, ;fdflhs ;DaGwsf] olt ;\lIfKt ;'Gb/ cleJolQm cGt sxfF kfOG5 / lx;L zAbsf] ;f}Gbo{ / ;'s'df/Lkgn] efiffs} cg'xf/ lx;L k/]sf] b]V5f}F . k};f]df h'g gu0otf / If'b|tf cflb efjsf] Jo~hgf 5, s] ToxL g} efj k't{ufnLdf kfOPnf < xfdLn] gfaflnunfO{ gfafnv agfP/ s'g} cGofo ul//x]sf 5}gf}F . xfdLsxfF h'g zAb 5}gg\, ltgnfO{ efiffGt/af6 glng] xf] eg] xfdL cGo hfltn] pknAw u/]sf lzNk / 1fgaf6 jl~rt x'G5f}F / cfhsf] k|ljlw / lj1fgnfO{ ljZjaf6 bf]xg ug{ klg ;Qm}gf}F . t/ cGo efiffsf zAb lnFbf 5f]/f] a]r]/ sdf/f] lsGg] h:tf] ug]{ xf]Og, 5f]/fsf] lglDt l;kfn' / ;'zLn a'xf/L laxf ul/lbg] h:tf] ug'{k5{ clg dfq p;sf c;n u'0fx u'8 kfgLdf lanfPh:t} xfdLsxfF ljnLg x'G5g\ . xfdLn] kmf/;Laf6 afat zAb lnof}F / afktL zAb agfof}F . To;}af6 cf/f]k nfUg'sf] cy{df aft nfUg' jfSof+z agfof}F . oxfFsf] aft zAb jftf{af6 cfPsf] cg'dfg ug]{ xf] eg] sgLs'yL nIofy{ dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . zAbsf]zsf] d'Vo sfd t clew]ofy{ lbg' g} xf] . ljZjs} klxnf] zAbsf]z dflgg] lg306'df zAbsf] lgj{rg ubf{ lg?Stsf/ of:s zAbsf] clew]ofy{ g} lbG5g\ . olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg sf]zsf/n] s'g} zAbsf] clew]ofy{sf] ;fy} nIofy{ klg lbg'k5{ g} . j:t'sf] gfdaf6 To;sf u'0f, wd{ / :jefjsf leGgfleGg} laDa aGg klg hfG5g\ . Pp6} kfgL zAbaf6 sflGtsf] t/ntf, xL/fsf] lgem{/t'No cfef, 3f]8fsf] t]h, k'?ifsf] kf}?ifj[lQ cflb a'lemG5g\ . k/Gt' zAbsf] o:tf] cy{ ToxLF dfq v'N5, hxfF To;n] ;df;, jfSof+z of jfSosf] k|of]u / k|;\u kfpF5 . d"nsf] kfgL, s'nsL 5f]/L h:tf jfSodf sGofsf] s'nsf] / zLnsf] z'4tf kfgL zAbaf6} Jol~ht x'G5 . of] dfof aUg] kfgL xf] h:tf] jfSodf dfof lg/jlR5Gg nflu/xg', :jLsf/ geP To;} v]/ hfg' cflb cg]s cy{ Wjlgt x'G5g\ . o:tf cy{ lbg yfNof] eg] zAbsf]z t 6Lsfsf]z aGg hfG5 oBlk Tof] Wjlgsf] cg'/0fg ToxL s]Gb|Lo zAbaf6 g} lg:s]sf] x'G5 . t/ s'g} zAbsf] k|l;4 nIofy{nfO{ glbg] xf] eg] hghLjgdf ;d]t lelh;s]sf] efiffsf] ;f}Gbo{ / ;/;tf g} To;} lal;{P/ hfg ;S5 . sxLF t sf]zsf/n] nIofy{nfO{ glnO{ ;'v} 5}g . htf dNs", Tot} 9Ns"df dNs"sf] d'Vofy{ gf\nf] 9NsfP/ s]nfOg]

gg


14

ds}sf v;|f rfdn eGg] g} yfxf 5}g / dg k/]sL k|]ldsf eGg] nIofy{ rflxF k|rlnt 5 . h;/L j[lQe]bn] Ps} zAbsf ljleGg cy{ nfU5g\, To;/L g} x[bosf] efj a'emfpg] ljleGg zAbsf] sl/asl/a cleGg cy{ nfU5 . k|]dL / k|]ldsf dfof klg u5{g\, k|Llt klg u5{g\ / k/:k/ dfofk|Llt klg u5{g\ . xfdLnfO{ dfof ;a}sf] nfU5, t/ dfof lk|odf dfq a:5 . pxL dfof ubf{, nfUbf / a:tf slt ;"Id aGb} hfG5 dfof gu/] klg bof t u/ eg]/ dfof / bofnfO{ leGg} 7fG5f}F t/ ar/fsf] rNnf s'lNrP/ dg{ nfu]sf] b]Vbf xfdLnfO{ dfof nfU5 . hLjGt efiff ;xh kn] :k'ml/t x'G5, To;df efjx lgem{/df aUg] OGb|]gLsf n'sf{em}F slxn] 5'lP/, slxn] hf]lN6P/ lgl:s/xG5g\ . xfdLn] o;} efiffdf dfof nufof}F / Ps} zAbnfO{ klg lnP/ lbgel/ efjgfdf k|jflxt eof}F . xfdLn] o;}df ;kgf b]Vof}F / ;';]nLdf o;}sf] efsf cnfKof}F . dg'iox cfgf cGt/tddf stfstf Wjlg / laDanfO{ cleGg kdf cg'ej u5{g\, clg k eGg]sf] dgdf gfd aG5 / gfd ;'Gg]sf] dgdf k aG5 . xfdL zAb / cy{nfO{ k/:k/ ;Dk[Qm lzj / kfj{tL dfGb5f}F, h;af6 dg'iosf] dfg;ljZjsf] lg/Gt/ cleJolQm eO/xG5 .

g]kfnL efiff n]Vo kdf b]vf kg{ yfn]sf] Ps xhf/ jif{ eof] . o;df ;aeGbf klxn] ;flxTo, To;kl5 Jofs/0f / To;kl5 dfq sf]zsf] lgdf{0f eof] . cfheGbf sl/a cfwf ztfAbLcl3 6g{/sf] g]kfnL sf]z k|sflzt eof], h;sf] cy{ c\u|]hLdf 5 . To;kl5 g]kfnLd} cy{ ePsf] g]kfnL sf]z rflxF g]kfnL efiffk|sflzgL ;ldltsf] zAbsf]z xf] . ;ldltsf] sf]z rlGb|sf Jofs/0f;Ddt jt{gLdf cfw[t 5 eg] 6g{/sf] sf]zrflxF sYo g]kfnLsf] jt{gLsf] glhsdf 5 . xfd|f] ;flxTon] ;ldlts} jt{gL -lxHh]_sf] cg';/0f uof] . n]Vo efiffdf To;}sf] Jofks k|efj kof] . o;/L g]kfnL zAbsf] :jknfO{ To; j]nf Jofs/0f, sf]z / ;flxTon] ;lDdlnt kdf l:y/ u/] . clw/fHoel/ / clw/fHoaflx/ hxfF n]v] klg zAbnfO{ ToxL kdf n]lvg' / To;sf] ToxL cy{ a'lemg' efiffsf] lglDt Ps 7"nf] pknlAw xf] . oBlk hLljt efiffnfO{ sf]z / Jofs/0fn] hsl8/fVg ;Qm}gg\ / ;docg';f/ To;sf zAb / cy{df kl/jt{g x'Fb} cfpg' hLjGttfsf] nIf0f xf] t/ Tof] kl/jt{g klg ;j{u|fXo x'g ;s] dfq pknlAw 7xl/g hfG5 . jf:tjdf zAbsf] cy{ eGg' ;\s]t xf], jt{gL eGg' afgL g} xf] . t/ Psb'O{ hgfn] ;\s]t ub}{df zAbdf zlQm :k'ml/t x'Fb}g / Psb'O{ hgfsf] afgL a:t}df To;nfO{ ;a}n] :jLsf/ ub}{gg\ . ;ldlts} sf]zsf] k/Dk/fdf afnrGb| zdf{sf] g]kfnL zAbsf]z k|1fk|lti7fgaf6 aL; jif{cl3 k|sflzt ePsf] xf] . cfh 6g{/, ;ldlt / zdf{sf] uf}/jdo k/Dk/fdf b'O{ kfOnf cl3 ;fb}{ of] g]kfnL a[xt\ zAbsf]z cfPsf] 5 . @)## ;fndf tTsfnLg pks'nklt >L n}gl;+x af\ub]n -jt{dfg s'nklt_sf] cWoIftfdf zAbsf]z;ldltsf] u7g ePsf] lyof] / To;}sf] k/fdz{df @% k|ltzt sfo{ ;DkGg eO;s]sf] lyof] . @)#^ ;fndf jt{dfg pks'nkltsf] cWoIftfdf s]xL kl/jt{g;fy sf]z;ldltsf] u7g eof] / To;sf] k/fdz{cg';f/ ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{ cufl8 a9f] . xfdLn] ;Dkfbgsfo{df efifflj1, sf]zlgdf{0flzNksf lzNkL / ljljw ljifosf ljz]if1xsf] clwsflws ;\Vofdf ;xeflutf k|fKt uof}+ . o;df a9L ;\Vof lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofksxs} 5 / o;af6 zAb:jk / ltgsf] cy{df k|1fk|lti7fg / lq)lj)lj)aLr ;dGjo /xg]5 eGg] xfdLn] cfzf /fv]sf 5f}F . o; sf]zdf zAbsf] cy{sf] lglDt kof{ojfrL zAbsf] ;fy} oyf;Dej kfl/eflifs cy{ lbg] k|oTg ePsf] 5 . hxfF p:t}p:t} cy{ a'emfpg] zAbdf ;"Id e]b 5, hxfF Ps} zAbsf ljleGg ljifocGtu{t cg]s cy{ 5g\, hxfF ;Eotfsf] ljsf;n] ubf{ k|frLg zAbsf] cy{ lj:d[t eO;s]sf] 5, hxfF :y"n cy{ lbg] pxL zAbn] ;"Id cy{ lbPsf] 5, To:tf :yndf xfdLn] pbfx/0f;lxt cy{ v'nfpg] pkfo u/]sf 5f}F . nf]s;flxTo / ;"lQmdf sltko zAb d'Vofy{df eGbf nIofy{df k|rlnt x'G5g\, To:tf zAbsf] lglDt nf]shLjgdf leh]sf pvfg6'Ssf / ljlzi6 jfSof+z klg lbPsf 5f}F . k|ljlw / lj1fg cflb ljifosf nf]k x'Fb} uPsf, k|rlnt eO/x]sf / gofF k|rngdf cfO/x]sf s]xL kfl/eflifs zAbnfO{ klg ;dfj]z u/]sf 5f}F .

/fi6gfos >L % dxf/fhflw/fh ;/sf/af6 g]kfnL efiff / jf\dosf] ljsf;df /flvaS;]sf] uxg ?lr / c;Ld lgufxfsf] kmn:jk g} of] g]kfnL a[xt\ zAbsf]z k|sflzt x'g ;s]sf]df df};'km ;/sf/;dIf ;elQm s[t1tf laGtL r9fpF5f}F . ;/sf/af6 s[kfk"0f{ ;Gb]z aS;]/ sf]z;Dkfbgsfo{df ;+nUg xfdL ;a}nfO{

gg

15

s[tfy{ kfl/aS;]sf] 5 . o; ;Gb]zdf lglxt kljq efjgfnfO{ xfdLn] /fi6efiffsf] clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{df cem pT;fxn] ;+nUg /xgsf] lglDt k|]/0ffk|b cfzLjf{b ;Dem]sf 5f}F .

>L % sf] ;/sf/n] zAbsf]z k|sfzg ug{ / o;sf] cfoaf6 zAbsf]zkl/qmdflglw :yfkgf ug{ pbf/tf;fy Psd'i6 /sd k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] lglDt >L % sf] ;/sf/k|lt ljz]if wGojfb 1fkg ug{ rfxG5f}F .

zAbsf]z;ldltsf ;xof]uL ljfg\xaf6 xfdLnfO{ cd"No k/fdz{ k|fKt ePsf] 5 . vf; u/L, kfl/eflifs cy{n]vgsf] lglDt cfwf/e"t gd'gf tof/ kfg]{, zAbsf j}slNks k s'g cfwf/df slt lbg], ;Dkfbg eO;s]kl5 clGtd k lbg] h:tf sfo{df pxfFxaf6 xfdLn] 7"nf] ;xof]u kfof}F . o;} u/L xfd|f ;xof]uL ljfg\xn] vf;vf; ljifosf k|foM c1ft jf lj:d[t eO{sg klg pkof]uL s]xL zAbxsf] ;\sng / kfl/eflifs cy{n]vgdf ?lr;fy ;xof]u lbg'eof] . o;sf] lglDt ljfg\ dxfg'efjnfO{ xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg ub{5' . k|:t't sf]zsf] tof/Lsf] qmddf s]xL zAbsf] cy{n]vgdf ;xof]u lbg'x'g] k|fWofksx ;j{>L 3gZofd sF8]n, 8f) bof/fd >]i7, g/]Gb| rfkfufO{+ / /fh]Gb| ;'j]bLnfO{ klg wGojfb glbO{ /xg ;lsGg .

lgb]{zs ;Dkfbs, xfd|f efifftkm{sf ;b:o, k|fWofks afns[i0f kf]v/]n, ljz]if ;Dkfbso k|fWofks 8f) jf;'b]j lqkf7L / k|fWofks 8f) aNnedl0f bfxfn, ;Dkfbs pkk|fWofks s[i0fk|;fb k/fh'nLn] o; sf]zdf cfgf] k|ltef / kl;gf g} lehfpg'ePsf] 5 . o;sf] ;fy} ;x;Dkfbs ;xk|fWofks uf]kLs[i0f zdf{ / sfo{sf/L ;Dkfbs k+) xif{gfy e/fO{n] pNn]vgLo sfo{ ug'{ePsf] 5 . o;/L sf]z ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{nfO{ kljq cg'i7fgsf] kdf ;DkGg ug]{ ;Dkfbsd08nsf ;a} ;xsdL{ ljfg\xnfO{ xflb{s wGojfb k|bfg ub{5' .

d'b|0fsfo{sf] lglDt ;'rf? kn] ;Dk"0f{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] k|zf;gk|d'v nId0fk|;fb nfld5fg], d'b|0fsf] j]nf;Dd klg d"n k|ltsf] lg/LIf0f, kl/dfh{g / k|'km ;+zf]wg ug'{x'g] s[i0fk|;fb k/fh'nL, k|'km ;+zf]wg ug]{ uf]kLs[i0f zdf{, xif{gfy e/fO{, s'df/w/ zdf{, ab|LrGb| vgfn / jf/f0f;Ldf d'b|0fJoj:yfsf] lglDt ;xof]u lbg] ;flxTosf/ b'uf{k|;fb >]i7nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb k|bfg ub{5' .

of] sfo{ ;a}sf] ;xeflutfaf6 ;DkGg ePsf] xf] / o;sf] ;kmntfsf] >]o klg ;a}sf] xf] . hf] o;df ;+nUg 5}gg\, tL efiffk|]dLaf6 klg eljiosf] sf]z;Dkfbgsf] lglDt o;df /xg uPsf e"nnfO{ cf}FNofOlbg] / efiffsf] cfsfzdf cem} b]Vg z]if /x]sf tf/flt/ O;f/f ul/lbg] cfzf /fVb5f}F .

@)$) ;fn, kf}if !$ ut] . dfwjk|;fb l3ld/] pks'nklt g]kfn /fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fg

gg


16

k'gd'{lb|t ;+:s/0faf/]

o; k'gd'{lb|t ;+:s/0fdf ljleGg ;|f]taf6 pknAw ePsf cz'l4xdfq oyf;Dej ;'wfl/Psf 5g\ . k|yd ;+:s/0fdf ePsf cz'l4x klxNofOlbg] ljfg\xdf g]kfn /fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fg ztzM wGojfb ck{0f ub{5 .

eljiodf klg ljfg\xaf6 o:t} z'4Ls/0fsf ;'emfpxsf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . @)%) kf}if !$ ut] . O{Zj/ a/fn bf];|f] ;+:s/0f pks'nklt g]kfn /fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fg

gg

17

;DkfbsLo

!= k|:tfjgf dfgjhLjgsf ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfk, lrGtgdgg tyf cleJolQmxsf] ;aeGbf ;zQm dfWod efiff g}

xf] . efj tyf ljrf/sf] k|:k'm6g tyf ;~rf/sf qmddf efiffn] ;fdflhs hLjgnfO{ ultzLn agfpgfsf ;fy;fy} ;flxTo tyf ;flxTo]t/ 1fglj1fgsf] prfO;Dd k'ofpg] u5{ . efiffsf] cleJolQmIfdtf o;sf zAbe08f/sf] Ifdtfdf lge{/ u5{ / To; efiffdf v]n]sf, leh]sf / /lQPsf zAbxs} ;dli6 xf] zAbe08f/ . ljZjsf x/]s hfltsf eflifs k|of]udf To; efiffsf zAbPsfOxsf] dxjk"0f{ :yfg x'G5 . s'g} efiffsf] ;~rf/;fdYo{sf] dfkg ug]{ d"n cfwf/ zAb;|f]t klg xf] . zAb;DkGgtf / cy{jxgIfdtfn] efiffnfO{ hLjGt agfpF5 . efiffdf cfjZostf / kl/l:yltcg';f/ x'g] zAbk|of]u / cy{ljwfgdf ;dofg's"n kl/isf/ jf kl/jt{g eO/xG5g\ . lgZro g} zAbsf]z s'g} klg efiffsf] zAbe08f/sf] ;"rs xf] / To; efiffsf] k|of]u jf cWoog ug]{xsf nflu ;xfos cfwf/ klg xf] . cGo efiffefifLx / ljb]zLxsf lglDt t o;sf] emg\ a9L pkof]lutf 5 .

g]kfnL efiff, Jofs/0f cflbaf/] gofF 9n] rf;f] lng] ljb]zLxdf 8An') h]) ss{Kofl6s, ;L) o') P6g / P) 6g{a'n cflbsf] sfo{ k|z+;gLo 5 . ss{Kofl6sn] g]kfnsf] Oltxf; jf j+zfjnL;DaGwL ljj/0fsf] k[i7efudf g]kfnL zAbxsf] ;"rL klg lbPsf 5g\ . o; k':tssf] k|sfzg !*!! O) df ePsf] lyof] . o;sf] gf} jif{kl5 !*@) O) df P6gn] g]kfnL Jofs/0f eGg] k':ts snsQfaf6 k|sflzt u/fP . !**& O) df 6g{a'nsf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f / zAbfjnL sf] k|yd ;+:s/0f klg bflh{lnaf6 k|sflzt eof] . g]kfnL efiffsf] cGj]if0f ug]{, ljfg\xdf cf/) Pn) 6g{/sf] gfd pNn]Vo 5 . pgsf] g]kfnL zAbsf] cy{ c\u|]hL efiffdf n]lvPsf] g]kfnLc\u|]hL zAbsf]z !(#! O) df k|sflzt eof] . o; qmddf g]kfnL efiffdf zAbsf]zsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ g]kfnL ljfg\xdf kl08t rqmkfl0f rfln;], kl08t /fdrGb| 9'\ufgf cflbsf k|of; pNn]vgLo 5g\ .

lj) ;+) @)!( df g]kfn /fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fgf/f k|sflzt afnrGb| zdf{f/f ;Dkflbt g]kfnL zAbsf]zsf] ljz]if of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . pQm sf]zn] lgs} ;do;Dd cefjsf] k"lt{ u/]sf] xf] tfklg Tof] km]l/ k|sflzt x'g ;s]g .

efiffsf] If]qdf kfFrbz jif{df klg lgs} gofFgofF zAbx k|rngdf cfpg] u5{g\ . To;}n] o:tf gofF zAbxsf] klg vf]hd]n u/L zAbsf]zdf ;dflji6 ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf :jefjtM a9\b} hfG5 . o;} kl/k|]Iodf k|1fk|lti7fgf/f ljleGg ljfg\xsf] ;xeflutfdf Pp6f :t/Lo zAbsf]z ck]lIft 7flgPcg';f/ k|:t't zAbsf]z tof/ ePsf] xf] .

zAbsf]zsf] ;Dkfbgsfo{ >d;fWo / ;do;fWo x'G5 . k|1fk|lti7fgf/f @)## ;fnb]lv sf]zsf] tof/L ug]{ lg0f{o eO{ o; zAbsf]zsf] ;Dkfbgsfo{ k|f/De eP tfklg xfd|f lglDt eg] cToGt ;Lldt ;do dfq k|fKt eof] / k|foM ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ gofF k/]vfdf nueu gofF lsl;dn] k"0f{ ug'{kof] . zAbsf]z;Dkfbgsf] u'?t/ sfo{cg'k clwsflws ljfg\xsf] ;xeflutf k|fKt u/L ;fd"lxs o1sf kdf zAbsf]zsf] of] ;Dkfbgsfo{ cufl8 a9f] . o; ;Gbe{df Psktf sfod ug'{b]lv lnP/ cy{sf] k'gn]{vg tyf ltgsf] kl/isf/, 5'6 tyf sltko gofF zAbx ;dfj]z ug'{;Ddsf sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf qmddf ePsf 5g\ . o;}n] cNk cjlwdf h]hlt x'g ;Sof], cToGt >d;fwgfn] dfq x'g ;s]sf] 5 . d'b|0fsf qmddf uO;s]kl5 klg sltko zAb / cy{df kl/dfh{g tyf kl/isf/ ug'{k/]sf] 5 . o;/L tof/ ePsf] k|:t't sf]z q'l6/lxt 5 eGg] bfaL 5}g t/ klg sf]znfO{ k|fdfl0fs / :t/Lo agfpg ;fwg / ;don] lbP;Dd el/;Ss] k|of;rflxF ePsf] 5 .

k|:t't zAbsf]zsf] ;Dkfbgdf ljleGg sl7gfO cfOk/] / ltgsf] oyf;Dej ;dfwfg ul/of] . ;f] ;dfwfg s] s;/L ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] k|df0f sf]z g} 5 tfklg o; ;Gbe{df eGg}kg]{ s]xL s'/f 5g\ . tLdWo] zAbrog tyf k|ljli6cg'qmd, Jo'TklQ, cy{n]vg / j0f{ljGof; k|d'v kdf cfpF5g\ . ltgsf af/]df tn qmdzM ;\If]kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 / ;\s]t;"rL tyf lrXg;"rLf/f klg sltko s'/f k|:6 x'g]5g\ .

gg


18

@= zAbrog tyf k|ljli6cg'qmd k|:t't zAbsf]zdf eflifs Jojxf/ / jf\dosf ljleGg kmfF6df k|rngdf cfPsf g]kfnL zAbx

lbg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . Hofb} ck|rlnt, cltIf]qLo / cltsYo zAbx sf]zdf ;dflji6 ul/Psf 5}gg\ . :t/Lo g]kfnLdf Ps kbdf efj JoQm gx'g] zAb e]l6Pdf ljz]iftM If]qLo eflifsfaf6 lng] gLlt cFuflnPsf] 5 eg] ;f+:s[lts hLjgdf k|rlnt zAbnfO{ klg w]/yf]/ leofOPsf] 5 .

;+:s[t tT;d zAbnfO{ lnFbf jt{dfg dfgs jf :t/Lo g]kfnL efiffdf 1fglj1fgsf ljleGg kmfF6df k|of]u eP;Ddsf zAbxnfO{ lnOPsf] 5 . k|of]ucf}lrTo / cfjZos 1fgsf b[li6df afx]s g]kfnLdf ck|rlnt /x]sf ;+:s[t tT;d zAbx o;df ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5}gg\ . g]kfnL zAbn] g} kof{Kt cy{ jxg ug]{ / ltgnfO{ k|of]u ul/Fbf lxGbLpb"{ cflbaf6 k|efljt ePsf tyf la6'nf 7flgg] cfuGt's zAb klg o;df uflePsf 5}gg\ . o;/L k"j{jtL{ sf]zdf ;dflji6 c8rg, Px;fg, lbSst, k8f];L, k/];fg h:tf y'k|} zAb x6fOPsf 5g\ . c\u|]hL cflb efiffsf zAbdf klg g]kfnL lhe|fdf klr;s]sf zAbnfO{ dfq k|ljli6 lbOPsf] 5 / To;/L lbg' cfjZos ePsf 7fpFdf klg clwsf+ztM g]kfnL zAb x]g{ ;\s]t ul/Psf] 5 .

zAbxsf] /vfOqmd jf cg'qmddf ;fbf Ps j0f{ dfq ePdf ;j{k|yd ;f] j0f{ / To;kl5 qmdzM rGb|laGb', lz/laGb' / lj;u{o'Qm j0f{ lbOPsf 5g\ . b]jgfu/L lnlksf C[ tyf n[, n[[ j0f{sf] k|of]u g]kfnL :j/j0f{df gx'g] x'gfn] n[ j0f{sf] sfd n Jo~hgj0f{sf qmdd} x'g ;Sg] ePsfn] :j/j0f{df ltgsf] k|ljli6 lbOPsf] 5}g . If, 1 / q h:tf ;+o'Qm j0f{nfO{ k"j{k|rngcg';f/ qmdzM If -s\if_, 1 -h\`_ / q -t\/_ j0f{sf cg'qmdd} lbOPsf] 5 .

k|:t't zAbsf]zdf cFuflnPsf pko'{Qm /vfOqmdn] g5]s];Dd qmd klg glaufg]{ / d"n zAbxsf ;fy;fy Jo'Tkflbt tyf ;d:jkL ;x;DalGwt zAb klg k]6af]nLdf lbg] gLlt lnOPsf] 5 . o;f] ubf{ zAbnfO{ j0ff{g'qmddf x]g{ ;lsg]5 . k|fltklbs, d"n, lqmofd"n / cg's/0fd"nxdf rflxF qmdsf] Jojwfg geP;Dd sf]l6 g} lkR5] cg'R5]b gkm]/L d"n k;Fu} /flvPsf] 5 . k]6af]nLdf cfpg] uf}0f k|ljli6sf zAbxnfO{ tLg lsl;dsf lrXg lbP/ hf]8\g] sfd ul/Psf] 5 h:t}

-s_ lv08Lo x'g ;Sg] cyf{t\ cfwfcfwf 5'lg] ;d:t zAbdf -wsf]{ lrXg_ lbOPsf] 5 . h:t} clwsf/ If]q kq jfnf sdn uf gog gogf 3/ cfFug s]6f] vr{ v]tL uGtL ufpFn]

-v_ s[t\k|Too / tl4tk|Too nfu]/ ag]sf jf ;dkL ;x;DalGwt zAbdf v08 5'fpg gldNg] x'gfn] > (Jo'Tkfbs lrXg) lbOPsf] 5 / z]ifdf csf]{ vl08t k gcfP;Dd ;fbf 5f]l8Psf] 5 . h:t}

pkef]u > pkef]uL pkef]Uo v'n:t > v'n:TofOF v'n:TofOg' v'n:Tofpg'

-u_ Pp6} cy{PsfOsf eP tfklg kbof]u gx'g] ljz]if0fo'Qm zAb, cn's ;df; jf kbfjnL / 6'Ssfdf rflxF -lrXg_ lbOPsf] 5 . h:t}

csf;] v]tL j[lQ cFufnf] xfNg' 3/ vfg' O) t/ s'g} Jo'Tkflbt zAb :jod\ klg k|hggzLn /x]sf] b]lvPsf 7fpFdf cf}lrTo x]/L To:tf zAbnfO{

k]6af]nLdf g/fvL d"n k|ljli6sf kd} klg lbOPsf] 5 . d"n lqmofkbdf g' sf] u0fgf ul/Psf] 5}g cyf{t\ g' nfO{ z"Go dfg]/ k|ljli6 lbOPsf] 5 .

Jo'Tkflbt lqmofdf eg] of] lgod lqmoflGjt 5}g / lqmofd"n s[bGt zAbxnfO{ pko'{Qm lsl;dn] k]6af]nLdf g} lbOPsf] 5 . qmd 5]lsg]df rflxF :jtGq k|ljli6 ul/Psf] 5 / o:tf lqmofd"n zAbdf Jo'TklQ b]vfO{ d"n zAbnfO{ uf9f 6fOkdf lbP/ To:tf lqmofaf6 Jo'Tkflbt uf}0f zAbnfO{ k'gM hf]8\g] sfd klg ePsf] 5 .

a]Unfa]Un} Jo'TklQ ePsf b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L Pp6} d"n zAb cfPdf k|foM zAbsf k5fl8 dl;g' c\s !, @, #, cflb qmd hgfO{ 5'f5'} lbOPsf 5g\ . h:t} c/a!, c/a@ t/!, t/@, t/# ;fn!, ;fn@,

gg

19

;fn# O) . clg j0ff{g'qmd glau|g] / b'j} k ;d:t/Lo ePsf zAbnfO{ 58\s] lrXg lbP/ Ps} 7fpFdf klg kfl/Psf] 5 . h:t} clnaf/clna]/, sldrsldh, 8F8fnL8F8fNgL O) .

:qLln\uL zAbxsf] k|ljli6 lbFbf efn] gfd -k'ln\u_ af6 :qLln\u agfpg] Jo'Tkfbs k|lqmof ;/n ePdf k]6af]nLd} To:tf :qLln\uL zAb :qL) hgfO{ lbOPsf 5g\ / ;f] k|lqmof hl6n /x]sf 7fpFdf eg] cnUu} k|ljli6 lbOPsf] 5 .

g]kfnL gfdjfrL psf/fGt zAb Psjrg a'emfpFbf cf]sf/fGt klg ePsf b]lvG5g\ . k|rng tyf cg's"ntf x]/L ltgsf psf/fGt jf cf]sf/fGt b'j} k lbOPsf 5g\ . ltgsf] cy{ eg] s'g} Ps k|rlnt zAbdf dfq lbOPsf] 5 . h:t} 5fg'5fgf], dfg'dfgf] OToflbdf . 3f]8f] / 3f]8f, 5f]/f] / 5f]/f h:tf zAbdf cf]sf/fGt kdf cy{ lbO{ cfsf/fGtnfO{ pk:t/Lo dflgPsf] 5 .

g]kfnL efiffdf cFufnf]cfnf], eFufnf]efnf] h:tf k rn]sf 5g\ t/ c\ufnf], e\ufnf] h:tf ck|rlnt pRrf/0f ePsf zAbnfO{ x6fOPsf] 5 . b'j} ljsNk kdf k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] b]lvPsf 7fpFdf b'j} y/L zAbnfO{ ;d:t/Lo dfgL k|ljli6 lbOPsf] 5, cy{ klg k|foM b'j} 7fpFdf n]lvPsf] 5 .

cg's/0fd"n -emn\, y/\, t/\_ cflb zAbnfO{ d"n k|ljli6df lbOPsf] 5}g t/ ltgaf6 ag]sf zAbsf] k|ljli6 -h:t} ys{g', ts{g' O)_ lbOPsf] 5 / cGTodf k|hgglrXgdf eg] d"n hgfOPsf] 5 . h:t} ts{g' -t/\_, emNsg' -emn\_ O) . o;/L hgfpFbf c) d") -cg's/0fd"n_ eGg] ;\s]t lbgfsf ;fy} of]ufTds zAb / lTj ePsf 7fpFdf -l)_ cflb klg hgfOPsf] 5 .

k|Toof+zsf a4 k ;a}nfO{ k|ljli6 glbO{ a9L k|rlnt jf nf]slk|onfO{ dfq k|ljli6 lbOPsf] 5 . h:t} cfO, cf]6, cfj6, Onf] O) . g] k|Tooo'Qm Jo'TkGg zAbnfO{ :yflkt eO;s]sf ePdf jf ltgaf6 c Jo'TkGg zAb lbg'kg]{ eP dfq lbOPsf] 5 . h:t}sf6\g], nfUg] / sf6\g] xltof/, vfg] xft O) .

#= Jo'TklQ zAbxsf] dfp k klxNofpg jf k|:6fpgsf lglDt zAbsf]zdf Jo'TklQ jf pkklQsf] klg k|d'v

e"ldsf /xG5 . o; qmddf Jo'TklQ jf pkklQ lbg' ljleGg b[li6n] ck]lIft ePsfn] ;do / ;fwgn] lbP;Dd oyf;Dej lbOPsf] 5 . o;/L zAbsf Jo'TklQ lbFbf tb\ej cflb zAbdf h'g eflifs ;|f]t xf] To;sf] d"n lbg] sfo{ ePsf] 5 . k/Gt' tT;d cflbdf d"n glbO{ efiffs} gfd ;\s]tf/f hgfOPsf] 5 . h:t} ;+) ;+:s[t, k|f) k|fs[t, c) c/aL, c\) c\u|]hL OToflb . ;+:s[t tT;d zAbdf ;+:s[ts} k|Too 5'fP/ b]vfOPsf] 5}g / clwsfl/g\ h:tf ;+:s[t ksf] k|ljli6 klg ul/Psf] 5}g . ;+:s[tsf lj;u{ jf xnGt / pb"{c/aLsf pQm knfO{ klg 5fl8Psf] 5 .

;+:s[taf6 k|fs[t x'Fb} cfPsf tb\ej zAbdf cfjZos b]lvPsf tyf ;Dej ePsf 7fpFdf k|fs[t tyf ;+:s[t b'j} ;|f]t lbg] k|of; klg ul/Psf] 5 . cGoq k|fs[t jf ;+:s[t s'g} Ps k lbOPsf] 5 . s'g} eflifs ;|f]tsf] Jo'TklQ lbFbf To;sf zfvfk|zfvf ;':ki6 gePsf zAbxdf vns dfq klg hgfOPsf] 5, h:t} ef]) a) -ef]6ad]{nL_ .

s'g} zAbsf] Jo'TklQ ;lGbUw ePsf 7fpFdf k|Zgjfrs lrXg dfq klg /flvPsf] 5 jf s]xL glbO{ vfnL g} 5fl8Psf] 5 . Jo'TklQ ghgfOPsf zAb xfnnfO{ g]kfnL kdf :jLsf/ ug'{k/]sf] 5 .

$= cy{n]vg zAbsf] cy{ n]Vtf 5f]6s/Ldf kl/eflift ug]{ jf JofVof ug]{ oyf;Dej k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . To;kl5

pknAw eP;Ddsf kof{o lbOPsf] 5 . pxL kof{ox ljleGg cy{df bf]xl/g] v08 k/]df st}st} cflbjfrL O) lrXg lbP/ ;\If]kLs/0f klg ul/Psf] 5 . cTofjZos b]lvPsf zAbdf ljk/LtfyL{ k klg b]vfOPsf] 5 . zAbsf] cy{ lbFbf ;a}lt/ pbfx/0f lbOPsf] 5}g tfklg cTofjZos 7fpFdf pbf) ;\s]t u/L pbfx/0f oyf;Dej ;dflji6 ul/Psf] 5 .

kof{o gk'u ePsf 7fpFdf cYof{pFbf sxLFsxLF sf]i7leq c\u|]hL cflbsf kof{o klg lbOPsf 5g\ . cGo efiffsf zAb ePdf tLtL efiffsf] gfd;\s]t u/L sf]i7d} lbOPsf] 5 t/ o:tf zAbnfO{ k|ljli6df ;dflji6 dflgPsf] 5}g . h:t} uf]n;Ghfksf] cy{df -kfOlk_ O) . kof{o cy{ c4{lj/fd lrXg -_n] hgfOPsf] 5 / cg]sfyL{ cy{df !,@,# cflb ub}{ qmdzM cy{ lbP/ k|To]s ;\Vofsf] cy{kl5 k"0f{lj/fd lrXg lbOPsf] 5 .

gg


20

s'g} zAbsf d"n kdf w]/} cy{ x'g] / g]kfnLdf cfpFbf Psb'O{ cy{dfq k|rlnt 5g\ eg] ;a} cy{ glbO{ k|foM tL k|rlnt cy{ dfq lbOPsf 5g\ . To:tf k|rlnt cy{ lbFbf eflifs Jojxf/ jf jf\dosf s'g kIf jf ljifosf x'g\ ;f] hgfpg] sfd klg ul/Psf] 5 . h:t} ;flxTozf:qsf cg';f/, lj1fgsf cg';f/, dgf]lj1fgsf cg';f/, of]uzf:qsf cg';f/, Hof]ltifzf:qsf cg';f/ O) .

lTj x'g] zAb jf wft'xdf cflbTjnfO{ :t/Lo dfgL lTjnfO{ pk:t/Lo dflgPsf] 5 . h:t} cft];, cfQ];, ctflng', cQflng', ctflNng' cflbsf cft];, ctflng' cflbnfO{ :t/Lo dfgL cy{ lbOPsf] 5 / z]ifnfO{ pk:t/Lo dflgPsf] 5 . t/sf/Ltsf{/L, ;/sf/L;sf{/L, uf]/vfuf]vf{ cflbdf klg b'j}nfO{ k|ljli6 lbP/ :jLsfo{ jf ljz]if k|rlnt Pp6fdf cy{ lbOPsf] 5 . o;/L :t/Lo zAbdf cy{ lbO{ pk:t/Losf] cy{ n]Vtf k|foM x]) ul/Psf] 5 cyjf k"/fk"/f ;dfgfyL{df dfq klg o:tf] ePsf] 5 .

pvfg6'Ssfsf] k|of]u cfjZos b]lvPsf 7fpFdf oyf;Dej ePsf] 5 . s]xL pvfgsf] k|of]u k|ljli6qmddf ePsf] 5 / slt t cy{ k|:6fpgsf lglDt / pbfx/0f kdf klg k/]sf 5g\ .

%= j0f{ljGof; j0f{ljGof; efiffsf lnlvt, clelnlvt, 6\lst cflb k;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . efiffsf]

n]vgk4ltcGtu{tsf lgodxn] n]Vo efiffdf kbof]u, kbljof]u nufot :t/Lo j0f{ljGof; lgwf{l/t u5{g\ . g]kfnL efiffn] 5fkfvfgfsf If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf] s]xL jif{b]lv dfgs j0f{ljGof;sf cfjZostfsf] af]w x'g yfNof] / To;af/] kmf6km'6 rrf{ klg rNb} uof] . xnGtalxisf/ cfGbf]ng / To;sf lqmofk|ltlqmofdf p7]sf rrf{ o; ;Gbe{df :d/0fLo 5g\ . ljqmdsf] aL;f}F ztfAbLsf] ;ftf}F bzslt/ g]kfnL efiffdf Jofs/0fsf k':ts 5flkg yfn]sf x'g\ . o; k|lqmofdf rlGb|sf / dWorlGb|sf h:tf g]kfnL Jofs/0fsf cfwf/df g]kfnL j0f{ljGof;sf] dfgs ksf] lgwf{/0f x'g yfNof] . ltgdf ;j{;Ddlt geP tfklg Jofks ;xdltsf ;fy} cflwsfl/stf k|fKt x'Fb} uof] . g]kfnL efiffk|sflzgL ;ldltsf dfWodaf6 n]vg / k|sfzgsf If]qdf g]kfnL efiffdf pko'Qm dfgs ksf] sfof{Gjog x'g yfNof] . o; ;Gbe{df ;ldltf/f k|sflzt g]kfnL s;/L z'4 n]Vg]

21

b'O{ leGgfleGg} cy{ x'g] >'lt;d leGgfy{ zAbxnfO{ klg k|rlnt j0f{ljGof;cg';f/ x|:jbL3{ b'j} k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . h:t} k'mn -cG8f, l8Daf_ k"mn -k'ik_, ltg -pg_, tLg -# sf] c\s_ k'/f -ef]hg z]if_, k"/f -k"0f{, l;\uf]_ O) .

7"nf], tLtf], dL7f], a"9f] h:tf zAbnfO{ klg lzi6 k/Dk/fcg';f/ bL3{ g} k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 / ltgaf6 ag]sf tl4t zAbxdf eg] x|:j g} nfu" ul/Psf] 5 . h:t} a'9fOF, ld7f; cflb .

g]kfnL lzi6 k/Dk/fcg';f/ g} cJo'TkGg cJoosf clg, klg, rflxF cflb h:tf zAbsf kbfGt k x|:j k|of]u ePsf 5g\ / x, nfO{ cflb zAbnfO{ bL3{ g} k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .

c\sdf l -b'O{_ / lq afx]s cufl8, aLrdf / k5fl8 ;a} bL3{, h:t} tLg, aL;, tL;, rfnL;, ;f7L, c;L O) g} /flvPsf] 5 . :j/j0f{ 5'} cfPsf] 5 eg] cflb, dWo klg x|:j ul/Psf] 5 . h:t} pGgfO;, PSsfO;, afO;, t]O;, ;QfO;, cfO;, pgGrf;, pg;L, pgG;Q/L, pgf;L cflb .

g]kfnL tb\ej / cfuGt's zAbxsf] cGtdf xn\ pRrf/0f x'g] -gfd, ;j{gfd, ljz]if0f / cg's/0ffTds zAbx_ 7fpFdf klg c :j/;lxts} k n]lvg] lzi6 k/Dk/fcg';f/ oyfjt\ sfod /x]sf 5g\ . h:t} skfn, snd, u8a8, emnfemn, ;n;n O) . ;df;sf] k"j{kbdf em/f{ -g]kfnL k|fs[t_ / tb\ej zAbsf d"n k lbg] eP bL3{Tj glaufg]{ l;4fGtcg';f/ bL3{ g} k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . h:t} kfgLcfGb|], r/Lr'Rr], ufO{hfqf, b'O{cf}Fn] cflb .

;+:s[t tT;d zAbsf cg':jf/ WjlgnfO{ lz/laGb' jf j0f{sf] k~rd j0f{f/f JoQm ug]{ kl/kf6L b]lvG5 tfklg o; sf]zdf d'b|0f Joj:yfn] lbP;Dd k~rd j0f{s} k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 t/ tb\ej tyf cfuGt's zAbxdf eg] k|rlnt pRrf/0fcg';f/s} lxHh] sfod ul/Psf 5g\ . h:t} l;GsL, emGem6, ;Grf], 6G6f, dfGg', ;Demg' O) . c, 9, dn h:tf zAbnfO{ ckm;]6 6fOkdf c;'ljwf k/]sf sf/0fn] c\u, 9\u, d\un OToflbsf kdf g} /xg lbOPsf] 5 .

tb\ej g]kfnL zAbdf , g, d, /, n sf dxfk|f0fxnfO{ klg ;+:s[tsf n]Vo kl/kf6Ldf Xg, Xd, Xn, x| cflb gn]vL o;/L k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 uGxfpg', uxfpg', cxfpg', cxf]6 O) . ;+:s[tsf lrXg, k|Xnfb, a|fXd0f O) nfO{ eg] k"j{ k|rngcg';f/ g} /flvPsf] 5 .

kbof]u / kbljof]usf ;DaGwdf :jtGq zAb, lgkft, ljelQmkl5 /x]sf] gfdof]uL cflb 5'fpg] / ljelQm, ;d:t zAb, cg's/0ffTds zAb, lTj zAb, cs/0fsf] g cflb hf]8\g] k"j{ lgodxnfO{ g} kfngf ul/Psf] 5 .

ljz]if0fo'Qm gfdzAb ghf]8L lbOPsf] 5 . h:t} csf;] v]tL, kfv'/] df]xL, sfG5f] afa', sfnf] d'G6f], xf8] cf]v/ O) . t/ ljsf/ ePsf zAbdf / sd{wf/o ;df; x'g ;Sg] afx]ssf zAbdf eg] hf]8]/ n]lvPsf] 5 . h:t}sfnLsf7, sfnLdf6L, d"nkfgL, a"9Ldfp, /ftLu]8L, nfnLu'/fF; O) .

^= pk;+xf/ k|:t't g]kfnL zAbsf]zsf] ;Dkfbgdf ljleGg ljfg\xsf] ;xeflutfsf ;fy;fy} k"j{k|sflzt lxGbL,

;+:s[t / c\u|]hLsf sltko sf]zxaf6 klg ;xfotf ldn]sf] 5 . o; cg'i7fgsf lglDt ljfg\x tyf ltgsf k':tsxaf6 kfPsf] ;xof]u lr/:d/0fLo /xg]5 . o;/L dd{1 ljfg\xaf6 kfPsf] ;'emfp;Nnfx k|]/0ffbfoL x'g]5 / cfufdL ;+:s/0fdf k|:t't zAbsf]zn] cem} gofF cg'xf/ lnFb} k|fdfl0fs kdf cfpg ;Sg]5 eGg] ljZjf; 5 .

g]kfnL efiff lbgk/lbg cufl8 nDsFb} 5 . o;df ljleGg ljwf tyf ljifodf cleJolQmsf gofF ;Defjgf b]lvPsf 5g\ / gofF lIflth v'Nb} 5g\ . o; ;Gbe{df xfdLn] g]kfnL efiffnfO{ g]kfnL df6f] / d'6'df leh]sf cfgf zAbxsf] ;+/If0fsf ;fy} o'uLg cfjZostfg';f/ gofFgofF cleJolQm jxg ug{ ;Ifd kfg'{ 5 / gofFgofF zAbnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . g]kfnL efiff hLljt / ljsf;zLn efiff xf] . o; efiffsf] hLjGttf cfgf] kgnfO{ hf]ufpFb} zAbsf] kpn /flzdf v]Ng'df 5 . To;s} Pp6f ;Tk|of;sf kdf k|:t't zAbsf]z lj1 kf7sxsf ;fd' 5 . cfpFbf lbg / gofF l5dnxsf lglDt o; sf]zn] s]xL dfu{bz{g u/]5 eg] xfdL ;a}sf] k|of; k'likt ePsf] cg'ej x'g]5 .

;Dkfbsd08n .

gg


22

;+zf]ws d08nsf] egfO k|yd k|sfzgsf] ;q jif{kl5 g]kfnL a[xt\ zAbsf]z ;+zf]lwt, kl/dflh{t / lsl~rt\ kl/jlw{t kdf

d'lb|t eP/ k|sfzdf cfpFb} 5 . o;sf] ;+zf]wgsfo{ lj=;+= @)%$ df g} cf/De ePsf] xf] / Toltv]/ of] sfo{ cNkfjlwdf 8f) s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo, z/RrGb| zdf{ e/fO{, xif{gfy e/fO{ Pj+ vu]Gb|k|;fb n'O6]naf6 ul/Psf] lyof] . ;+) @)%^ df d'b|0fsf nflu tof/L ug]{ l;nl;nfdf o;sf] cWoog ubf{ o;df g;RofO{ gx'g] lgs} q'l6x afFsL /x]sf b]lvP . d'b|0f sfo{ hlt ;s]sf] l56} ;DkGg xf];\ eGg] x]t'n] o;sf] sDKo'6/ 6fOk ug]{ qmddf g} cfjZos ;+zf]wgkl/dfh{gsf ;Fu;Fu} k|'km klg x]b}{ hfg] / To;nfO{ clGtd k lbg] ;Nnfx ePcg';f/ 8f) s]zjk|;fb pkfWofosf] ;+of]hg / lgb]{zgdf z/b\rGb| zdf{ e/fO{ / dfwj nD;fnsf ;xof]uaf6 sfo{ ;DkGg ul/Psf] xf] .

o; zAbsf]zsf] ;+zf]wgkl/dfh{g ubf{ ljleGg kqklqsfxdf k|sflzt ;'emfpsf] pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 eg] o; qmddf cgfjZos nfu]sf s]xL zAb x6fO{ cTofjZos nfu]sf s]xL zAb yKg] sfd klg ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} lkfTds zAbnfO{ j}slNks kdf Ps} 7fpFdf /fVg] sfd klg o;df ul/Psf] 5 / vf; u/L o;df cy{;DaGwL q'l6 ;Rofpg] sfd ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] ;+zf]wgkl/dfh{gsf qmddf zAb yKbf s]xL cl3b]lv g} k|rngdf /x]sf / s]xL jt{dfgdf Jofks kdf k|rngdf cfPsf zAb yk]/ o; sf]znfO{ cBfjlws t'Nofpg] k|of; klg ul/Psf] 5 .

o; zAbsf]zsf] ;+zf]wgkl/dfh{g o;sf lgdf{tfxn] k|yd ;+:s/0fsf lgldQ cFufn]sf sf]z / Jofs/0f;DaGwL gLlt Pj+ lgodcGtu{t /x]/ ul/Psf] 5 .

o; zAbsf]zsf] sDKo'6/ 6fOksf] sfd / d'b|0f ;DaGwL ofjt\ sfd klxnf] k6s k|1f 5fkfvfgfdf ePsf x'g\ . oL sfd o; 5fkfvfgfdf sfo{/t k|fljlws sd{rf/Lxaf6 ;DkGg ePsf x'g\ . klxnf] k|of; eP klg cfcfgf sfd s'zntf;fy ;DkGg kfg{df sDKo'6/ ;dfof]hs ;/f]hs'df/ >]i7, /fhs'df/ >]i7, /fh]Gb|s'df/ zfxL tyf d'b|0f Joj:yfks dLgf uf}tdn] b]vfpg'ePsf] pT;fx, hfFu/ / st{Jolgi7fsf] xfdL d'/Ld'/L k|z+;f u5f}{+ .

xfd|f] cg'ej / ljrf/df zAbsf]zsf] ;+zf]wgkl/dfh{g sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbP/ o;nfO{ cBfjlws kfg]{ k|of; eO/xg'k5{, o; ljifodf k|lti7fgn] ljrf/ ug]{ g} 5 .

o; k|lti7fgsf pks'nklt / ;b:o;lrj nufot cGo k|f1 dxf]boxn] o; a[xt\ zAbsf]zsf] ;+zf]wgkl/dfh{gsf] u'?t bfloTj xfdLnfO{ ;'Dkg'ePsfdf / cfjZos ;Nnfx, ;xof]u Pj+ k|f]T;fxg lbg'ePsfdf xfdL pxfFxk|lt cfef/ k|s6 ub{5f}+, ;fy} xfdL s]xL zAb yKg / cy{ ;Rofpg ;'emfp lbg] ljleGg JolQm / ;+3;+:yfxk|lt klg cfef/ k|s6 ub{5f}+ .

;+zf]ws d08n @)%*

;+zf]ws

z/RrGb| zdf{ e/fO{ xif{gfy e/fO{

vu]Gb|k|;fb n'O6]n dfwj nD;fn

;+of]hslgb]{zs 8f) s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo

;b:o g]kfn /fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fg

gg

23

;\s]t;"rL c) c/aL . k) ;) k/;u{ c) lqm) csd{s lqmof k") ;) k"j{;u{ c\) c\u|]hL kf]t{) kf]t{ufnL c) d") cg's/0f d"n k|f) k|fs[t cJo) cJoo k|f) g]) k|frLg g]kfnL cf) g]) cfw'lgs g]kfnL k|]) lqm) k|]/0ffy{s lqmof O) OToflb kmf) kmf/;L pl8) pl8of k|mf) k|mfG;]nL pbf) pbfx/0f k|m]) k|m]Gr pk) pk;u{ a) j) ax'jrg s) lqm) sd{jfRo lqmof af) af]) afnaf]nL sYo) sYo efiff ef) O) ef/tO/fg]nL lqm) k) lqmofkbfjnL ef]) ef]hk'/L lqm) lj) lqmofljz]if0f ef]) a) ef]6ad]{nL u|L) u|Ls, u|L;, lu|;]nL du) du/fFtL lrlg) lrlgofF d/f) d/f7L hfkf) hfkfgL d}) d}lynL 8f]) 8f]6]nL ln) lnDa" efiff tfdf) tfdf\uL lj) ljz]if0f lt) ) lto{s\ k ljk) ljk/Ltfy{s t') t'sL{, t's]{nL lj) af]) lj:doflbaf]ws t'n) t'ngf, t'ngLo lje) ljelQm yf) yf ;+) ;+:s[t b) bfnL ;+If]) ;\If]kLs[t k lbJo) lbJopkb]z ;+o') ;+o'Qm l) lTj ;+of]) ;+of]hs lwdf) lwdfn ;) lqm) ;sd{s lqmof gf) gfd ;j{) ;j{gfd gf) of]) gfdof]uL ;ft) ;ftTo lgkf) lgkft :qL) :qLln\u g]) g]kfnL :k]) :k]lg; g]jf) g]jf/L lx) lxGbL k) g]) klZrd g]kfn x]) x]g'{xf];\

lrXg;"rL ljefhs -ljsNk k_ - _ uf}0f ;\s]t lgb]{zs lrXg tyf ;d:tkb ;\s]t ;+of]hs jf hf]8 ) ;\If]kLs[t lrXg ~ ljz]io gfd -ghf]l8g]_ [ >] d"n Jo'TkGg :yfg < cufl8 b]vfOPsf] Jo'TkGg k d"n ksf] ls6fg > k5fl8 b]vfOPsf] Jo'TkGg k

gg


c

cFufn] .) #= ;xfotf ug'{ kIf lng' . > cufnfO gf) cFufNg]efj, lqmof jf k|lqmof . cuflng' s) lqm) cFufNg] sfdulg' cFufnf] xflng' .

cufn] lj) [cFufnf]P] != Ps cFufnfdf c6fpg] cFufnfdfaf]lsg] cFufnfelsf] . gf) @= vnfdf wfg r'6\g] jf emfF6\g]a]nfdf wfgsf cFufnf af]Sg] v]tfnf] la6f af]Sg] dfG5] .

cufnf] gf) [;+) cfln\ug] != :g]x jf cfTdLotf hgfpgs;}nfO{ b'j} xftn] Rofk] cfgf] 5ftLdf 6fF:g] sfd cfTdLotfjf lgs6tf hgfpg Psn] csf{sf] jf Pscsf{sf] sfFwdfxft fVg] sfd cfln\ug c\sdfn c\ufnf] . @= b'O{ xftkm}nfP RofKg ;lsg] kldf0f afxfFelsf] kldf0f (PscFufnf] bfpf, Ps cFufnf] 3fF;, cFufnfelsf] v O)) .~ lbg' 6') le8\g' . (pbf) lgwf{n] alnofnfO{ cFufnf] lbg;Qm}g .) ~ dfg{'xfNg' 6') c\sdfn ug'{ .

cFu'7L gf)x]) cf}F7L .cFu'7f] gf) [k|f) c+u'f] < ;+) c\u'i7] != xft jf v'fsf] b'O{

cfFVnf ePsf] df]6f] cf}Fnf] a"9L cf}Fnf] cf}F7f] . @= cFu'7fsf]5fk NofKr] ;xL .

cu]7L gf) [k|f) cluf] < ;+) clUgli7sf] cfuf] tfKgfsflglDt k|of]u x'g], af]s] rfx]sf 7fpFdf nlug] df6f] jfwft'sf] efF8f] af];L{ dsn c6n .

cu] gf) kf]y|f] xf]rf], kft ftf]ftf] tyf ;fgf] u]8f ftf]x'g] Ps k|sfsf] ljiffn' jg:klt s]xL dfqfdf u'lnof],tdtdfpFbf] a];L dfqfdf vfFbf ljiffn', j:t'efpn] vfFbfc; ug]{ jg:klt jg:kltsf] kmn .

cu]L gf) r}tdf kfplng], kfpnf] nfUbf ftf] efjsf] b]lvg] kl5 xNsf xlof] kft x'g], Njfsf cfsfsf bfgf kmNg],j:t'efpn] kfn'jf vfFbf k]6 9fl8g] To;sf] c;n] dg{klg ;Sg] jg:klt .

cuf]5f gf) zL k'5\g] jf s5f8h:tf] uL a]lg] ?dfnuD5f pkgf{ cf]5f .

cr]6\g' ;) lqm) != s;}dfly bafa lbg' jzdf Nofpg' .@= s'g} nlrnf] j:t'nfO{ a];L lyRg' 3r]6\g' 7]Ng' . >cr]6fO gf) cFr]6\g] efj, lqmof jf k|lqmof . cr]6fOg's) lqm) cFr]6\g nfOg' . cr]6fpg' k|]) lqm) cFr]6\gnfpg' Roflkg] kfg'{ . cr]l6g' s) lqm) cFr]6\g] sfd ulg'

c! != b]jgfuL j0f{dfnfsf] :jj0f{dWo] klxnf] :jj0f{kDkfut kdf s07:yfgaf6 pRrf0f x'g] x|:j :jj0f{dflgPsf] efifflj1fgcg';f cfwfv'nf, s]Gb|Lo :jj0f{n]Vo kdf ;f] :jj0f{sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ lnlklrXg . @=n]vfOsf qmddf ljifoj:t'sf] juL{s0f jf ljefhgpkljefhgsf lglDt :jj0f{sf] k|of]u ulFbf lbOg] qmdaf]wsklxnf] lrXg .

c@ [;+)] gf) != leq cGtlg{lxt dflgPsf cpd\tLg WjlgdWo] lji0f'nfO{ a'emfpg] klxnf] Wjlg . (p tyf d\Wjlg qmdzM lzj tyf a|XdfnfO{ a'emfpg] dflgG5g\ .) @=;+:s[t PsfIfL sf]zcg';f d"ntM lji0f'nfO{ hgfpg]d\unjfrL zAb . #= k");) zAbsf cufl8 nfuL cefj,leGgtf, ljkLttf cflb cy{ a'emfpg] k"j{;u{ (cult, c1fg,ckmfk, cof]Uo O)) .

c# lg) emsf]{, ufnL, a]jf:tf, c:jLsf cflb a'emfpgcfj]usf cj:yfdf k|of]u ulg] lj:doflbaf]ws zAb cf .(pbf) c, lagl;lQ slt rn]sf] < c, d olt a]nf ahfhfGgF .)

c lg) [k|f) cfd < ;+) cfd\] :jLsf, ;Demgf, cfZro{,pk]Iff, k|;Ggtf, kL8f cflb efj hgfpg], k|foM jfSosfcufl8 cfpg] zAb . (pbf) cF, dnfO{ ;Grf] 5}g . cF,To:tf] klg xf]nf . cF, ltdLn] eg] x'G5 )

csfO gf) [ cfs\ (cfO)] cfFSg] efj, lqmof jf k|lqmof .[ > ] csfOg' s) lqm) cfFSg nfOg' . csfpg' k|]) lqm)cfFSg nfpg' cfFSg] kfg'{ .

cuvfcuvf{ gf) [k|f) c\uvf] 3fF6Lb]lv 3'F8fdlGt;Ddsf]nfdf] j'mtf{h:tf] k|foM ;fw';Gtxn] ljz]if cj:yfdffhf, dGqL cflbn] klg nufpg] j:q .

cuf gf) [k|f) c+uff] < ;+) c\uf] bfpf cflb HjngzLnj:t' an] sf]Onf eO{ lge]sf], t vfgL eOg;s]sf]k|f\ufls, sfnf] j:t' uf]n c\uf cf . > cuf] lj)cFufh:tf] sfnf] Hofb} sfnf] c\uf] .

cufn\g' ;) lqm) [cFufnf]g'] != :g]x jf cfTdLotf hgfpgs;}nfO{ b'O{ xftn] Rofk] 5ftLdf 6fF:g' lgs6tf b]vfpgk:kdf cFufnf] dfg'{ c\sdfn ug'{ . @= s'g} sfds'f jfk];fnfO{ u|x0f ug'{ lng' . (pbf) pgn] lzIfssf] sfo{

gg

2

Roflkg' .cr]nf gf) [;+) c~rn] v]tsf ufsf 5]pdf df6f] y'kfL

agfOPsf] cfnLsf] dflyNnf] efu .ch'n\g' ;) lqm) [cFh'nLg'] != cFh'nLn] kfgL, cGg cflb

j:t' x'ofpg' . @= s'g} j:t' cFh'nLdf eg'{ . #= b'O6f k;hf]8\g' cFh'nL kfg'{ . > ch'nfO gf) cFh'Ng] efj, lqmof jfk|lqmof . ch'lng' s) lqm) cFh'Ng] sfd ulg' .

ch'nL gf) [;+) c~hln] != b'O{ pQfgf xTs]nf hf]8L cf}Fnfxs]xL s'Ko|fP vf]rL jf a6'sf]h:tf] vf]laN6f] kflPsf] l:ylt .@= k|fy{gf ubf{ pko'{Qm lsl;dn] b'O{ xTs]nf hf]8\bf x'g]d'b|f . #= b'O{ xTs]nf hf]8L agfOPsf] vfN6felsf] s'g}j:t'sf] kldf0f (Ps cFh'nL kfgL, Ps cFh'nL k"mn O))c~hnL s;Dk'6 . ~ hf]8\g' 6') laGtLefp ug'{ . ~ yfKg'6') g]xf]f uL dfUg' . ~ lbg' 6') d[To';+:sfcGtu{t d]sfJolQmsf] ;Demgfdf cFh'nLel ltns'z;lxt kfgL lbg' .

c6fO gf) [cfF6\cfO] cfF6\g] sfd jf k|lqmof .cl7g' c) lqm) [cfF7 Og'] != csf{sf] kGhfleq k'Ug'

kjz x'g' . @= s'g} aGwgn] Roflkg', sl;g' jf dl:sg' .cl7of gf) u'bLdf dLr h:tf sfnf bfgf af]qmfdf skf;sf]

laofFdf x'g] h:tf] e'm; nfUg] Ps hftsf] s]f .c7fO gf) [ c7fp - cfO_] cF7fpg] lqmof jf k|lqmof .

[ > ] c7fOg' s) lqm) cF7fpg] sfd ulg' s]lkg' .c7fp g' ;) lqm) [cfF7] ofp g'] != gpDsg] uL

bx|f];Fu ;dfpg' hf]8n] lgrf]g'{ jf lyRg' . (pbf) efOrfn];fyLsf] 3f]qmf] cF7fof] .) @= c s;}nfO{ cfgf] kGhfdfkfg'{ s]Kg' (pbf) bfh'n] s'fdf cF7fPsfn] pgL s]xLaf]Ng ;s]gg\) .

cl8 gf) [;+) P08] sYo) cFl8n . != ;fts'g] kftePsf], e'mKkfdf kmn kmNg], ftf] jf ;]tf] 8fF7 ePsf],kmnaf6 t]n lgsflng] kftrflxF ];dsf sLfnfO{ v'jfOg]Ps hftsf] af]6 . @= To;} jg:kltsf] kmn . (o; kmnsf]t]n h'nfkmsf lglDt k|of]u ulG5 .)

c8'jf lj) [;+) c08pjf] != hxjft eO{ jf :jtM 7"nfcfF8f x'g] 7"nf] c08sf]if ePsf] cfF8fjfn cfF8] . @= v;Lgkf]sf] g;'d]sf] (;fF9], ax, af]sf], 3f]8f] cflb) .

ct]\g' ;) lqm) != s;}nfO{ nv]6\t} 5]St} nuL leQf], s'g'jf cK7ff]df k'ofO{ jzdf kfg'{ s;}nfO{ n8fO{ zLsfvf;vf; efudf 3'F8fn] 6]sL xnrn ug{ glbO{ sfonkfg'{ . @= oftgf lbO{ cTofpg' . > ct]fO gf) cFt]g]{ efj,lqmof jf k|lqmof . ct]lg' c)lqm) cFt]g]{ sfd ulg'cFr]l6g' .

cw] gf) [ cFWof] k|sfzsf] cefjdf j:t'sf] oyfy{ 1fggePh:t} ;dfhdf jf fHodf ljj]sljrfz"Go eO{ cGwsf

ePsf] cj:yf Gofolg;fkm x'g g;s]sf] / st{Jocst{Jojf c;n vfasf] 5fgljrf geO{ hyfefaL ePsf]l:ylt ljleGg k|sfn] ePsf] cGwsfsf] JoflKtb[li6ljxLgtf cGw] (pbf) oxfF lbp;} cFw] eof] . o:tf]cFw] ;xg ;lsFb}g .) . lj) @= cFw]f] cGwsf . > cw]Lgf) != ;lwPsf xfQL, 3f]8f cflbsf] cfFvfdf nufOg] kbf{ .lj) @= s[i0fkIfsf] sfnf] 3fd gl5L cFWoff] x'g] (cFw]Lft, cFw]L vf]nf, cFw]L kfvf, cFw]L jg O)) .

cw]f] gf)lj) [ cFWoff]] cGwsf cFWoff] .c Wof gf)lj) [; +) cGwsf] c F Wof f ] .

vfp8]vfp8f] lj) cFWofd'v] . d'v] lj) cFWoff]d'v ePsf] jf cFWoff] d'v nfpg] 3f];] .

cWoff] gf) [k|f) cGwsff] < ;+) cGwsf] != k|sfzsf]cefj pHofnfsf] cefj dlngtf . lj) @= pHofnf] gePsf]lg:t]h pHh gePsf] d8\lsnf] . (pbf) cFWoff] d'vnfpg' dg cFWoff] x'g' of] n'ufsf] cFWoff] 5 O).)cWoffsf] sfd, vf]nfsf] uLt (pvfg) . cWoffsf] h3f6') e]p gkfO{ ulPsf] sfd .

ck gf) != dbf{kbf{ bfg ulg] cDvf]fsf] cfsfsf] efF8f] .@= df6fsf] efF8f] .

c+z gf) [;+)] != efu lx:;f v08 6'qmf . @= bfh'efO jfcGo c+l;ofsf aLr x'g] hfoh]yfsf] efuaG8f ;f]efuaG8fcGtu{tsf] Ps v08 . #= ul0ftdf leGgsf] ;\Vofjf c\s j[Qsf kllwsf] #^) efudWo] Ps efu . $= d]if,j[if cflb flzsf ef]Uosfnsf] tL; efusf] Ps efu . %=rGb|dfsf] ;f]x| v08dWo] Ps v08 . ^= ;+:yfg, lgud,sDkgL cflbdf clws[t k'FhLcGtu{t lglZrt sdsf] Pslx:;f . &= ;\uLtdf fusf] lj:tf jf yf6 k|s6 x'g]:j . tM lqm)lj) s]xL c+zdf s]xL xb;Dd s]xLdfqfdf ck"0f{ kdf . (pbf) pxfF sljtfeGbf gf6sdfc+ztM ;kmn x'g'x'G5 . tkfO{+sf] s'f c+ztM ;To xf] .)ljk) k"0f{tM . ~ bfg gf) s'g} :yfgLo, If]qLo, fli6o jfcGtf{li6o ;fdflhs, wfld{s cflb ;+:yf jf sf]ifdf cfgfclwsfsf] c+z ck{g] sfd cfk"mn] kfPsf c+zsf] bfg . w gf) s'g} pBf]uJoj;fo jf cGo k|sfsf cfly{ssff]af;Fu ;DalGwt ;+:yf cflbdf k'FhL nufpg] JolQmlx:;]bf ;fem]bf c+l;of . ~ kq gf) c+zaG8fsf] sfutaG8fkq . ~ av]8f gf) c+zsf] afF8kmfF8 jf efuaG8f;DaGwL slr\un . aG8f gf) c+l;ofxsf aLrdfx]sf] ;uf]nsf] >L;DklQsf] afF8kmfF8 . efuL gf) c+zsf]xsbf . > c+zfjtf gf) eujfg\sf] jf dxfk'?ifsf] c+zlnP hGd]sf] JolQm cjtfL JolQm .

c+z' gf) [;+)] ;"o{sf] ls0f k|sfz Hof]lt . dfg\ gf)

cr]nfc+z'

gg


3

;"o{ . dfnL gf) ;"o{ . jdf{ gf) g]kfnsf] Oltxf;dflnR5ljsfnsf Ps k|l;4 zf;s g]kfnsf fli6o lje"ltdWo]Ps cfDedf fhf lzjb]j;Fu ldnL dxf;fdGtsf x}l;otn];+o'Qm kdf clGtd ;dodf fhfsf kdf g} zf;g ug]{Ps lnR5ljsfnLg zf;s .

c+; gf) [;+) c+z] x]) c+z . > c+l;of gf) != k'Vof}{nL;DklQ jf ;uf]nsf] ;DklQdf c+z kfpg] clwsf ePsf]JolQm c+zsf] xsbf c+zsf] clwsfL c+zefuL . @= sfg'gLkdf c+z kfpg] j+zxsf] ;d"x, h:tf] c+l;ofa+l;of .> c+l;ofL lj) c+l;of;DaGwL c+l;ofsf] . c+:ofxfgf) s'g} ;+:yfg, lgud, sDkgL jf sff]afsf] clws[tk'FhLdf lglZrt lx:;f ePsf] JolQm pQm lx:;fsf] gftfn]x'g cfpg] xs bfloTj ePsf] JolQm .

cp lgkf) s;}nfO{ xftsf] xfpefp;lxt ;Daf]wg ubf{ jfaf]nfpFbf k|of]u ulg] cfXjfg;\s]t P (pbf) cp,sfG5f slxn] cfO;\ csaL lj) !=csasf] h:tf] cyf{t\ pDbf c;n pQd jf pTs[i6 . @=gDaL (;'g) . csaL ;'gnfO{ s;L nfpg'kb}{g (pvfg) .csa] lj) != 8Nnf] vfnsf] Hofb} lkf] (vf];f{gL) fFu]cAa] . gf) @= ;f]xL hftsf] vf];f{gL .

csafn gf) [c) Osjfn] != P]Zjo{ . @= k|tfk . #=rsrsL . (pbf) n\sfsf] csafn\ ;'gf}F t klxn] s:tf]5 t]:sf] tvt\ . efg'eQm .)

csds gf) [c) d")] != cfg]sfg] bf]dg . @= bf]wflljwf . > csdsfO gf) csdsfpg] efj, lqmof jfk|lqmof . csdsfOg' c)lqm) csdsfpg] sfd x'g'csdSs klg' . csdsfpg' c) lqm) csdSs kg]{ l:yltx'g' o;f] eg"F ls p;f] eg"F eP cndlng' . csdlsg' c)lqm) csdSs kg'{ ls+st{Joljd"9 x'g' . csdSs lqm)lj)!= lhNn lhNnffd . lqm)lj) @= bf]wfdf k] lhNnffdeP . csdSofO gf) csdsfO . csdSofOg' s) lqm)csdlsg] ufOg', csdSs kflg' . csdSofpg' k|]) lqm)csdlsg] ufpg' csdSs kfg'{ .

cslDkt lj) [;+)] != gsfDg] l:y gxlNnPsf] g8u]sf] .@= g8fPsf] .

cs! lj) [;+)] != ;sfL jf u};sfL s,kf]t, z'Ns cflb gnfUg] s ldgfxf ePsf] . @=xft gePsf] xftlxt . #= ;'F8 gePsf] .

cs@ gf) != c;lhnf] jf cK7ff] l:ylt cSs . @=vfFrf] ;fx|f]ufx|f] .

cssfcssnf gf) [;+) cfsse] lkf] kkofpg]:jfb x'g], udL{ a9fpg], bfFt b'v]sf], jft, lkgf; h:tff]udf cf]vtLsf lglDt k|of]u ulg] jg:kltljz]if .

cs0f gf) [;+)] != lqmofkbsf] s0f cy{sf] ljkLtlgif]w cy{ .@= lqmofkbsf] s0f ksf] ljkLt lgif]wfTdsk . #= jfSosf] p2]Zo;Fu ;DalGwt ljw]osf] cy{sf] v08gjf lgif]w (h:tf] s0f M fd 3 hfG5 cs0fM fd 3hfFb}g O)) .

cs0fL gf) ul0ftdf ju{d"n gx'g] ;\Vof . ~ c\s gf)ul0ftdf ju{d"nsf] lx;fadf z]if xg] c\s (h:t} *,!), !%, !&, @$, @^ O)) .

cs0fLo lj) [;+)] ug{ cg'lrt ug{ gx'g] cst{Jo .cs?0f lj) [;+)] s?0ff jf bofsf] efjgf gePsf] lgi7'L

lgb{oL .cs0f{ gf) x]) csg{ .cst{Jo lj) [;+)] != g}lts ;Ldf jf dof{bfn] ug{ g;'xfpg]

ug{ gx'g] cg'lrt . gf) @= gfd|f] sfo{ s'st{Jo .

c+;cst{Jo

gg

4

csg{ gf) [kmf)] != d'n'sLvfgf cflbdf s'g} s'f lglZrt;dodf a'emfpFnf egL ;t{;lxt cfn] ufPsf] sa'lnotsf]sfut . @= sfof{nodf ;flasjfnf sd{rfLn] xfnjfnf jfaxfnjfnf sd{rfLnfO{ cfgf] lhDdfsf] ;;fdfg, sfuhftcflb a'emfpFbf a'g]n] n]lvlbg] sfuh Ps lsl;dsf] ekfO{ .

csd{ gf) [;+)] != sd{sf] cefj . @= ug{ cof]Uo sfd . #=vfa sfd s'sd{ . $= If'b| sd{ gLr sd{ b'isd{ .

csd{s lj) [;+)] Jofs0fsf cg';f csd{s wft' jflqmofsf] ;\s]t ug]{ . ~ lqmof gf) cy{ k"f x'gfsflglDt sd{sf] cfjZostf gkg]{ lqmof stf{sf] sfo{Jofkfsf]kmn stf{df g} 6'\lug] lqmof .

csd{0o lj) [;+)] != s]xL klg sfd gug]{ lgsDdf cN5Llglij|mo . @= s'g} klg pNn]vgLo jf ;fy{s sfd ug{g;Sg] a]sf Joy{ . tf gf) csd{0o x'g] rfn, cj:yfjf l:ylt lgliqmotf .

csn gf) [c) cSn] s'g} klg sfd l56f]5ltf] kdf ug]{jf tfTsflns ;d:of 6fg{ ;Sg] ;'ema'em s'zntfk"0f{;dem h'lSt cSsn clSsn . u'd lj) != xf]; xfPsf];'ema'em gePsf] . gf) @= xf]; xfPsf] jf ;'ema'em gePsf]cj:yf . (pbf) cr]n pgsf] csnu'd ePsf] 5 .) bf lj) != csn ePsf] a'l4 k'ofP sfd ug]{ . @=l;kfn' . dGb lj) csn ePsf] csnbf .

csn'lift lj) [;+)] != lgd{n :jR5 . @= s'g} k|sfsf]b'ef{jgf gePsf] ;kmf x[bosf] .

cslNkt lj) [;+)] != sNkgf g} ug{ g;lsg] sNkgftLtlrtfpFb} glrtfOPsf] ;f]Rt} g;f]lrPsf] . @= csfNklgs .

csNof0f gf) [;+)] csf{sf] s'enf] lrtfpg] jf ug]{ sfdsi6 jf b'Mv lbg] sfd s'enf] .

cs:dft\ lqm)lj) [;+)] s]s;L ePsf] xf] yfxf gkfO{crfgs PsfPs ckem{6 .

csf6 lj) [;+)] != v08g ug{ g;lsg] . @= c;Tog7xlg] . #= sf6\g g;lsg] .

csfd gf) [;+)] != ug{ gx'g] sfd s'sd{ vfa sfd .lj) @= fu, ]if cflb s'g} klg kIfsf] rfxgf gePsf]jLtfuL j}}fuL lgisfd .

csfo lj) [;+)] != zL gePsf] lgfsf . gf) @=cg\u sfdb]j .

csf gf) [;+)] c :jj0f{ . @= c :jj0f{sf] pRrf0f .csf0f lqm)lj) [;+)] != s'g} klg sf0fljgf lagl;lQ .

lj) @= sf0f gePsf] lgfwf . gf) #= sf0fsf] cefj .csfflb lj) [;+)] ;'?df c ePsf] c af6 k|fDe

ePsf] . qmd gf) j0f{dfnfdf c b]lv x ;Ddsfj0f{xsf] qmdzM cfpg] qmd .

csffGt lj) [;+)] cGTodf c :jj0f{ x'g] -zAb h:t} s[i0f, j;Gt O)_ .

csfy{ gf) [;+) csfof{y{] != sf0fsf] cefj k|of]hgsf]cefj . lqm)lj) @= ljgfsf0f Joy}{df .

csfn gf) [;+)] != clgsfn . @= vfa ;do . lj) #=;do gk'u]sf] b'3{6gf cflbdf k]sf] c;fdlos . ~d0fd[To' gf) ;do gk'uL jf b'3{6gfdf kL ePsf]d0f cfsl:ds d[To' . (pbf) p;sf] csfn d0f jfd[To' eof] . )

csf; gf) [;+) cfsfz] != a|Xdf08sf] k[YjL, t]h, hn jfo'lxt cj:yf cGtlIf cfsfz ge ;u uug . @:ju{ b]jnf]s . sf] rf v;fNg' 6') c;Dejh:tf] sfdklg k"f ug{' . sf] kmn gf) b'n{e j:t' c;Dej s'f] .csf;sf] kmn, cfvf tL d\ (pvfg) . ~ kQfn gf) !=cfsfz kftfn . @= k'mtL{kmftL{ ldl;Psf] syg . ~ aQLgf) sflt{s s[i0f k|ltkbfb]lv sflt{s k"l0f{df;Dd t'n;Lsf]ln\ufdf aflng] bLk cfsfzaQL . ~ a]nL gf) cfsfza]nL;'gnxf] .

csfl;g' c) lqm) [csf;Og'] != csf;df dflydflyp8\b} hfg' . @= ;tx jf hLjgsf] oyfy{af6 axlsg' . #=;DklQsf] dfqf, j:t'sf] df]n cflb j[l4 x'g' .

csf;] lj) [csf;P] != csf;;DaGwL . @= lxF8\bf cfFvfdfly kfg]{ . #= cfsfzaf6 k]sf] kfgL jf emLdf cfl>t(v]tL) . $= gLnf] sf] . ~ v]tL gf) csf;af6 k]sf]kfgLsf] edf x'g] v]tL . ~ j[lQ gf) lglZrttf;fy cfojf hLljsf gx'g] l:ylt clglZrt k];f .

csf:ofO gf) [ csfl;( ofO) csfl;g] efj, lqmof jfk|lqmof . [ > ] csf:ofOg' c) lqm) csfl;g] kfl/g' .csf:ofpg' k|]) lqm) csfl;g] kfg'{ csfl;g nfpg'csf;df p8fpg' .

cls~rg lj) [;+)] != wgljxLg blb| . @= :jf:Yo, ;fwg,zlQm cflbn] xLg c;xfo aa'f] .

cs'07f gf) [;+)] dfgl;s cjf]w jf s'l07t x'g] cj:yfsf]cefj afwfJojwfg gx'g] l:ylt jf ;f] l:yltsf] af]w .> cs'l07t lj) != s'07flxt . @= afwflxt lgjf]wlgaf{w .

cs't lj) ljk'n cklldt olt g} 5 eGg] cg'dfg ug{g;lsg] ek" .

cs'n gf) [;+)] a]7]ufgsf] s'n gLr s'n ck|ltli7t s'n .cs'nfO gf) [ cs'nfp ( cfO)] cs'nfpg] lqmof, k|lqmof

jf l:ylt . [ > ] cs'nfOg' s) lqm) cfs'n kflg' .cs'nfpg' c) lqm) [;+) cfs'ncfpg'] cfs'n x'g' cflQg'

x8a8fpg' . > cs'nfx6 gf) cfs'n x'g] kfg]{ l:ylt,

csg{cs'nfpg'

gg


5

efj, lqmof jf k|lqmof .cs"t lj) x]) cs't .cs[t1 lj) [;+)] csf{n] nufPsf] u'g jf pksfk|lt cfefL

gx'g] a}u'gL s[tg .cs]nf lj) [ ;+) Psn] ;fydf sf]xL gePsf] PSnf] kmf .cSs8! gf)[ ;+) cs6] s'g} s'fdf Psf]xf]f] lsl;dn]

lnOg] lh2L l9kL x7 cs8 .cSs8@ k|To) ljz]if0f agfpgsf nflu cfpg] Ps s[t\

k|Too (3'dSs8, a]fnSs8 O)) .cSs g aSs lqm)lj) [(l)) gaSs] cSsnu'd OGt' g

lrGt' csdSs lhNnffd .cSs gf) != otfplt hfg g;lsg] cK7ff] 7fpF eL,

kxf] cflb ePsf] ljs6 7fpF cs . @= s] ug]{, s;f] ug]{eGg] cK7ff] l:ylt sl7gfO . > cSslnf] lj) hfgk'Ug g;lsg] cSs k]sf] cK7ff] .

cSsn gf) [c) cSn] s'g} cK7ff] l:ylt jf ;d:of;'Nemfpg] bIftf hl6neGbf hl6n sfd klg kmQ] kfg]{v'aL a'l4 rt'ofOF ;dem . bf lj) cSsnL . dGblj) cSsnL . > cSsnL lj) cSsn ePsf] l;kfn'a'l4dfg\ csnL .

cS6f]k; gf) [c\)] nxfh:tf cf7j6f v'f x'g], ;f9]c7f k'm6;Dd nfdf], u'nfkmL sf] lx+;|s hnr .

cS6f]a gf) [c\)] c;f]hsf] cfwfcfwLb]lv sflQssf]cfwfcfwL;Dd kg]{, u|]uf]L kfqf]cg';fsf] PstL;lbg] dlxgfpSt kfqf]cg';f b;f}F dlxgf .

clStof/ gf) x]) clVtof/ .cqmg' c) lqm) != s'g} s'f] sqmSs kg'{ s7f\lu|g' . @=

3dG8 ug'{ cledfg ug'{ .cqmd lj) [;+)] qmd gldn]sf] l;nl;nf gePsf] .

tf gf) 7fpFdf gk] kbsf] qmd gldNg] x'Fbf x'g] Psk|sfsf] sfJobf]if qmdljxLgtf . > cqmdfltzof]lSt gf)cn\sfzf:qcg';f sfo{ sf0fsf] Ps};fy cyjf klxn]sfo{ kl5 sf0fsf] pNn]v x'Fbf kg]{ Ps cn\sf cltzof]lQmcn\sfsf] Ps e]b .

cqmfO gf) [ cqm ( cfO)] cqmg] efj, lqmof jf k|lqmofsqmSskfO . [ >] cqmfOg' s) lqm) cqmg] kfg'{ sSo|fOg' .cqmfpg' k|]) lqm) cqmg] kfg'{ sSo|fpg' . cqmfx6 gf)cqmfO . clqmg' c) lqm) cqmg' slqmg' .

cqm" lj) [;+)] != qm" jf lgi7' :jefj gePsf] bofePsf] bofn' . gf) @= s[i0fsf sfsf tyf ;Nnfxsfsf]gfd .

cIf gf) [;+)] != kf;f . @= kf\u|fsf] Kjfndf xfNg] 8fF8Lw'f . #= k[YjLsf] pQL w|'jb]lv blIf0fL w|'j;Dd lvlrPsf]

slNkt ljefhs ]vf . qmL8f gf) kf;fsf] v]n .cIft lj) [;+)] != st} 3fprf]6 gnfu]sf] . @= glalu|Psf]

Ifo gePsf] . #= cIftf c5]tf . ~ of]lg lj) of]lg IftgePsL k'?ifl;t ;dfud gePsL s'dfL .

cIftf gf) [;+)] != rfdnsf ;Unf u]8f b]jlkt[sfo{dfr9fpg, k"hf ug{ jf 6Lsf nufpg k|of]u ulg] rfdnsflehfOPsf u]8f hf]vgf cflbdf k|of]u ulg] rfdnsfu]8f c5]tf . lj) @= ;Def]ulqmofff of]lg Ift gePsLs'dfL .

cIfd lj) [;+)] Ifdtf gePsf] cof]Uo c;dy{ . tfgf) cIfd x'gfsf] efj jf cj:yf c;dy{tf czQmtf .

cIfdf gf) [;+)] != c;xgzLntf Ifdfsf] cefj . @=lgi7'Lkgf lgi7'tf .

cIfdfnf gf)[;+)] != ufoqL jf s'g} dGq hKtf hk;\Vofsf]uGtL ug{ agfOPsf] dfnf hkdfnf . @= ?b|fIfsf] bfgfsf]dfnf . #= jl;i7 ClifsL kTgL .

cIfDo lj) [;+)] != dfkmL lbg g;lsg] jf gx'g] . @= ;xgg;lsg] . ~ ckfw gf) Ifdf lbg gx'g] jf g;lsg]ckfw .

cIfo lj) [;+)] != gfz gx'g] cljgfzL . @= slxNo} g36\g] . s'df gf) fj0fsf] sfG5f] 5f]f] . ~ sf]if gf) != hltvr{ u] klg g;lsg] vhfgf . @= vr{ gug]{ egL cnUuflvPsf] sf]if . ~ t[tLof gf) j}zfv dlxgfsf] z'SnkIfsf]t];|f] ltly jf ;f] ltlysf lbgsf] kj{ljz]if . ~ gjdL gf);Too'u cfDe ePsf] lbgsf kdf ljZjf; ulPsf] PsgjdL ltly sflt{s z'Sn gjdL s'idf08gjdL . j6gf) k|ofudf u\uf od'gf ldl;Psf] 7fpFdf kg]{ jsf]Ps k|frLg k|l;4 v .

cIfo lj) [;+)] gfz ug{ g;lsg] cIfo . > cIfof]bsgf) lxGb"xff >f4df lk08bfgkl5 lkt[xsf] cIfot[lKtsf lglDt r9fOg] hn .

cIf gf) [;+)] != keGbf ;fgf] WjlgeGbf 7"nf] WjGofTdsPsfO . (pbf) O, ;f\ O)) @= zAbsf] jf zAbf+zsfcfjfhsf] Pp6} k|of;df pRrlt x'g], k|foM Jo~hg;lxtjf lxt :j ePsf] l;\uf] Wjlg jf Wjlg;d"x cR5] . #=O{Zj kdfTdf a|Xd . lj) $= gfz gx'g] cljgfzL .hLjL lj) n]vk9 u]sf edf hLp kfNg] k9\g]k9fpg]sfd u] hLjgj[lQ ug]{ . Gof; gf) tflGqs k"hfkf7dfcfgf c\uk|To\usf] Iffsf lglDt tL c\uk|To\usfb]jtfxl;t ;DalGwt cIfxsf] :yfkgf . ~ kQL gf)afSnf] sfuhdf cIf n]lvPsf] 6'qmf cIfl;sfO jflrgfLsf nflu lzIf0f;fdu|Lsf kdf k|of]u ulg]cIfc\lst sfut . ~ ljGof; gf) j0f{ljGof; lxHh]

cs"tcIf

gg

6

lvKtL jt{gL . zM lqm)lj) != PsPs cIf u] PscIf klg g5f8Lsg . @= Ps} cIf klg glafO{ . (pbf)xg'dfg\ fdsf] cf1f cIfzM kfng uy]{ .) ~ ;\3ft gf)!= ljlrq cy{ klldt cIf ePsf] plSt x'g] gf6ssf]Pp6f nIf0f . @= s7f] Wjlg pRrf0f ubf{ cfOkg]{ cK7]f] .

cIffTds lj) [;+)] cIfsf] ;[hgf ug]{ ljz]iftf ePsf] .~ lnlk gf) :jsf] ;xfotfn] dfq n]Vg ;lsg] cIf jfj0f{ ePsf] lnlk (b]jgfuL, a|fXdL, a\ufnL O)) .

cIffDe gf) [;+)] != afnsnfO{ k9fpg k|fDe ufpg]Ps wfld{s sd{ j}lbs k4ltcg';f ulg] ;f]x| ;+:sfdWo]Ps . @= cIf jf lnlksf cWoogsf] cfDe .

cIf]vf gf) [;++)] k[YjL jf To;sf] dfglrqdf pQL w|'jb]lvblIf0fL w|'j;Dd tflgPsf] slNkt ]vf cIf .

cIf]lk lqm) lj) [;+)] sd;DaGwL n]gb]gsf sfutdfc\snfO{ k'li6 lbgsf nflu cIfdf c\s hgfpg'eGbfklxn] k|of]u ulg] zAb cIfdf klg . (pbf) d}n] cfhsfldltdf ?= !)) cIf]lk Ps ;o ;fk6 lnPsf] 7Ls;fFrf] xf] .) .

cIfzfnf gf) [;+)] h'jf v]nfpgsf lglDt Joj:yf ulPsf]3 .

cIff+z gf) [;+)] k[YjLsf] cIf e"dWo]vfsf] ;dfgfGtdfsf]lg ;Sg] slNkt ]vfdWo] s'g} Ps e"dWo]vf w'|jtffsfdfemsf] sf]l0fs b"L .

cIff lj) [;+)] Iff kbfy{ jf g'gsf] c+z gePsf] IffleGg .~ nj0f gf) vfgLaf6 lg:s]sf] g'g ;d'b|L g'gafx]ssf]cGo g'g (l;w]g'g, ef]6]g'g ) .

clIf gf) [;+)] != cfFvf g]q . @= cfFVnf] .cIfL0f lj) [;++)] IfL0f gePsf] glvOPsf] k'i6 df]6f] .cIf'00f lj) [;+)] != g6'6]sf] gv'Fl8Psf] . @= Jojwfglxt

nuftf . tf gf) nuftf eOxg] jf ulg] efj s'g}f]s6f]sljgf rlnxg] efj gv'Fl8g] jf gv'Fl8Psf] cj:yfcv08tf .

cIff]e gf) [;+)] Iff]e, l; jf c;Gtf]ifsf] cefj . >cIff]Eo lj) != 8ufpg g;lsg] pQ]lht kfg{ g;lsg] .@= cljrlnt . gf) #= kfFr dxfa'4dWo] bf];|f .

cIff}lx0fL gf) [;+)] != k|frLg eftLo ;]gfsf] ;a}eGbf7"nf] PsfO . @= 3f]8r9L, x:Toff]xL, k}bn uL hDdf!,)(,#%) of]4f x'g] ;}lgs;d"x .

cS; lqm)lj) [c)] w]}h;f] k|foM .clS;hg gf) [c\)] \ulxt, lgu{Gw UofF;o'Qm

jftfj0fsf] nueu k~rdf+z dfqf ePsf], hLjhGt' jg:kltsf] ;f; km]g]{ sfddf , k|f0fLsf] zLdf tfk lbg]sfddf cfuf] aNg] sfddf ;3fp k'ofpg] ;fogzf:qdf

O2 sf kdf ;+l1t x'g] tj pb\hg k|f0fjfo' cd[tjfo' .cvr gf) h'g;'s} j:t' jf cj:yfaf6 kg{ cfpg] cK7ff]

l:ylt . > cvlrnf] lj) ufx|f];fF3'f] klxg] vfFrf] kg]{ .cv6f] gf) [;+) cfIft] != v jf lefnf] kxf8 r9\bf

pSng cf]n{gsf lglDt v'f 6]Sg agfOPsf] vf]laN6f] . @=8f]Lsf jf sf7sf] ln:g' .

cv gf) != lgs} 7"nf] vfFrf] jf cefj . lqm)lj) @= Hofb}lgs} . (pbf) dnfO{ b; ?lkofFsf] cv kof] . ) .

cv8f gf) [k|f) cSvcf8f] > ;+) cIfjf6] != s;t ug]{jf s':tL cflb l;Sg] 7fpF cvf8f . @= hf]uL, kmls, uFh8Ljf h'jf8L cflb e]nf x'g] 7fpF . #= s'g} Joj;fo jf bnsfJolQmx y'lk|Psf] 7fpF . (pbf) Tof] 7fpF rf]sf] cv8flyof] .) . $= dgf]~hg ug]{ 7fpF .

cv08 lj) [;+)] != g6'lqmPsf] c6'6 l;\uf] . @= afwfljf]wjf f]s6f]s gePsf] . tf gf) c6'6kgf l;\uf] cj:yfjf k . > cv08gLo lj) != 6'So|fpg jf cnUofpgg;lsg] . @= sf6\g g;lsg] (ts{, jfSo, syg O)) .

cvl08t lj) [;+)] v08g gePsf] vl08t gePsf] . ~k|tLtkq gf) Ps Aof\sn] csf]{ Aof\ssf gfpFdf kmnfgfcfoftstf{sf] olt ?lkofFn] vfd];Ddsf] r]s, 8f6 jfx'G8L :jLsf ug"{ tyf lgsf;Lstf{nfO{ sdsf] e'QmfgLlbg" egL n]lvPsf], lgsf;Lstf{ff k|tLtkq vf]lnPsf]Aof\ssf] sa'lnot;d]t uflePsf] x'g] lgsf;Lstf{sf]clu|d cg'dltljgf v08g jf vf]hL x'g g;Sg] kq .

cvg] gf) [cvfgP] bfOFsf] kfn tfGg] sfd ulg] c\s';]nL .

cvaf gf) [c)] b}lgs, ;fKtflxs cflb lglZrt ;dodflgl:sg] vasf ;fy} ;DkfbsLo, l6Kk0fL, n]v, lj1fkgcflb 5flkPsf] sfut vasfut ;dfrfkq . > cvafLlj) != cvaf;DaGwL . @= cvafdf lbOPsf] jf ePsf] .

cvf8f gf) x]) cv8f .cvfB lj) [;+)] != vfg gx'g] . gf) @= vfg gx'g] j:t' . #=

vfFbf zLnfO{ clxt ug]{ j:t' s'vfB .cvfg'cvfgf] lj) [;+) cIffGt] != cldNbf] ;\s6df

kflPsf] csf0f pNemgsf] l:yltdf kflPsf] . (pbf)sfd laufg]{ JolQm cvfg' x'g' :jfefljs 5 .) . gf) @=To:tf] l:yltdf k]sf] JolQm cleof]Ho JolQm .

clvn lj) [;+)] k|To]ssf] ;a}nfO{ ;d]6\g] ;Dk"0f{ ;du|;ff (clvn g]kfn /fli6o :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgog, clvng]kfn dlxnf ;\3 O)) .

clVtof gf)[c)] != lgodsfg'gff lbOPsf] clwsfxs clStof/ . @= clwsfIf]q . #= k|e'Tj ;fdYo{ . ~b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u gf) g]kfn clwfHosf] ;+ljwfg,

cIffTdsclVtof

gg


7

@)#@ cg';f fi6;]jsxn] cfgf clwsfxsf] gfhfoh clgoldt k|of]u u]df sfafO{ ugf{sf lglDt u7g ePsf]Ps ;+j}wflgs lgsfo . gfdf gf) s;}nfO{ cfgf tkm{af6sfd ug"{ egL n]lvlbPsf] sfut clwsfkq jfl;gfdf . jfnf lj) != s'g} sfd ug{ clwsf kfPsf] lgodsfg'gcg';f lnlvt kdf clVtof kfpg] . gf) @= To:tf]clVtof kfPsf] JolQm . > clVtofL lj) != clVtofk|fKt u]sf] clVtofdf x]sf] clVtofleqsf] . gf) @=clVtof x'gfsf] efj jf cj:yf . > clVtof] lj) clVtofk|fKt u]sf] (JolQm) clVtofjfnf .

cv|g' c) lqm) lr;f] jf leh]sf] j:t' ;'Sg' yf]} ;'Sg' . >cv|Ss lj) != lehLjL ;'s] bx|f] ePsf] (sk8f, 5fnfO)) . lqm)lj) @= To;L bx|f] x'g] uL . cv|fO gf) cv|g]efj, lqmof jf k|lqmof . cv|fOg' s) lqm) clv|g] kflg' .cv|fpg' k|]) lqm) cv|g nfpg' cv|g] kfg'{ . cv|fx6 gf)cv|fO . clv|g' c) lqm) != cv|g' . @= cv|g] x'g' . cVo|fOgf) clv|g] efj, lqmof jf k|lqmof . cVo|fOg' s) lqm)clv|g] kflg' . cVo|fpg' k|]) lqm) clv|g] kfg'{ . cVo|fx6gf) cVo|fO .

cusNrf] lj)x]) cwsNrf] .cur lj) [;+) cuTofcuDo] != cs hfg jf lxF8\g

cK7]f] c3r . gf) @= To:tf] cK7]f] 7fpF jf l:ylt . >culrnf] lj) cur kg]{ cK7]f] x'g] .

cu8dau8d lj) [c=d"= cu8d (l=)] != w]} ;\VofdfePsfn] jf t'R5 ePsfn] cg'Nn]vgLo XofgTofgkm:ofk'm;' kmf;k'm;] . gf) @= To:tf] cg'Nn]vgLo j:t' .

cu0fgLo lj) [;+)] != cu0o uGg g;lsg] ulgg;Sg'c;\Vo a]uGtL cguGtL . @= u0fgf ug{ nfos gePsf]t'R5 5'b| .

cul0ft lj) [;+)] != gulgPsf] . @= uGg g;lsg] w]}k|z:t .

cu0o lj)x]) cu0fgLo .cult gf) [;+)] != gfd|f] ult b'u{lt . @= gs{ . (pbf)

To; b'i6sf] t d'v x]of] eg] klg cult klG5 .) lj) #=ultlxt .

cultnf] lj) [cultnf]] gfd|f] a]sfd] .cuTof lqm)lj) [;+)] != cGo ult gxgfn] cGtdf

PSsfl; . @= gfd|f] ;+of]un] ubf{ b'ef{Uojz .cud lj) [;+)] != hfg , hfGg jf yfxf kfpg g;lsg]

cyfx . @= kf nufpg g;lsg] ckf .cuDo lj) [;+)] cud . > cuDof lj) ef]u ug{ gx'g]

(gfL) .cu gf) [;+) cu?] != lxdfndf x'g], af:gf cfpg] Ps

hftsf] w"kL cu? . @= pQm w"kLsf] sf7 . #= w"kLsf] kftjf sf7 ld;fO{ agfPsf] w"k . aQL gf) l;Gsfdf cusf]n]k nufOPsf] w"k l;Gs] w"k .

cu? gf) x]) cu/ .cunaun lqm)lj) [(l)) aun] bfofFafofF jk 5]p5fp .cu:t gf) [c\)] u|]uf]L kfqf]cg';f jif{sf] cf7f}F dlxgf

To;cg';f ;fpgsf] kl5Nnf] cfwf efu ebf}sf] cluNnf]cfwf efudf kg]{ PstL;lbg] dlxgf .

cul:t gf) [;+)] != ldqfj?0fn] pj{zLnfO{ b]Vbf ktg ePsf]jLo{ s'Dedf kbf{ hGd]sf elgg] Ps Clif s'Deof]lg k'f0fdfjl0f{t syfcg';f ;d'b|sf] ;Dk"0f{ hn kfg ug]{ Ps Clifuf]qk|jt{s cg]s ClifdWo] Ps . @= Ps tff cul:ttff] .lj) #= l3r'jf vGr'jf . ~ uf]q gf) 9'\u]n cflb ysfg]kfnLxsf] uf]q . ~ tff] gf) blIf0f lbzfsf tffxdWo]sf]Pp6f tff] . < cu:To gf) != cul:t Clif . @= cul:t .

cuxg gf) [;+) cu|xfo0f] d\l; dlxgf . > cuxgL gf)d\l;df kmNg] jf x'g] (df;L{ cflb wfg jf c cGg) afnL .

cufOg' c) lqm) x]) c3fOg' .cufpg' c)lqm) [;+) cf3|f0f] x]) c3fpg' .cufl8 lqm)lj) [;+) cu|cfl8] != ;fd'Gg]df xfsfxfsL

clulNt . @= klxn] g} cl3af6} plxn] .cuf8L gf) sf7L gv;f];\ egL 3f]8fsf] 3fF6Ldf nufOg] k]6L .cufw lj) [;+)] != ulxf] tg{ g;lsg] . @= hfg] hfGg

g;lsg] cyfx . lqm)lj) #= cToGt c;f4] c3f]} .cufj} lqm) lj) [clucfj}] klxn] g} cluaf6} cufl8 g} .clu gf) of]) [;+) cu|] != ;fd'Gg] d'v]GhL clulNt

cl3 . lqm) lj) @= plxn] klxn] clu lqm) lj) !=k|frLg sfndf . @= cufl8cufl8 cl3cl3 .

cluGg kl5Gg gf) [8f])] s'g} sf7 jf afF;df ef kfLcl3lNt kl5lNt e'mlG8g] lsl;dn] sfFwdf af]lsg] efLefff af]lsg] efL .

clulNt lqm)lj) [cluNnf]lt] ;fd'Gg]kl cufl8kl;Dd'v cl3lNt/ .

cluNnf] lj) [cluONnf]] != klxnf]rflxF clusf] cl3Nnf] .@= cufl8sf] ;fd'Gg]sf] .

clu;f lj) [;+) cu|;] != s'g} sfddf cufl8 ;g]{:jefjsf] k'mlt{nf] cl3;/f . @= st{Jokfo0f .

cu'N6f] gf) [cfuf]pN6f]] an]sf] jf ;Ns]sf] bfpf] . cu'N6f]klg g7f];L aNb}g (pvfg) .

cu'jf! gf) [clupjf] != v]tLafLsf] sfd ug{ hUufwgLsftkm{af6 :yfoL jf c:yfoL kdf t}gfy ulPsf]slDtofd'lGtsf] sd{rfL slDtofsf] ;xfos .

cu'jf@ lj) [clu pjf] != clu lxF8\g] . @= s'g} sfddf

cv|g'cu'jf

gg

8

clu ;g]{ af6f] b]vfpg] dfu{bz{s e]luof] . gf) #= g]tf .> cu'jfO gf) g]tfn] ug]{ sfd g]t[Tj . luL gf)cu'jfO g]t[Tj .

cu]g'cu]gf] gf) [;+) cUGofwfgd\] dem]Ldf cf]5fgsf5]pdf cfuf] afNg agfOPsf] :yfoL clUgs'08 .

cuf]r lj) [;+)] s'g} klg OlGb|on] u|x0f ug{ g;Sg] OlGb|osf]ljifo gePsf] b]Vg, ;'Gg, rf6\g, ;'Fg, 5fDg ;f]Rg jfhfGg g;lsg] OlGb|oftLt .

cuf]8 gf) [cluuf]8] xf}bfsf] cluNnf] efunfO{ gxlNng]uL s:g b'O{ltaf6 afFWg] 8f]L .

cuf]lnt lj) [;+)] uf]nfsf gePsf] uf]lnt jf jt'{lntgePsf] .

cuf}6] lj) [clucf}6]] != clu nfUg] jf kfSg] (afnL) . gf)@= To:tf] afnL (3}of, ;l7of O)) .

cU3f] lqm)lj) [c3f]] Hofb} rf}k} lgs} cToGt .clUg gf) [;+)] != s'g} kbfy{ hn] tfk, k|sfz jf Hjfnf

k}bf x'g] k'~h b'|t kn] x'g] k|Hjngsfo{ jf k|lqmofcfuf] . @= d'Vo kn] kfrglqmof ;~rfng ug]{ zfLlszlQm . #= tLgsf] ;\Vof a'emfpg] zAb . $= cfUg]o sf]0fsf:jfdL dflgPsf clwb]jtf . ~ sjr gf) != cfuf]n]g89fpg] j:t' . @= cfufaf6 aRg nufOg] j:q . #=tGqzf:qcg';f zLsf] Iff ug{ ljleGg c\u 5f]O{ sNkgfulg] ljleGg gfdsf dGq . ~ sf08 gf) cfufn] ug]{ljgfz cfunfuL . ~ s'08 gf) o1 cflbdf xjg ugf{sflglDt cfuf] afNg agfOPsf] vf8n o1j]bLsf] cu]g' . s'df gf) != k|foM afnaflnsfxsf] kfrgzlQm a9fpg]cfo'j]{lbs cf}ifwL . @= sflt{s]o s'df . sf]0f gf)cfUg]o lbzf . ~ rqm gf) != cfufsf Hjfnfsf] e'dL .@= of]uzf:qcg';f lqsf]0ffsf cfwf ePsf] dl0fk' .~ rf] gf) eFu]fh:tf] cfsfsf], dL7f] cfjfh ePsf] Psk|sfsf] rf] tf]krf] . ~ Hjfnf gf) cfufsf] fFsf] . bLkg gf) cfo'j]{bcg';f kfrgzlQm a9fpg] jf ef]shufpg] Ps k|sfsf] vf; cf}ifwL . ~ kLIff gf) !=cfufdf k;] cfgf] lgbf]{ifkgf ;flat ug]{ k|frLg k|yf .(pbf) ;Ltfn] clUgkLIffff cfgf] ;tLTj k|dfl0ftulg\ .) @= cToGt sl7g jf Hofg hf]lvddf kg]{ lsl;dsf]s'g} hfFr . kfs lj) != cfufdf ksfOPsf] . gf) @=s'g} j:t'nfO{ cfufdf kfs ug]{ k|lqmof . ~ k'f0f gf)c7f k'f0fdWo] Ps cf7f}F dxfk'f0f . k"hs lj) clUgnfO{g} Oi6b]jtf dfgL k"hf ug]{ (lxGb", kf;L cflb) . ~ af0fgf) != k'f0fcg';f cfuf] pTkGg uL zq'nfO{ Wj:t kfg]{Ps lbJo c:q . @= Hof]ltifzf:qcg';f dlxgfdf z'SnkIfsfltLof PsfbzL tyf s[i0fkIfsf k~rdL rt'b{zL

ltlydf kg]{ clUgeosf] of]u . dfGB gf) h7flUg dGbx'g] f]u vfOPsf] j:t' ckr x'g] f]u kfrgzlQm sd x'g]f]u . df]rs gf) b'3{6gfdf k|of]u ug{ 7"n7"nf ejgdfflvg], cfuf] lgefpg] oGq . ~ ]vf gf) != 89]nfaf6hf]ufpgsf lglDt h\un v08v08df ljeflht x'g] uLaLraLrdf agfOPsf rf}8f af6f . @= 89]nfdf em}F aLraLrdf x]sf] cfufsf] k\lSt . f]lx0fL gf) != ftfftf kmf]sf lgl:sg] hng Pjd\ 56k6L k}bf ufpg] Psf]]u . @= Kn]u . j4{s lj) vfPsf] j:t' krfpg]kfrgzlQm a9fpg] h7flUgnfO{ ;lqmo kfg]{ . ~ zdf{ lj)Hofb} l;fxf cToGt qmf]wL . (pbf) ltdL t clUgzdf{ g}x]5f} ) . zfnf gf) o1s'08sf] nflu lgld{t 3 .~ lzvf gf) !=cfufsf] nKsf] aNb} u]sf] cfufsf] Hjfnf .@= vf];f{gL . ;+:sf gf) != wd{zf:qcg';f o1flbdfulg] clUgsf] ;f]x| ;+:sf . @= lxGb" ;+:sfcGtu{t ulg]d]sf JolQmsf] bfx;+:sf . ~ :yfkgf gf) != o1sd{dfj}lbs ljlwk"j{s clUgsf] :yfkgf ug]{ sfd tT;DaGwLcg'i7fg jf ;f] cg'i7fg ;DkGg ug]{ ljlw . @= To;L clUgsf]:yfkgf ug]{ ljlw n]lvPsf] k':ts . xf]q gf) j}lbsk|lqmofcg';f clUg:yfkgf uL lgoldt kn] laxfga]n'sfxf]d ug]{ lqmof To:tf k|sfn] clUgnfO{ cv08 fVg ulg]lgTo xjg . xf]qL gf) clUgxf]q;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ JolQmjf ;f] sfd ug]{ clwsf ePsf] JolQm . > cUGo:q gf)k'f0f cflbdf j0f{g u]cg';f cfufsf] Hjfnf cf]sNg] k|frLgc:q .

cu| lj) [;+)] d'Vo klxnf] k|wfg . gf) @= cufl8sf] efu;fd'Gg]sf] lx:;f . ufdL lj) != s'g} ofqf, sfo{qmd,cleofg cflbdf gfOs] jf cu'jf eO{ lxF8\g] . @= s'g} o'ujf ;dfhsf] oyfl:ylt;Fu c;Gt'i6 eO{ To;df cfd"nkljt{gsf lglDt cu|; x'g] . h gf) != cufl8 hGd]sf]JolQm . @= bfh' . ~ lhXjf gf) lha|fsf] cl3Nnf] efu . >cu|0fL lj) != s'g} klg sfd jf ljrfdf cu'jf . @=d'Vo k|wfg . b"t gf) clu cfpg] ljrf, ljifo jfJolQmsf] ;Gb]z Nofpg] JolQm s'g} klg s'fdf ceGbfclu a9]sf] JolQm . ~ k\lQm gf) != klxnf] kfFtL . @=ljlzi6 JolQm jf j:t'dWo] Ps cAan bhf{ . n]v gf)!= ;dfrfkqdf 5flkg] d'Vo n]v . @= uf]i7L, sfo{zfnfcflbdf 5nkmnsf lglDt k|:t't ulg] kq . jtL{ lj)cufl8 x]sf] clulNt x]sf] cl3Nnf k\lQmdf kg]{ . ; lj) s'g} klg sfds'fdf clu ;g]{ s'g} klg s'fdfclu a9\g] jf rf;f] lng] . ~ :j gf) pRrf0fdf lha|fsf]cu|efu ;lqmo ePsf] :jj0f{ . > cu|xfo0f gf) d\l;dlxgf . xf gf) k|frLg ;dodf u'?s'naf6 lzIff kfO{

cu]g'cu]gf]cu|

gg


9

cfpg] ljfg\ a|fXd0fnfO{ hLljsfsf lglDt rngc'g;f lbOg]u]sf] hldg jf hgkb . @= fhfff a|fXd0fnfO{hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu lbOPsf] hUuf s'zlatf{ .

cu|fvcu|f7 gf) != ;fnsf] sf7 . @= s'g} klg sf7sf]leqsf] r'f] . (pbf) sf7sf] afsnleq knfF; knfF;leqcu|fv x'G5 eGg] rfn gkfpg] tF s]sf] l;sdL{ ) . lj) #=alnof] (sf7kft cflb) . $= zlQmzfnL (dfG5]) cflb .

cu|fzg gf) [;+)] vfg'eGbf klxn] b]jtf lkt[nfO{ r9fOg]vfg]s'f cf};fgL an .

cu|f;g gf) [;+)] s'g} cg'i7fg, ;ef jf uf]i7Ldf cfdlGqtJolQmxdWo] d'Vo JolQmnfO{ k|bfg ulg] cf;g pRrtdcf;g .

cu|fXo lj) [;+)] != lng gx'g] :jLsf ug{ gx'g] jfg;lsg] . @= TofHo pk]Iffof]Uo .

clu|d lj) [;+)] != cluNnf] cufl8sf] klxnf] . gf) @=s'g} sfd ug]{ jf sfd ug{ lhDdf lnPsf] JolQmn] sfdcfDe gx'Fb} kfpg] s]xL sd k]:sL a}gf . ~ b]o gf)s'g} sfdsfhdf vl6g] JolQmnfO{ ;sfL jf u};sfLsfof{noff kl5 lx;fa ldnfpg] uL klxn] g} lbOg] gubLjf lhG;L k]:sL a}gf clu|d . ~ wg gf) clu|d b]ok]:sL . ~ sd gf) clu|d wg .

cUnfO gf) [cUnf]cfO] cUnf]kg prfO .clUng' c) lqm) [cUnf]Og'] cUnf] x'Fb} hfg' prfO

a9\g' pRrf] x'g' .cUnf] lj) [k|f) cUuf]] v'f jf km]b kQfnlt 6'KKff] jf

6fpsf] csf;lt uL plePsf b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf w] k|f0fL,kj{t, j:t' cflbdf ;a}eGbf nfdf] cNuf] cNsf] .

cUNofO gf) [ clUn ( ofO)] clUng] lsl;d, lqmof jfefj . [ >] cUNofOg' s) lqm) cUnf] kflg' pRrf]kflg' . cUNofpg' k|]) lqm) cUnf] kfg'{ r'Rrf] jf r'nLkfg'{ .

cUNofpg' ;) lqm) [cUnf]ofpg'] != 9f]sf, ofn cflbnfO{cfUnf], r's'n cflbn] aGb ug'{ . @= s'g} sfd x'g glbgefFhL xfNg' cjf]w t]:of{pg' .

c3r lj) x]) cur .c3l6t lj) [;+)] != 36gf gePsf] . @= klxn] gePsf]

ce"tk"j{ .c3f gf) [;+) cu|] ufO{e}F;LxnfO{ k3f nfpg'eGbf cufl8

b'lxPsf] b"w cuf c3f .c3fO gf) [ c3fp ( cfO)] c3fpg] lsl;d, lqmof jf

efj . [ >] c3fOg' c) lqm) c3fPsf] x'g' jf xf]Og' .c3fphL lqm)lj) [c3fppGhL] != k]6 6Gg xf]pGh]n

vfg dg nfu];Dd c3fpGh]n . @= wLt d?Gh]n ;Gt'i6

xf]OGh]n .c3fpg' c) lqm) [;+) cf3|f0f] != vfP jf lkP t[Kt x'g'

6Dd x'g' cufpg' . @= s'g} s'faf6 cdg x'g' jfSs x'g's'g} s'faf6 ljQm x'g' . > c3fpGh]nc3fpGh]nL lqm)lj)c3fpFhL .

c3f gf)[;+) cu|6] ufO{e}F;L b'x'Fbf kl3|g'eGbf cufl8y'gdf x]sf uf]6f b'lxPsf] b"w cuf .

c3f;' gf) [;+)] != >Ldb\efujt dxfk'f0fdf jl0f{t,s[i0fnfO{ dfg]{ cleofgdf s+;n] k7fPsf] s[i0fn] df]sf]clh\ukL fIf; . lj) @= vGr'jf l3rf; cul:t .

cl3 gf)of])lqm)lj) [;+) cu|] x]) clu . ~ cl3 lqm)lj)x]) cluclu .

cl3lNt lqm)lj) [cl3Nnf]lt] != s'g} lglZrt j:t',;do]vf, JolQm cflbsf ;fd'Gg] cufl8kl . @= d'v]GhLxfsfxfsL .

cl3Nnf] lj) [cl3ONnf]] x]) cluNnf] .cl3;/f lj) [;+) cu|;/] x]) clu;/f .c3f] lj) [;+) c3f]] != Hofb} 8nfUbf] . lqm) lj) @=

Hofb} w]} Hof:tL la5 cU3f] cU3f]} . gf) #= uf]vkGysf]cf}38 ;Dk|bfo . $= sfkflns ;Dk|bfo . kGy gf) c3f]dtfjnDaLxsf] ;Dk|bfo c3f] ;Dk|bfo . kGyL lj)!= c3f]kGysf] cg'ofoL . gf) @= c3f]kGysf] hf]uL .> c3f]L gf) != c3f]kGyL . lj) @= gfd|f] jf h] kfof]pxL vfg] c;QL . c3f]} lqm)lj) Hofb} cToGt} c3f] .c3f]ofO gf) != c3f]Lkgf c;'Gbtf . @= lgn{Hhtf3[0ffsf] cefj .

c3f]ng gf) [;+)] kfgLdf gkUng] jf 3f]ng gx'g] sfd . zLn lj) kfgLdf xfNbf gkUng] jf kfgLdf gldNg] .

c3f]if lj) [;+)] != :jlrD6L oyf:yfgdf xL bafa k|sDkgljgf pRrlt x'g] -Wjlg h:t} s, r, 6, t, k, v,5, 7, y, km, ;_ . @= fd|L g;'lgg] jf c:ki6 (cfjfh,:j O)) . > c3f]lift lj) != 3f]if0ff gulPsf] cf}krflskdf gatfOPsf] lgodk"j{s lbg'kg]{ ;"rgf glbOPsf] .@= c:ki6 (cfjfh cflb) . c3f ] i f Lejg gf)efifflj1fgcg';f 3f]if Wjlg (u, h, 8, b, a O)) c3f]if(s, r, 6, t, k O)) df kljlt{t x'g] k|lqmof .

c\s gf) [;+)] != ;\Vof, uGtL jf ;\Vofsf cfwfe"t;dli6 a'emfpg k|of]u ulg] k|flDes lrXg, zAb jfTo:tf lrXg zAbxsf] ;d"x lxGb", caL b]jgfuLk4ltcg';f z"Gob]lv gf};Ddsf ;\Vof;"rs lrXg jflrXg;d"x s'g} klg s'fnfO{ vf; qmddf k|of]u ulg] vf;;\Vof (l8lh6) . @= gf6ssf] k|s0fnfO{ 5'fpg], b[Zoxg jf gxg ;Sg] efu jf cWofo . #= kssf b;

cu|fvcu|f7c\s

gg

10

e]bdWo] s?0f;k|wfg, :qLkfq Hofbf tyf ;fwf0f rlqsf]gfos tyf Pp6} c\s x'g] Ps e]b To:tf] Psf\sL sfJo .$= b}lgs, ;fKtflxs, kflIfs cflb kqklqsfsf] ;\Vofhgfpg] c\s gDa . %= sfv . ~ ul0ft gf) !=c\sxsf] lj1fg, c\s;DaGwL, ul0ftljBf . @= c\slj1fgsf] k':ts . ~ wf0f gf) != s'g} lrXgf\lst wft'sf];fwgnfO{ ttfP zLsf c\udf 8fdL lrXg nufpg]sfd 8fDg] sfd . @= s'g} ;Dk|bfosf] lrXg zLdf wf0fug]{ sfd . #= rf]L, bfdn cflbsf ckfwdf bl08t ePsf]b]vfpg kfv'f jf ufnf cflbdf 8fDg] sfd . $= j[iff]T;u{o1df lzjk|Lltsf lglDt ;fF9]sf b'j} kftfdf rqm lqz"nn]8fdL lrXg nufpg] sfd . wfl0fL gf) != c\swf0fulPsL :qL 8fldPsL :qL . @= sfvdf lng] :qL . lj) #=c\swf0f ug]{ 8fldPsf] . $= sfvdf lng] . %= u0fgfulPsf] ulgPsf] . > c\sg gf) != s'g} j:t'df lrXgnufpg] sfd . @= 5fk jf lg:;f cflb nufpg] sfd . #=sf]g]{ sfd n]Vg] sfd (lrqf\sg, rlqf\sg, 5fof\sg,gfdf\sg O)) . kq gf) 5fk nfuL d"No tf]lsPsfsfut, lnkmf, l6s6 cflb j:t' . > c\sdfn gf) :g]x jfcfTdLotf hgfpg s;}nfO{ b'j} xftn] a]] cfgf] 5ftLdf6fF:g] sfd cFufnf] xfNg] sfd cfln\ug cFufnf] . d'vgf) Ps c\sleq k;]sf] aLh;d]t lnP ;a} c\ssf];"rgf ug]{ uef{\sh:tf] c+z . > c\sfjtf gf) cl3Nnf]c\ssf kfqn] ;"rgf u]sf], cl3Nnf] kllzi6h:tf] uLhf]l8Psf] c+z .

c\lst lj) [;+)] != s'g} s'f] hgfpgsf lglDt lrXgnufOPsf] lrlXgt 5fk nufOPsf] . @= n]lvPsf] pNn]vx'g] (h:tf] fhkqf\lst) . #= lrlqt . $= ulgPsf] . %=tf]lsPsf] lgwf{lt (h:tf] cl\st d"No) . ljk) cgl\st .

c\s' gf) [;+)] != jg:kltsf] aLhaf6 lglSnPsf] 6';f]aLhn] la?jfsf] k lng] qmddf lng] k|fylds k s'g}v jf la?jfaf6 lglSnPsf] gofF 6';f] . @= To;L g}k|:k'ml6t s'g} gofF s'f] gofF ljrfsf] cfDe . #= cfFs'f]6';f] d'gf lklkf] ufef] . > c\s'0f gf) cfFs'f lgSng]sfd aLhdf cfFs'f cfpg] jf gofF cfFs'f nfUg] sfd k"mnjf cGo jg:kltsf aLhaf6 la?jf 6';fpg] sfo{ jf cj:yf .(h:t} c\s'0fIfdtf, c\s'0fzlQm cflb) . c\s'fpg'c) lqm) != 6';fpg' jf knfpg' cfFs'f cfpg' . @= s'g}s'f cfFs'f cfPh:t} k|s6 x'g' . c\s'lt lj) != 6';fPsf]knfPsf] cfFs'f] cfPsf] . @= s'g} s'f cfFs'f cfPh:t}k|s6 ePsf] .

c\s'n gf) [;+) c\sf]n] sfe|fsf h:tf kft x'g], ;;fgfkx]Fnf sf k"mn k'mNg] ftf] df ;]tf w;f{ ePsf kmn

kmNg] sfF8fbf Ps j[If .c\s'z gf) [;+)] != sfF6f . @= jfxgnfO{ xfFSg] 58L . #=

sfF6f jf 58Ln] h:t} s;}nfO{ f]Sg], xfFSg] jf lgolGqt ug]{;fwg . $= aGwg c\s';] .

c\s';] gf) [;+) c\s'z] != s'g} j:t'nfO{ tfGg k|of]u ulg]6'Kkf] 3'Fu'lPsf] jf sfk] k]sf] Ps lsl;dsf] sfF6f jfkmnfdsf] ;fwg . @= xfQL xfFSg] l;nl;nfdf xfQLnfO{ txnufpg dfx't]ff k|of]u ulg], 6'Kkf] g'x]sf] c efu;f]emf] x'g] b'O{d'v] sfF6f . #= s'g} sfds'f Jojxfdf k]sf]jf kflPsf] o:t} sfk] jf c8\sf] (pbf) d}n] c\s';]ldnfO;s]sfn] Tof] dfG5] plDsg ;Sg] ;Defjgf 5}g .) . ~h'sf] gf) dflg;sf] cfGb|fdf kfOg], d'v c\s';]h:tf]3'ld|Psf], uf]nf], ftf]ftf] v}f]v}f] sf], ut sd ufpg]h'sf] .

c\v6 gf) [;+) cs6] != cleeffsf] jxg saf]n k|lt1f(pbf) g;Sg] sfdsf] c\v6 af]Sg' x'Fb}g .) @= c;lhnf]cj:yf v'Fu] .

c\u gf) [;+)] != s'g} l;\uf] j:t', k|0ffnL jf ;+rgfsfcjoj jf lx:;f . @= zLsf leGgleGg efu zLhLp cf . #= efu 6'qmf c+z v08 36s lx:;f . $=s'g} d"n j:t'sf] k"s, ;xfos, ;xof]uL, ck|wfg jf uf}0fc+z . %= cfhsf] laxfsf] efunk' If]qsf] cf;kf;;Ddx]sf] 7flgg] k|frLg eftLo hgkb . ^= c\u'nsf] ^ u'gfafasf] gfk ^ cdn afasf] gfk . ~ pkf\u gf)s'g} j:t', k|0ffnL jf ;+rgfsf k|d'v cjoj jf v08sf;fy} tL cjoj jf v08sf] pkcjoj . ~ Ifo gf) hLjsf]hf] x'g] zfLls ljsf; eO;s]kl5 zfLls ljsf;sf]cjf]w jf qmlds x|f;sf] l:ylt . h lj) != zL jfc\uaf6 pTkGg ePsf] . gf) @= f}+, g cflb . #= 5f]f5f]L;Gtfg . $= sfdb]j . ~ ktg gf) != zLsf c\uxcfgf] :yfg 5f]8L emg]{ jf pl5lg] lqmof . @= kf}fl0fskfqxn] d[t JolQmsf] nf; jxg uL b]zb]zfGt 8'Nbf;f] nf; ;8L unL zLsf c\ux emg]{ jf v:g] k|lqmof .(pbf) dxfb]jn] sfFwdf ;tLb]jLsf] nf; af]sL b]zb]zfGt8'Nbf hxfFhxfF ;tLb]jLsf] c\uktg eof], ToxfFToxfF PsPsj6f kL7 sfod eof] .) . ~ kL8g gf) s'g} g;fsfsf0faf6 zLsf] s'g} If]q jf efudf x'g] b'vfO .~ ljR5]bg gf) zNolrlsT;fsf qmddf zLaf6 o;sf]s'g} b"lift efu jf c\u sf6] 5'fpg] lqmof . ~ ;+of]hggf) zNolrlsT;fsf qmddf zLsf] s'g} c\unfO{ zLsf]csf]{ jf csf]{ efusf] c\u;Fu hf]8\g] k|lqmof .

c\utu'gf lj) c\uxaf6} pTkGg ePsf] zfLls jfc\uk|To\usf sf0faf6 plAhPsf] .

c\lstc\utu'gf

gg


11

c\ub gf) [;+)] kfv'fdf afFlwg] Tg, df]tL cflb cd"Nob|Jo h8]sf] ;'gsf] uxgf s]o" afh' . @= fdfo0fdf jl0f{tfdfj0fo'4df fdsf] kIf lng] Ps k|l;4 jfg;bf;'u|Ljsf] bfh' afnLsf] 5f]f] .

c\ugf gf) [;+)] z'enIf0fn] o'Qm ePsL :qL ;'Gb c\uePsL gfL ;'nIf0ff gfL .

c\u k|To\u gf) [;+)] x]s c\u zL jf cGo j:t'sf]k|To]s efu zLsf ;fgf7"nf ;a} c\u .

c\u e\u gf) [;+) c\ue\u] != zLsf] s'g} cjojsf]6'6k'm6 jf eFrfO . @= :qLhfltsf xfpefp jf s6fIf cflbr]i6f . #= s'6lk6 cflbff 7"n} rf]6k6s nfuL ePsf]zLsf] s'g} efusf] vtL . sf] vt gf) s;}nfO{ s'6lk6uL nufPsf] rf]6 jf vt c\ue\usf sf0faf6 ePsf]3fp jf bfu uDeL rf]6 . > c\ue\uL gf) bz{snfO{df]lxt kfg{ kfqff ulg] clego cfFvf, d'v, xft cflbgrfP gflosfff k|s6 ulg] xfpefp .

c\u Ifs gf) [;+)] != s;}sf hLpHofgsf] Iff ug]{JolQm . @= pRr kbdf x]sf ljz]if dxjk"0f{ JolQmxsf];'Iffsf lglDt ;w}F ;fydf xg] uL t}gfy ulPsf] k|xLjf ;}lgs o:tf k|xL jf ;}lgssf] ;d"x cf7kxlof . #=afnsxsf] x]ljrf ug]{ bbf .

c\u Iff gf) [;+)] zLsf] Iff hLpHofgsf] ;'Iff zLsfc\uxsf] lxkmfht .

c\ufu gf) [;+) c\ufu] ljz]iftM k|frLg dWosfnLg;dfhdf k|rlnt, zLdf 3l;g] ;'ulGwt b|Jo .

c\u jfSo gf) [;+)] ld> jfSoleq x]sf], cy{ a'emfpgcsf]{ jfSosf] ck]Iff fVg], k"s jf sfssf] kdf x]sf]pkjfSo . (h:t} h;sf] lstfa xf] p;}nfO{ b]pm . of]ld> jfSodf p;}nfO{ b]pm c\uL jfSosf] cwLgdf x]sfn]h;sf] lstfa xf] pkjfSo c\ujfSo ag]sf] 5 .)

c\u ljsf gf) [;+)] zLsf] agfj6df ePsf] bf]if hLpsfcjojxdf ePsf] ljs[lt (s"Fhf], 8'F8f], cGwf] cflb) zLsfcjojdf x'g] 36a9 jf af\uf]l6\uf] cj:yf .

c\u ljIf]k gf) [;+)] != b'vfO jf ;+j]bgfn] xftuf]8f ofFSg]sfd . @= gfrufgdf efjk|bz{g ug{ xftuf]8f cflbc\ux grfpg] sfo{ xftuf]8fsf] xfpefp .

c\u ljBf gf) [;+)] ;fd'lb|s zf:qsf cg';f zLsfc\uk|To\usf] u7g jf ltgdf x]sf ljleGg lrXg jfxftuf]8fsf ]vfx x]] ePsf] jf kl5 x'g] s'f atfpg]zf:q x:t]vf x]] z'efz'e kmn kQf nufpg] ljBf .

c\uf gf) [;+)c\us] zLsf dflyNnf efusf c\udfnufOg] na]bf, ef]6f] cflb j:q .

c\uf\uL efj gf) [;+)] c\uLsf] c\uL aGg rflxg]

c\uxsf] cfk;L ;DaGw uf}0f d'Vosf] k:k ;DaGw .c\uf/ gf) [;+)] x]) cFuf/ . > c\uf/] lj) x]) cFuf/] .c\ufnf] gf) [;+) cfln\ug] x]) cFufnf] .c\lusf gf) [;+)] cfOdfO{n] cfdf nufpg] kf];fs rf]nf] .c\uL gf) [;+)] != k|wfg jf d'Vo c\u c c\u cfl>t

x'g] s'g} k|0ffnL jf ;+rgfsf] d'Vo c\u . lj) @= b]xwfLc\ux ePsf] . #= d'Vo . ~ /; gf) ;flxlTos s[ltdfkfOg] d"n jf s]Gb|Lo /; cGo ;xsf/L /;sf ;fydf cfpg]k|wfg /; .

c\uLs/0f gf) [;+)] != s'g} j:t', ;Nnfx jf gLlt cflbdfk|bfg ul/g] :jLs[lt ;xdlt ;dy{g dGh'/L . @= lhDd]bfLcleef/f .

c\uLsf/ gf) [;+)] != :jLsf/ dGh'/L . @= saf]n k|lt1f .-pbf) p;n] c\uLsf/ u/]sf] s'/f gk'ofO{ 5f8\b}g ._ .#= cfOdfO{n] cfdf nufpg] kf];fs rf]nf] .

c\uLs[t lj) [;+)] != cFuflnPsf] l:jsflPsf] c\ut'NofOPsf] . @= hGdl;4 geO{ lgwf{lt sfg'gL k|lqmofcGtu{tk|fKt ulPsf] (c\uLs[t gfuls, c\uLs[t gfulstfcflb) .

c\uL jfSo gf) [;+)] Jofs0fdf ld> jfSocGtu{tc\ujfSonfO{ cfk"mdf ldnfpg] d'Vo pkjfSo . (lxhf] dnfO{Zofdn] tFnfO{ d sf]6 lbG5' eGof] o; ld> jfSodftFnfO{ sf]6 lbG5' eGg] c\ujfSo Zofdn] eGof] d'VojfSosf] c\u ag]sfn] Zofdn] eGof] c\uLjfSo xf] .)

c\u'7f] gf) [;+)c\u'i7] a"9L cf}Fnf] cf}F7f] .c\u'! gf) [kmf) c\u"] kftnf] ldxL lrNnf] af]qmf ePsf],

;;fgf ;]tf k"mn k'mNg], lkmSsf kx]Fnf] x'g] bfgfbf e'mKk]kmn kmNg] Ps hftsf] nxf] To;} vfOg] jf ;af6 b|fIff;j,lrgL, S;L cflb agfOg], To;}sf] kmn .

c\u'@ gf) [;+)c\uLsf] ce lhDd]bfL lhDdfcleeff . (pbf) ug{ g;lsg] sfdsf] c\u' af]Sg' x'Fb}g .)

c\u'n gf) [;+)] != xft jf v'fsf] cf}Fnf] . @= k'i6 hf}sfcf7j6f bfgf ldnfP gfKtf 9flsg] gfkf]sf] kldf0f Pscf}Fnfsf] rf}8fOsf] gfkf] cdn .

c\u'ln gf) [;+)] cf}Fnf] cdn . qf0f gf) != tfFbf]sf]rf]6 hf]ufpg xftsf cf}Fnfdf nfOg] vf]n . @= cDtg'{nSv' . #= l;tf ahfpFbf cf}Fnfdf nfOg] tfsf] pks0fgSvL . ~ lgb]{z gf) != cf}Fnf] 78fpg] sfd . @= cf}FNofO . dfn gf) a'4sfnLg Ps q"m JolQm -dfG5]sf cf}Fnfsf6] dfnf nufpg] JolQm, hf] kl5 a'4sf] z0f kof] ._ .~ d'b|f gf) gfpF vf]k]sf] cf}F7L 5fk]d'b|f] .

c\u'i7 gf) [;+)] a"9L cf}Fnf] cf}F7f] .c\u|]h gf) [c\)] ;+o'Qm clwfHo a]nfotsf lgjf;L jf

c\ubc\u|]h

gg

12

c\uLs[t gfuls a]nfotL d"nsf uf]f hflt . > c\u|]hLlj) != ;+o'Qm clwfHo a]nfotl;t ;DalGwt jf ;f]sf]ljz]iftf ePsf] . @= c\u]|hsf] efiffl;t ;DalGwt . gf)#= a]nfot, ;+o'QmfHo cd]lsf, c:6]lnof, Sofgf8f,Go'lhNofG8 klxn] ;+o'Qm clwfHo a]nfotff cwLgt'NofOPsf If]qxdf af]lng] efiff O\uln; .

cr\ gf) [;+)] ;+:s[tsf cb]lv cf};Ddsf :jxsf];\lIfKtLs[t kfleflifs ;+1f :jj0f{ .

crsr lqm) lj) lg0f{odf k'Ug g;s] csds . > crsrfOgf) crsrfpg] efj, lqmof jf k|lqmof . ~ crsrfOg'c) lqm) csdsfOg' . ~ crsrfpg' c) lqm) lg0f{olng g;Sg' csdsfpg' .

crsg gf) [c) k|f) c4sRr ] crfOg' s) lqm) crfpg] sfd ulg' .crfpg' ;) lqm) [;+) cfrdg] xTs]nfdf kfgL fvL ;'?Kk

;'?Kk vfg' 5'jf5"t jf cfzf}raf6 z'4 x'gfsf lglDt o;LkfgL vfg' s'g} b]jsfo{ lkt[sfo{h:tf wfld{s sfo{sfl;nl;nfdf xTs]nfdf s]xL kfgL fvL dGqsf] pRrf0fk"j{s;'?Kk;'?Kk vfg' .

crfSnL lqm)lj) != x'g'kg]{eGbf Hofb} a9L dof{bf gf3]cToGt} rf}k} crsfnL . gf) @= cTolwstf Hof:tLclt ug]{ sfd . #= cGofo cTofrf lyrf]ldrf] .

crf8' lj) [k|f) cRrflxb < ;+) cTolxt] != s;}l;t gldNg]5'Rrf] 5'Nofxf lgx'Fvf]hfxf . @= cldNbf] g;'xfpg] .

crfgs lqm)lj) [;+) c1fgft\ ] k"j{;"rgfljgf PSsfl;cke{m6 cs:dft\ PsfPs .

crfg'crfgf] gf) [;+)c~rg ] != kz' cflb sf6\tf xltofsf]wf glalu|of];\ egL sfl6g] kz'sf] uw{gd'lg hldgdf flvg]sf7sf] 7]psf] . @= df;' cflb sf6\tf jf y'FUbf flvg] sf7sf]7]psf] y'FugL . #= kz' cflb df xfGbf crfgfn] a]xf]g'{k]h:t} rf]6 a]xf]g'{kg]{ l:ylt To; k|sfsf] ;\s6 . (pbf)fdn] Zofdl;t abnf lng dnfO{ crfg' agfof] .) crfgfsf]rf]6 v's'Ln] hfGb}g (pvfg) .

crf gf) [kmf)] d"nf, s]nf, uf]ne]F8f cflb tsfL, ltn,l;nfd cflb bfgfbf kbfy{, lga'jf, sfutL, nK;L, cfFkcflb cDn kbfy{ cflbnfO{ sf6L, lyrL jf lkFwL g'g, vf];f{gL cldnf] tyf dd;nf t]n xfnL ;fFlwPsf], ksfOPsf] jf;"o{kfs ulPsf], ef]hgnfO{ ljz]if :jflbnf] agfpg rfl6g]jf vfOg] kbfy{ . ~ kfg'{ 6') != crf agfpg' . @=lsrLldrL t'Nofpg' . (pbf) w]} glh:Sof, tFnfO{ crfkfllbpFnf ._ .

clrgf? lj) [clrgf?] lrghfg gePsf] ckllrt .clrGtgLo lj) [;+)] != dgn] lrtfpg gx'g] jf g;lsg]

clrGTo . @= dg a'l4eGbf ksf] c1]o .clrlGtt lj) [;+)] != glrtfPsf] g;f]r]sf] . @= ck|Toflzt .cr's lj) [k|f) cr'Ss] gr'Sg] slxn] klg v] ghfg] e"n

gug]{ ljkmn gx'g] cdf]3 (cr"s lg;fgf, cr"s cf}ifwLO)).

cr]t lj) [;+)] r]tgf gePsf] xf]; u'd]sf] ;'4L xfPsf]a]xf]; .

cr]tg lj) [;+)] != 1fg gePsf] xf]; gePsf] . lj) @=r]tg cw{r]tgkl5sf], ;r]t cj:yfdf yfx} gkfOg] tdfgjLo lqmofsnfknfO{ lglb{i6 ug]{ (dg) .

cr]n lqm) lj) [;+) cBsNk ] jt{dfg ;dodf xfn;fnlxhf]cfh cfhef]ln . el lqm)lj) lxhf]cfhsf] ;dodfcfhsfn cfhef]ln .

cr}tGo lj) [;+)] != r]tgflxt 1fg gePsf] h8 . @=ts{;Ddt gePsf] . gf) #= r]tgfsf] cefj h8 j:t' .

cR5f lj) [k|f) cR5c < ;+) cR5s ] != c;n enf]a]; . @= fd|f] . lgkf) #= :jLs[lt hgfpg elgg] zAb7Ls cF xf] cflb .

clR5pF gf) x]) cl/Fufnh:t} s]xL nfDrf] / vLn uf8]/lrNg] kv]6fjfn lavfn' sL/f] cR5\o"F .

crsfnL lqm)lj)gf) x]) crfsnL .clrGTo lj) [;+)] x]) clrGtgLo .clR5Gg lj) [;+)] != gsfl6Psf] jf l5F8 gePsf] . @=

cvl08t lgGt (clR5Gg kDkf ) .

cr\clR5Gg

gg


13

cR5]B lj) [;+)] != sf6\g gx'g] jf g;lsg] 6'So|fpg jf5]8\g gx'g] jf g;lsg] . @= gkmf6\g] .

cR5] gf) [;+) cIf ] x]) cIf . > cR5]L lj) k9\ghfGg] ;fIf .

cR5" x]) clR5pF .cRo't lj) [;+)] != s'g} s'fdf gr's]sf] cfgf] :yfg jf

l:yltaf6 gv;]sf] jf g8u]sf] . gf) @= lji0f' eujfg\ jfpgsf cjtfsf] gfd lji0f' s[i0f .

c5fk] lj) [c5fk] ] 5fk gnufOPsf] 5fk gePsf]ljgf5fksf] . (5fk gx'Fbf cfvfgf jf sfof{nosf lr7Lkqdfc5fk] hgfO{ aflx k7fpg] ulG5 .) .

c5fd gf) g]kfnsf] ;'b" klZrdf~rn ljsf;If]qleq kg]{;]tL c~rnsf] Ps kxf8L lhNnf . > c5fd] lj) c5fdlhNnfdf a:g] jf To;l;t ;DalGwt .

c5't [lx) c5"t] gf) != lxGb" j0f{Joj:yfcg';f gofF d'n'sLP]g nfu" x'g'eGbf klxn] 5'g gx'g] jf kfgL grNg], 5f]O{l56f]xfNg'kg]{ egL dflgPsf] ;d'bfo . lj) @= 5'g gx'g] jfg5f]OPsf] c:k[Zo . > c5'tL gf) != klxn] klxn] 5'ggx'g] dflgPsf] hft, c5't . lj) @= 5'g gx'g] tyfslyttNnf hftsf] . c5'tf]4f gf) c5't hfltsf] p4fc5'tLxsf] p4f c5't hflt;Fu 5'jf5"tsf] e]b gug]{sfd, k|lqmof jf l:ylt .

c5]tfc5]tf] gf) [;+) cIftf ] != x]) cIftf . @= wfgsf]rfdn 6'd6'd uL k'ofpg'kg]{ rfdn . kftL gf)b]jb]jLsf k"hf;fdfg cIftf k"mnkftL .

ch lj) [;+)] != cfkm}Fcfkm ePsf] klxNo}b]lvsf] hGdFb}ghGd]sf] . gf) @= lji0f' gffo0f . #= O{Zj kdfTdf .$= a|Xdf . %= afv|fsf] efn] ;Gtfg af]sf] . = 5;ft jif{k'fgf] ePsf] wfg gpd|g] wfg .

chsNrf] lj)x]) cwsNrf] .chu gf) [c3r ] 3GrdGr gx'g] 7fpF c3r .chuGwf gf) [;+)] emG8} agdffh:tf] Ps emf af]s]emf .ch lj) nDafO, rf}8fO, prfO jf ef cflbdf Hofb} 7"nf]

cfsf jf k|sfsf] . sf] lj) != 8nfUbf] . @= a8]dfsf]cf}wL 7"nf] (chsf] v, chsf] efL O)) .

chgaL lj) [c)] != glrg]sf] ckllrt . @= csf]{ 7fpFaf6cfPsf] kb]zL . #= cgf}7f] cb\e't .

chGtf gf) [lx)] blIf0f eftsf] ;Xoflb| kj{tsf] sfvdfaUg] afu'f gbLsf] 3f6Ldf l:yt snfTds u'kmf dlGbn]ubf{ ;+;fk|l;4 Ps :yfg .

chGdf lj) [;+)] != hGd glng] ghGd]sf] . gf) @= O{ZjkdfTdf . #= a|Xdf .

chk lj)x]) cha .

chkf gf) [;+)] != k|To]s ;f; tfGbf ofFStf yfx} gkfO{hlkg] ufoqL dGq dgdg} Wofg dfq ulg] dGq k|To]sk|Zjf; lgMZjf;df :jtM ulg] hk . @= of]uzf:qdfj0f{g ePcg';f Zjf; aflx hfFbf x+ leq cfpFbf ;Wjlgsf] pRrf0f eO{ x+; cIfsf] rf}aL; 306fdf @!,^))k6s :jtM eOxg] hk .

cha lj) [c)] cgf}7f] uhasf] ljnIf0f chk . uhagf) crDd cfZro{ u

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