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Draft Report on
Na Mo District Agro-ecosystems Analysis
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute
Oudomxay Province October, 2004
Lao-Swedish Upland Agriculture and Forestry Research Program January 2005
LSUAFRP Field Report No. 05/01
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute
Field Report No. 2005/1
Draft Report on
Na Mo District Agro-ecosystems Analysis
Namo District Luang Prabang Province
October, 2004
Land Management Component - Soils Survey and Land Classification Centre
Lao-Swedish Upland Agriculture and Forestry Research
Programme
January 2005
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Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ...................................................................................1
1.1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................1 1.2 PARTICIPANTS IN PILOT AEA ACTIVITY ..................................................................................1
2 AEA PROCEDURES AND METHODOLOGY ..........................................................................1 2.1 KEY OUTPUTS EXPECTED FROM AEA ......................................................................................1 2.2 AGRO-ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS PROCEDURES ............................................................................2 2.3 AEA PROCEDURES....................................................................................................................2
3 SYSTEM DEFINITION..................................................................................................................3 3.1 PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES DEFINED ........................................................................................3 3.2 DEFINING THE BOUNDARIES OF THE AGRO-ECOSYSTEM..........................................................4 3.3 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF NA MO DISTRICT ..........................................................................7 3.4 DISTRICT CONTEXT...................................................................................................................8 3.5 DISTRICT SYSTEMS HIERARCHY...............................................................................................8
4 IDENTIFYING AND COLLATING SECONDARY DATA FOR AEA ..................................9 4.1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA ...........................................................................................................9 4.2 BIO-PHYSICAL DATA...............................................................................................................10 4.3 DATA CHECKLIST....................................................................................................................10 4.4 DATA COMPILATION - COLLATION .........................................................................................13 4.5 PREPARATION OF NUMERIC DATA SETS .................................................................................14 4.6 VERIFICATION AND DOCUMENTATION OF SPATIAL DATA .....................................................14
5 DISTRICT AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONING...........................................................................15 5.1 REQUIRED OUTPUTS FROM ZONING........................................................................................15 5.2 ZONING TOOLS USED..............................................................................................................15
5.2.1 Map Overlay Techniques...................................................................................................15 5.2.2 A4 Size Maps .....................................................................................................................15 5.2.3 A3 Size Maps .....................................................................................................................16 5.2.4 Transparency Maps ...........................................................................................................16
5.3 ZONING PROCEDURES .............................................................................................................20 5.4 DISTRICT AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES DELINEATED ..............................................................20
6 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS..................................................................................................................22 6.1 GENERAL DISTRICT AGRO-ECOSYSTEMS DESCRIPTION .........................................................22 6.2 DETAILED AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONE DESCRIPTIONS.............................................................27
6.2.1 Time Analysis: Productive Agro-ecosystem .....................................................................27 6.2.2 Flow Analysis – Productive Agro-ecosystem....................................................................30 6.2.3 Decision Analysis – Productive Agro-ecosystem .............................................................31 6.2.4 Systems Property Analysis – Productive Agro-ecosystem................................................32 6.2.5 Time Analysis: Mountainous Multiple Use Forest Agro-ecosystem ................................33 6.2.6 Flow Analysis – Mountainous Multiple Use Forest Agro-ecosystem ..............................35 6.2.7 Decision Analysis - Mountainous Multiple Use Forest Agro-ecosystem.........................36 6.2.8 Systems Property Analysis - Mountainous Forested Multiple Use Zone.........................37
6.3 KEY ISSUES AND PROBLEMS ...................................................................................................38 6.3.1 Key Issues Emerging from Zoning and Agro-ecosystem Analyses ..................................38 6.3.2 Problems Identified from Problem Census Meetings .......................................................43 6.3.3 Innovation Assessments (Problem Solution Ranking Assessement).................................44
7 CONCLUSIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED ..........................................................................47 8 FURTHER WORK REQUIRED .................................................................................................48
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Procedure for Agro-Ecosystems Analysis................................................................3 Figure 2: Administrative Zones of Na Mo District.............................................................5 Figure 3: Development Zones of Na Mo District………………………………………….....6 Figure 4: Systems Hierarchy – Na Mo District……………………………………………....9 Figure 5: Examples of Biophysical Maps Used for Agro-ecological Zoning and Agro- systems Analysis……………………………………………………………….....17 Figure 6: District Agro-ecological Zones Map……………………………………………...21 Figure 7: Transect Description of Na Mo District Agro-Ecosystems.………………………23
LIST OF TABLES Table 1: List of Secondary Data Sources, Data Required and Format for AEA – Na Mo District - October, 2004……………………………………………11 Table 2: Zone 1: Systems Property Table…………………………………………...............32 Table 3: Zone 2: Systems Property Table…………………………………………...............37 Table 4: Key Issues and Problems Arising from Agro-ecological Zoning and System Analysis……………………………………………………………….39 Table 5: Problem Census : Na Mo Neua Village: 25-10-04...................................................43 Table 6 Problem Census : Na Thong Village: 25-10-04……………………………………44 Table 7: District Agro-ecological Zone Innovation Assessments…………………………..45
LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1: Participants in AEA Pilot Exercise..................................................................50 Appendix 2: Revised Timetable – AEA Exercise Na Mo District…….. …………………51 Appendix 3: List of Phonesay District Development Area Maps........................................53 Appendix 4: Summary of Registered Villages, Population, Poverty Status, and Village Services- AEA Zones 1 and 2…………………………………54 Appendix 5: Summaries of Socio-economic Information – Zones 1 & 2…………………57 Appendix 6: Village Rubber Planting Statistics – Na Mo District………………………...60 Appendix 7: Summary of Project Assistance Activity in Na Mo District………………....61
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1 Introduction and Background
1.1 Introduction An objective for land management research as described in the Lao Swedish Upland Agriculture and Forestry Research Program (LSUAFRP) document is: “current land use systems are described and appropriate land use zones in the uplands are identified, demarcated and mapped”. A component activity of this objective is “develop agro-ecological and forest land use zoning”. Accordingly a pilot agro-ecosystem analysis (AEA) in Na Mo District of Oudomxay Province was undertaken in October 2004 to accomplish these objectives. This report documents the results and achievements of the AEA and agro-ecological zoning (AEZ) activity of the district agro-ecosystem. During the AEA activity in Na Mo District, the draft manual on AEA and AEZ, based on the Phonesay AEA, was further tested and assessed in order to improve it.
1.2 Participants in Pilot AEA Activity A multi-disciplinary team was formed to undertake the AEA. Participants included representatives of the various research components of the LSUAFRP, the Northern Regional Agriculture and Forestry Research Centre, the Na Mo District Administration, relevant District agencies, in particular DAFO, and leaders from the seven Administrative Zones (Khet). Various Government agency staff did not participate throughout the AEA exercise because they had other agency activities to perform. However most of the leaders of the Administrative Zones (Hua Na Kaet) participated through-out the exercise and were particularly useful with data gathering and providing information on conditions in the development zones. A full list of participants is presented in Appendix 1.
2 AEA Procedures and Methodology Agro-Ecosystems Analysis (AEA) is a methodology for zoning and analyzing agricultural systems in order to plan and prioritize research, extension and development activities in the fields of agriculture and natural resource management.
2.1 Key Outputs Expected from AEA
AEA provides a range of useful outputs, the most important of which include:
• The delineation and description (bio-physical and socio-economic) of distinct agro-ecological zones.
• An improved, holistic understanding of the major livelihood systems of each zone.
• A prioritized list of important problems and opportunities for each zone.
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• A prioritized set of research, extension and development proposals to address key issues and problems identified
• Enhanced interdisciplinary cooperation between research and extension organizations.
2.2 Agro-ecosystem Analysis Procedures Based on experiences from the Phonesay District AEA, changes were made to the organization and phasing of the AEA exercise. These were: • All phases of the work were conducted in the District, with the exception of
preparation of secondary data, ie, digital maps • The “intermittent workshop approach” was modified to a “continuous phased
procedure”, wherein all the phases in the AEA process were conducted end to end. The table below indicates how the five phases were organized.
Phase Location Main Activities Duration
Phase 1
Vientiane Preparation; work plan, budgeting, selecting participants, identifying sources of secondary data, producing district GIS maps, data collection forms, translation and production of orientation materials
Intermittently over three (3) weeks
Phase 2 Na Mo Staff orientation, AEA objectives, systems definition, system boundaries, work group formation, secondary data collection and initial organisation following Development Areas (further translations of explanatory materials were undertaken during this period)
2 days
Phase 3 Na Mo Initial agro-ecological zoning (AEZ), secondary data collation and organization for AEZs, initial AEZ characterisation, identifying key issues, identifying additional data required from the field
4 days
Phase 4 Na Mo Field activities: conducting village transects and identifying key issues and problems in representative villages in each AEZ to contribute to problem analysis
1 day
Phase 5 Na Mo Final analysis and AEZ characterisation, system properties analysis, collation and prioritisation of key issues and problems for each AEZ, innovation assessment, final discussions and results.
3 days
2.3 AEA Procedures AEA is based on the concepts of systems, hierarchies, agro-ecosystem zones, and the system properties of productivity, stability, sustainability and equitability. Ideally, AEA is conducted by a multi-disciplinary group whose joint experience and technical knowledge cover all disciplines relevant to the study.
The step-by-step procedure is shown in Figure 1
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Figure 1. Procedure for Agro-Ecosystems Analysis
SYSTEM DEFINITION
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
IDENTIFICATION OFDEVELOPMENT OPTIONS
IMPLEMENTATION
PURPOSE & OBJECTIVES
BOUNDARIES & HIERARCHY
SPACE TIME
SYSTEM PROPERTIES
FLOW DECISIONS
KEY QUESTIONS
PRIORITISE
PROGRAM DESIGN
Further detailed explanation of these stages are provided in the Draft AEA Manual
3 System Definition The outputs required from system definition were as follows:
• Developing a purpose statement and agreeing on AEA objectives • Defining the boundaries of the system to be analysed • Identification and portrayal of system hierachies above and below the district
ecosystems (using hierachy descriptions and diagrams) • Deciding on secondary data needs to undertake the agro-ecosystem analysis
These outputs were achieved using plenary discussions and brain-storming sessions among workshops participants
3.1 Purpose and Objectives Defined Two key elements were considered in determining the purpose and objectives: 1. The alleviation of poverty in villages most affected by poverty 2. The improvement of land use planning and management practices at district level The purpose and objectives of the District agro-ecosystem analysis were agreed as follows:
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Purpose • To apply the results of AEA and AEZ in Na Mo District to assist appropriate socio-economic and livelihood improvement planning at the local level, and contribute to sustainable rural development, poverty alleviation, and environmental protection.
Objectives • To develop a process and procedures for AEA and AEZ that can be applied in other areas.
• To gather and collate available data to facilitate AEA and AEZ in Na Mo District
• To undertake AEA and AEZ in Na Mo District • To identify key issues and opportunities for agro-forestry research and
extension that will contribute to sustainable agricultural and forestry development.
• To assist the district authorities with socio-economic development planning aimed at poverty alleviation
• To improve capacities of district agency staff in implementing AEA and AEZ
• To strengthen co-ordination in Na Mo District between relevant district agencies, projects and other stake-holders.
3.2 Defining the Boundaries of the Agro-ecosystem A plenary session was used to discuss and determine the agro-ecosystem boundaries. The District Authorities confirmed that the District was divided into three development zones (kaet patana) and seven administrative zones (kaet pok khoum). Particulars of these Zones are as follows: Development Zone (Kaet
Patana) Approximate
Areas (ha)
Administrative Sub-Zones (Khet Pok
Khoum)
Approximate Areas (ha)
1. Northern Development Zone ( Khet Nam Phak)
31,122 1. Khet Bankhuang 2. Khet Namngeun
21,922 10,200
1 Central Development Zone (Khet Tetsaban)
50,927 1. Khet Na Mo 2. Khet Phouly 3. Khet Nathong
21,767 11,262 17,898
3 Southern Development Zone ( Khet Nam Xe Ton Tai)
71,290 1. Khet Houyhou 2. Khet Namxetontay
27,720 43,570
Total Area 153,339 ? 154,339 ? These are illustrated in Figures 2 and 3 below.
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Figure 2: Administrative Zones of Na Mo District
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Figure 3: Administrative Zones of Na Mo District
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It was agreed that agro-ecological analyses would be undertaken for the following agro-ecosystems:
• The Na Mo District agro-ecosystem, and • The Na Mo Central Development Zone (or Kaet Tetsaban Muang) agro-
ecosystem During this field exercise the AEZ and AEA was conducted for the district agro-ecosystem, while the Na Mo Central Development Zone will be conducted at a later date. The Na Mo Central Development Zone was selected because: • It is the priority development zone of the District • It is the zone in which LSUAFRP target villages and activities are being
conducted.
3.3 General Description of Na Mo District Na Mo District is the most northern District of Oudomsay Province in the northern region of Lao PDR and is characterised by rugged terrain interspersed with lower lying areas and river valleys. There are three main river systems, the Nam Phak in the north, the Nam Pik/Nam Thong in the central area and the Nam Xe in the south. Most of the District area is mountainous which limits the area of land available for paddy land development. The total area of paddy land is approximately 2,248 hectares in a total district area of about 154,342 hectares. Upland rain-fed farming systems and forested areas therefore dominate the landscape. There are areas of reasonably flat and undulating land at higher altitudes in the northern development zone (Nam Phak) on which some paddy land has been developed. The District has quite substantial areas of natural forest remaining, most of which is located along the district boundaries where the higher elevation and more inaccessible land is located. These areas still have fairly rich forest stands and support a range of protected wildlife species. They are also important non-timber forest production areas and livelihood contributors for villagers. Several areas in the District were declared as Provincial Conservation and Provincial Protection Forests in 1996, occupying up to approximately 60% of the land area in the forested agro-ecological zone. There are resident village populations in these areas and so further work is required to develop agricultural and forest management systems with communities, as these are multiple use areas. The District has with a total population of 32,045 comprised of 11 different ethnic groups. Of the total number of 78 villages, 41 are Khamu, 13 Hmong, 7 Akha, 4 Thai Dam, 3 Lu, 1 Phousang, 1 Yang, and 1 Phou Yort. There are seven villages of mixed ethnicity.
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3.4 District Context The District has a total area of approximately 154,342 hectares and borders Xay and Bountay Districts of Oudomsay Province to the east, and Na Lae and Namtha Districts of Luang Namtha Province to the west. There are three main river systems in the District, the Nam Phak, in the north, the Nam Pik/Nam Thong in the central area and Nam Xe in the south. The District is serviced by the main sealed road connecting Oudomsay and Luang Namtha Provinces which traverses the central development zone for a distance of 24 Kms. There are three secondary gravel roads, one a good standard all-weather road of 39 Kms that links Na Mo District directly to China to the north at the international border post of Mouteun. A secondary all-weather service road of 8 Kms also provides access to Phousang (Xaysampan) and Phouly villages in the central development zone, while another branches south from Na Mo township to the southern development zone where it meets the Namtha River, a distance of 54 Kms. This is a lower standard road and is difficult to travel in the wet season. The total length of sealed road is about 55 Km, and the length of gravel roads is about 101 Kms. 46 villages have access to roads, mostly all weather roads, while 32 are reliant on walking tracks. Na Mo is classed as one of the 47 poorest Districts in the country, however this status is rapidly changing as commercial and agricultural trade with China increases. Commercial growth in Na Mo town is evident and large transport trucks travel the road between Boten on the Chinese border and Oudomxay. Transport vehicles from Vietnam also ply the route between Xam Neua and China, and the volume of heavy traffic is causing deterioration of the sealed road within Na Mo District. Of the 78 registered villages in the district today, only 6 villages (8%) are categorized in the “less poor” or low poverty bracket, 21 (27%) are in the “poor” or medium poverty bracket, and 51 villages or 65% are classed in the severe poverty bracket. According to district statistics, opium addiction is quite low, there being 422 addicts in 30 of the 78 villages. 20 villages have permanent clean water supplies, there are approximately 55 lower level schools, often inadequately staffed by teachers, one hospital at Na Mo, and nine permanent health centres. There are two secondary schools to the Matayom or grade 8 level, both located in Na Mo town, one of which is the ethnic school. Of the 78 villages, only 27 have small scale irrigation systems.
3.5 District Systems Hierarchy There are three distinct land use type areas within the District, ie, • River-side flats and lowland paddy areas (both rain-fed and irrigated) • Upland annual rain-fed cropping areas (subsistence and commercial crops) • Mountainous mixed forest areas (multiple use forest) These are illustrated in Figure 4 below.
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Figure 4: Systems Hierarchy – Na Mo District
4 Identifying and Collating Secondary Data for AEA The secondary data needs were identified well in advance of the AEA exercise. Staff of the Land Management Component visited Na Mo District to advise the district of data needs, to gather data that was available, and to request the district staff to prepare other data that would be required.
4.1 Socio-economic Data The following list was prepared to assist the District prepare secondary data.
Type of Data Details Required Infrastructure Administrative boundaries, village water supplies, schools, health posts, main
roads and access roads, irrigation sites and areas (with which to prepare a series of thematic maps)
Numeric data: Population, opium addiction status, poverty status, ethnic composition for every village
NTFP production data NTFP marketing information; NTFP market locations Crop production data Annuals: paddy rice, upland rice, other important annual crops
Perennials: Commercial trees; present rubber plantings and plans for rubber in the future, fruit trees, others
Livestock data Large animals; poultry Projects and Business Activity
Projects and NGOs; general activities Businesses or companies working in the District including Chinese businesses
Village re-location Village relocation plans and the latest information on villages that have been
OUDOMXAY PROVINCE
NA MO DISTRICT
Upland annual rain-fed
cropping areas
Mountainous mixed forest
areas
River-side flats and lowland paddy areas
• Paddy rice • Vegetables • Field crops • Teak planting • Fish Ponds • Fruit trees • NTFP gathering • Animal raising
• Upland rice • Field crops • Fruit trees • Rubber • Sugar cane • NTFP gathering • Animal raising
• Conservation forest • Shifting cultivation (upland rice, field crops) • Livestock ranging • Timber gathering • NTFP gathering • Wildlife hunting
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Type of Data Details Required merged (in order to prepare a 2004 village point map)
Due to the emerging importance of rubber planting in the District the Socio-economic Unit also made available a comprehensive set of articles on rubber production, including: • Excerpts from Rubber Economic Research • Shifting Cultivation to Agro-forestry in the Mountainous Areas of Yunnan
Tropics • Highlights of the International Rubber Conference in Chiang Mai, 2004 • Inter-cropping in Rubber Plantations and It’s Benefits • Rubber-Tea Agro-forestry System • Study on Inter-cropping in Rubber Plantations in China • Socio- economic Unit (LSUAFRP) Report on Rubber and Sugar Cane in Na Mo
4.2 Bio-physical Data The following series of district maps was prepared by the GIS Unit of the Information Division of NAFRI: Na Mo District Bio-physical Maps
• District Boundary • District Administrative Zones (based on information prepared by the
District) • Watershed context map (showing surrounding Districts) • Elevation context map (showing surrounding Districts) • Village point (1999) • Rivers and streams; • Roads and tracks; • Mean annual rainfall; Mean annual temperature; • Watershed classification; • Slope categories • Elevation categories • Soils • Geology • Land Use and Forest Management • Land use planning (forest & agriculture); • Past land use (1992) and (2000) • Land suitability; • Optimum land use
4.3 Data Checklist Prior to the AEA exercise commencing in Na Mo a data checklist was prepared indicating which information was already available and which was still required to undertake the agro-ecosystem analysis. This check list is presented in Table 1 below.
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Table 1: List of Secondary Data Sources, Data Required and Format for AEA – Na Mo District - October, 2004
Type of Information Information Source
Have Data ?(Yes -No)
Format in which Data is Available
Data Format Required & Responsibility
Socio-economic Socio-economic reports
S-E Unit - LSUAFRP
Yes Reports Rubber - Sugar; • Simple gross margins • Market information
Indigenous soils categories S-E Unit, LSUAFRP Yes (Phonesay) Word report Report: 4 LSUAFRP villages; 3 ethnic groups Commodity marketing
S-E Unit - LSUAFRP
Yes Word report • LSUAFRP villages Na Mo District
Poverty
Poverty status and distribution District No Table? 1. Table (by village) 2. Poverty status map (by village)
Digital Maps Context map Na Mo IMD; NAFRI Yes Digital format Hard copy A3 & A4 ; Transparency A4 Boundary map Na Mo IMD; NAFRI Yes Digital format Hard copy A3 & A4 ; Transparency A4 Kaet map, Na Mo IMD; NAFRI Yes Digital format Hard copy A3 & A4 ; Transparency A4 Roads and tracks Na Mo IMD; NAFRI Yes Digital format Hard copy A3 & A4 ; Transparency A4 Rivers & streams Na Mo I&DBMD; NAFRI Yes Digital format Hard copy A3 & A4 ; Transparency A4 Village point map 1999 I&DBMD; NAFRI Yes Digital format Hard copy A3 & A4 ; Transparency A4 Village point map 2004 District No Hard copy Hard copy Watershed Class map Na Mo I&DBMD; NAFRI Yes Digital format Hard copy A3 & A4 ; Transparency A4 Elevation Class map Na Mo I&DBMD; NAFRI Yes Digital format Hard copy A3 & A4 ; Transparency A4 Temperature Range map Na Mo I&DBMD; NAFRI Yes Digital format Hard copy A3 & A4 ; Transparency A4 Rainfall Range map Na Mo I&DBMD; NAFRI Yes Digital format Hard copy A3 & A4 ; Transparency A4 Geology map Na Mo I&DBMD; NAFRI Yes Digital format Hard copy A3 & A4 ; Transparency A4 Soils map Na Mo I&DBMD; NAFRI Yes Digital format Hard copy A3 & A4 ; Transparency A4 Slope Class map Na Mo I&DBMD; NAFRI Yes Digital format Hard copy A3 & A4 ; Transparency A4 Forest Management map Na Mo I&DBMD; NAFRI Yes Digital format Hard copy A3 & A4 ; Transparency A4 Forest Cover 1997 Na Mo I&DBMD; NAFRI Yes Digital format Hard copy A3 & A4 ; Transparency A4 Land Use and Forest Type 2000 I&DBMD; NAFRI Yes Digital format Hard copy A3 & A4 ; Transparency A4 Land Suitability Na Mo I&DBMD; NAFRI Yes Digital format Hard copy A3 & A4 ; Transparency A4 Optimum Land Use Na Mo I&DBMD; NAFRI Yes Digital format Hard copy A3 & A4 ; Transparency A4 Land Use Planning & Forest Zoning Map I&DBMD; NAFRI Yes Digital format Hard copy A3 & A4 ; Transparency A4 Target Boriwen or Kaet map with village boundaries
District No
Draft Boundary map Delineate village boundaries while in Na Mo
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Type of Information Information Source
Have Data ?(Yes -No)
Format in which Data is Available
Data Format Required & Responsibility
Province Land suitability maps (for main commercial crops produced for MAF)
SSLCC Yes Digital format Hard copy
Thematic Maps
Village water supplies District No Draft Thematic maps Hard copy for digitising Health posts District No Draft Thematic maps Hard copy for digitising New main roads and access roads 2004 District No Draft Thematic maps Hard copy for digitising Irrigation sites and areas District No Draft Thematic maps Hard copy for digitising Population
Village population data District No ?? Table; by village, by ethnic group Relocation-Merging of villages District No ?? District re-location Plan - Summary table
Village point map of merged villages 2004 Opium addiction District No ?? Table; by village, by ethnic group Agro-forestry Systems and NTFPs
NTFP Production Systems Data Commercial NTFPs NTFP markets and production data Commercial and industrial trees
District District District
LSUAFRP area only No No
Excel tables ?? ??
Summary tables Summary tables Summary tables
Farming Systems
Crop Production Systems Data Annuals: paddy rice, upland rice, other important annual crops
District No Annual Reports 5 Year Report
Summary tables
Perennials: Commercial trees; present rubber plantings and plans for rubber in the future, fruit trees, others
District No Annual Reports 5 Year Report
Summary tables
Other District Stakeholders
Projects: General activities District Yes Reports Summary tables Businesses: General activities (including Chinese)
District No District files Summary tables
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4.4 Data Compilation - Collation To facilitate the collation of secondary data as summarized in Table 1, participants in the AEA exercise were divided into three groups, each group being responsible for one Development Zone. The Khet representatives participated in this activity because they had intimate village level knowledge. Senior and supervisory staff provided advice and assistance to the groups while data was being collated and recorded. Group 1 – Southern Development Zone
Group 2 – Central Development Zone
Group 3 – Northern Development Zone
Mr Thongsoy Mr Ten Mr Khamxay Mr Khambai Ms Khamnang Mr Khamsao (DAFO) Mr Phouwa Ms Bouaphone Mr Khampieu Mr Sokdala Mr Oun Mr Oudong (FS) Ms Bouamon Mr Khamsak Mr Khamphou (S-E) Mr Khamphone Mr Khamsao Mr Daniel Talje Mr Hongthong Mr Suwan Mr Somsak (FIPD) Mr Anolath Mr Chankham Mr Vayaphath (Info Services) Mr Phaythoun Mr Khamxay (Trade)
The group work resulted in the documentation of the following data: • Accurate boundary locations of the seven District Administrative Zones • Accurate boundary locations of the three Development Areas (khet patana) • Village poverty status and distribution • Location of village water supplies, health posts, and schools (to enable the
preparation of a digital infrastructure and services map) • Extensions to the road and access track system (to update the digital road map) • Updated village merging and re-location data (to identify the actual number of
registered villages in the District) • Village population data based on the current number of registered villages • Location of merged and re-located villages (to facilitate the preparation of a
current digital village point map) • Status of opium addiction in the District • Identification and mapping of 36 village boundaries within the District (using
LUP and LA maps provided by the DAFO) • Agro-forestry and NTFP production data and markets • Crop Production Data:
o Annuals: paddy rice, upland rice, other important annual crops o Perennials: Commercial trees; present rubber plantings and plans for
rubber in the future, fruit trees, others • Irrigation sites; 27 villages have small scale irrigation systems. • Projects: summary of activities in which engaged • Businesses: summary of activities in which engaged (eg, Chinese businesses)
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4.5 Preparation of Numeric Data Sets As the working groups prepared numeric data it was entered into Excel spread sheets by a member of the Socio-economic Unit so that the information regarding the various parameters, could be presented in tabular format for both Development Zones and Agro-ecological Zones. The data sets include:
• Names and codes of registered villages • Village populations, • Village poverty status • Village opium addiction • Service centres (schools, village water, health posts, commercial shops) • Farming systems including agro-forestry, NTFPs, annual and perennial
agricultural crops and livestock. These data sets will be valuable assets for the District Planners, and further-more will be readily accessible for the AEZ and AEA that will be undertaken in the Central Development Zone in March 2005. The data contributed significantly to the description of the AEZs identified in the District. These sets of data have been compiled into various tables for the two agro-ecological zones and disaggregated for each of the three District Development Zones. The tables include: Poverty Status, Infrastructure, Small Village Commerce (village retail shops), Eco-tourism Destinations or Sites, Ethnic Composition, Population Composition, Population Densities, Areas of Main Agricultural Crops, Production of Main Agricultural Crops, Yield of Main Agricultural Crops, and Livestock Populations. These summaries are presented in Appendices 4 and 5
4.6 Verification and Documentation of Spatial Data The working groups also produced essential spatial data necessary for the production of various digital maps at the District, Agro-ecological Zone, Development Zone, Administration Zone, and Village Boundary levels. These included: • Accurate boundary locations of the seven District Administrative Zones (khet pok
khong) • Accurate boundary locations of the three Development Areas (khet patana) • Location of village water supplies, health posts, and schools (to enable the
preparation of a digital infrastructure and services map) • Extensions to the road and access track system (to update the digital road map) • Location of merged and re-located villages (to facilitate the preparation of a
current digital village point map) • Village boundaries and mapping within the Central Development Zone (to
facilitate the AEZ and AEA of the Central Development Zone) The NAFRI GIS Unit has continued work on preparing digital maps of all of these parameters, some of which are presented in this report. Copies of all maps will be provided to the District Authorities to assist them with future planning activities.
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5 District Agro-Ecological Zoning In Na Mo District the approach of undertaking all activities at the field level, and the presence of district, development area, and administrative zone staff through-out the exercise, enabled all the necessary information to be gathered and compiled as the process continued, thus eliminating the need for “initial” or “preliminary” steps as was done in Phonesay District. Therefore when undertaking agro-ecological zoning, preliminary zones were agreed after which refinements were made until the AEA group was satisfied that a final zoning had been accomplished, and the zones were clearly delineated on the district map.
5.1 Required Outputs from Zoning The following outputs were required from District zoning: 1 Zonation of the agro-ecosystems in Na Mo District. 2 Description of agro-ecosystems in Na Mo District 3 An understanding of the major farming systems of each agro-ecological zone in
the district 4 A list of key agricultural problems and development opportunities for each zone
in the district
5.2 Zoning Tools Used The tools used to facilitate agro-ecological zoning were map overlay techniques and various map sets produced from data sets held in the NAFRI GIS Unit data base.
5.2.1 Map Overlay Techniques Map overlay techniques, involving the sequential overlay of all available maps, were used to identify distinct zones with fairly homogenous biophysical and socio-economic conditions. This was done using an overhead projector with maps of the same scale printed to fit on A4 transparencies. The maps were overlaid sequentially to elicit ideas and comments from participants about likely zones and zone boundaries. The initial zones were refined using successive map overlays until the participants reached final agreement on the boundaries of the agro-ecological zones.
5.2.2 A4 Size Maps The types of A4 maps used were: district boundary, rivers, roads, village locations (1999), system ‘context’ maps, watershed classification, elevation, geology, slope, soils, climate (temperature and rainfall), land use planning and forest zoning, forest management (provincial forest categories), forest cover (1997) forest and land use (2000), land suitability and optimum land use. The system context maps, (elevation, watershed and watershed and rivers) covered areas outside but adjacent to Na Mo District and provided insights into surrounding landscapes, land form, land cover, topography and watersheds that linked with those inside the Na Mo District boundary.
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5.2.3 A3 Size Maps A3 size maps of the District showing system boundaries, roads, rivers (watersheds), village points, village poverty (sketch maps), watershed classification, elevation, slope, soils, geology, land use planning and forest zoning, climate (temperature and rainfall), land use, forest cover, (1992 and 2000), and land suitability/optimum land use maps. These were attached to display boards and consulted during the map overlay procedure with the A4 maps. They included A3 system ‘context’ maps (elevation, watershed and watershed and rivers) covering areas outside but adjacent to Na Mo District. These provided insights into surrounding landscapes, land form, land cover, topography and watersheds that linked with those inside the Na Mo District boundary.
5.2.4 Transparency Maps A4 size overhead transparencies of all of the types of maps listed above were used on the overhead projector during brainstorming sessions to identify the agro-ecological zones. Several of the types of maps used for Na Mo District agro-ecological zoning are illustrated in Figure 5 below.
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Figure 5: Examples of Biophysical Maps Used for Agro-ecological Zoning and Agro-systems Analysis Na Mo District Elevation Map Na Mo District Watershed Classification Map Na Mo District Slope Map
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Na Mo District Soil Map Na Mo Forest Management Map Na Mo District Context Map
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Na Mo Village Point Map (1999) Na Mo District Forestry Map (2000) Phonesay District Rivers -Streams Map
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5.3 Zoning Procedures The zoning activity was facilitated by a "zoning facilitator" using the overhead maps. The A4 size overhead transparency maps were used on the overhead projector to project large images of the maps onto an overhead screen. This facilitated the active involvement of all participants in the zoning process. Maps showing the various biophysical parameters were displayed sequentially on an overhead projector. A transparent district boundary map was overlaid on each of the maps in turn from which impressions were formed by participants on possible agro-ecological zone boundaries. As zones were identified, they were drafted onto a transparency which was overlaid once more with all the maps to check for accuracy and to refine the zone boundaries. These initial zone boundaries were further clarified using a number of iterations of map overlays and open discussions until a concensus was reached, following which the zone boundaries were drawn onto the transparent district boundary map. The larger A3 size maps were consulted from time to time to verify bio-physical information and to help verify agro-ecological zone boundaries.
5.4 District Agro-Ecological Zones Delineated The two agro-ecological zones delineated in Na Mo District and are depicted on Map 1: District Agro-ecological Zones Delineated Zone 1: Productive agro-forestry zone Zone 2: Mountainous multiple use forest zone
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Figure 6: District Agro-ecological Zones Map
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6 Systems Analysis Following agro-ecological zoning, an analysis of the District agro-ecosystems was undertaken while in the field. The outputs produced from the systems analysis are as follows:
A general description of the District agro-ecosystems Detailed agro-ecological descriptions of each of the zones of the district agro-
ecosystem A prioritised list of key issues and development opportunities identified for
each of the zones in the District An outline of proposed solutions to the key problems identified for each of the
zones of the District. The analysis tools used in the system analysis were as follows:
Analysis Output Tools Used 1. General District Agro- ecosystem Description
Transect Diagram
1. Detailed agro- ecological Zone Descriptions
Time-line of events in each zone Transect of each District agro-ecological zone Seasonal calendars for agriculture, livestock and NTFP
and traditional/cultural events Flow diagrams regarding agricultural production, marketing, and use
of natural resources Venn diagrams concerning administration linkages and
management systems 2. Systems Property Analysis
Systems Properties Table to assess the four properties: productivity, stability, sustainability, and equitability
3. Key Issues, Problems and Solutions
Key Question and Problem Solution Tables Innovation Assessment Tables
6.1 General District Agro-ecosystems Description The District agro-ecosystem is described using a spatial analysis tool named a transect diagram which includes various bio-physical and socio-economic descriptors:
Bio-physical Descriptors Socio-economic Descriptors • Agro-ecosystem context • Land form • Elevation • Slope • Geology • Soils • Relative climatic conditions • Land and Forest cover • Infrastructure and communications
• Current land use • Farming systems (inc. livestock) • Fish and fishing • Wildlife • NTFPs • Farm and forestry inter-actions • Demography and ethnicity • Livelihood problems • Poverty related problems • Development opportunities
The transect diagram for the Na Mo District agro-ecosystems is presented in Figure 7:
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Figure 7: Transect Description of Na Mo District Agro-Ecosystems
Zone 1: Productive Agro-ecosystem Zone 2: Mountainous, Multiple Use Agro-ecosystem
1. Agro-ecosystem context
This is the smaller of the two zones with an area of almost 43,000 hectares. It is comprised of relatively flat lower-lying areas and undulating uplands from which about 65% of the agricultural production is harvested. The eco-system is comprised of three large distinct areas in the south, centre and north of the district, and other smaller scattered areas of similar characteristics; the central area extends into neighbouring Luang Namtha Province. There are 40 villages, nine ethnic groups, and a population of 18,637. Most of the zone is accessible by road in both wet and dry seasons. There are 10 villages with only walking tracks.
This is the larger of the two zones with an area of approximately 111,500 hectares. The forested mountainous areas are located along the district boundaries and also occupy large areas in the northern and southern regions of the district. Some of these areas have been declared as Provincial Conservation and Protected Forest areas, although effective management systems are not in place. There are 38 villages with 6 different ethnic groups, and a total population of 13,408. Several are located along northern national Road 13. 16 villages have access to rural roads while the other 22 villages have only walking tracks.
2. Landform, elevation, slope
About 90% of the zone is comprised of watershed classes 5 (5%), 4 (15%),and 3 (70%). Approximately 95% is at elevations from 500 to 1000 masl. Slopes vary considerably in the ranges of 0-2% in the bunded paddy areas up to > 30 % in the uplands. About 50-60% of the land area is in the moderately sloping category.
An estimated 90% of the zone is comprised of watershed classes 1 and 2 while there are small pockets of land that are in watershed classes 3 and 4. The majority of the zone in the central and southern areas is at elevations between 600 to 1000masl, while in the north most of the area is between 1000 and 1500masl. Land slopes are mainly in the range of 16% to >55%, with scattered pockets of land between 2 to 16%.
3. Geology, Soil types & chemical & physical properties
Geology: Almost exclusively Triassic-Jurassic sandstones and mudstones, with a little limestone in the central part of the zone. Soil Types: The soils map indicates that there are three soil units, Acrisols,
Geology: Almost exclusively Triassic-Jurassic sandstones and mudstones, with a little limestone in the central part of the zone east of Na Mo District office Soil types: The soils map indicates that the soils belong almost exclusively to the
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Zone 1: Productive Agro-ecosystem Zone 2: Mountainous, Multiple Use Agro-ecosystem
Alisols and Luvisols, however it is known that the mapping is based on only a few soil sample sites, therefore it is not possible to make accurate conclusions; it appears however that Luvisols are predominate in the northern, and Alisols in the southern part of the zone, while Acrisols were observed in the central part of the zone.
Acrisol soil unit, while in the northern areas there are small pockets of Alisols and Luvisols. However it is known that the mapping is based on only a few soil sample sites, therefore it is not possible to make accurate conclusions about the distribution of soil types
4. Relative climatic conditions
Mean average annual temperature is in the range 18 to 23º C in the northern sector, and 20 to 27º in the central and southern sectors. The rainfall maps indicate average annual rainfall range is about 1450 to 1,500 mm, while there may be areas in the western part of the southern sector with slightly higher average rainfall.
Mean average annual temperature is in the range 15º C -20º C in the higher elevation areas, particularly in the north (about 25% of the area), while in the lower elevation areas it is in the range of 20º C - 25º C (about 75 5 of the area) According to the rainfall map the estimated annual rainfall range is about 1400mm in the eastern areas and in the range of 1450 to 1500mm in the western areas
5. Forest cover and future trends
In 1997 small areas of dense forests remain (estimated 2-5%); a predominance of forest fallow (about 30%) and/or degraded or unstocked forest (about 30%) in the upland areas. Some bamboo forest areas (about 5%). The trend is towards more fallow and /or unstocked forest as population increases. A forest management map indicates the GOL hopes to see small areas in the north and central areas revert to provincial protection and conservation forest, but this is unlikely because they are production areas.
In 1997 the majority was wood and scrubland (estimated 65%) in which are located village fallow fields; smaller areas of dense forest remain (estimated 2-3 %), while the remainder is comprised of open forest, mixed forest and bamboo (about 30 %). There are pockets of grassland (about 3%). A forest management map indicates that about 70% of the northern development area and about 30% of the central development are classified as provincial protection and conservation forest, but this is unlikely because there are resident populations in those areas.
6. Current land use
Bunded paddy rice areas about 1,453 hectares (approximately 3% of the land area). Upland swidden cultivation approximately 60+ % of the area, with the balance comprised of scattered areas of forest and bamboo. Cattle grazing in fallow areas.
Predominately forested areas over about 60 -70% of the zone including fallow forests. Upland swidden through-out the mountainous areas. Small isolated pockets of paddy land through-out the zone, totaling about 994 hectares. Cattle and buffalo grazing in fallow and forest areas.
7. Farming systems and major crop/livestock enterprises
Farming Systems: 1. Lowland rain-fed and irrigated paddy; some dry season rice, maize, legumes and vegetables and sesame 2. Upland rain-fed rice, sugar cane, maize, job’s tear cultivation and mixed cropping; some fruit trees and commercial tree crops such as teak and rubber Livestock: Cattle and buffalo using free range systems in the dry season and tethering in wet season. Pigs, goats, poultry (chickens ducks) raising in villages
Farming System: 1. Rain-fed upland rice farming system is the dominant production system; other crops grown include maize, job's tear; sesame, sugar cane, and mixed cropping. 2. Lowland rain-fed paddy; small isolated areas; no significant dry season cropping Livestock System: Cattle and buffalo, using free range systems in the dry season. Pigs, poultry and some goat raising
8. Fish and Fishing
Twenty five (25) species of fish are found in main rivers and streams; quantities are declining as populations increase. Villagers maintain natural breeding ponds for stream fish (wang nam), in 12 locations. Some ponded fish are raised
Many species of natural fish are found in the mountainous rivers and streams. Species include: “pa far”, turtle, pa phou lon, and pa on long. Quantities are declining as populations increase. Very few fish ponds have been constructed by
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Zone 1: Productive Agro-ecosystem Zone 2: Mountainous, Multiple Use Agro-ecosystem
including; tilapia, “pla India”, carp, and “pla pak”. villagers in this zone 9. Wildlife
Wildlife species have diminished because of deforestation and fallow cultivation; in the limited forest areas there remain a few large animals such as wild buffalo, wild cattle, bears, deer, wild pigs, monkeys, wild cats and foxes. Ten (10) species of birds were reported.
Wildlife resources include: Wild buffalo (wua kathing), bears, khwang, deer (farn), monkeys, meui, wild pig, ngen, (possum?) wild fowl, horn, and ka hor (squirrel). The zone is the habitat for many species of birds. Wildlife species have diminished because of deforestation and fallow cultivation.
10. NTFP’s for subsistence and sale
Villagers collect a wide range of about NTFPs, including economic, medicinal, and housing products. The main commercial ones are: Por sa, pual muak, puak bong, broom grass, bamboo (six species), cardamom, ginger, yar bai lai, jan dai, jan daeng, rattan, mak kaen, sakarn, hua idook, and mushrooms. The internal markets are in Na Mo, Oudomsay, and Luang Namtha, and export markets exist in China, Vietnam and Thailand. Unsustainable harvesting methods exist such as felling trees.
Villagers collect a wide range of about NTFPs, including economic, medicinal, and housing products. The main commercial ones are: Por sa, puak muak, puak bong, bamboo grubs (tua mae), broom grass (khaem), several bamboo species, orchids, ginger, and hua idook (tuber). The internal markets are in Na Mo, Oudomsay, and Luang Namtha, and export markets exist in China, Vietnam and Thailand. Unsustainable harvesting methods exist such as felling trees.
11. Farming – forestry interactions
Upland cultivation is increasing in this zone as more people migrate to the lower lying areas to seek services and access markets. Others have been moved as part of the village re-location program. Small parts of this zone were declared as Provincial Conservation and Protection Forest in 1996, however these areas appear to receive little formal management input and upland cultivation occurs in these forests.
Upland fallow cultivation is practised by the 38 villages located in the zone. As village migration and village re-location has continues there could be a trend towards stabilization of shifting cultivation, but this remains unsubstantiated. Substantial areas of this zone (about 60-70%) have been classified as provincial protection and conservation forest, but these areas receive little formal management input.
12. Demography and ethnicity
A total of 40 villages and nine ethnic groups live in the zone including: Lue (2); Tai Dam,(4); Hmong, (8); Khamu, (17); Lanten, (1); Akha, (1); Yang (1); Mixed Ethnicity: (6) Population: 18,637; females 9,411; males 9,226
A total of 38 villages and 6 ethnic groups live in the zone including: Hmong, (5); Khamu, (24); Akha, (6); Lue (1); Phou Yort (1); Phousang (1); Mixed Ethnicity: (0) Population: 13,408; females 6,782; males 6,626
13. Infrastructure and communications
One main sealed road, 13 North, passes through Na Mo central development zone: Distance 24 Kms. Three secondary gravel roads: 1) All-weather road of 39 Kms that links Na Mo District directly to China at the border post of Mouteun. A secondary dry season road of 54 Kms that accesses parts of the southern development zone. 3) Ban Kok Fart to Huay Saang 4) Ban Na Mo Tai to Mixay
One main sealed road, 13 north, passes through Na Mo central development zone: Distance 24 Kms. Three gravel access roads enter the zone; 1) All-weather road of 39 Kms that links Na Mo District directly to China at the border post of Mouteun. 2) A secondary all-weather service road of 8 Kms from Na Mo Tai provides access to Phousang (Xaysampan) and Phouly villages In Zone 2 3) Ban Khuang to Ban Nam Ngeun. 22 villages in zone 2 do not have access roads.
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Zone 1: Productive Agro-ecosystem Zone 2: Mountainous, Multiple Use Agro-ecosystem
Other Infrastructure and Services: Primary Schools: 32 ; Health Posts: 6 ; Clean village water supplies: 13 Village Shops (retail, pharmacy, restaurants): 144, mostly in the central dev. zone Irrigation: 21 villages have small scale irrigation; 19 villages do not have access to irrigation
Other Infrastructure and Services: Primary Schools: 21, Health Posts: 3; Clean village water supplies: 7 Village Shops (retail, pharmacy, restaurants): 11, mostly in the northern dev. zone (near China). Irrigation: 6 villages have small scale irrigation; 32 villages do not have access to irrigation.
14. Major livelihood problems
Shortage of agricultural production land in 7 villages (Kok Fart, HomXay, Huay On, Huay Saang, Pang Dou, Ban Phouli (Mixay) Na Hom). Lack agricultural production funds. Inadequate crop production diversity- mainly depend on rice production. Have schools but there is a shortage of teachers
Rice insufficiency usually for 3 months for 50% of households. Disease outbreaks, diarrhoea and malaria lowers health levels and capacity to work. Little or no family planning results in families having a lot of children to support. Villagers practice traditional production methods; little improvement or changes to production system. Little potential for more paddy land
15. Key Issues in regard to poverty
Village production and livelihood systems remain dependent on natural resources; little diversification. Roads for transportation and marketing are inadequate, both in-country and inter-country. Women and children lack essential food for good nutrition and health. Levels of education are low, particularly the women. Women have a lot of children which reduces their productive capacities.
Most villages are isolated and located in steep, high elevation areas. Lack access roads and transportation opportunities Difficult to treat diseases because lack access tracks ( and access to health centres) Domestic water inadequate which pre-disposes villagers to diseases Suitable production areas are inadequate, low yield levels, crop pests, (“noo kee ”, rat) and diseases and wild pigs Low education levels because lack schools and teachers.
16. Development opportunities
Extend access roads where appropriate conditions exist, ie, an all weather road to access three villages. Basic roads that would reach 16 more villages. Improved walking tracks and horse tracks to access 8 villages Improve health facilities in each village; (upgrade existing health posts or provide villages with “medicine boxes”). Improve large livestock raising practices and fodder (pasture or cut and carry). Improve pig, goat, poultry and fish production Support the production of commercial crops such as maize, job’s tear, peanuts and sugar Encourage NTFP planting in suitable locations, ie, cardamom, puak muak, broom grass, por sa, bamboo (nor mai kom, nor ami hok, and nor mai saang), ginger, and rattan Provide school teachers for secondary levels (1st, 2nd, and 3rd) where facilities exist; raise the education levels of villagers to reduce illiteracy Introduce birth spacing programs Improve clean water supplies in villages where supplies are sub-standard
Extend access roads to all villages Construct schools and provide teachers to provide education opportunities for villagers Construct health posts in each “khet” Provide more information to villagers (development information) Improve extension services to farmers.
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6.2 Detailed Agro-ecological Zone Descriptions Agro-ecological zones are described using the following analysis tools: Historical Profiles: Time analysis tool Seasonal Calendars: Time analysis tool Flow Diagrams: Flow analysis tool Venn Diagrams: Decision analysis tool System Properties Tables: System properties analysis tool Key Issues Table: Issue documentation tool Problem Census: Problem Identification tool
6.2.1 Time Analysis: Productive Agro-ecosystem Zone 1: Historical Profile
Main Events Period Information Start of settlement in northern region of Na Mo
1790 Villagers of 9 ethnic groups started to settle in the northern areas. They were mainly Khamu, Hmong, Lue and Tai Dam ethnic groups, but also included Yang, Lanten, Akha, Phou Noy.
Start of settlement in the central and southern regions of Na Mo
1700 -1704
Villagers of 9 ethnic groups started to move into the southern areas. Village settlements were started in 1704
Pre-colonial occupation era 1705 - 1944 Depending on ethnic groups villagers established either paddy based or upland farming systems during this period
French colonial occupation 1945 -1954 Official village administrations established Independence movements started and Pathet Lao movement active. War period
1955 - 1975
During the latter part of this period village life was disrupted and production systems were not performing well as villagers were scattered due to the war. Food shortages were common. Very poor education services Heavy frosts in 1973
Post independence period – peace 1976 - 1980
Villages re-established and production systems resumed normally. Government services improved.
Natural Disasters Agricultural production improvement Land use planning and forest allocation
1980- 1997 1997-98
Bad frosts and floods in 1984. Maize varieties introduced from Vientiane, China and Vietnam from 1980. Severe drought in 1990 LUP and forest allocation started and as of 2004 some form of LUP had been undertaken in most villages.
Improvements in agricultural varieties and livestock breeds Consolidation of populations in more accessible locations Opium eradication program Rubber introduction
2000 – 2004 2000 2001 2004
Improved livestock breeds introductions starting in 2000. Poultry breeds from Vietnam in 2000 -2002. Improved pig breeds from Vientiane in 2002. Pigs breeds from China in 2001 -2003. Government started to merge villages in the area in 2000 & this has continued until 2004. Opium eradication programs started in the District. Production reduced significantly. Five villagers started to plant rubber (63 hectares) with technical assistance from China: Pang Dou 7 ha, Pang Thong 12 ha, Kok Fart 14 ha, Na Mo Neua 10 ha, Na Hom 17.5 ha, and Huay Saang 4 ha.
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Zone 1: Seasonal Calendar -NTFPs
Activity\Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Climate/weather Wet season Cool season Hot season NTFP Harvest Por sa Khaem Puak Muak Puak Bong Cardamom Ginger Yar Bai Lai Hua Idook Leuat Jan Dai Jan Daeng Mai Ketsana Rattan(Wai Fart) Mak Kaen Bamboo (various) Sakarn Pak Kar Kai Hin (Ferns) Pak Hak
Zone 1: Agricultural Calendar
Activity\Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Weather Wet season Cool season Hot season Annual Crops Paddy Rice Plough Nursery Trans-
plant Plant Weed Harvest Harvest Harvest
Hill Rice Slash Burn Weed – Prepare
Plant Plant Weed Weed Harvest Harvest Harvest
Job’s Tear Slash Burn Weed – Prepare
Prepare Plant Plant Weed Weed Weed Harvest
Sesame Slash Burn Weed – Prepare
Prepare Plant Plant Weed Weed Harvest Harvest
Maize (w/s & d/s) Harvest Slash Burn Plant Weed Weed Harvest Harvest- Slash
Burn – Prepare
Plant Weed Weed
Vegetables Harvest Harvest Plant Plant Harvest Harvest Plant Plant Harvest Harvest
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Zone 1: Livestock & Fish Calendar
Activity\Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Climate/weather Wet season Cool season Hot season Livestock Cattle/buffalo ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ Goats === === === === === === === === === === === === Pigs ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ Poultry === === === === === === === === === === === === Horse ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ Fish === === === === === === === Livestock Epidemics Cattle/buffalo === === === Goats === === === Pigs === Poultry === === === Horse === Fish === === === ===
Fish harvesting restrictions have been applied by villagers and acknowledged by the DAFO. These are applied to protect fish during the breeding season, and apply to 12 natural fish breeding ponds (wang sanguan) during the months of January, and in 5 of the locations, also in April, May and June. These ponds are Wang Sop Yon, Wang Sop Goh, Wang Mon, Wang Mone, Wang Yang, Wang Yuak, Wang Pang, Wang Phou Kua, Wang Phou Seuit, Wang Phou Om, Wang Phou Thong, and Wang Ang. Zone 1: Traditional Calendar
Climate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Wet season Cool season Hot season Ethnic Group Lue New
Year
Tai Dam Kin Jiang Nyang Kin Jiang Hmong Kin Jiang Khamu Thet Num Lanten Kin Jiang Akha Kin
Jiang
Phou Noy Lao New Year Haw Kin Jiang
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6.2.2 Flow Analysis – Productive Agro-ecosystem
ZONE 1 ZONE 1
Forest Wood: Build & Sell Out of District
Tea Varieties: from China Raw Sugar: Export to China
NTFPs: Use & Sell in District & Export to Provinces and China
Peanuts: Eat & Sell Out
Job’s Tear: Eat & Export Internationally
Cassava: Livestock Food, Eat & Sell Inside District
Sesame: Eat & Export to China
Maize: Varieties from China & Vietnam
Maize: Eat, Sell Locally & Export to China
Small Animals: Pigs, goats, & poultry; Eat and sell in Zone and District
Paddy Rice: Eat & Sell in Zone, District & Provinces
Cattle & Buffalo: Eat & Sell in Zone and District
Upland Rice: Eat & sell in Zone, District & Provinces; Livestock Food
Vegetables: Eat, sell in Zone & District; Use for livestock food
Rubber Varieties & Technology: From China
Zone 1: Flow Diagram of Agriculture and Forestry Production
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6.2.3 Decision Analysis – Productive Agro-ecosystem
ZONE 1
DAFO
PAFO NAFRI
LSUAFRP
EU
DED
GAA
WFP
Quakers
Opium Replacement
Zone 1: Venn Diagram - Administration and Project Co-ordination
Villages - 40
DAFO: District Agriculture and Forestry office DED: German Development Service EU: European Union GAA: German Agro Action LSUAFRP: Lao Swedish Upland Agriculture and Forestry Research Program NAFRI: National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute PAFO: Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Office WFP: World Food Program
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6.2.4 Systems Property Analysis – Productive Agro-ecosystem Table 2: Zone 1: Systems Property Table
Positive Aspects (+) Negative Aspects (-) Productivity
• There is adequate land for commercial crops, ie, rubber
• There are opportunities to expand access tracks to village production areas
• Soils are suitable for annual and commercial tree crops
• There is some potential to increase small scale irrigation systems to increase productivity in wet and dry seasons; 19 villages without small scale irrigation
• There is less opium addiction in this zone
• Quite rapid population increase in production areas • Irrigation water is inadequate in half of the villages
in the zone • Health levels are low which reduces productivity,
ie, opium addiction and diseases • Access roads lacking • Animal disease epidemics • Wildlife and fish populations decreasing • Low levels of knowledge of improved farming
methods
Sustainability • China provides markets for rubber, sugar and
tea that appear to be secure for the next decade
• Potential for agro-forestry systems in rubber planting areas, ie, annuals (maize, job’s tear, tea etc), which would be more sustainable options than mono-cropping perennial crops
• There is some potential to increase small scale irrigation systems, to increase productivity in wet and dry seasons
• Quite rapid population increase causes a reduction in agricultural areas
• The re-location of villages from the mountainous zones in the last 4 to 5 years is placing pressure on available agricultural land in the potentially productive zone
• Indiscriminate harvesting of NTFPs is common • Management systems for NTFPs are not
established and used well
Stability • Favourable climatic conditions facilitate
stable farming systems in most years • Potential for agro-forestry systems in rubber
planting areas, ie, annuals (maize, job’s tear, tea etc)
• There is some potential to improve clean water supplies in 27 of the 40 villages which would help stabilize village settlements, improve health and improve labour efficiency
• NTFP production is decreasing as population increases
• Animal disease epidemics cause unexpected and major disturbances to livestock production systems
• Pests outbreaks such as gall midge in rice cause instability in paddy based rice systems
• Seasonal local floods disrupt paddy production systems occasionally
Equitability
• There are employment opportunities from commercial tree crop expansion, ie, rubber
• Most families have access to adequate farming land, including some paddy land
• The majority of villages have all weather road access for input supply and product marketing, ie, 30 of the 40 villages
• Re-location and migration is impacting on the availability of suitable agricultural land for resident villagers and re-locatees
• The 10 villages without access roads are disadvantaged in regard to production and market opportunities
• Only 6 villages have access to health centres, and only 13 have access to clean water
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6.2.5 Time Analysis: Mountainous Multiple Use Forest Agro-ecosystem Zone 2: Historical Profile
Main Events Period Information Village settlements established 1917 - 1956 During this period a total of 32 villages settled in the
zone. A lot of them migrated from China including Hmong, Lue, Khamu. The Lue established paddy fields, while the other groups practiced shifting cultivation.
More villages established 1957 -1985
Another 5 villages settled in the zone during this period including Nam Yon, Pha Kham, Houay Lek, Phou Tam and Mixay. In 1969 China started to improve the main road passing through the District.
Education programs Village re-settlement Paddy development Forest and land allocation
1986 - 2001 Education programs improved and schools constructed. Village re-settlement to more accessible locations was implemented. Paddy fields were expanded in some villages. One village, Houa Nam Kham was settled. Forest and limited land allocation started in 1997/98 and some form of LUP has been undertaken in most villages.
Improvements in agricultural varieties and livestock breeds Consolidation of populations in more accessible locations Opium eradication program Rubber introduction
2000 - 2004 Improved livestock breeds introductions starting in 2000. Poultry breeds from Vietnam in 2000 -2002. Improved pig breeds from Vientiane in 2002. Pigs breeds from China in 2001 -2003. Government started to merge villages in the area in 2000 & this has continued until 2004 Opium eradication programs started in the District. Production reduced significantly. One village, Mixay, started to plant rubber (2.2 ha) with technical assistance from the DAFO and China.
Zone 2: Seasonal Calendar- NTFPs
Activity/Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Climate/weather Wet season Cool season Hot season NTFP Harvests Puak Muak Puak Bong Dok Euang (orchids) Mak Kor Hua Idook Khaem Porsa Pao Pet Cardamom Bamboo Tua Mae (Worms) NTFP Planting Puak Muak
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Activity/Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Cardamom Por sa Ginger
Zone 2: Seasonal Calendar Agriculture
Activity\Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Weather Wet season Cool season Hot season Annual Crops Paddy Rice Plough Nursery Trans-
plant Plant Weed Harvest Harvest Harvest
Hill Rice Slash Burn Weed – Prepare
Plant Plant Weed Weed Harvest Harvest Harvest
Job’s Tear Slash Slash Burn
Burn Prepare
Prepare Plant Plant Weed Weed Harvest Harvest
Sesame Slash Slash Burn
Weed – Prepare
Prepare Plant Weed Weed Weed Harvest Harvest
Maize (w/s) Slash Slash Burn
Plant Plant Weed Weed Harvest-
Harvest
Vegetables Harvest Plant Plant Weed Harvest Prepare Plant Weed Harvest
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6.2.6 Flow Analysis – Mountainous Multiple Use Forest Agro-ecosystem
ZONE 1 ZONE 2
Forest Wood: Build & Sell Out of District
NTFPs: Use & Sell in District & Export to Provinces and China
Maize: Varieties from China & Vietnam
Maize: Eat, Sell Locally & Export to China
Small Animals: Pigs, goats, & poultry; Eat and sell in Zone and District
Paddy Rice: Eat & Sell in Zone, District & Provinces
Cattle & Buffalo: Eat & Sell in Zone and District
Upland Rice: Eat & sell in Zone, District & Provinces; Livestock Food
Vegetables: Eat, sell in Zone & District; Use for livestock food
Rubber Varieties & Technologies: from China
Wild Animals: Eat & Sell locally & in District
Cassava: Livestock Food, Eat & Sell Inside District
Labour: From the District & other Provinces
Job’s Tear: Eat & Export Internationally
Equipment & Materials: From District, Provinces &
China
Sesame: Sell Locally & Export
Sugar Cane: Export to China
Zone 2: Flow Diagram of Agriculture and Forestry Production
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6.2.7 Decision Analysis - Mountainous Multiple Use Forest Agro-ecosystem
ZONE 2
DAFO
PAFO
NAFRI
LSUAFRP
GAA
Zone 2: Administration and Project Co-ordination
IFAD
Villages - 38
CHINESE RUBBER
COMPANIES
EU
DAFO: District Agriculture and Forestry office GAA: German Agro Action IFAD: International Foundation for Agricultural Development LSUAFRP: Lao Swedish Upland Agriculture and Forestry Research Program NAFRI: National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute PAFO: Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Office
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6.2.8 Systems Property Analysis - Mountainous Forested Multiple Use Zone
Table 3: Zone 2: Systems Property Table
Positive Aspects (+) Negative Aspects (-) Productivity
• Population is decreasing from village relocation which offers potential for forest and soil regeneration
• The average area of paddy land available per family is about 1.4 hectares although the majority is rain fed dependent
• The population generally has access to significantly more land; including forest areas, ie, about 8 hectares total per person; more NTFPs
• Potential for large livestock production in upland areas
• Villagers are more dependent on less productive upland rain-fed farming land
• Irrigation water is not available in 32 of the 38 villages
• Access roads to productive upland areas in the zone are lacking; lack production inputs and marketing opportunities for such crops as maize, job’s tears and sugar cane
• Stream fish populations are decreasing with continued exploitation
• There is a higher incidence of non-pproductive opium addicts in this zone, ie, 232 persons
Sustainability • Potential for forest and soil regeneration in
areas where out-migration has occurred • Wildlife populations are said to be increasing
in the upland areas as people migrate to lowland areas
• Upland cultivation is undertaken on steep to very steep slopes in most villages which reduces soil fertility and increases weed populations
• Indiscriminate harvesting of NTFPs is common • Management systems for NTFPs are not
established and used well which is resulting in over-exploitation
• The NTFP quota system does not encourage sustainable NTFP production methods
Stability • NTFPs provide a safety net when annual
crops fail • Potential for agro-forestry systems in rubber
planting areas, ie, annuals (maize, job’s tear, tea etc)
• Potential for increasing clean village water supplies in 31 of the 38 villages to stabilize village settlements
• NTFP production is decreasing with over-exploitation
• Animal disease epidemics cause unexpected and major disturbances to livestock production systems
• Occasional irregularities in climatic conditions affect crop production and yields.
Equitability
• All of the population have access to NTFPs in forested areas
• There is a larger area of land, mainly upland, available to villagers in this zone, ie, about 8 hectares per person
• There is less opportunity for the commercial crops such as rubber in this zone due to poorer road access and moderately sloping land
• Access to services generally such as schools, water supplies and health centres is distributed inequitably among villages in the zone, ie, 17 villages do not have schools, there are only three health centres for 38 villages, and only seven permanent water supplies in the zone.
• There is a higher proportion of very poor villages in this zone, ie, 31 of 38, which indicates that they have fewer opportunities for livelihood improvement
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6.3 Key Issues and Problems Key issues for each agro-ecological zone were identified during the AEA, and livelihood problems were identified by villagers during problem census meetings held in representative villages in Zone 1 and Zone 2.
6.3.1 Key Issues Emerging from Zoning and Agro-ecosystem Analyses During the process of agro-ecosystem zoning and the various analyses summarized in Section 7 above, key issues regarding the performance of the zones were identified. To place the issues in the district planning context, the goal of AEA and AEZ as agreed by AEA participants is reiterated below: “To apply the results of agro-ecosystem analysis and agro-ecological zoning in Na Mo District to assist socio-economic development planning that is appropriate to the local situation and which contributes to sustainable rural development, poverty alleviation, and environmental protection” The issues that emerged in the two agro-ecological zones and solutions proposed to address the issues are presented in Table 4.
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Table 4: Key Issues and Problems Arising from Agro-ecological Zoning and System Analysis
Productive Agro-forestry Ecosystem (Zone 1) Forested Multiple Use Agro-ecosystem (Zone 2) Key Issue Proposed Solution Key Issue Proposed Solution 1. Village boundaries not delineated clearly between some villages
1. DAFO: Stake out the boundaries and erect boundary sign boards to notify villages 2. Review & use Village Land Use Agreements 3. Establish inter-village networks & do networking
1. Village boundaries not delineated clearly between some villages
1. DAFO: Stake out the boundaries and erect boundary sign boards to notify villages 2. Review & use Village Land Use Agreements 3. Establish inter-village networks & do networking
2. Management of agricultural land and forests does not follow the District Regulations
1. DAFO: Inform and encourage better village management 2. Follow-up on existing Village Land use Agreements 3. Regular monitoring of village Land Use Agreements
2. Management of agricultural land and forests does not follow the District Regulations or existing village agreements
1. DAFO: Inform and encourage better village management 2. Follow-up on existing Village Land Use Agreements 3. Regular monitoring of village Land Use Agreements
3. Agricultural land is limited for livelihoods
1. DAFO: Promote permanent occupations to replace SC 2. Improve agricultural techniques 3. Introduce commercial tree crops, ie, rubber (use less land to replace rotational hill-rice)
3. Agricultural land is limited for livelihoods
1. DAFO: Assess the conditions of the area in more detail to determine the available areas 2. Promote permanent occupations to replace SC 3. Improve agricultural techniques and diversify farming methods 4. Introduce commercial tree crops (use less land to replace rotational hill rice) DAFO: 5. Review village merging plans and procedures
4. 75% of villages have road access. Access roads still needed in some villages. Wet season access is difficult in 50% of villages with roads
1. Liase with Communications Dept. to develop a plan 2. Access NPEP funds 3. Seek funds from other projects
4. There are few Land Use Agreements established in this zone, including for NTFPs
1. DAFO: Undertake LUP and LU zoning in villages after boundaries have been delineated 2. Prepare Village Land use Agreements after zoning completed
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Productive Agro-forestry Ecosystem (Zone 1) Forested Multiple Use Agro-ecosystem (Zone 2) Key Issue Proposed Solution Key Issue Proposed Solution
3. Follow-up on implementation of existing Village Land use Agreements and improve implementation 4. Regular monitoring of village Land Use Agreements
5. Opportunities for schooling is low, because not enough teachers
1. Education Dept build sufficient schools and provide teachers 2. Train teachers who will live in the isolated villages 3. Improve access roads (convenient for teacher travel) 4. Consider teacher isolation incentives
5. The need for expanding access tracks is more important in this zone. Only 16 villages have access tracks or small roads; 22 villages have access by walking tracks
1. Dept of Communications: Expand access & permanent roads to villages 2. Access NPEP funds 3. Seek funds from other projects
6. Health levels are low: dysentery; malaria, and opium addiction; 3% of the population are opium addicts There are only 6 health centres in the zone. Only 18% of villages can access health centres
1. Have the Health Dept. establish medicine “cabinets”in each village (to complement the kaet health posts) 2. Train Village Health Workers 3. Encourage household toilet construction & use 4. Health and sanitation education
6.Large livestock and poultry (small livestock) disease epidemics cause major instability in villager incomes
1. introduce and/or improve livestock vaccination programs
7. 21 of 40 villages have small irrigation systems. Irrigation systems are not efficient, need improvement, and some villages need new systems
1. Expand small irrigation systems in villages where there are suitable sites 2.Improve (repair) existing systems 3. Improve management of systems 4. Protect system water sources 5. Liase with relevant sources for funds for new weirs
7.Education is a severe problem and teachers are insufficient
1. Education Dept: build sufficient schools and provide teachers 2. Train teachers who will live in the isolated villages 3. Improve access roads (convenient for teacher travel) 4. Consider teacher isolation incentives
8. Clean water supplies are inadequate. There are 13 clean water supplies in 40 villages
1. Build water supplies in villages where piped water is possible 2. Install deep bores in other villages where reticulating water is not possible
8. Health levels are low: dysentery; malaria, and opium addiction; There are only 3 health centres in 38 villages)
1. Have the Health Dept. establish medicine “cabinets”in each village (to complement the kaet health posts) 2. Train Village Health Workers 3. Encourage household toilet
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Productive Agro-forestry Ecosystem (Zone 1) Forested Multiple Use Agro-ecosystem (Zone 2) Key Issue Proposed Solution Key Issue Proposed Solution
construction & use 4. Health and sanitation education
9. Indiscriminate harvesting of NTFPs
1. Village NTFPs management and use agreements 2. Enrichment-replacement planting 3. Educate villagers in appropriate NTFP harvesting practices
9. Very high need for clean village water supplies. There are only 7 VWS in the 38 villages
1. Build water supplies in villages where piped water is possible 2. Install deep bores in other villages where reticulating water is not possible
10 Some opium addiction. There are 190 opium addicts in the zone, some in each of the 40 villages
1Build a detoxification centre 2 Train/educate addicts, (alternate occupations)
10. Only about 25% of the land in the zone is either lowland or moderately sloping. Villagers lack sufficient moderately sloping land
1. Introduce crops that are suitable to the sloping land conditions 2. Promote livestock as alternatives for cropping 3. Improve livestock fodder (ie, EU trial plots – Ban Vun)
11. Not possible to do DS paddy. Water for DS rice is insufficient in lowland areas
1. Study soil and climatic conditions and varieties for improving wet season rice yields 2. Plant other DS irrigated crops that use less water, eg, vegetables 3. Use non-photosensitive varieties that require water for a shorter period
11. Soil fertility decline is more pronounced in this zone because there is more dependency on upland cultivation
1. Improve the soil by using improved conservation farming methods 2. Use varieties adapted to soil types
12 . Soil is not fertile (soil is acidic); both paddy and upland.
1. Improve the soil by using improved conservation farming methods 2. Use varieties adapted to soil types
12. Opium addiction is fairly high. There are 232 opium addicts in the 38 villages
1. Health Dept: Build a Detoxification Centre 2. Opium addiction education 3. Alternate occupations
13. Only about 25% of the land in the zone is either lowland or gently sloping. Villagers lack sufficient moderately sloping land
1. Introduce crops that are suitable to the sloping land conditions 2. Promote livestock as alternatives for cropping 3. Improve livestock fodder (ie, EU trial plots – Ban Vun)
13. Village Land Use Agreements are not being implemented well
1. DAFO: Inform and encourage better village management 2. Follow-up on existing Village Land use Agreements 3. Regular monitoring of village Land Use Agreements
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Productive Agro-forestry Ecosystem (Zone 1) Forested Multiple Use Agro-ecosystem (Zone 2) Key Issue Proposed Solution Key Issue Proposed Solution 14 Population increase is more rapid than in zone 2 Population increase is rapid which causes a reduction in available agricultural land
1.Plan for family planning (birth spacing) with the Health Dept 2. Review the criteria for village merging & adopt appropriate procedures 3. Review village merging plans and procedures
14. Grazing areas for large livestock are limited. Animal fodder is unsuitable (not nutritious)
1. Undertake LUP to identify suitable grazing areas with the villagers 2. Improve livestock fodder (ie, EU trial plots – Ban Vun)
15. Stream fish and wildlife populations are declining each year
1. Introduce or improve Village Land Use and Wildlife Management Agreements
15. Wildlife populations are declining each year
1. Introduce or improve Village Wildlife Protection and Management Agreements
16. Competition for land for raising large livestock
1. Improve animal fodder quality and supply in grazing areas that are available
16. Only 6 of 38 villages have irrigation systems. Irrigation systems are not efficient, need improvement, and some villages need new systems
1. Expand small irrigation systems in villages where there are suitable sites 2.Improve (repair) existing systems 3. Improve management of systems 4. Protect system water sources 5. Liase with relevant sources for funds for new weirs
17 Large livestock and poultry (small livestock) disease epidemics cause instability in villager incomes
1. Improve livestock vaccination programs
17. The boundaries, management responsibilities and activity plans for Provincial Protected and Conservation Forest categories within this zone need review and clarification.
1. Consult with PAFO regarding these provincial forest categories 2. Review the feasibility of maintaining such categories because these areas support significant populations 2. Attempt to determine how these Conservation and Protected Forest categories might be re-delineated and managed.
18. Paddy rice diseases (bua) (gall midge)
1. Introduce varieties that are resistant to gall midge 2. Plant rice at the appropriate time
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6.3.2 Problems Identified from Problem Census Meetings Problem census meetings were held in representative villages of each zone, Ban Na Mo Neua in Zone 1 and Ban Na Thong in Zone 2. These provide information on livelihood problems, as perceived by both men and women in the villages. The results are presented in Tables 5 and 6 below. Table 5: Problem Census : Na Mo Neua Village: 25-10-04 Women’s Group (5) Men’s Group (6) Summary of Key Problems
1. Lack funds for agricultural production
1. Lack funds for agricultural production
1. Lack funds for agricultural production
2.Short of land for planting mulberry for silk production
2. Paddy rice land is insufficient and not suitable
2. Lack village services, ie, village water shortage, electricity, and village “medicine cabinet”
3. Insects attack silk worms and reduce production levels
3. Rice production is low; eg, wet seed bed rice, 2.7 t /ha and rain-fed seedbed, 2.0 t/ha
3. Commodity prices are inconsistent; sugar, maize, job’s tear, and silk thread.
4. The sale price for silk thread is low, ie, K120,000 /KG.
4. Agricultural commodity prices are low: eg, Puak Muak: K4,000 to K4500 Job’s Tear: K 2,000 Maize: K800 - K900
4. Short of cropping areas, ie, paddy areas, dry season irrigated areas for maize and vegetables, and mulberry plants for silk worm production.
5. Short of clean village water 5. Prices of sugar, maize,and job’s tear are variable year to year
5. People do not have sufficient areas for grazing large livestock, ie borrow land in Pangthong and then animals damage Pangthong crops
6. Short of electricity for activities at night, ie, reading, weaving etc
6. Traders and middle men come from the village and the District and depress prices.
6. People do not have sure or major occupations; crop production is low
7. Traditional marriage ceremonies involve heavy drinking and loss of time for productive activities
7. There is only one main market, China, therefore dependent on Chinese traders and businesses
7. Short of knowledge on silk worm production and larvae are attacked by insects
8. Silk worm productivity is reduced because they can collect leaves only 2 times instead of 8 times per year as in the past
8. Not possible to irrigate sufficiently in the dry season and so can not plant enough maize
8. Dependency on Chinese markets
9. There are too many holidays; New Year and weekends
9. Village boundary disputes have still not been clearly resolved, ie with Phousang, Kiew Larn and Pangthong villages
10. No village “medicine box” 10. Rice pests ie, when weather is hot; grubs attack the rice plants.
11. The village boundary and management area is not clearly defined
11. Productivity is reduced because there are too many public and official holidays to observe
12. People have animals but lack
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Women’s Group (5) Men’s Group (6) Summary of Key Problems areas to look after them.
13. Rice pests. Table 6: Problem Census: Na Thong Village: 25-10-04 Women’s Group (5) Men’s Group (6) Summary of Key Problems
1. Lack funds for agricultural production
1. Shortage of land for agricultural production
1. Lack equipment and varieties for agricultural production; crop yields are low
2.Short of land for production 2. Knowledge levels and learning are low
2. Knowledge levels and learning are low
3. Crop yields are low 3. Use old production methods; have not adopted improved technologies
3. Use old production methods; have not adopted improved technologies; crops do not meet market needs.
4. Livestock damage annual crops 4. No electricity
4. Village services are inadequate; ie, no electricity; lack enough clean water
5. Agricultural commodity prices are low
5. Paddy rice land is insufficient
5. Short of land for agricultural production, ie, paddy areas, and upland areas
6. Illnesses: Malaria, fevers and stomach infections
6. Irrigation water is insufficient; Not possible to irrigate sufficiently in the dry season
6. Livestock health is poor from livestock diseases
7. Short of clean village water 7. Do not have the crops and varieties the market needs
7. Insect pests reduce crop yields
8. Lack vaccination programs for various illnesses
8. Livestock health is poor from livestock diseases
8. Commodity prices are low
9. There is no village medical facility
9 Insect pests reduce crop yields 9. Health problems: Malaria, fevers, stomach infections, no village medical facility, and lack vaccination programs for various illnesses.
6.3.3 Innovation Assessments (Problem Solution Ranking Assessement)
Innovation assessments (or problem solution ranking) of the proposed solutions to key questions and problems of each agro-ecological zone are undertaken to assist planners with development priority setting. Key question or problem solutions are given a ranking based on an assessment of the relative benefit that would arise should the various proposed solutions be implemented, ie, +++ Expectation of high or positive benefit ++ Expectation of medium or neutral benefit + Expectation of low or negative benefit The key questions and problems solutions for each of the zones were assessed in the field, the results of which are summarised in Table 7.
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Table 7: District Agro-ecological Zone Innovation Assessments: (page 1 of 2) +++ Expectation of high or positive benefit ++ Expectation of medium or neutral benefit + Expectation of low or negative benefit Zone 1: Productive Agro-ecosystem
Proposed solutions Productivity Stability Sustainability Equitability Cost Time Feasibility Poverty impact Score Ranking
1. Village boundaries +++ ++ +++ +++ ++ ++ +++ +++ 21 2 2. Land Use Agreements +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ ++ +++ +++ 23 1 3. Land availability +++ +++ +++ +++ + + ++ +++ 19 4 4. Access roads +++ +++ +++ +++ + + ++ +++ 19 4 5. Schools -education ++ ++ +++ +++ ++ + ++ +++ 18 5 6. Health – Health Centres ++ ++ +++ +++ ++ + ++ +++ 18 5 7. Clean water supplies ++ +++ +++ +++ + + ++ ++ +++ 20 3 8. Irrigation systems +++ ++ +++ ++ + + ++ ++ 16 7 9. Indiscriminate NTFP harvesting
+++ ++ +++ +++ ++ ++ ++ +++ 20 3
10. Opium addiction ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + ++ ++ 15 8 11. Dry season paddy water deficiency
++ ++ ++ ++ +++ ++ ++ ++ 17 6
12. Soil improvement; paddy and upland
+++ ++ +++ +++ ++ + ++ +++ 19 4
13. Inadequate suitable sloping land
++ ++ ++ ++ +++ + ++ ++ 16 7
14. Population increase ++ +++ ++ +++ +++ ++ ++ +++ 20 3 15. Fish and wildlife depletion
+++ ++ ++ ++ +++ +++ ++ ++ 19 4
16. Land for large livestock ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ 16 7 17. Livestock diseases +++ +++ ++ +++ + + + +++ 17 6 18. Paddy rice gall midge +++ +++ +++ +++ ++ ++ +++ +++ 20 3
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District Agro-ecological Zone Innovation Assessments (Problem solution ranking) (page 2 of 2) +++ Expectation of high or positive benefit ++ Expectation of medium or neutral benefit + Expectation of low or negative benefit
Zone 2: Mountainous Multiple Use Forest Agro-ecosystem
Proposed solutions Productivity Stability Sustainability Equitability Cost Time Feasibility Poverty impact Score Ranking
1. Village boundaries +++ +++ +++ +++ ++ ++ +++ +++ 21 3 2. Land Use Agreements +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ ++ +++ +++ 23 1 3. Land availability +++ ++ +++ ++ ++ ++ ++ +++ 19 5 4. Indiscriminate NTFP harvesting
+++ ++ +++ +++ ++ ++ ++ +++ 20 4
5. Road access +++ +++ +++ +++ + + ++ +++ 19 5 6. Livestock diseases +++ +++ +++ +++ ++ ++ ++ +++ 21 3 7. Schools –education ++ ++ +++ +++ ++ ++ ++ +++ 19 5 8. Health – Health Centres ++ ++ +++ +++ ++ ++ ++ +++ 19 5 9. Clean water supplies ++ +++ +++ +++ ++ ++ ++ +++ 20 4 10. Inadequate suitable sloping land
++ +++ +++ +++ ++ + ++ +++ 19 5
11. Soil improvement; paddy and upland
+++ +++ +++ +++ + + ++ +++ 19 5
12. Opium addiction + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ 16 7 13. Village Land Use Agreements (not well implemented)
+++ +++ +++ +++ ++ ++ ++ +++ 21 3
14. Land for large livestock ++ ++ ++ +++ ++ ++ ++ +++ 18 6 15. Fish and wildlife depletion
+++ +++ +++ ++ ++ ++ ++ +++ 20 4
16. Irrigation systems ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ 16 7
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7 Conclusions and Lessons Learned 1. It was not necessary to utilize the socio-economic data from the National Statistics Centre (NSC) because more recent and accurate information can be gathered from district agencies. This reduces the cost of acquiring secondary data. 2. It is possible to reduce the time required to conduct a district AEA by conducting the whole exercise in the field, provided adequate preparation of bio-physical data (maps) is undertaken in Vientiane by the NAFRI GIS Unit. Undertaking staff orientation on AEA at provincial and district levels prior to the field work is also beneficial because it enables the district staff to prepare for the AEA activity, and it provides the central level staff the opportunity to assess what secondary information is available. 3. It was found that a more efficient and effective job of the AEA could be done by restricting the exercise to the District level rather than attempting to do a lower level AEA concurrently. Also when doing the district level AEA, opportunities exist to start the preparation for the Development Zone AEA that will follow, ie, village boundaries can be identified and mapped, new village locations can be identified, and much of the secondary socio-economic data regarding the Development Zone can be collated. 4. The involvement of “Khet” leaders in the AEA is very useful because they are very knowledgeable about the village level situation in their areas of responsibility. This enables almost all of the secondary data needed for the district AEA to be gathered during the end to end workshops at the District, and limits the time required in the field.
5. Entering various AEA zone data into Excel spreadsheets during the workshops was a very good initiative as it created a quantitative data set that can be used to tabulate information on various socio-economic parameters. Since the AEA was completed the Socio-economic Unit has assisted by compiling a series of tables that add more substance to the AE Zone descriptions and analyses. The data is presented in Appendices 4 and 5. This practice should be incorporated in future AEA exercises. 6. The attendance of senior component staff in the field enabled them to undertake translations and prepare training documents in the Lao language as required in addition to the information presented in the AEA Manual. These documents can be organized and reproduced for orientation purposes in the future. 7. The district level AEA has again indicated (as it did in Phonesay District) that Provincial Conservation and Protection Forest categories previously delineated are questionable because, while they are located mainly in the forested areas, these forests are integral components of village livelihood systems, ie, upland cultivation fallows. Discussions on how to deal with this situation are needed with Provincial Forestry representatives.
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8. As a result of village re-location difficulties were experienced with identifying and mapping the current village points in the GIS. In some cases the new village locations do not match with the village names on village boundary maps. Follow-up has been initiated with District staff to rectify these discrepancies. The 78 villages now registered in District records are indicated in Table 5. 9. The data compiled on rubber planting as indicated in Appendix 6 confirms that this has become a priority development initiative for villagers and district authorities. Of the 65 hectares planted in the District in 2004, 43 hectares was planted in LSUAFRP villages. A nursery area of 35 hectares has been established with technical assistance from a Chinese company for planting at least 260 hectares in 2005. It was reported that the Chinese company has been in discussion with the District with a view to seeking approval for the planting of 6,000 hectares in Na Mo District in 2005 – 2006. Visits were made to some rubber sites in the project area and also in Luang Namtha, from where villagers have acquired the motivation to plant rubber, during which time the soils and social arrangements in villages were compared. It was observed that the soils in Pangthong village, for example, were inferior to those being used in Luang Namtha for rubber planting, ie, shallow and stoney top soils and sub soils. This raises a concern that the enthusiasm of villagers to engage in rubber planting could lead them to plant rubber on marginal soils and use inferior husbandry practices. This is an issue that the District and the Project need to raise with villagers. 10. The proposed rapid expansion of rubber planting by the Chinese company is a matter that the District authorities also need to assess carefully, not least the potential dangers of the company acquiring valuable and limited agricultural land which villagers will require in future to improve their own livelihoods. (Information on the observations and comparisons between rubber planting in Hadyao village in Luang Namtha and Pangthong village in Na Mo is being compiled and will be submitted in a separate report).
8 Further Work Required 1. During the district level AEA it was decided that a follow up AEA would be conducted in the Central Development Zone (or kaet tetsaban) in March 2005. The reasons for this are that it is a priority development zone for the District, and it is the zone in which the LSUAFRP villages are located. In preparation for this the following tasks need to be undertaken:
• The delineation by DAFO staff and mapping by the NAFRI GIS Unit of all village boundaries within the Central Development Zone
• Verification and accurate GIS mapping of all the 78 registered district villages (current village point map)
The GIS Unit has commenced the mapping work and the follow up on village boundaries and village locations has been initiated with the District. 2. A presentation of the results of the AEA to district authorities should be undertaken early in 2005, at which time copies of this report and additional sets of the
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map series used for the AEA would be handed over, in addition to the set already provided to the LSUAFRP Co-ordinator. 3. A brief report on the visit to rubber growing areas in Luang Namtha and the project area is being compiled. It is proposed that this information be used to continue discussions with the District about crop requirements for rubber, in particular soil requirements, and that the information contribute to the preparation of technical procedures and the development of a recommendation domain for rubber in Na Mo in consultation with the Farming Systems Component 4. The translated draft AEA Manual and summary was used during the Na Mo AEA exercise to provide on-the-job training to a multi-disciplinary district team. A power point summary was also used for orientation purposes before the AEA was conducted. These experiences will be used to revise the manual, and this work, including the Lao translation, should be completed before the second AEA in March 2005. The systematic compilation and filing of other training materials prepared in the Lao language during the Na Mo AEA should also be undertaken for use in future exercises. 5. The question of the location and extent of Provincial Conservation and Protection Forest categories in the District should be discussed further during the follow-up AEA activity in March 2005. While this is not an urgent matter, the clarification of the boundaries and management arrangements for these areas should be addressed as there are implications for village livelihood activities in villages in AE Zone 2, the mountainous multiple forest use zone. 6. In addition to the preparation of the village boundary and village point maps mentioned in paragraph 1 above, a series of thematic maps should be compiled to assist the District with rural development planning activity. These include:
• A poverty status map • An opium addiction status map • An updated road and access track map • A public services map; schools, clean water supplies, and health posts.
7. Separate tables for the District Development Zones and AE Zones will be prepared using similar variables as presented in Appendices 4 and 5. These will provide valuable planning information for the District and will be available for the Central Development Zone AEA.
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Appendix 1: Participants in AEA Pilot Exercise – Na Mo District1
Organisation Project, Unit or Component
Participants
Project Management Sysongkham Mahathirath (Project Co-ordinator) Land Management Component
Anolath Chanthavongsa, Thongphath Leuangkhamma, Somsak Sysomvang, Hongthong Amphaychith, Khamphou Phouttavong, Peter Jones (Adviser)
Farming Systems Research and Extension Component
Oudong Keomipheth
Forestry Research Component
Khamporn Sengdala
Socio-economic Unit Khamphou Phouyyavong, Daniel Talje (BBE)
LSUAFRP
Information Management Division, (GIS Unit)
Vayaphath Thattamanivong, (Deputy) Phaythoun Pilakorn, Phounsap Vilayheuang
NAFRC Director Houmchitsavath Sodarak PHONESAY DISTRICT
District Administration Office (Governor's Office)
La Soudaporn, (Deputy Governor) Thonglay Symala (Head of Planing Office) Xay Vongsar, (A/Head LSUAFRP, Phonesay)
NA MO DISTRICT
District Administration Office (Governor's Office)
Mr Khamsene Xao Mong Veu (Deputy District Governor)
District Agriculture and Forestry Office
Suwan Xayprasert (Deputy Head, DAFO), Thongsoy Viengvong (Head, Agriculture Unit) Khamdy Sansayyang (Head, Livestock Unit) Nang Bouamon Kaipethoune, (Livestock) Nang Phouwa,Outsa, (Forestry) Soukdala Kommana (Forestry) Nang Khamnang Phornprachith, (Administration), Thongdam Sayavong (Agricultural Unit) Khamsao Suksavath (Forestry -LUP LA) Thoun Thongjai (Forestry)
Commerce Office Khamxay Lamanivong LWU, Na Mo Bouaphorn Keomany (Head LWU) Office of Neo Hom, Na Mo Thong-Oun Lorvangthiem (Head Neo Hom) District Zone
Representatives Messers Ten, Khamsao, Khamhak, Khamsao, Khambia, Khampieu. Khamxay
LSUAFRP Chankham Homdarak (District Project Co-ordinator)
1 Not all these staff attended for the duration of the AEA exercise as they had other activities to perform
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Appendix 2: Revised Timetable – AEA Exercise Na Mo District
Phase 1: 18th -19th October, 2004 - Na Mo District Meeting Room
Day 1 18-10-04
1. Opening 2. Introduction to AEA 3. Objectives of AEA workshops 4. Experiences in Phonesay District 5. Introduction to the AEA Manual 6. AEA Procedures and Methods 7. Revision and summary of AEA Process, Procedures and Methods 8. Defining the AEA Study Area 9. Agro-ecosystem Hierarchies 10. Purpose Statement and Objectives (Na Mo District) 11. Expected Outputs
Day 2 19-10-04
1. Purpose Statement, Objectives (contd) 2. Work Groups Formation 3. Secondary Data Requirements, (presentation of secondary data checklist) 4. Collating Secondary Data 5. Identifying Missing Secondary Data 6. Work Group Presentations of Secondary Data 7. Redefinition of Data Still Required.
Phase 2: 20th to 22nd October, 2004 - LSUAFRP Field Office
Day 3 20-10-04
1. Explanation of objectives of agro-ecological zoning; 2. Presentation of maps and socio-economic data used for agro-ecological zoning 3. Methods and tools for initial agro-ecological zoning 4. Undertaking initial district agro-ecosystem zoning; naming zones 5. Identification of key Issues and problems from zoning 6. Explaining tools used to characterise agro-ecological zones:
• Transect tables • Time lines (historical profiles) • Seasonal calendars • Flow diagrams • Venn diagrams
7. Commence characterisation (description) of each agro-ecological zone Day 4
21-10-04 1. Continued characterisation (description) of each agro-ecological zone 2. Collating various data from secondary data list 2. Preparing numeric data sets for District Development Zones (3) and Agro-ecological Zones (2); (Excel tables for various socio-economic parameters, infrastructure and services )
Day 5 22-10-04
1. Complete characterisation (description) of each agro-ecological zone 2. Locating and mapping registered village points 2004 (updating village locations arising from village re-location 3. Continued preparing numeric data sets for District Development Zones (3) and Agro-ecological Zones (2) 4. Gathered LUP and LA maps from DAFO and commenced transposing village boundaries onto a Master Village Boundary Map 5. Allocation of tasks/responsibilities for field work (village transects in a
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representative village in each agro-ecological zone) Day 6
23-10-04 1. Planned field work and appointments made in selected villages 2. Presentation by work groups on AE zone analyses and zone description 3. Review and consolidation of key issues and problems arising from zone analyses and characterization 4. Continued transposing village boundaries onto a Master Village Boundary Map and locating new village points (locations) 5. Explanation of field work tasks; (village transect walks and village problem census)
Phase 3: 24th October, 2004: Field Work in Representative AE Zone Villages
Day 7
24-10-04 1. Transect walks in Na Mo Neua and Na Thong villages by work teams 2. Problem census in Na Mo Neua and Na Thong villages by work teams 3. Recording transect walk and problem census data on posters
Phase 4: 25th to 27th October, 2004: LSUAFRP Field Office
Day 8 25-10-04
1. Preparation and presentation of transect walk and problem census data; Team 1 and Team 2 2. Work Group presentations of field data 2. Review and recording of field work data 3. Review and clarification of flow and Venn diagrams and zone descriptions 4. Agriculture data entry into Excel spreadsheets 5. Continued with village boundary checks and mapping (DAFO staff) 6. Zonal key issues and problem ranking – group work 7. System Property Analysis – Zones 1 and 2 8. Gathered further information on rubber planting and other project activity in the District.
Day 9 26-10-04
1. Documenting system properties analysis information for each agro- ecological zone 2. Completed mapping of village boundaries (36) on village boundary master map 3. Group work on problem solutions to address key issues and problems for each development zone and agro-ecological zone. 4. Continued agriculture, livestock and NTFP data entry into Excel spreadsheets
Day 10 27-10-04
1. Innovation Assessments (problem solution ranking for each agro- ecological zone 2. Documentation of problem solution ranking data for each agro- ecological zone 3. Completed data entry into Excel spreadsheets 4. Wrap up of AEA workshop 5. Preparation and presentation of AEA results to District representatives 6. Social gathering.
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Appendix 3: List of Na Mo District and Development Area Maps
District Maps Used for Zoning District Maps Produced During AEA 1. District Context 1. Administrative Zones of Na Mo District 2. District Boundary 2. Administrative Zones of Na Mo District 3. District Rivers 3. District Agro-ecological Zones Map 4. District Roads 5. District Village Points (2000) Maps Being Produced 6. Elevation 1. Village Boundary Map (36 villages) 7. Watershed Classification 2. Village Point Map (2004) 8. Slope 9. Geology 10. Soils 11. Rainfall 12. Temperature 13. Forest Cover 1997 14. Forest and Land Use 2000 15. Forest Management 2000 16. Land Use Planning and Forest Zoning 17. Land Suitability 18. Optimum Land Use
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Appendix 4: Summary of Registered Villages, Population, Poverty Status, and Village Services- AEA Zones 1 and 2
No Vill.Code AEA Zone Vill. Name Ethnicity Poverty Status H-H Pop. Female Road School Water Health Post
Zone 1: Productive Agro-ecological Zone (referred to as Agric. Zone)
1 010 Agri. Zone Chomsen Hmong very poor 33 188 79 AY Y N N 2 001 Agri. Zone Homxai Mixes* less poor 222 1174 693 AY Y Y Y 3 094 Agri. Zone HouyHa Khamoo very poor 52 281 139 W Y N N 4 011 Agri. Zone Houylieng Hmong very poor 22 169 82 W N N N 5 004 Agri. Zone HouyOn Khamoo poor 221 1424 722 AY Y Y Y 6 053 Agri. Zone HuoyXang Khamoo very poor 102 551 273 AY Y N N 7 019 Agri. Zone Khuang Lue,Hmong less poor 158 925 466 AY Y Y Y 8 045 Agri. Zone KiewLan Hmong poor 57 353 167 W N N N 9 050 Agri. Zone KokFat Hmong very poor 29 200 98 AY Y N N
10 074 Agri. Zone KouLong Hmong poor 62 327 158 AY Y N N 11 061 Agri. Zone Lao Khamoo very poor 65 316 162 W Y N N 12 017 Agri. Zone MaiNaTao Khamoo poor 28 194 99 AY Y N N 13 087 Agri. Zone MokKha Khamoo very poor 60 389 187 W Y N N 14 106 Agri. Zone NaHom Hmong,Khamoo poor 88 512 248 AY Y Y N 15 055 Agri. Zone Nakharm Thaidam very poor 77 393 182 AY Y N N 16 075 Agri. Zone NamBorTaKai Khamoo poor 53 271 129 AY Y N N 17 024 Agri. Zone NamKor Lue,Khamoo less poor 110 462 233 AY Y Y N 18 028 Agri. Zone NamNgeun Lue less poor 151 646 325 AY Y Y Y 19 047 Agri. Zone NaMoNue Thaidam poor 86 455 221 AY Y N N 20 048 Agri. Zone NaMoTai Thaidam poor 96 449 212 AY Y N N 21 051 Agri. Zone Namphaeng Khamoo poor 71 301 163 AY Y Y N 22 098 Agri. Zone Namtong Khamoo very poor 63 336 177 W Y N N 23 005 Agri. Zone Namxe Thaidam,ThaiKhao poor 120 539 297 AY Y Y Y 24 018 Agri. Zone NaSaVang Yung less poor 132 687 362 AY Y Y N 25 068 Agri. Zone Nathong Lue less poor 98 392 209 AY Y Y N 26 006 Agri. Zone Natong Thaidam poor 63 299 144 AY Y N N 27 007 Agri. Zone Paknamtong LaenTaen very poor 57 268 124 W N N N 28 054 Agri. Zone PangDou Khamoo,Hmong very poor 50 276 143 AY Y N N 29 008 Agri. Zone Pangsa Khamoo poor 88 445 206 AY Y N N 30 049 Agri. Zone Pangthong Hmong very poor 70 481 240 AY Y N N 31 063 Agri. Zone Phaeng Khamoo very poor 69 465 211 AY Y N N
55
No Vill.Code AEA Zone Vill. Name Ethnicity Poverty status H-H Pop. Female Road School Water Health Post
32 036 Agri. Zone PhiaMaiYai Kor very poor 103 464 227 W N N N 33 065 Agri. Zone PhouEut Khamoo very poor 162 667 338 AY Y Y N 34 064 Agri. Zone Phoukheua Khamoo very poor 125 698 360 AY Y Y N 35 016 Agri. Zone Phouli Hmong very poor 36 248 123 W N N N 36 060 Agri. Zone PhouThong Khamoo poor 116 639 321 AY Y Y N 37 013 Agri. Zone Saenxai Hmong very poor 35 176 96 W N N N 38 105 Agri. Zone SaKoa Khamoo very poor 35 157 73 AY Y N N 39 104 Agri. Zone Tao Khamoo very poor 101 602 308 AY Y N N 40 095 Agri. Zone VangAng Khamoo poor 149 818 414 AY Y N Y
*Mixed: Khamoo, Hmong, Lao, Lue, Hor, Phounoi, Thaidam Zone 2: Mountainous, Multiple Use Forest Agro-ecological Zone
No Vill.Code AEA Zone Vill. Name Ethnicity Poverty status H-H Pop. Female Road School Water Health Post
41 100 Forest Zone HouyHe Khamoo very poor 61 309 161 W Y N N 42 015 Forest Zone Houyhok Khamoo very poor 58 254 136 AY Y N N 43 077 Forest Zone HouyHou Khamoo very poor 100 494 211 AY Y N N 44 021 Forest Zone HouyLak Khamoo very poor 38 179 88 W N N N 45 078 Forest Zone HouyPort Khamoo very poor 80 751 395 W Y Y Y 46 079 Forest Zone HouyXoy Khamoo very poor 138 640 338 W Y N N 47 031 Forest Zone HuaNa Khamoo very poor 59 566 193 W N N N 48 057 Forest Zone HuaNamKharm Hmong very poor 29 139 78 W N N N 49 081 Forest Zone KaTangKuang Khamoo very poor 54 312 161 W N N N 50 073 Forest Zone KiewChaep Khamoo poor 56 336 161 AY Y Y N 51 038 Forest Zone LaoKou Kor very poor 58 288 137 W N N N 52 076 Forest Zone MarkChook Khamoo very poor 47 255 110 AY N N N 53 025 Forest Zone MouTeun Kor poor 127 584 291 AY Y N N 54 033 Forest Zone NamDaeng Khamoo very poor 39 202 106 W N N N 55 NA Forest Zone NamGnorn PhouGnot very poor 20 87 48 W N N N 56 032 Forest Zone NamKang Khamoo very poor 20 114 54 W N N N 57 041 Forest Zone Namkhaem Hmong very poor 39 214 118 W N N N 58 040 Forest Zone NamMong Hmong very poor 24 199 99 W N N N 59 059 Forest Zone NamMoot Kor very poor 46 237 115 W Y N N 60 012 Forest Zone Nampoong Hmong very poor 32 159 86 W N N N 61 077 Forest Zone Huay Hou Khamoo Very poor 100 494 211 AY Y N N 62 078 Forest Zone Huay Port Khamoo Very poor 80 751 395 W Y Y Y
56
No Vill.Code AEA Zone Vill. Name Ethnicity Poverty status
H-H
Pop.
Female
Road
School
Water
Health Post
63 067 Forest Zone Nathua Khamoo poor 105 629 377 AY Y Y Y 64 069 Forest Zone NaXai Khamoo poor 61 277 127 AY Y Y N 65 039 Forest Zone Phakham Lue poor 29 131 62 AY Y N N 66 035 Forest Zone PhiaCher Kor very poor 73 415 223 W N N N 67 037 Forest Zone PhiaMaiNoi Kor very poor 68 343 156 W Y N N 68 102 Forest Zone PhouLa Khamoo very poor 49 344 170 AY Y N N 69 085 Forest Zone PhouOm Khamoo very poor 150 834 446 AY Y N Y 70 101 Forest Zone PhouPat Khamoo very poor 105 614 398 AY Y N N 71 089 Forest Zone PhouTorn Khamoo very poor 47 251 126 AY Y N N 72 072 Forest Zone PhouToum Hmong very poor 57 353 167 W N N N 73 103 Forest Zone SaNgia Khamoo very poor 73 445 229 AY Y N N 74 034 Forest Zone SaPeu Kor very poor 45 249 138 W N N N 75 093 Forest Zone Term Khamoo very poor 77 404 204 W N N N 76 082 Forest Zone TongJeng Khamoo very poor 49 355 150 W N N N 77 022 Forest Zone VangVaen Khamoo very poor 32 211 108 W Y N N 78 046 Forest Zone XaiSamPhan Phouxang very poor 45 191 93 AY Y Y N
57
Appendix 5: Summaries of Socio-economic Information – Zones 1 & 2
Table 1: Poverty Status and Opium Addiction
Agriculture Zone Forest Zone Poverty statute CDZ NDZ SDZ CDZ NDZ SDZ
All
Less poor (no. of villages) 2 4 0 0 0 0 6 Opium addicts (No.of persons) 22 0 0 0 0 0 22 Female (No. of persons) 7 0 0 0 0 0 7 Poor (No. of villages) 11 1 2 5 2 0 21 Opium addicts (No.of persons) 60 0 2 0 97 0 159 Female (No. of persons) 15 0 0 0 33 0 48 Very poor (No. of villages) 10 1 9 6 12 13 51 Opium addicts (No.of persons) 87 11 8 41 64 30 241 Female (No. of persons) 32 0 0 10 6 1 49 Total number of villages 23 6 11 11 14 13 78 Opium addicts (No.of persons) 169 11 10 41 161 30 422 Female (No. of persons) 54 0 0 10 39 1 104
Table 2: Infrastructure (No. of villages)
Agriculture Zone Forest Zone Type of Infrastructure or Service
CDZ NDZ SDZ CDZ NDZ SDZ All
Road Access (No. of villages) Road 18 5 7 8 2 6 46 Path way 5 1 4 3 12 7 32 School Access (No. of villages) With School 18 5 11 7 4 10 55 No School 5 1 0 4 10 3 23 Water Access (No. of villages) With water supply 6 4 3 6 1 20 No water supply 17 2 8 5 14 12 58 Health Post Access (No.of vill.) With Health Post 3 2 1 1 0 2 9 No Health Post 20 4 10 10 14 11 69 Irrigation Access (No. of villages) With irrigation 12 4 5 5 1 0 27 No irrigation 11 2 6 6 13 13 51 Table 3: Village Commerce (retail shops)
Agriculture Zone Forest Zone No. of Small Village Shops CDZ NDZ SDZ CDZ NDZ SDZ
All
None 17 2 10 11 13 11 64 1-5 2 1 1 0 0 2 6 6-10 2 2 0 0 1 0 5 11-15 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 16-20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 More than 20 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 Total Number of Shops 111 31 2 0 9 2 155
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Table 4: Potential Tourist Sites (No. of villages)
Agriculture Zone Forest Zone Kinds of Tourism CDZ NDZ SDZ CDZ NDZ SDZ
All
Ethnicity tourisim 1 0 0 1 2 0 4 Historical tourism 2 3 0 1 0 0 6 Eco-tourism 4 0 0 1 0 0 5 Eco-tourism & historical tourism 1 1 0 0 1 0 3 No. potential tourist site 15 2 11 8 11 13 60 All 23 6 11 11 14 13 78
Table 5: Ethnic Composition (No. of villages)
Agriculture Zone Forest Zone Ethnicity
CDZ NDZ SDZ CDZ NDZ SDZ All
Hmong 8 0 0 3 2 0 13 Khamoo 5 1 11 7 5 12 41 Kor 0 1 0 0 5 1 7 LaenTaen 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Lue 1 1 0 0 1 0 3 PhouGnot 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Phouxang 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Thaidam 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 Yung 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Hmong,Khamoo 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 Lue,Hmong 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Lue,Khamoo 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Thaidam,ThaiKhao 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Mixes* 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 All 23 6 11 11 14 13 78 * Khamoo, Hmong,Lao,Lue,Hor,Phounoi,Thaidam
Table 6: Population Composition
Agriculture zone Forest zone
CDZ NDZ SDZ CDZ NDZ SDZ All
No.of villages 23 6 11 11 14 13 78 Total HHs 1836 682 997 728 671 1029 5943
Range of HHs/village (No) 22-222 28-158
35-162
29-144 20-127
46-150 20-222
Average HHs/village (No) 80 114 91 66 48 79 76 Total Population 9891 3378 5368 3636 3782 5990 32045 Total Females 5009 1712 2690 1857 1821 3104 16193
Range of population/village 169-1412
194-925
157-818
139-629 87-584
237-834
87-1424
Range of female/village 79-722 99-466
73-414
78-377 48-291
115-446 48-722
Average pop./village 430 563 488 331 270 461 411
Table 7: Population Density Description Agriculture zone
Forest zone All
Total area (ha) 42,864 111,478 154,342Total population 18637 13408 32045 Area(ha)/person 2.30 8.31 4.82 Population density (persons/km2) 43.48 12.03 20.76
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Table 8: Major Agricultural Crop Areas (ha)
Agriculture Zone Forest Zone CDZ NDZ SDZ CDZ NDZ SDZ
All
Paddy 486 638 329 194 286 514 2448 Upland Rice 621 134 487 245 161 107 1753 Maize 383 114 200 55 58 39 848 Job’s Tear 101 23 5 32 15 22 198 Sesame 35 0 27 33 17 19 131 Sugar cane 0 35 0 0 0 0 35 All 1626 944 1049 559 536 700 5413
Table 9: Major Agricultural Crop Production (tons)
Agriculture Zone Forest Zone
CDZ NDZ SDZ CDZ NDZ SDZ All
Paddy 1702 1096 1153 679 1001 1765 7395 Upland Rice 1375 334 1218 611 402 267 4206 Maize 1420 456 637 220 221 130 3084 Job’s Tear 109 28 6 38 17 26 225 Sesame 35 0 15 26 12 18 106 Sugar cane 0 210 0 0 0 0 210
Table 10: Major Agriculture Crop Yields (tons/ha)
Agriculture Zone Forest Zone
CDZ NDZ SDZ CDZ NDZ SDZ All
Paddy 3.50 1.72 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.43 3.02 Upland Rice 2.22 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.40 Maize 3.71 4.00 3.19 4.00 3.84 3.38 3.64 Job’s Tear 1.08 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.14 Sesame 1.01 0.00 0.56 0.78 0.70 0.95 0.81 Sugar cane 0.00 6.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.00
Table 11. Livestock (No)
Agriculture Zone Forest Zone Animal Breed
CDZ NDZ SDZ CDZ NDZ SDZ All
Buffalo 1269 1413 471 378 809 532 4872 Cattle 1536 521 580 539 406 885 4467 Goat 216 4 117 124 0 228 689 Pig 1798 423 1635 1143 1713 1726 8438 Horse 34 0 0 0 0 0 34 Duck 5514 7562 10988 2805 4047 5616 36532 Chicken 5431 7542 11025 2805 4047 5626 36476
Note: No data on NTFP production could be recorded because the information supplied by the district staff related to quotas for the various products not quantities sold. The types of NTFPs traded are detailed in the Zone Descriptions – see Section 6.2 – NTFP harvesting calendars
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Appendix 6: Village Rubber Planting Statistics – Na Mo District Productive Agro-ecological Zone - (AEA Zone 1)
Areas Planted 2004
Nursery Areas Planted 2004 Plans 2005
Villages Area (ha) Villages Area (ha) Villages
Area (ha)
Pang Dou
7
Na Thong
5.00 Pang Dou Not decided
Pang Thong
12
Phou Thong
29.03 Pang Thong Not decided
Kok Fart
14
Huay Sang 1.0 Kok Fart Not decided
Na Mo Neua
10
Na Mo Neua Not decided
Na Hom 17.5
Na Hom Not decided
Huay Sang 4 Huay Sang Not decided Sub Total Zone 1
62.97
35.03 ha
(??)
Mountainous Multiple Use Forest Zone - (AEA Zone 2)
Areas Planted 2004
Nursery Areas Planted 2004 Plans 2005
Mixay
2.2
None Nil Mixay Not decided
Sub Total Zone 2
2.2
(??)
Total 65.17 ha 35.03 ha 260 ha
Note: In addition it was reported that there are tentative plans to permit a Chinese Company to plant a total of 6,000 hectares in 2005 or 2006 in various locations, mainly in Zone 1.
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Appendix 7: Summary of Project Assistance Activity in Na Mo District Productive Agro-ecological Zone: (Zone 1)
Project Name Name of Villages
No. of villages
Activities
GAA Na Tao Nam Ngeun Nam Kor
3 Community development, livestock, upland agriculture, fish ponds, NTFP domestication
Sida (LSUAFRP) Pangdou Pang thong Na Mo Neua Phousang
4 Research activities, Farming systems, Agro-forestry (NTFPs), Land management, Socio-economics
IFAD Phou Thong Lao Ban Paeng Phou Euet Phou Kua Phou Om Huay Hair Wang Ang Ban Tao Sakua
10 Annual crops, livestock, village water, irrigation, education, NTFPs
Lao-China Opium Reduction Program
Kiew Larn Na Sawang Ban Khuang Nam Lao
4 Rice, maize, sugar
Mountainous Multiple Use Forest Agro-ecological Zone (Zone 2) GAA Mou Teun 1 Agriculture, livestock Sida (LSUAFRP) Mixay 1 Research activities, Farming systems,
Agro-forestry (NTFPs), Land management, Socio-economics
IFAD Sae Don Tai Sa Ngea Hauy Pot Huay Soy Phou La Phou Part Huay Ngou
7 Annual crops, livestock, village water, irrigation, education, NTFPs
