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Drug Trends in Washington State
__________________________________________________
Drug Trends in Washington State
__________________________________________________
WSADCP 16th Annual Fall Conference
South Center DoubletreeTukwila, Washington
October 18, 2013
Steven Freng, Psy.D., MSWNW HIDTA Prevention/Treatment Manager
WSADCP 16th Annual Fall Conference
South Center DoubletreeTukwila, Washington
October 18, 2013
Steven Freng, Psy.D., MSWNW HIDTA Prevention/Treatment Manager
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What is a HIDTA?What is a HIDTA?
“HIGH INTENSITY DRUG TRAFFICKING AREA”
HIDTAs are part of the national drug control strategy. They are grant programs managed by the Office of National Drug Control Policy,
awarded to geographic areas that are considered to be critical centers of drug production, manufacturing, importation, distribution and/or chronic consumption.
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EA Northwest HIDTA Northwest HIDTA
Whatcom
Skagit
Snohomish
King
Clallam
Jefferson
GraysHarbor Mason
ThurstonPierce
PacificLewis
Wahkiakum
Cowlitz
Clark
Skamania
Klickitat
Yakima
Kittitas
Chelan
Douglas
OkanoganFerry
Stevens
PendOrielle
SpokaneLincoln
WhitmanAdams
Franklin
Grant
Benton
Walla Walla
Columbia
Asotin
Garfield
Island
Kitsap
San Juan
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EA Northwest HIDTA Strategy
Combining Public Safety and Public Health Approaches:
Northwest HIDTA Strategy
Combining Public Safety and Public Health Approaches:
ENFORCEMENTInvestigative SupportTask Force Support
PREVENTIONCommunity Coalition
Support
Public Education & Awareness
TREATMENTDrug Court Programs
Data Management & Evaluation
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EA Investigative Support Center
(ISC) Primary Components
Investigative Support Center (ISC)
Primary Components • Information Services Unit
– Watch Center• Officer Safety• Deconfliction
• Analytical Unit– Intelligence Research/Strategic Studies– Tactical Analysis– Case Support
• Administrative Unit– Technical Equipment & Services, Database
Management, Fiscal Management, Training
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Threat IndicatorsThreat Indicators“Critical Events” registered with the NW HIDTA by 61 L.E.A.s in 1998:
• Cocaine: 128• Methamphetamine 79• Heroin 33• Marijuana: 27• Other: _6_
273
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EA Threat IndicatorsThreat Indicators
“Critical Events” registered by 156 L.E.A.s in 2011 & 2012:
2011 2012• Methamphetamine 1,342 1,753• Marijuana 1,062 615• Heroin 945 1,070• Cocaine 807 516• Rx Opiates 478 605• MDMA (Ecstasy) 129 98• Other 401 380
5,164 5,037
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EA Specific Drug Used When First
Starting Drug Use, 2011
Marijuana(68%)
Nonmedical Use of Prescription Drugs
(22%)Pain Relievers (14%) Tranquilizers (4%)
Stimulants (3%) Sedatives (1%)
Inhalants(8%)
Cocaine or Heroin(0.03%)
Hallucinogens(3%)
SOURCE: Adapted by CESAR from Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Results from the 2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables, 2012. Available online at
http://www.samhsa.gov/data/NSDUH/2011SummNatFindDetTables/Index.aspx.
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EA Past Year Initiates of Specific Illicit Drugs
Persons Aged 12 or Older: 2009
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EA Percentage of U.S. 9-12th Graders Reporting
Past Year Substance Abuse, 2012
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EA Abuse/Dependence on Illicit Drugs in the
Past Year (aged 12 or older)
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EA Drug-related E-R Visits
(DAWN, Seattle SMSA)
Source: DAWN Live!!!Non-Med Use = Overmedication, Malicious poisoning, Other[Drug Abuse]
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009
Data Completeness SummaryBasically complete (90% or greater) 15 19 16 15 14 15Partially complete (50% to 89%) 3 0 1 2 4 4Incomplete (less than 50%) 4 2 3 1 0 3No data reported 3 4 5 7 7 3Total EDs in DAWN Sample* 25 25 25 25 25 25
2585
1680
1202
1039
536
172
113
77
120
2229
158
49
1020
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
MAJOR SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE
Alcohol
Cocaine
Heroin
Marijuana
Methamphetamine
Amphetamines
PCP
MDMA (Ecstasy)
Other
NON MEDICAL USE*
Opioids
Skeletal muscle relaxants
Amphetamines & Methylphenidate
Benzodiazepines
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EA Pediatric Interim Care Center (PICC)
2012 StatisticsPediatric Interim Care Center (PICC)
2012 Statistics
• Methadone + 1-6 additional drugs 21• Opiates + 1-4 additional drugs 13• Methamphetamine + 1-2 additional drugs 10• Methadone 9• Heroin + 1-5 additional drugs 7• Methamphetamine 3• Cocaine 2• Opiate 1• Cocaine + 2 additional drugs 1• PCP + 1 additional drug 1• PCP _1
69
Opiates: 51 Stimulants: 16
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EA WA State Treatment Admission by Drug
Adults, 2006-12
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Meth 10,021 9,222
8,652
7,431
6,234
6,069
6,012
Marijuana
5,130
5,440
5,662
6,393
5,799
5,411
4,630
Heroin 3,449
3,137
3,439
4,393
4,939
6,330
7,267
Cocaine 4,134
4,371
4,561
3,813
2,383
1,865
1,443
RxOpiates
1,995
2,387
3,002
3,921
4,151
3,337
4,581
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Publicly-funded Tx AdmissionsWA State Youth
Publicly-funded Tx AdmissionsWA State Youth
19.0%
62.0%
3.0% 4.0%0.7%
11.0%
0%
20%
40%
60%
Alcohol Marijuana Meth Heroin Cocaine Other
Drugs
% A
dm
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d
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EA WA State Drug Use/Drug Deaths, 1997-2006
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EA Unintentional Poisoning Deaths
WA & US, 1980-2006
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
Ag
e-ad
just
ed r
ate
per
100
,000
WA US
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Opiates
• Natural - Opium, morphine, codeine• Semi-synthetic - Heroin, Dilaudid (hydromorphone)• Synthetics - Oxycontin®, Percodan®, Percoset®
(oxycodone, derived from morphine)
Vicodin®, Lortab® (hydrocodone) Methadose®, Dolophine®
(methadone) Darvon®
(propoxyphene) Demerol® (meperidine) Duagesic® (fentanyl)
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Heroin• Mexican “Black Tar” is predominant; very little South
American (white powder) is said to be available; no S.E. or S.W. Asian is known to be in the region
• Trafficked primarily by Mexican and Central American DTOs
• Heroin ranked 3rd in prevalence within the region
• Heroin ranked 3rd as a regional threat
• Price has decreased over the past several years at app. $75 per gram; purity increased concurrently, with reports of 15-20% within the region.
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WA State Overview
• Heroin use, abuse and deaths are up. Increases are primarily among young adults 18-29, and are expanding
geographically across much of the state.
• Rx opiate availability, abuse and deaths have declined, but associated deaths still exceed heroin.
• Although treatment admissions for all other substances have declined, admissions for heroin and Rx opiates
increased 512% statewide among 18-29 year olds. Heroin is the #1 drug in this age group.
• The statewide caseload for buprenorphine/Suboxone patients 18-29 years old was 2,189 in 2012.
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Police Evidence Tested by the WSP Crime Lab, 2001-12
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Prescription Opiates• Obtained legally by prescription; obtained illegally
from friends/family (free or purchased), through multiple providers, via theft, illegitimate prescriptions, illegal Internet pharmacies
• Now also trafficked by numerous DTOs as “part of the inventory”
• Prescription opiates ranked 5th in prevalence within the region
• Prescription opiates ranked 5th as a regional threat
• Prices for illicit purchase vary: oxycodone sells for $1 per milligram
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EA Per Capita Narcotics Prescriptions by State
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EA Percentage of U.S. High School Students
Reporting Past-year Substance Abuse in Addition to Past-month Marijuana Use, 2011
Alcohol Cigarettes (past month)
Prescription Pain Relievers*
Ecstasy Cocaine/ Crack
Substance Used in Past Year
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
45%
11%3% 2% 1%
84%
44%
23% 23%17%
83%
59%
44%39%
31%
No Marijuana Use in Past MonthUsed Marijuana Less Than 20 Times in Past MonthUsed Marijuana 20 Times or More in Past Month
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“Ma” is a pictograph of two two plants under a shelter shelter
“Ma” is a pictograph of two two plants under a shelter shelter
The herb is a “liberator of sin –
good for female weakness, gout,
rheumatism, malaria, beri beri, constipation and
absent mindedness”.
Chinese Emperor , 2700
B.C.
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EA Marijuana
• Wide range of sources available in Pacific NW; “domestic” now dominates the market although Canada-produced “BC Bud”, Californian, Mexican and exotic varieties are available
• Asian-Canadian DTOs operate indoor grows in Western WA (recent Clark County case: 52 locations, 7,000 plants); Mexican DTOs operate outdoor grows in Eastern WA
• Domestic marijuana ranked 1st in prevalence within region.
• Domestic marijuana ranked 2nd as a regional threat.
• Price has remained stable at app. $250/ounce; THC content has been analyzed as high as 15-20%
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Investigative Assistance Division
January 5, 2011 35
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
Comparison by Years Total Seizures
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2012 Marijuana Eradication Statistics Statewide
TOTAL SEIZURES(As off February 27,2013)
Grows 153Indoor Plants 10,253Outdoor Plants 205,462
Arrests 105Weapons 58 Total Plants Seized YTD 216,010
1-500
501-1000
1001-5000
Non Reported
10,000
Indoor/Outdoor/Hotline #s
5001-9,999
Wahkiakum
Island
San Juan20
I-84
I-82
97
I-82
I-90
I-5
I-5
395
I-84
I-90
12
128
Seattle
Tacoma
Yakima
Portland
Tri-Cities
Spokane
Olympia
101
101
101
12
97
2
97/20
20
22
20
97/20
O R E G O N
I D
A H
O
C A N A D A
P A
C I
F I
CO
C E
A N
P U G E TSOUND
Kitsap86
Chelan73
Clallam
Jefferson
Mason
Lewis
Skamania
Pacific
Thurston1,914/95
Yakima55,492
Pierce
King2,652
Klickitat12,688
Snohomish1,503
Douglas273
Grant386/49,326
Kittitas40,574
Clark383
Benton33/6,327
Skagit759
Whatcom1,233
Okanogan193
Ferry
Stevens
PendOreille
Lincoln
Spokane530
Whitman170
Garfield45
Columbia3,027
Franklin35,651
Asotin
Adams2,412
Walla Walla
Grays Harbor101
Cowlitz52
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EA 2013 Marijuana Eradication Statistics
Statewide
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Cannabis Eradication by National Forest, 2008
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EA
Initiative 502• Effective 12/6/12 following 56% favorable vote in general
election. The LCB has until 12/1/13 to adopt implementation details.
• Will allow individuals 21 and over to possess 1 oz. of smokable material; 16 oz. of infused product; 72
oz. of liquid infused product; paraphernalia.• DUI will be issued if THC blood levels exceed 5.00
nanograms.• WA State OFM estimated a 10% increase in consumers
and consumption.• WA State OFM assumed a price point of $12/gram
($336/lb.).• 25% excise tax on production, processing and retail sale.• Distribution was tied to LCB stores – now must be
reconfigured.
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EA Initiative 502
• State will produce 40 metric tons (2 million sq. ft.) per year • Projected market share: 25%• State will license producers, processors and retailers• Production “tiers”: less than 2,000 sq. ft.; 2-10,000 sq. ft.; 10-
30,000 sq. ft.)• 334 retail stores will be licensed statewide (152 in
municipalities, 182 “at large” in unincorporated counties)• Rules include provisions about:
– Advertising (no appeal to youth i.e., toy/cartoon shapes or images)– Buffer between marijuana activities & places youth congregate (1,000 ft.)– Types of marijuana to be sold– Licensee requirements including security, transportation signage, hours– Serving size– Retail locations– Waste disposal– Packaging & labeling
• To date, no rules addressing internet sales & home delivery
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Initiative 502• Creates a Dedicated Marijuana Fund• Healthy Youth Survey• DBHR for prevention (evidence-based and emerging
best practices) in consultation with SDRG• DOH for hotline, grants to local health departments for
coordinated intervention strategies, and media campaign
• UW Alcohol & Drug Abuse Institute for web-based public education materials
• WSIPP for cost-benefit analysis• WSLCB for administration• UW & WSU for research on effects of marijuana• WA Basic Health Plan• OSPI Building Bridges Program• OFM report says DBHR will use money for prevention
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EA Lessons learned:
dedicated funds for tobacco prevention
Tobacco Prevention & Control Account: • Tobacco taxes to fund Basic Health Plan,
prevention and cessation, and other programs.
• State initiative required that $26.24 million per year be spent on prevention and cessation.
• In 2009, legislature diverted tobacco tax money to general fund.
• The account no longer has funds to sustain program.
Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids: www.tobaccofreekids.org/what_we_do/state_local/tobacco_settlement/washington
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EA Percentage of Youths Reporting
Which Substance is Easiest for Someone Their Age to Obtain
Cigarettes27%
Marijuana19%
Prescription Drugs13%
Don't Know/No Response
11%
All Equally Easy to Get
6%
Beer 24%
SOURCE: Adapted by CESAR from The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (CASA), National Survey of American Attitudes on Substance Abuse XVII: Teens, 2012. Available
online at http://www.casacolumbia.org/upload/2012/20120822teensurvey.pdf
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Access at home
With the demise of legal sanctions against use, some parents may choose to begin using marijuana, acting as an important new source of exposure for their adolescents. Parental use of marijuana in the last year is associated with their adolescent’s use during the same period.*
* Legalization of Marijuana: Potential Impact on Youth, American Academy of Pediatrics
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Market Issues• The industry will have an app. 50% tax markup in addition to
general state and local sales taxes of app. 10%, as well as all costs associated with developing and operating an entirely new industry.
• The black market is fluid, nimble and lucrative.
• Law enforcement is likely to disengage from enforcement.
• Marijuana prices in other regions will tempt producers to grow more than they are allowed and sell product
interstate.
• Organized crime may enter the industry to exploit the weak regulatory and enforcement apparatus.
• The likelihood of marijuana “tourism” is very high.
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State Marijuana Status, 2013
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EA National Overview –
State Legislation 2013
• 2 states have legalized possession• 20 states and D.C. have approved
marijuana as medicine• 13 states have also decriminalized
marijuana possession• Potential 2014 ballot measures to establish
legalized status are seeking signatures in Alaska, Arizona, California and Oregon. Ballot proposals to legalize are also circulating in Arkansas, Florida, Idaho, Nebraska, Utah and Wyoming.
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EA
Saturday, October 26, 2013To find a participating location:
– Visit TakeBackYourMeds.org/dea-events
Previous Take Back Days in Washington State have received 53,451 pounds of unwanted medicines.
Previous Take Back Days nationwide have received 995,185 pounds (498.5 tons).
Municipalities and counties in 19 states have implemented programs
The Secure Medicine Take-back Bill (SSB 5234), requiring drug producers to fund a non-profit association that would dispose of medications, was introduced during the 2013 session and was reintroduced and retained in present status by resolution.
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Contact Information/Resources
Tel: 206.352.3603
Marijuana Toolkit: www.wasavp.org
“M-Files”: www.mfiles.org
ONDCP: whitehousedrugpolicy.gov
