-n.,~cwInlCU" fl 'J"3J ft.,3J., ~tl

1cun,,~uDu~n~n~~3Jcw~.,u.,~~~~un~n~.,cw~.,u.,~• IV2 n~3J~nU!Jc..UMCSJI.,n"~CW~.,u.,~?JCU~.,cur;i.,~~ncu

q ~

lln"Pin'Y'/tl fJ'i::rI1lU*,tJ'i"'Y'/1 £9/7111111 *,

tJ'VIA"'~'tI : m1'Y'ltrlU1~LtlUI"l1~l1If~*1'l,)1)J',h1"1~m1uBmi m1'Y'ltrlU1~'h:JL~tNIr.l':JLtlUI'l,)1)J• :"I :"I •...'I .•• "" • •• '1:"1 •... ,..J.....J •"I1LuULL~::LuU'M,)~"I'lI~-:J,)'D1'D'Y'l1'l,)1)J~1L1"1~umnUU'Y'ltrlU1~iJ-:J~~Vln"lm1)JVI'Y'ltrlU1~m::'Vl1

'l "".'1 ..J. •... •••• .•• ..J ,,~ J' ".".J :"I'M~u,)iJ VI~11'lqj n I'l~n"l n11)J'Y'ltrIU1 ~VI~U~-:J1'1')1)J111~-:Jm 1'l1U'Y'lU31U'lI ~-:J~u') iJ'D-:JLu U1'1')1)J

" ..J ••... I " ".J... J' .J J'11I~-:Jm1V1~1I'lqjm11'1')1)J11I~-:Jm1~1U~u1,)'D1m1'Y'ltrlU1~'Y'lU31U1 LL~::2 'D-:JU11'LU~'M1m1

Q • .t ICV" '1"' •..... I ,q,! cv.q l,!¥IlIClrto ,J..., Q

~~Un"lm1)J'Y'ltrlU1~ L'M~1ULLnunl"l n~ ~1Um1u 1::L)JU~iJuru'Yll1I'Y'ltrlU1~,)1LuU,)'D1V1Uru'Yl111• "..J'1!"!.I.1 !'l!:"l .1....... I :"I •...•... ..J 'l' .. ..1'1"""U11'l,)1)JiVi~ ~uu1::~nl1l~'D~Um1u~UI1I-:J1U~trI-:J)J1muU~U~UVI1 U"I1U,)U 36 ,)'D1V1~L1iJU)J1

I'lru:: cfi4'iJr.l-:J~~-:Jm1;j ~1111)JU1::Li1UI'l,)1)J~1)J1HI'lI~-:J,rn;ln~'Y'ltrl1J1~ 'l um 1uBmin"lm1)J1 .J' •... ~ I~ 4 ••• I IV" cv

'Y'ltrlU1~L'M~1UI1I~~~'M~n~11I1111-:JLLl1Ium1f'ln~2535 t:1-:J2537 ,)1Unl"lm~n'Y'l(ij,jU11'l,)1)J~1)J11t:1• •... ~ ..J J' 'II.... •• I .r... ""..J .••.••

11I1)J~1~U'DUUVl~-:J'lIU"lU"lU'M~n~11I1'M1~'1)JU~n"l1nu'l UUm11"ln~ 2536 )Jm1LU~iJULLU~-:J,)fi'II 'II

m1L1iJUm1~~u7j'D1m1'Y'ltrl1J1~~U31U~-:J 2 ~'D1t~iJ'llXun;ln~Un1l1I'lUBmi'l UlX~-:JUBmi~ ".'1 ..-...... " _ "=' "" •...••m1'Y'ltrlU1~ LLVlUm1j;JnUU'M~eJu,)iJI'lru:: eJ,)"liJ"l-:J11I~-:Jm1 Lu1iJULVliJUI'l,)1)J~1)J11t:1'l1~-:JUnI"ln~'II 'II

I cal oCllI .• I.J ~ oCllI ..f IV I .c:a, I CII 'l ..ICIrro -.....qn~)JVI)Jn11Lu~iJU,)fim1L1iJUn11~~UUnUn~)JL~)J':l1)J1'l':l1)J~1)J11t:1~Um1u~U I1In"ln11:J,J'Y'liJ1U1~, '"17 n"lm1)J11I~~~'M~n~l1InLl1In(;)1-:JnU'M1~hJt~dllXun;ln~~-:J 2 nozl)JU1::Li1UI"l':l1:J,J~1)J11t:1

'II ,

'lI~-:JI1IUL~-:J'lum1uBmin"lm1)J'Y'ltrlU1~~-:J 17 n"lm1)JLd~iu~~mn1iJu'l u-iuu~2, 3 LL~:: 4

l1I1)J~1~Ut~ iJLmiJU LViiJU1'l,)1)J~1)J11t:1'l1~-:JUn;ln~1::'M~1-:Jnozl)JLL~::1l1iJ'l Unozl)J~':liJ~tj;j t-test" ' ,

LL~:: ANOVA 11I1)J~1~U'1~eJ~~1,rn;ln~~-:J 2 n~)J~(ij,jU11'l':l1)J~1)J11t:1'lum1UB~n"lm1)J.J oCllI 0 cv ~~,J J' I oIClIIV 0 IV qq.J IV cv .odI ~ ~..J

'Y'ltrlU1~VIL1iJU)J11111)J~1~U'DUuVl~-:J'lIU~trI-:J)JUiJ~11'ltuVl1-:J~t:1I11Vl1::~U P<.05 unf'l n~'llU1JVI 2I "... '" I

mJnuBmi'l ulX~-:JuBmim1LLVlum 1UnUU'M~~tJ':liJih:: ~U1'l':l1)J~1)J11t:1~-:Jn~1un;lm~ni'uuVi 2

~nUU'M~~tJ')mL~::ir-:JI'l-:Ji:J1'l':l1)J~1)J11t:1~-:Jn~1Ld~(;)1-:JnL~~u-iu;u'1uLtlu-iuu~3 nuu~ 4,J 1.J',q cv 0 cv q.q,J.... .q_ ...f ,!=Il .cI.... r

I'l':l;)J~1)J11t:1VI~-:Jm1U)J UiJ ~11'lqjVl1-:J~t:1111VI1::~U P<.O1 eJ~n11~"liJULu um 1iJUiJ U':l1n11• ,"" • I""" "" .•• or •• "."f' '1 ILu~iJULLu~-:J':lfimn1iJUm1~tlU':l'll1m1'Y'ltrlU1~'Y'lUt11U1 LL~:: 2 L'Y'ltlLLnutu'M1m1)J~1)J11t:1

~ w

4'~'llXun;ln~r.;1U':lU)J1n;UUnUU'Mtl~tJ':lmL(;)'l m:ln'l ulX~-:JuBu1im1'Y'ltrlU1~LLVlUt1U U1::~U

1'l':l1)J~1L1"1

76

Abstract: Nursing profession isa practice discipline and the most important element

of success is to meet patients' basic needs. The course in Fundamental Nursing was

ranked by nursing graduates to be the most important among 36 subjects that

provided knowledge necessary for nursing performance. The objectives of this study

are : First, to follow up whether nursing students in the 3rd and 4th year improve their

practising ability for all procedures learned in the 2nd year. Second, since the

teaching-learning method for Fundamental Nursing was changed in 1993so that 2nd

year students were trained in a nursing lab instead of in patient wards, to compare

the improvement in practising 17 procedures between the two groups of students

from fundamental training to graduation by asking the students to self-grading their

ability to practise 17 procedures at end of academic years in 1992-94 for the former

and in 1993-95 for the latter. The results analyzed by t-test and Anova show that both

groups improved their practising ability from the 2nd to 4th year gradually and

significantly at the 0.05 level. Students trained in nursing lab in the 2nd year had higher

practising ability than students trained in patient wards in three consecutive years

throughout the program. The differences are significant at the 0.01 level. The results

of this study prove that teaching Fundamental Nursing to students in nursing lab

instead of in patient wards was successful.

fl'J13JLrJU3J1LL~U~fl'J13J~1 flty"JI'fl.:li1ty\-'1_ .•• .?I - ....J... .1- ..- .?I'J'Jl1'JlYft"lmU1~ LuU'J'Jl1'JlYiVl3Jm1u!)UIJ1 LuU

"LLnUmn.:l ;..'l,rum1fllm~nYimU1~ u'fm"nmtl'l..ln11

.•• .J... 'l " -L1J11t13JYimu 1~Vl3Jt'l'J13.1fl13J 11t'l Uj;)1 U'J 'Jl1m 11J113J_ 4Q oCII ,., _'" ClII 4~n~tu:::'lltl..'l,)'Jl1'JlYiLL~,) t1..'llJ1tl..'l3Jfl,)13Jfl13J11t'l 3.1

~n~'l 'I..ln11Un~YimU1~Ltlui1flt\j 1 m1YimU1~

-7f1..'lL;itl..'l~..'l Lt1u~..'l r.i1Lt1'WLL~:::Lt1'W,r') 'l~'lltl..'l1'Jl1'Yi

YimU1~~:::~tl..'l1J11:::"nrnrJ1 f'l,)13Ji1L~~'l 'Wm1LtI'W• .:JClro.J 0 - "',.11

Yitl1U1~tltlVln~n113JVlYitl1U1~n1:::Vl1nU~u')t1u~:::~ ~.-::J 0 ..,.J CJ...... ..IVlfl1f'lt:UVlfl j;)n f'ltln~n113JYitl1U1~ LYitlfl'Wtl..'l f'l')13J, ~ ,",.x "'..II.dI CIII

IJ1tl..'ln11Yi'W~1'W'lltl..'l~u')t1 L'Wtl..'l~1nf'l'WVlnf'l'W3Jf'l,)13J~ ~ ,".J ".rIJ1tl..'ln11Vl~:::fl'Wtl..'lf'l,)13JIJ1tl..'ln11Yi'W31'W'lltl..'lIJ1'WLtl..'l

.d1 •..• ..r '1"'''' odL3Jtl f'l,)13JIJ1tl..'lm1Yi'W~1'WLj;)1Um 11J1tlUfl'Wtl..'lYitlLYit1..'l~

I "" •.• .r.Jtlm..'l L~3J1:::fl3JLL~') f'l,)13JIJ1tl..'lm11:::j;)Ufl..'l'll'W'll..'ltl1~~LtI'W'W13Jfi113J L'lI'W f'l,)13J~'Wf'l..'lU~tlj;).ntl Lnm;iM, "••.•• .?I"".?I " •.• I ~.I'lltlLfltl..'l Lu'WIJ1'W ~..'lLu'Wf'l,)13JIJ1tl..'lm1'll'WlJ1tlLU2

, J

_ .r .J.r,)'ll1m1YimU1~Yi'W31'W 1 LL~::: 2 'll..'lU11'L'Wtl~1

•. ~.r ICV.odl: "I""m1fltl'Wn~n113JYimU1~'ll'WYi'W31'WLL n'Wn I'ln~ Lj;)LLn

f'l')13J~tl..'lm1~1'Wtl1~11 m1-nuthtl m11~1Utl1ml'l

m1Lf'l~tl'W1 ~') m1~n~tl'W'Wtl'W~;U LtI'W~'W 1~1U•. I .oQ <q _.Q I ~ Clro .Jcv .q

m1u1::: L3J'WLj;)t1utu'YlIJ1YimU1~,)1 Lu'W')'Jl1VlU tu'YllJ1

U1f'l,)13J1~1~ UU1::: t1nlJ1L'Wm1U fi~..'l1'WtlEh..'l3J1n~ , dJ

Lt1'W~'W;u 1 'l 'Wr.i1'W')'W 36 1'll1~1~ L"1t1'W3J1'l 'W•... 3 ..,.r:I " oQ,

~~nflIJ114 'Wtln~1n'Wm1~j;)m1L1t1'Wm1fltl'W L'W,)'Jl1~'YiYitl1U1~~LU1~3J1t1'lltl..'l~;n~1J11n11flln~1.~ .•• .J _ •.• .r ~ ~.15u1t\jt\j11J11L Yitlm1~~IJ1YimU1~1:::j;)UYi'W31'WVl,) Lu

f'ltu:::W54't1'l 'W~1'W:::tl1~11tfYimU1~ f'l,)13J1Utjj;)'JltlUI" dJ I

oCIIoOQI I - I I.J ClIo oIICII 'l "Vl3JlJ1tlfl..'lf'l3Jtltl3Jtl~Vln11~~IJ1Yitl1U1~Vlfl13J11t'l ~

Q, .JClI .•• to' •• I ClIo

U1n11YimU1 ~Vl3Jf'ltu1l1Yi ~..'llJ1tl..'lm1u1::: L3J'Wf'l,)13J,fl13J11t1'l1~..'lunfllmnYi mU1~ 'l 'Wm1Un~n~n 11~

.• ".r ".'1"YimU1~L Yitlfl'Wtl..'lf'l,)13JIJ1tl..'ln11Yi'W31'W'lltl..'l~u')t1 'll..'l

" "un flln~ 1~1Un11fltl'WLL~::: 1mJnun~;..'l LLlJIL"1t1'WeD'W

J NURS (Mahidol Univ) Vol 75 No 2 (7997)

~..J ~ ~ t;$ '" •••• 4 ~ cal .t IlJVI 2 ~~mnJLmJ'il~~~"I1ntJnl'lm~n'JltJUVI2 j;J-:JLLj;J~ 4 ".1 ••lJn11I'ln~ 2535 LL~::j;J~j;J1~lJ1::L~tJl'l,)1~~1~11C1

"'4 14V I I.J 4~ I'il~-:JtJnl'ln~n~~~-:Jn~1')j;J~LtJ~-:J"ItJCI-:JlJ2537 ')1,un ~n1i1~ ~tJ11'l,)1~~1~ 11C1LtJn11u~lThin"ln11~

,..r ••... ~~...I..t •...~U1U1~L~~1tJj;J1~~1~U'JltJlJVI~-:J'iltJ"ItJ"IU~~n~j;J1~ ~4 'l ' ctI '1 ~ 4~1~ ~ LL~::LtJ~-:J"I1n~tJlJn111'ln1i1 2536 I'ltlJ::

•• '" •... .., cI ~..r.4 '"~mU1~1'l1~j;J1j;J~-:J1UtJnl'ln~L~~'iltJL~~LLntrCV~1

n11'il1~LLl'l~tJ~1'l~1n1V11-:Jn11~mU1~itJL t1tJtrCV~1I I .cal J' ctl • I) ""..., ..J

LN~,)tJLL~::VI,)I'l,)1~,tJLLN'iltJL1~U1Vl1~~~~i'l')tJ

'il~-:J~1"111UlJ1~un ;i n1i1~~~-:J"ItJ'l ~~1~11CI~~L,x•.•• dI ~ ~c:J .J •..• '" ".lICliIo ~

tJnl'ln1i1'JltJlJVI2 'll-:JU-:J~~UU1::~Un11tlJn11U!JUj;J

n"lm1~~mU1~ LmJnufilThiutJ~~~thu'l~ L~11::

n11;i ~j;J1~~LL~"I1n~1"111U1~iI')~-:Jf.l-:J~1"ILn~~ ,•... , ".'1 4 "" 'i' '1 ". I.... • I""~tJj;JnmLn~lJ')U I'ltlJ::"1"1-:J~tJ~UU1U~~lJ1ULlJ~UtJ

qCll oIICII 4Q .J' ~,)fin11L1UtJn11~~tJ.:'Jl1n11~mU1 ~~tJ31tJVI-:J 2

~'Jl11~UL,xun;in1i1-ntJu~ 2 ~n111I'lU~lThiLtJ,x~-:J

u~lThin11~mU,1~LWU-:J~th-:JL~m1~u'l~ijn11t1nutJ".'1 4 •.•••.••'1 ~

~~tJlJ')U LL~::"I1nn11I'ln~'il~-:Jl'ltlJ::tJ')"IU~tJlJn11~ ~;in~ 2536-37 ~-:JtJ~i~'lVl1'il~-:Jn11~~L,xun;in1i1, ..r~. I" ---.. ~"

n~~tJ~nlJ!JUj;Jn"ln11~~mU1~LLVltJn11~nUtJ~~~

thu 'l~tJ~"h un~n1i1ijl'l,)1~yj-:J~~L"IlJ1~n11~~n11

L'1UtJn11~~tJLtJ,x~-:Ju~lThin11~mU1~ijl'l,)1~,rtJL"I•••• "'..J ~ q .•..•• .- "'I"';..r

LL~::m:: j;J'el1~1tJVI"I::~nu!Ju j;J"INUtJ~~~t1')uL~~'iltJ~ ~.J •• <Q .., 04 I J'dl .t ~..J'JltJlJVI36 LL~::L~~j;J~j;J1~tJnl'ln~n~~tJCI-:J'lltJlJVI3

1_4 ClI ~'l eII_ ..I~U,)1tJn I'ln1i1~ 1'l,)1~~tJ~"ILL~::~I'lnU1l1~VI"I::

U~lThin"lm1~~mU1~~L'1UtJ~1LLn~thuI'ltlJ::0~u4q -=I _ ••• .J', •..."I-:Jj;J~j;J1~l'ln~1tJnl'ln1i1n~~tJj;J~"ItJ"IU~~n~j;J1.4 ..., •• .t~1L~~U1::~,)~ tJ~LtJ~n1itlJ::1')uu~~~nI'lN~tJ-:J,)1

n11~~L,xun;in1i1.ftJn~ 2 ~nu~lThin"ln11~

~mu1~L tJ,x~-:JU~lThin11LWU-:JLLlA-:JL~ml~u'l~'lmJn"' .•.11 •.•••••.•• 'l

utJ~~~lJ')u tJnl'ln~"I::~~tJ11'l,)1~~1~11C1~tJn11•• I.lICliIo-....:lrt.Q I .J' •... '"lJ!Juj;Jn"ln11~~U1U1~L~~1tJj;J~~~~~n~j;J1~~u

I IV" 1..J..c. CIt. CI.ooICll '" I ~.Jm1tJn I'ln1i1n~~VIeJnulluj;JutJ~~tJtI')uLtJ'JltJUVI2I' 4J ,..• 'l' .•. 'l.I. I.... • I •.••• I •.~1~ ~ L~~tJ1 lJlJ1UlJ,-:Jn11"1~lJ1::~Un11tlJn11cI •.••.J '" 0 ~"I IV •• .t~.J 'l"L1UtJ~VI\lnj;J~-:JLL~::"I1LtltJ~~LLntJnl'ln1i1'lltJlJVI2 ~~

77

~~qu~~~~A~~~n1~~~~1. Lmuu LYiuUI'l,)1~~1~11C1'il~-:Jun;in1i1

~mU1~ LtJn11u~lThin"lm1~~mU1~ LtJ'iltlJ::L'1UtJ

.ftJU~ 2, 3, 4 'ilfl-:Jun;in~LLlJ1~::n~~

2. Lmuu LYiUUI'l,)1~~1~11C1LtJn11U~lThi"ooQ, .., 4 .., I

n"ln11~~mU1~'ilfl-:JtJnl'ln1i1~mU1~VI-:J2 n~~" " "l~mmuuLYiuu-ntJUlJ1fl-ntJU~-:JLLlJ1U2 ~-:JU 4

.., •.•• •• •.•• cv ••.• .-3.~11'l,)1~~~~tJfi'ilfl-:Jn11"1~fltJ~Un"ln11~

~U1u1~~un;in~~fl-:Jn11u~~nu~tJ~u~un;in1i1

'l ~ .•---.. ~ ,~~...I 4 ~~...I~~nu!JUj;J"IN j;J-:JLLj;J'lltJlJVI2 C1-:J'lltJlJVI4

4. ~~itJ~Un"lm1~~U1U1~ 10 n"ln11~LL1n...I ""Vlun;in~LLlJ1~::-ntJU'il~-:Jli'-:J2 n~~~~-:Jn11~nU~~••• •..• •..• .•• ......., oJ •..•.••nUfltJ~Un"ln11~~mU1~ 10 fltJ~ULL1nVltJnl'ln~

LLlJ1~::.ftJu'l~nu~~"I i-:J

.1 t .....I I ,., •.••

1J~~ ~"IlUVlI'l1~'J1~~~~1J

'l "" ..J •• .....L •...1. (;)'il~~~VILL~~-:JCI-:JtJ~~~'lVlfi'ilfl-:Jn11"1~n11

•••• <Q, ..r...."L1UtJn11~fltJ,)'Jl1n11~mU1~~tJ31tJ1 nu 2 (;)')U

n11L,xun;in1i1~nufilThin"lm1~~U1U1~L U,xfl-:J

U~lThin11~U1U1~UVltJn11t1nuu~~~thu LY:fl• I.... • I J ...I""" '1 " •• ...: ..t ~" ,lJ1UlJ,-:Ji'l,)UVl~LL~,)~~~U-:J'iltJLL~::LLn ~'il'ilflUn~1fl-:J...I""VI~

2. LtltJn11Lj;J1U~~ffl~ti1~1'Un11~~n11L1UU•• ..rctl •...•... 4. ..t'l

n11~fltJ,)'Jl1tJL~fl1~-:J1UUnl'ln~"I1U,)U~1n'iltJ1~tJ

fltJ11'lj;J

3. LtltJ-nfl~~LL~::LLtJ')VI1-:JLtJn11U1'UU,-:Jn11

~~n11L'1UtJn11~fltJ1111'lUfilThiLLnun;i n1i1.ftJn~ 3'l"oIlII •..• .., •• 4 ~ I.J •....

LL~:: 4 ~~~1'l,)1~~~~tJfiL'llfl~~U-:JLL~::j;J~LtJfl-:JnuCII ~ ~~.J "...."

n11L1UtJ~tJ'lltJlJVI2 LL~::~fl~I'l~~-:JnUI'l,)1~j;Jfl-:Jn11

78

-..::II 0 '" ••••..,

'Ui~1~uum''J'ul

n~~ ~'Jtl~1-:1LtJuun ~m~t1VimU1'afl\'l~m-CVoQ ••••• CVoQ od

UCW'YltJII'lCW::VimU1'afl\'l~tJl1~~1'J'Vl1l1'a£J~~~'a~

2 n~~ n~~~ 1 (n~~~nUU~tl~tl'J£I) fitlun~mn

.fuu~ 2 r.l1U'JU160 I'lU1UUm1~n~ 2535 (~tJU.., •• I ".J~ ~ . I" -.-••Unfl\n~1,U~~'Vl'l£J'VlL~~nuDUtJI'J~1n11Vi£J'lU1'a

~U~1U 1 LL'a::2 UU~tl~tl'JmtJu~'iu1~qJ1~£J1U

1::£1::LL1n~nU1-:1n"'lm1~1U~tl-:ltJ~mim1 ~'Ju1u.fuu~ 3 nu 4 ~ntJ~miuU~tl~U'J£J) n~~~ 2

(n~~L~~~n1u~tl-:ltJ~mim1) fitlun~n~.fuu~ 2

r.l1U'lU 176 I'lU1Unm1~n~ 2536 (LtJUUn~n~I ~ .1........ X,ULLm'Vl~nuDUtJI'l~1m1Vill1U1'aViU~1U1 LL'a::2

1U~tl-:ltJ~mim1Vimu1'a~ Yi£J-:ltl~1-:1~~m1~£JhJ1~

~ntJ~miuu~tl~U'lm'UVi1::1 u.fuu~ 2 LL~1u.fuu

~ 3 nu 4 ~ntJ~miuU~tl~U'l£J)

Ll'l1tl-:lijtlm.ntum1~4'£J LtJULLUU~tlUm~~-.., " ..r.1 " .J

I'lCW::~'l"'l£J~11-:1'l1Uu1::ntlU~'l£J 2 ~'lUI.J •...•... _ .J •....•

~'lU'Vl 1 tlU~Un"'lm1~Vill1U1'a'VlUnfl\n~

~tl-:lm1~ntJ~mi nu~u~u~1~tJ~mi"'l1-:1

~'JU~ 2 1'l'l1~~1~11Cl'lltl-:lUn~n~1Um1

tJ~min"'lm1~Vim1J1'a~1-:11LLU-:l~tJU4 1::~U fitl

~~1n ~ tJ1Un'a1-:1~tl-:ltJ1UtJN1~£J1~";11'l::LLUU,

Q4tS " t.CiIIocv

'lfiLnU1'lU1'l~'lItl3;j'a I'lCW::~'l"'l£J'lItll'l'J1~1.4 6.0'4 '1" .J.r1'l~~'fI"'l1nUnfl\n~1 L~tJltlU~~UU~'fIUm~~~tl~U~~

•••• X .t.J'm1L1£JU'l~1m1Vim1J1'aViU~1U2 1U~UU'Vl2 LL'a::Q ., "Goo' .dt .J ~tJI~tJl1~L~Unfl\n~1tJ1'f1ULLUU~tlUm~L~tl~U~~m1

_~ "'I ~.J ' et

~ntJDutJlUU~tl~tl'J£J'lItl-:l~UU'Vl3 LL'a::4 1~mnu

-n'fl~'a"'l1nun;in~n~~~ 1 r.l1U'lU 160 I'lU ~-:lLL~n" ,.• .• 't" .•.n11fl\mn 2535 Cl-:l2537 ~LLUU~tlUm~I'lU"'l1U'lUCV o_etn . .J 0

158, 148 U'a::152 'UU"UtJl1~'a1~U~Un~~'Vl2 "'l1'W'JU

176 I'lU LnU-ntl3;j'a~-:lLL~Um1~n~2536 t;-:I 2538

't~LLUU~tlum~Fiur.l1U'lU173, 160 LL'a::168 tJI1~

~1~U.fUn" .J.J..\ "."1'lItl3;j'aU1-:1~'lU'VlU'l~1u1::n'fIum 1fl\n~1 LuU

" •... •• et I ..r.J't"'lI'f13;j'a'lltl-:lUnfl\n~1'Vl-:l2 n~~U'Vl ~"'l1m1£J-:l1U

~LI'l11::\.f-ntl3;j'a1~£J1-ntJ1LLn1~~1~1"'litJSPSS/+'1 ." <vJ'PC LUn111'l1U'lCW'lltl1, 2, 4 ~-:lU

1. 1'l'l1~LLtJln~1-:1'l1tl-:lI'l'J1~~1~11Cl1Un11

tJ~min"'ln11~Vill1U1'a20 ~1tl 21 n"'ln11~1~£J1'l~I •• <V ~ .t ~.J

LL'a::~L£JnLLtJI'a::n"'lm1~'Iltl-:lUnP'ln~~Uu'Vl2, 3, 4"1~mm£Ju~Vi£JUfl1£J1Un~~l'1-:1 2 n~~~'l£J~ti;j

Oneway Analysis Of Variance LL'a::Scheffe's...I <V 9

test 'Vl1::~UP<.05

2. 1'l'l1~LLtJln~1-:1'l1tl-:lI'l'l1~~1~11Cl1Un11~n

tJ~min"'ln11~Vi£J1U1'a17 n"'ln11~'Iltl-:lUn~n~~-:I" "2 n~~1~mm£Ju~Vi£Iu~tJul'l'ULL~'a::i'UU~-:lLL~il2, , "

t;-:lU4 ~'l£J~ti;j t-test. Vi1::~UP<.019 ,cvcvl' I •... ..,q -

3. 1'l11~~~ViUfi1::~'l1-:1tlU~U'Vl'lltl-:ln"'lm1~.J.... .• ~ ~.J et I

Vill1U1'a'VlUnfl\n~~Uu'Vl 3, 4 'Iltl-:l'Vl-:l2 n~~

~tl-:lm1~ntJ~minu~u~u~1~n"'l1-:1LtJU~1 ~'J£J

~~tJ1::~'Vlt~~~~~ufi~U~U'lltl-:l~Ln£JfLL~U (rs),.0l:Il"';0'" loci •••.

~~'a::'Vl~~tlU 1'l'l1~~U£J~1I'lty'lltl-:l1'l1 rs 'Vl1::~U,P<.05'o LL'a::~11'l'l1~~~~ufi'lltl-:l~u~uVi'll'fl-:ln"'ln11~...I " ~ ...11 ~.. I I I~tJltl-:ln11nLL'a::'Vl~ n"'lN1::~'J1-:1n~~~L'a::1::~'J1-:1

i'uULtJu~1 ~'l£J";1rs ~'lluL~mnu•... .., •. .., •... ,J .•4. 1'l'l1~~~ViUfi'lltl-:ltlU~U'Vl'lltl-:ln"'ln11~

.Jcv..:t et~ ~ I'"VimU1'a'VlUnfl\n~~n~UU'lltl-:l'Vl-:l2 n~~tJltl-:lm1

~ntJ~mi ~~'a::1'l'J1~~~-nufi'lltl-:l~U~ U~'lI'fI-:I11"'ln11~...I <V •• .t ~.J .t I ~ ~ ••

Vill1U1'a'VlUnfl\n~~uu'Vl3, 4 'Vl-:l2 n~~ L~~n"'lN

UU~'fI~U'l£I~'l£J~~tJ1::~'Vlt~~~~-nUfitJJ"1LL~tl-:l'lltl-:l

LI'lU~tl'a (w) ~L'a::'Vl~~tlU_I'l'J1~ijU£J~1~qj~'l£J

J NURS (Mahidol Univ) Vol 75 No 2 (7997)

~ ~.,J .., ~ ~.,J ~ ~.,J ••••'D'lJu'Vl3 mJ'D'lJu'Vl 2 'D'lJu'Vl 3 mJfl,)12J~12J11Cl~-1~ ~n~1-D'lJU~ 2 tuh-1ihruti1~CU'Vl1-1~i)~~1~~U P<.05

"" _~ •• PI .•• .., ••• ILL~~L2JtlLu1UUL'VlUULu'lJ11Un"ln112J 'lJnl'lm~nn~2J 1,(n~2Jnnu'lJ,..tl~thu) tJ1~Lij'lJfl,)12J~12J11Cl~tl-1lJ1'lJ

~ .,J ~Ltl-11'lJm1tJ~~'I1nn"ln112J1 'lJ-D'lJU'Vl4 ~-1n~1-D'lJU.,J I 'I ~~.,J ,~ ~ ~.,J'Vl 3 UlJ1m12J~12J11Cl~'lJ'D'lJu'Vl 3 ~-1m1'D'lJu'Vl 2~•• 'I .•• .,J.I'" ILflU-1 15 ~'lJ 20 n"ln112J1 'Vlu1~L2J'lJ,)1fl,)12J

~ I I "" I ~ ~.,J ••~12J11Cl~tl-1lJ1'lJLtl-1~),lUlJ1nlJ11-1"l1nL),ltltl~'D'lJu'Vl2 ),l

••• ~ ••• I .f "" •• • •• I5 n"ln11),l ~l1lun m11tl-~-1LlJ1U-1 m1'Vl1LlJ1U-1,)1-1

m1t)l1liCUCU1CU=Dfl m1~1~~),lu~~m11 ~tI11U-

tJ1~'Vl1'lJ ~,)'lJ,rn;im~nnfl),l 2 (nfl2JL~),lnn1 'lJ~tl-1, ,tJ~~m1) tJ1~Lij'lJfl,)1),l~1),l11Cl~tl-1lJ1'lJLtl-11'lJ.r'lJU.:J I ~~..J 'l ~ ., ••..•'Vl 4 ~-1m1'D'lJu'Vl 3 15 ~'lJ 21 n"ln11),l (~),l'lJU4 oJ 'l ~~..Jn"ln11),l'Vl 1, 11, 20) U~~fl'11),l~1),l11Cl~'lJ'D'lJu'Vl3

I ~~,J 'l __ ., I IV ••

~-1m1'D'lJu'Vl 2 17 ~'lJ 21 n"ln11),l (~2J'lJUn"ln11),l.,J ) .•• .,J~ I I ~... I'Vl 1, 11, 20 n"ln11),l'Vl~),lUlJ1nlJ11-1~I1lLLnm1~1~e.J2J

m1~l1ltl1 m1~'1'lJif~~1'1~U~~m1\'hLLe.J~_~ &:II I "'.c

2. Lu1UUL'VlUUfl'11),l~1),l11Cl1~"',)1-1'lJnl'ln~

~ n~2J (lJ1111-1~ 3) Ll1ltILmUULViuu.r'lJU~tl.r'lJU

~-1U~U 2 i)-1U 4 ,rn;in~nfl),l 2 tJ1~Lij'lJfl'11),l,~1),l11Cl~tl-1lJ1'lJLtl-11'lJm1tJ~~n"ln11),lfltl1U1~ 17.•• '1 ( .•• .,J.., 'I ~ ~n"ln1nl ~I1lU1'1),l L'ilfl1~n"ln112J'Vl"l11l~,..~n'Vl-1 2

nfl),l) ~-1n~1m1tJ1~Lij'lJlJ1'lJLtl-1~tl-1,rn;in~nfl2J 1, ~ ,~ ~ I III:lI IV 0 CV QQ,J...,

'I1n'D'lJu tltl1-1),l'lJU~1flCV'Vl1-1~CllJ1'Vl1~I1lUP<.Ol"" _~ •• PI .•• ~ ••• I

LL~~L),ltlLu1UUL'VlUULu'lJl1Un"ln11),l ~11le.J~'11'I ~~.,J .., .•• I .1'"~'lJ'D'lJu'Vl2 'lJnl'ln~n~),l 2 1J1~L2J'lJm1),l

~ 1),l11Cl~ tl-1lJ1'lJLtl-1~ -1n~ 1m 1tJ 1~ Lij'lJlJ1'lJLtl-1~ tl-1

,rn;in~nfl),l 1 r.i1'lJ'1'lJ91'lJ 17 n"ln11),l hhLlJ1n~1-1, ,-- • I cv.cl I oCIII Clrt.

7 n"ln11),l LL~~lJ11m1'lJnl'ln~n~),l 1 LflU-1n"ln112J,L~m Fltl m11 ~tI11UtJ1~'Vl1'lJ

'I ~~.,J .., .•• I .1'"~'lJ'D'lJu'Vl 3 'lJnl'ln~n~),l 2 1J1~L2J'lJfl'11),l

~1),l11Cl~tl-1 lJ1'lJLtl-1~-1n~1m1tJ1~ Lij'lJlJ1'lJLtl-1~tl-1

,rn;in~n~),l 1 r.i1'lJ'1'lJ11 1'lJ 17 n"ln11),l hlLLlJ1n~1-1

6 n"ln11),l'I ~~.,J .., .••. I .1'"~'lJ'D'lJu'Vl 4 'lJnl'ln~n~),l 2 1J1~L),l'lJfl'11),l

~12J11Cl~tl-1 lJ1'lJLtl-1~-1n~1 m 1tJ1~ Lij'lJlJ1'lJLtl-1~tl-1

79

,rn;in~n~),l 1 r.i1'lJ,)'lJ 2 1'lJ 17 n"ln11),l l~LLr1

m1~'1'lJ~"l"l11~ nu m1~,)'lJif~~1'1~ LL~~hlLLlJ1n~1-1

15 n"ln11),l•... •• ~ ~,J .t I •.•• •.•• •.••

3. 'lJnl'ln~'D'lJu'Vl 3,4 'Vl-1 2 n~2J"ll1ltl'lJI1lU<Q ..J"" ~ .. I__~ "cvn "ln 11),lfl U1U1 ~ 'VllJ1tl-1n11~ n 1J!lUlJ1~tll1lfl~tl-1 n'lJ

U~~~I1l~'lJ~Un"ln11),l~1~nn"l1-1U'lJ,..tl~tl'1U•.. .., ~ ~ ( .,J

~tll1lfl~tl-1n'lJ'Vl-12 u rs = 0.90-0.96, lJ1111-1'Vl4)• •...•... ,J __ ,J •... 04 ~

LLlJ1tl'lJI1lU'Vl~tl-1n"ln11),lfltl1U1~'Vl'lJnl'ln~u 3, 4~ '''' ~ ~ I ....., .., .., .,J.,J~~'Vl-12 n~),llJ1tl-1m1~n ~),l~tll1lfl~tl-1nUtl'lJI1lU'Vl'Vl~11l~n

•• •.•• ••. 11 ( ., loIIlII ••••

"lNU'lJ,..tl~1J'1U rs = -0.42, 0.03, -0.25 ~),l),l'lJU-

ti1~CVr.;-1ijf11 = 0) "'),l1ui)-1,rn;imt1hJl~nn

n"ln11),llJ11),l~~tl-1m1nn "'1tl~tll1lfl~tl-1n'lJ1 'lJ'Vl1-1

( .,J)... .•• .,J~U rs = -0.63, lJ1111-1'Vl4 "'),l1UCl-1n"ln11),l'Vl

~tl-1m1nn LtI'lJ~'lJ~U ~'lJniulmln LtI'lJ~'lJ~U~1U

n"l n112J~ ~tl-1m1n n LtI'lJ~'lJ~U~ 1Uniu 1ml n LtI'lJ•••• •••• " •...• 04 ~ '!'l'I.J .4 ~.J ~tl'lJI1lUlJ1'lJ~'1'lJ'lJnl'ln~'D'lJu'Vl 2 'D-1LtI'lJu'Vl'Vl-12

n~2Jnn1l1fltJ~~~1-1n'lJ ~111~'lJ~Un"ln11),lfltl1U1~

~~tl-1m1nnhl~tll1lfl~tl-1n'lJ (rs = -0.07, lJ1111-1~4)

ti1"'1U~'lJ~Uii"'n11),l~Utln"l1-1 ,rn;in~n~),l 1 ~11l~••••• ..,.., "" 'I~'" ••~'1LflU-1 10 tl'lJI1lU L'lJtl-1"l1n~'lJum1I'ln~ 2535 ),l

o 0 t.t. ~.J_.et "-':'In 11m,.. 'lJ11l"l1'lJ,)'lJfl N ~ 'lJlJ11'Vl'lJn I'ln M'1"l~ lJ1tl-1~ n

tJ~~U'lJ,..tl~thfJHLVlfJ-1 10 ii"ln112JlJ11),l11fJ-11'lJ

m1~~tIL1tl-1LmfJULVifJum1~11l~'lJ~U'1 ,..U1 1507

r.;-1hJl~"'1fl'112Ji),l~'lJfi i'l,)'lJ,rn;lnM'1n~2J 2

Lrttl-1"l1nhll~ntJ~~U\mtl~thfJ hlijLtlm~~"l~

1~nii"ln11),l~'lJ'lJtlnL ,..utl"l1n1 'lJlJ1111-1m1nn~-1~11l~

1~ijr.i1'lJ'1'lJii"ln11),lLL~~r.i1'lJ'1'lJfl1-1Lv11LVifJ),ln'lJ'I1~fl'lJ•••••••••••• Q cvcv 4 •...

m1"ll1ltl'lJI1lUn"'n11),lfltl1U1~ 10 tl'lJI1lULL1n'Vl'lJn

;in~ 1~ nr.;-1~11l~1~UlJ11),lr.i1'lJ'1'lJflf-1~ ri"l"''lJ11l1~n

L'll'lJ m1~l1ltl1 l~n 17 flf-1~11l1~LtI'lJ~'lJ~U~ 1

LtI'lJ~'lJ ~-1"l~1~LL~I1l-1~tlltJ1'lJlJ1111-1~5~ ~

4. ,rn;in~LntlU'I1n-D'lJU~-1 2 n~2J~I1l~'lJ~UQ ,J" ~ ...I<I:Iio-..c. " ••••

n"ln112JflfJ1U1~'VllJ1tl-1n11~n1J!lUlJ1~tll1lfl~tl-1n'lJ2J1n

(w = 0.89, 0.97, X2 = 71.33, 62.10 lJ1111-1~ 4)"".cI .t.J .t I cr!IV •••• ...,

U~~'lJnl'ln~'D'lJU'Vl 3, 4 ~tl-1'Vl-12 n~),ln"ll1ltl'lJI1lU

ii"ln112JflfJ1U1~~1~nntJ~u~"l1-1U'lJ,..tl~tl'1fJ

80

Pl1'i1.:1~ 1 LmtJtJLVlmJP11L'il~tJFl,)1).J~1).J11tl (X:tSD) Lum1UBUin"ln11).J~mtJ1~LL~~::n"ln11).J LL~::

1~tJ1,)).J'lI'fl'! UI"\. n~).J~ 1 (n~).J~ntJu~'fl~thtJ) ~'!LL~.fun~ 2 t)'! 4 (2535 t)'! 2537) ~')tJ~t1~

ANOVA, Scheffe's test

4/2537 3/2536 2/2535 F***

••• I2. m1V11LlJltJ.:I,)1.:1

o cI .J.o=::II ".,'13. m1V11LlJltJ.:IV1).J~u')tJ

"4. m1'fl1tJ'l.h~tJ')tJ

5. m1'VhFl,)1).J~::'fl1~U1nf(u

.., .., ..7. m1')~~ClJClJ1t'U'll~

8. m1~1::~).J..9. m1'il~m

10. m1L ,xm1tJU1::V11U

11. m11tJLL~::oi1~'l.htJ~tJ')tJ"

13. m1~~L~).J~::

14. m1~')U'f)"l"l11::,15. m1~')uif~~1,)::

16. mn11LL~~

17. n11L,x'fl1~11Vl1'!~1tJL,x'fl1~11,

a IV odI '1"18. n11L'll~lJl,)L~'fl~~L'lI

I 'l" "c;

19. n11'll')tJ L~~11U1..20. m1L"l1::L~'fl~

1,)).J 20 n"ln11).J

1,)).J 17 n"ln11).J (tJnL')U 1, 11, 20)

3.46 :t 0.56** 2.97:t 0.99 3.06 :t 0.54

3.61 :t 0.50** 3.21:t 0.69 3.17 :t 0.58

3.26 :t 0.51** 3.00:t 0.71* 2.56:t 0.57

3.24 :t 0.52** 3.03:t 0.74* 2.77:t 0.62

3.26 :t 0.57** 3.00:t 0.70* 2.70:t 0.68

3.22 :t 0.58** 2.98:t 0.63* 2.58:t 0.68

3.63 :t 0.52** 3.34:t 0.57 3.23 :t 0.69

2.91 :t 0.73* 2.62 :t 0.97 2.84 :t 0.72

3.18 :t 0.54** 2.47:t 0.74* 1.94:t 0.76

3.45 :t 0.53** 3.09:t 0.58 3.01:t 0.70

2.76 :t 0.61** 1.95:t 0.84* 1.35:t 0.69

3.02 :t 0.68** 2.37:t 0.85* 1.42:t 0.75

3.04 :t 0.64** 2.34:t 0.80* 1.65:t 0.72

2.28 :t 0.77** 1.39:t 0.71* 1.13:t 0.41

2.66 :t 0.71** 1.43:t 0.75* 1.11:t 0.37

3.10 :t 0.55** 2.31:t 0.81* 1.72:t 0.82

3.23 :t 0.58** 2.55:t 0.87* 2.18:t 0.78

3.25 :t 0.55** 2.78:t 0.82* 1.52:t 0.77

2.89 :t 0.74** 2.59:t 0.82* 2.01:t 0.87

2.97 :t 0.64** 2.09:t 0.91* 1.03:t 0.21

3.12 :t 0.36** 2.58:t 0.41* 2.15:t 0.54

3.13 :t 0.36** 2.62:t 0.43* 2.21:t 0.56

19.95

25.75

54.74

21.63

27.96

41.58

18.06

5.06

126.22

22.57

149.81

170.99

142.15

132.28

258.03

136.94

77.91

235.62

47.38

346.07

186.94

155.13

* LLlJln~1.:1"l1n;jm1Pim~n~eJ1U).J1 1 n'flth'!ij,rmi1P)'1JV11.:1~t1~~1::~tJ P<.05

LLlJln~1.:1"l1nnm1Pimn~eJ1U).J1~'! 2 ;j'fltJ1,!ij,:rmi1P)'1JV11'!~t1~~1::~tJ P<.05

*** ~ P< .01, df (2,455) F = 4.61 P11 F LUlJl111,!~,!ij,:rmi1P)'1JV11'!~t1~~nP11

J NURS (Mahidol Univ) Vol 75 No 2 (7997) 81

9l11'1.:1~ 2 Lmtl1JLVimJ";1L'U~tl~'l13.J~'UJ11Cl (X:tSD) 1 'Wn11t1Billin"'ln113.JWtJ11J1~LL~~~n"ln113.JLL~~

1~tl1'l3.J'lItl.:J 'Wfi1.n~3.J~2 (n~3.JL~3.Jnnl'W~tl.:JtlBillin11) ~~LL~.f'Wn~ 2 ~.:J 4 (2536 ~.:J 2538)

~'ltl~ti;j ANOVA, Scheffe's test

4/2538 3/2537 2/2536 F***

3.51 :t 0.64 3.27:t 0.81 hJ'l~~~lm1n

3.58 :t 0.60 3.51:t 0.61* 3.10:t 0.69

3.38 :t 0.58 3.28:t 0.56* 2.98:t 0.72

3.30 :t 0.58 3.21:l: 0.55* 2.87:l: 0.68

3.36 :t 0.59** 3.18:t 0.60* 2.99:t 0.65

3.32 :t 0.67 3.17:t 0.54* 2.78:t 0.72

3.68 :t 0.55 3.54:t 0.56* 3.19:t 0.61

••• I2. n11'1'11Llntl.:J'l1.:J

3. n11vi1L~tl.:JV1ij~thtl'II

4. n11tl11J\.h~thtl

5. n11vi1~'l13.J~~tl1~t11ml'Wt,I ..., .odI lV .-

6. n11~1.:Jtl'lm~~1Jw'W~'" '" ..7. n11'l~~ClJqj1ru'llW

8. n11~1~e.J3.J..9. n11'U~m

10. n111 ~m11Jtl1~'I'11'W

11. n1111JLL~~~1'\11\.htl ~thtl

12. n111 ~tltln:nL"l'W

13. n11~~L~3.J'\II~

14. n11~'l'W~"l"l11~

15. n11~'l'Wif~~1'l~

16. n11vi1LL~~

17. n111 ~tl1'\1111'1'11.:J~1tll~tl1'\1111

18. m1L:n~~'lLyjtl~~Hf

19. m1,htll~~11'l.h..20. m1L"l1~L~tl~

'I ••. •••• ••.21. m1 ~'\IIn1~Lu1'W11tl'W

22. m1Hf~1tl~t11n ~.:JiltlLL~~L;tlm'ltf

23. m1'\11U1J~1J'lItl.:JtI~tl~ L=D'f)

24. m1~~vh'W'fl'Wl~~thtl'II

1'l3.J 21 n"ln113.J (tlnL1'W 1, 11, 20)

1'l3.J 17 n"ln113.J (tlnL1'W 1, 11, 20, 21-24)

3.05 :t 0.75** 2.84:t 0.80

3.33 :l: 0.63** 2.75:t 0.73

3.54 :l: 0.57** 3.25:t 0.56*

2.92 :l: 0.64 2.25:t 0.70

3.19 :t 0.62** 2.71 :t 0.68*

3.17 :t 0.71** 2.68:l: 0.66*

2.80 :t 0.78** 2.07:t 0.80*

2.93 :t 0.72** 2.04:t 0.79

3.26 :t 0.65** 2.79:t 0.64

3.35 :t 0.66** 3.14:t 0.66*

3.38 :t 0.63** 3.20:t 0.63*

3.07 :t 0.73** 2.48:t 0.75*

3.13 :t 0.69 2.19:t 0.83

3.31 :t 0.65 3.12:t 0.65*

3.59 :t 0.58** 3.39:t 0.71*

3.59 :t 0.58 3.44:t 0.61*

3.27 :t 0.69** 3.06:t 0.62*

3.31 :t 0.49** 2.97:t 0.36*

3.27 :t 0.49** 2.93:t 0.36*

2.70 :t 0.69

2.66 :t 0.74

2.69 :t 0.68

hJ'l~~~lm1n

1.40 :t 0.64

1.79 :l: 0.67

2.48 :t 0.67

2.22 :l: 0.79

2.87 :t 0.62

2.63 :t 0.72

2.81 :t 0.63

1.95 :t 0.74

hJl~~~lm1n

2.74 :t 0.93

3.11 :t 0.56

3.06 :t 0.61

2.57 :t 0.68

2.67 :t 0.41

2.60 :t 0.42

28.04

18.60

23.60

15.81

31.50

32.44

9.29

45.52

86.49

350.67

181.38

38.40

62.21

25.76

50.88

35.05

95.82

24.03

26.34

35.38

49.78

97.70

106.06

* **, •• .,JL'\113.Jtl'W1n111.:J'I'11.,J ••

*** '1'1P< .01, df (2,498) F = 4.61 ";1 F 1'W1n111.:J"l.:Jij,rtli1..rru'l'11.:J~ti;j'l'1n";1'" ,

J

82•. it.1 .....J

?'71iO'71WEJ'71J'7fU'I'7iOf!l1 Yl 75 fJ1J1JYl 2

,_I'!! •• I •• 'I. I" •..•_ I •• '\' ILlJ111lJL'VllllJf'l1L'U~1If'l,)1).J~1).J11ClL'Un11u!llJ~nIllM1).JV'lll1lJ1~ LL~~:::nIllM1).JLL~:::L(;l1l1')).J1:::"',)1~

W'!. n~2.I 1 (n~2.lnnlJ'U".~~thll) nlJ n~2.I 2 (n~).JL~2.lnn'l'UlX~~tJiiUiin11) L(;lmmlllJL;illlJ

.f'Un~~.f'Un ~~LL~.f'Un~ 2 ti~ 4 ~,)1I~t1;; t -test n 2 (2536 & 2535), n 3 (2537 & 2536),

n 4 (2538 & 2537)

" "I ClI _I'!!.QI "~II "~If'l1 'Vl ~1nn1'iLu'!J1.JL 'VI!J1.J'Il'UulJl'il'll'Uu"*

(ih) n~SJ 2 Be 1 (tI4) n~SJ 2 Be 1

0" I2. n11'Vl1L~1I~,)1~

o ~ .J_ "'...113. n11'Vl1L~1I~'Vl2.le,ju,)1I

4. n11mlJ,.h~thli

5. n11Vhf'l,)12.1~:::~1(;ltJ1ml'U

v v ••7. n11')(;lflt1jt1j1C1J"JIV'l

8. n11~1:::~m..9. n11'U(;l1l1

10. n11 'llX1I11lJtJ1:::'Vl1'U

11. n111lJLL~:::"'1".ll111~thli

12. n11'llX~~n:nLIll'U

13. n11~(;lL~2.I"':::

14. n11~')'Uf,l1ll1ll11:::

15. n11~')'Uiffl~1,):::

16. n11vi1LLt.l~

17. n11'llX~1"'11'Vl1~~111'llX~1"'11,.. v... 'l"18. n11L"JI(;l~,)LV'l~~(;l'lI

I it " ',;'19. n11"J1':111"'fl11'U1..•

20. n1nIll1:::L~~(;l

1':12.117 ihM12.1 (20 nIllM1).J)

1.04

5.99*

1.41

3.91*

2.65*

0.61

1.82

8.74*

- 4.27**

0.25

1.75

22.29*

16.65*

14.33*

5.51*

16.58*

0.59

6.99*

2.92*

3.98*

3.76*

2.40

2.44

2.91

3.00*

2.19

3.31*

2.38

3.39*

3.79*

4.04*

7.89*

6.96*

5.77*

6.67*

4.96*

1.19

1.01

6.93*(6.81*)

0.76

0.55

1.92

0.98

1.63

1.39

0.78

1.69

2.26

1.33

2.28

2.36

1.68

6.05*

3.37*

2.31

1.74

1.87

2.15

2.19

2.99*(2.98*)

*,

* 'Uf'\.n~2.I 2 tJ1:::d1'Uf'l':l12.1fl12.111Cl'll~~~'UL~~fl~n~1m1tJ1:::Li3'U'lI~~n~2.I 1, ",'Wf'\.n~2.I 2 tJ1:::Li3'Uf'l,)12.1fl12.111Cl'll~~~'UL~~~1n~1n11tJ1:::Li3'U'lI~~n~2.I 1, ,4_0"".J •...2.I'WlIfl1f'lt1j'Vl1:::(;llJP<.Ol

, " 'I •• I v ~ I •• 'l!'l .•f'l1L'U~1If'l,)12.1fl12.111Cl'll~~'Wf'\.LL~~:::"JI'UlJLL~~:::nlllnn2.lLL~(;l~ ') L'U~111~'Vl 1

J NURS (Mahidol Univ) Vol 75 No 2 (7997) 83

2/2535* 2/2536* 3/2536** 3/2537 4/2537 4/2538n n n 'lI n 'lI n 'lI n 'lI

'" IV cliIcv~6. m1fl'1-1tl')tJ')~~'U"''Wfi ,

<V <V ""7. m1,)111~t1Jt1J'1CU'1l'"

8. m1~1~1:.l2-J

• "" 12. m1V1'1Lf11tJ-1,)'1-1o q ~CllI"' •.11

3. m1V1'1Lf11tJ-1V12-J~u')tJ

4. m1fl'1'UU'1e!U')tJ'\I

5. m1vi1f'l,)'12-J~~t:mn.hnw'W

""9. m1'n111tJ'1

10. m1L ,xtJ'11'U1J1~V1'1'W

11. m11'ULLfl~r.i'1'1n,htJe!u')tJ'\I

12. m1L ,xtltln=DL"'l'W

13. m1~I11L~2-J~~

14. m1~,)'W~"'l"'l'11~

15. m1~')'Wif~~'1,)~

16. mni'1LLl:.lfl

17. m1L ,xfl'1~'11V1'1-1~'1tJ"1

18. m1L-DI11~,)L~t:lfll11H'

19. m1'lhtJL ,x~'11U'1

12

14

17

15

9

13

10

8

4

2

5

7

11

1

16

6

3

4

3

9

5

7

6

10

2

17

15

13

12

14

11

16

1

8

6

4

3

11

10

2

17

5

1

12

9

16

15

8

13

14

7

4

6

17

15

12

13

14

11

16

2

7

10

5

3

8

9

1

4

1

3

5

7

2

15

10

6

13

11

16

17

12

9

8

14

6

5

9

3

4

7

11

2

17

16

15

13

12

10

14

1

8

7

3

2

6

4

1

15

8

5

14

12

17

16

11

13

9

10

4

6

9

5

2

7

10

3

17

16

12

13

14

11

15

1

8

1

2

5

7

3

9

5

5

3

5

6

5

6

11

4

17

5

3

4

9

5

7

2

11

8

13

14

16

17

15

1

10

6

12

oooooooo

6

6

6

6

6

6

155

3

6

15

11

8

12

13

10

16

1

2

5

7

17

9

3

4

14

6

rs (2/35:2/36) = - 0.07 - 0.42 - 0.63 0.03 - 0.25

rs (2/35:3/36) = 0.75 rs (3n:3n) = 0.96 rs (4n:4n) = 0.96rs (2/36:3/37) = - 0.41 rs (3'11:3'11)= 0.92 rs (4'11:4'11)= 0.90

- W (L'n"''1~ n) = 0.97 X2 = 62.10

- W (L'n"''1~ 'II) = 0.89 X2 = 56.69

W (L'n"''1~ n tJm~'Wi1 2/2536) = 0.89 X2 = 71.33

";'1 rs

";'1W

rs = :t 0.48

Vi df = 16

P<.05

X2= 26.3

....20. m1L"'l'1~Lflt:l111

Vi df = 15

P<.05

* ~tl\lfl"'l'1m'1tJ-1'1'Wm1~~tJL~tl-1l:.lfli2-J'lV1'i"1 ~ih 409-10 tl11tJ~t:l-1f'l fit:lr.i'1'W,)'Wf'lf-1~'W~'1~'Wf'l.'t~nf11flt:ll11i1

~tl\lfl"'l'1m'1tJ-1'1'Wm1~~tJL~t:l-1f'l,)'12-J~tl-1mm'11L1tJ'Wm1~tl'W"1 ~U'1127 tl11tJ~'12-Jti''W;'U'IIt:l-1n'''lm12-J~1,

11, 20

84

cl .J" "Pl1'1~V15 ntilm'UIY'lll11J1i'! 10 ntiln11"lLL1nVlUI'l. LL~i'!::;Un~'fl'l~'1 2 n~"l~'fl'ln11t1mJ5~ (.I) n1J

ihm'1"lY'l1l11J1i'! 10 ntiln11"lLL1n~ UI"l. 't~mJ5~til1'1 (*) (oD'fl2;li'!til1nI1l111'1~4 L'nY'l1::10

raU~1JLL1n~'fl'l'J1'fl'ln, ~ LLi'!::f'l)

2/2535* 2/2536** 3/2536 3/2537 4/2537 4/2538

n n n 11 n n n

•••• I

2. n11V11Lf;1tJ'I,)1'1

o q .Jcaf "'...113. n11V11Ll1ItJ'IVI"le,ju')tJ

"4. n11'fl11JtI1~tbtJ .I

5. n11'Vhf'l,)1"l~::'fl1~n.hnvru

***

*

**

*

**

*

**

.I

.I

.I

.I

.I

.I

.I

.I

.I

.I

*

*

*

**

**

.I

.I

.I

.I

.I

.I

.I

.I

.I

.I

**

**

******

.I

.I

.I

.I

.I

.I

** .I

* .I

* .I

****** .I

.I

.I

.I

.I

.I

.I

.I

.I

.I

.I

***

**

**

*****

.I

.I

.I

.I

.I

.I

.I

.I

.I

.I

**********

.I

.I

.I

.I

.I

.I

.I

.I

.I.., .., ..•

7. n11')~~qjqj1tu'.DY'l

8. n11~1::e.J"l

"19. n11'jhtJ1~'i'l11111

13. n11~~L~"l~::

14. n11~,)U~tiltil11::

15. n11~')uif~~1,)::

16. n11vi1LLe.J'Zl

17. n111~'fl1~11'V11'1~1tJ.,

18. n11L:n~~,)L~'fl'Zl~'t-n

..•9. n11'n~1I1

10. n111~1I111J1.h::V11U

11. n''l111JLLi'!::r.hl.n.htJ~tbtJ

12. n111~'fl'fln:ULtilU

* oD'fl';J'Zltil1m'1tJ'I1Un11~~tJL~'fl'lLmtJ1JLVitJ1Jn11~~raU~1J"~U1 148, 150

oD'fl';J'Zl'J1'fl'lf'l "l1til1nI1l111'1~4 1~tJ~~raU~1J11I1"l';1u,)Uf'lf'l~~~1~UI"l. tin L'J1Uiii~lI1 17 f'lf'lLUUcv cv .J .J oQ .........J CII ell ...J4 0 ~ I _.- .J'flU~1J'VI1 L~~'VILnU10 'flU~1JLU'fl'ltil1n"l~'Zl1tJntilnl1"l'VI"ltil1U,)Uf'lNLVI1nU( ntilm'1"l'VI 3, 5, 10, 14,

18, 19)

J NURS (Mahidol Univ) Vol 75 No 2 (7997)

~'fl~f'l~'fl.:ln'U3J1nL'lh.lL~mn'U(w = 0.89, X2 = 56.69,o " 0

1Jl111.:1Vi4) f.JnL.)'UunPim~n-n'UnVi2 n~3J 2 (2/2536)

~~~'U~tJn"lm13JV'lf.J1tJ1~~~'fl.:lm1~n hJ~'fl~f'l~'fl.:lIV I ~ I '" Q;' ~ ~... .JntJn~3J 1 LL~:::L3J~'fl~f'l~'fl.:lntJ'll'UU'fl'U1(1Jl111.:1'V14)

~ 4 IV IV .JLL~:::L3J'flLL~~.:In"lm13JVUJ1tJ1~10 'fl'U~tJLLm'V1

unPimt1~'fl.:lm1~nu~Ui ntJ 10 ~'U~tJLL1n~•...•• ~~ • ICOo•.••.COo (..l ., ,'Unf'lm~nL~j;JnU{]tJlJl"lN 1Jl111.:1'V15) "l:::L'-''U'.l14 ,Jcv.4 dI t. t. I

n"lm13JVlf.J1tJ1~'V1'l.lnf'lm~nLn'fltJ'V1n'll'Un'V1.:12 n~3J• •(f.JnL.)'Un 2 n~3J 2 (2/2536)) ~'fl.:lm1~nu~Ui•• •...•• 1 COo (COo ..l

L'-'3J'fl'Un'UCl.:l8 'U 10 n"lm13J n"lm13J'V19, 10, 12,

13, 15, 16, 17, 19) LL~:::n"ln113J~unPin~1~n"l'i.:la .c:I cv odI 1 COo (COo ..lnL'-'3J~'Un'UCl.:l5 'U 10 n"ln113J n"lm13J'V12, 3, 4,

)

I IV ~ ,J" ~ oII:lI 4

9, 10 LLIJlIJlNntJn"lm13J'V11Jl'fl.:lm1j;JnLVlf.J.:I2 n"lm13JdI ci IV 'I'" IV ••I "IV

f'l'fl m1on~f.J1 ntJm1 L'-'f.J11tJu1:::'V11'Uf.JnL'.l'U'Un•• ~ ~..l I .J" ~f'lm~t1'll'Uu'V12 n~3J 2 (2/2536) 'll.:lIJl'fl.:lm1(;.m

U~Uin"lm13JVlf.J1tJ1~1,JIJlNntJ.f'Un~'U1 n~tJl~nCOo ..l" ~.. 1 COo (COon"lm13J'V11Jl'fl.:lm1j;JnCl.:l8 'U 10 n"lm13J n"lnn3J..l'1'13-7, 9, 17, 18)

'£lnU'1!1Colam,~r.r!lLLa~4f'£lLft'U'£lLL'U~

unPin~1Vlf.J1tJ1~ 2 n~3J ~.:In~3J~nunUi• • dJCOo J( ".'I.!'I ' 'I I •.••'.l'll1m1Vlf.J1tJ1~Vl'U31'UtJ'U'-''fl~u'.lf.JLu'U~'.l'UL'-''1) ntJ, ~ 'I" COo•.••. •• ,.. ~ ~..l

n~3J'V1j;JnL'U'-''fl.:lU{]tJlJlmnVlf.J.:I'flf.J1.:1L~m1'U'llUU'V12

~1.:1nW~U1f'l'.l13J~13J11Cll'Un11u~U~n"ln113Jo _ t.~.J .r I q &.' 0 tV

Vlf.J1tJ1~1Jl13J~1~tJ 'llUu 'V1~.:I'lIU'flf.J1.:13.1Uf.J~1f'l'1)'1'11.:1..::::IrIooiQ..J •••• 1 ClII IV IV d: I

~ClIJl'V11:::~tJP<.05 L'llUL~mnU LL~:::Unf'ln~n~3J.J ~ 'I " • ICOo•.••. •• '" 1 ~~..l

2 'D.:Ij;JnLU'-''fl.:lu{]tJlJlmn Vlf.J.:I'flfJ1.:1L~mU'llUU'V12

tJ.:IU1:::d1'Uf'l'.l13J~13J11Cl'll'fl.:lIJl'UL'fl.:ll'Um 1u~Ui

n"ln113J~f.J1tJ1~ 17 n"lm13J1~f.J1'.l3JLWW'fln~1n~3J

1 ''In-nulHin~'.lf.J LtI'Um1U1:::djwJ~~1m1

LU~ f.JULLU~ .:I1fln 11~ ~n11 L'1f.J'Un11~ 'fl'U1'D1n11J( ~ 'n ••Vlf.J1tJ1~VlU31U 1 LL~::: 2 IJl.:lLLIJlm1f'ln,,~ 2536

"l'UunPin~1~1L1"lm1Pin~LL~'.l 1 i'UUUU1:::~tJ, .f'l'.l13J~1L1"l unPin~1w~'U1f'l'.l13J~13J11Cll 'Um1

U~Uin"lm13JVlmtJ1~~ L'1f.Ju3J11'U1'll1~.:1n~1'.l1~~I

OICIII I CII Q '" ILL~:::~m1n11L 1f.JUm1~'flULLtJtJL~3J LL3J'.l1f'l'.l13J

85

o oII:lI cv 0 dI'V11U'fl.:lL~mntJm1'V11LLtJtJ'V1~~'fltJ'-'1'fl LLtJtJ~'fltJm3J

rl'fl'ULL~:::'-'~.:Im1Pin~L1'fl.:ll~ L1'fl.:l,-,ii.:ll~f.J~'.llunlJl13JI cSl oQ !II"- a I ClI

LLIJlL3J'flVl"l11CU1LuU11f.Jn"lm13J"l:::L'-'U'.l1 3J'-'~1f.J4 .JCVodl ••1 4n"l n113.1'1'1un f'ln~1 u1:::L3J'Uf'l'.l13J~13J11Cl'lI'fl.:lIJlUL'fl.:l

HLvhL~3JntJnm1Pin~~~1ulu L~'U unPin~n~3J

1 u1:::Li1uf'l'.l13J~13J11Cl'll'fl.:lIJlUL'fl.:llu.fun~ 3 1U04 .4 X.d c:rI 0 q I

m1'V11n"ln113JL1'fl.:lm11'fl-&NLIJlf.J.:Im1'V11LIJlf.J.:I'.l1.:1

m1tj~i'1)'1)1cu;jVl m1~1:::&J3JLL~:::m11 ,xm1tJ-o

U1:::'V11'U 1,JLLlJln~1.:1"l1nf'l'.l13J~13J11ClViIJl'UL'fl.:l.Q .,,,.J I t. ~.J t. J'

U1:::L3JUL'.lL3J'fl'flf.J'llUU'V12 '1'1.:1U'fl1"l LtlULVl11:::'II " "

n"lm13J LV1~1dLt1'Un"lm13J~U.:l~tJ";1U'.l'Uf'l1.:1i''U~1~ ~" J(.J.. ••• I

'lI'fl.:lm1j;Jn L'.l m11'fl-&J.:I LIJlf.J.:I m1'V11LIJlf.J.:I'.l1.:1:'I oiQ. .J I IV ••••• oII:lI

m1~1:::&J3J Lu'Un"lm13J'V1.:11f.Jm1'.l~~'1)'1J1CU'llVl

unPin~11~n3J1nLtlu~u~tJ~ 1 ~'.lum11 ,xm1tJ-

U1:::'V11u~uunPin~'V1nf'lul~nl'U.f'Un~ 2 tJU'-''fl•~tJ'.lf.Jn1f.Jl~n11~'flu'flu1.:11n~~~'lI'fl.:l'fl1"l11U un..•..• .Q~""CIIt. 1t.~.Jf'lm~n"l.:l~13J11ClU{]tJlJlL~~IJl.:lLLIJl'llUU'V12 LL~:::

VhU'fl.:lL~mnuunPin~1n~3J 2 nU1:::d1uf'l'.l13Jet ,J' II .Q

~13J11Cl'll'fl.:lIJlUb'fl.:llU'llUn'V1313J1Jl1.:1"l1nm1u1:::b3JUt.~.J 1 COo .,;

IJlUb'fl.:llu'lluu'V12 Umm13JL1'fl..:l m1~1:::&J3Jm1

:a~f.J1 m1~'.lutr~~1'.l:::bL~:::m1vi1bL&J~LL~~..:I~1btl'U

n"lm13J~m1~nl WX'fl..:lu~~m11~&J~~ unPin~

~13J11Clu~~1~~i..:lLL~.f'Un~ 2 (1Jl1n..:l~ 1, 2)

1umm.J1f.JtJLVif.JtJ.fun~'fl.fun (1Jl111..:1~3)

unPin~1n~3J 2 U1:::Li1Uf'l')13J~13J11Cl'll'fl..:lIJl'UL'fl.:ll'U•t.~.J 1 •• 1.q, 1V4 I'DUu'V12 ~..:Im1m1u1:::L3J'UIJlUL'fl.:l'll'fl..:l'Unf'ln~n~3J

1 t1..:191u 17 n"lnn3J ~..:I'-'3J~Ltlun"lm13J~1'flm~

'lI'fl..:ln11~nl'U,x'fl..:lu~~n11~3J1nn~1n11~nl'UVI'fl~

tJ'.lf.J'flf.h..:l-n~L"lU(11f.J..:I1Um11~m1'fl..:l&J~i3J'l'V1~'1

'-'U1 410Y n"lm13J~U1:::Li1'UHt,JLLlJln~1..:1n'UnLtlu....l'i' ~ 1 " • ICOo•.••. ••n"lm13J'V1L'fIm~'lI'fl.:lm1j;Jn U'-''fI.:Iu{]tJlJln113J3J1n

,-,1'flu'fImvl11 ntJm1~ntJ'U'-''fI~thf.J 1~f.J~unPin~1o .c:4 et I ., 1'1 ~ .Q I J'"l1'U'.l'UVI'U..:IL'U'V1..:12 n~3JL3JL~j;Jnn"lm13JLV1~1'U•

86

oICIIClI.dI 'l" IV •• I CIt. CiI.Jl-JL'riEl"lLHl"ln"11 Vl1I111Ju1:::'VI1\m"ln11l-JL~H.J'.l'VI

unflim~nn~l-J 2 tJ1:::L~\,lH~1n~1mnh:::L~\,l'JI'fl"lcv.o::5l I~.J' CV •• I f"

\,lnf'1m~nnfll-J 1 'VI"l\,lLYl11::: m1"l{;lu1:::£'l1JmmJ,~1~'fl"l'l \,l1.¥'fl"ltJ5Wimnj"lvi1HlbJ~Yl'fl L~'fl"l"l1n

•• ..,J •• ~ !"l """ •• " •• .!"I ""'ll\,l{;l'JI'fl"lm'VILIJ1111l-J~'.l~VI"l{;ll-J\,l'flll'll\,l{;l Lu\,lmm~

hPl~'.lltJ LL~:::unflin~11~i:ltJ1:::£'l1Jm1nfm1'l1.¥~

th1l11JtJ1:::'VI1\,lm"l1"l1 (n"ln11l-Jm1'l1.¥m'l \,l1.¥'fl"l

tJ5Uiim1r.j"lPl'.l11~11Jm1tJ11JtJ,"l~'flltJ) 'l \,l'f\,ln~ 3

unflin~mll-J 2 tJ1:::L~\,lPl'.l1l-J£'l1l-J1nl'JI'fl"lIJ1\,lL'fl"l,£'l"ln~1m11.h:::L~\,l'JI'fl"lunflin~nfll-J 1 'l \,lmnJfiUii'II , dJ

n"lm1l-J~1"l1 t;"l 11 'l\,l 17 n"ln11l-J ~"ld'fl1"lLtI\,l

LYl11:::Unflin~n~l-J 2 1~ntJ5Uiin"ln11l-JYl1l11J1~..,J" """ '1 ~~..,J .•• 'l ..'VI1J1'fl"lm1j;JnL\,l'll\,lu'VI2 Cl"l8 \,l 10 n"lm1l-J (1J1111"l

,Vi 5) i:lPl'.l1l-J~"lYl'fl'l"l~'flm1L111\,lm1£'l'fl\,l'l\,l1.¥'fl"l

tJ5Win11Ylll11J1~ i:lPl'.l1l-J~\,l'l"l'l \,ln11tJ5llii

n"lm1l-J~1"l1 LYl11:::t1ntJ5Uiin1JL~'fl\,lVl1'fl~\,l1l111

'l~m1111n1f'1~hJn'fl'l1.¥Ln{;lPl'.l1l-JLPl111{;l i:lPl'.l1l-J•• "" "..,J ~ ~ .1" OM> •• ".'1

m:::IJ1'fl1'fl1\,l'VI"l:::~{;lj;Jnu!)1JIJ1"lN1J\,lVl'fl~u'.lll LL~:::

Ld'fli:l1'flm£'l1~ntJ5Wi1J\,lVl'fl~thll'l \,li\,ln~ 3 LL~'.l

LtI\,lL'.l~1 1 1l1Plm1flin~ unflin~'l1.¥m1l-JL~\,l~1•• '1 ".1 •• ..,.. .!"I..r '1"

m n 111\,ln11£'l'fl\,l~\,lVl'fl"lu!)1J IJ1mn u\,lYl\,l31 \,l ~VI

un flin~1 Ln{;lPl'.l1l-J~\,l'l"l LL~:::£'l1l-J11CltJ5Win"ln11l-J

, ".'1 'l ., ( )(Ylm1J1~LLn~u'.lll \,l1:::{;l1Jl-J1n3.78:t 0.86 1111"l1\,loQ_ .J .., ~ '" q Go-' f" oIIl:II

m1'.l"l1lL1'fl"l&.lfl£'ll-J'l'VIfi"1VI\,l1 412-4t 'fI11 Yl\,lfil-JCU

1~n~1'.l1t)l \,l~1J11'V1l11m1L111\,lm1£'l'fl\,l~1'l \,lm1oICII ~ a "" 4 oCliI ".odI oICII

L111\,li~{;l1 nIJ11l-Jm~L111\,ll-JPl'.l1l-Ji£'ln'flmm111\,l" 'l ".J oICII ,,~ I ,,0l::Il Q

LIJ1l-J"l LL~:::Yl1'fll-J'VI"l:::L111\,lLL~'.l\,l\,lLL£'l{;l"l'.l1~L111\,lLn{;l'l.J <ClI c:l'4 0'l "".cI ClI1 !:"1" I

LLN"l"l~"l'VI"l:::L111\,l&.l~nPl'fl'Vl1~'\iIeJL111\,lL111\,l1~{;l'flm"l'II ~ 'II

1'.l(;lL1'J'3n"lm1l-JLn'fl1J'VInn"lm1l-J~unflim!1n~l-J 2'" '

l~nL \,l1.¥'fl"ltJ5Uiim1Ylm1J1~U\,l unflim~t1"l:::1~

L111\,li'\il~ nm1tJ5llii LL~:::~ n eJ\,l"l\,li:l11n~::: Lt1\,l~\ .•hYl'flL"l 1(;l1lL'UYl1:::'flth"lu"lL1'fl"lm1~{;lmunflin~'VIn,Pl\,li:l1'fln1£'ltlneJ\,ll-J1nn~1n11t1n1J\,l'\il'fl~1J'J1I'flU1"ll-J1n

J" IV qoQ dl ..6f\,l'fln"l1n\,l1l"ll-Jn"lm1l-JL1'fl"l m1£'l'.l\,lu£'l£'l1'.l:::n11

£'l'.l\,l~"l"l11::: mn'hLL&.l~ m1'l1.¥'fl1'\i111LL~:::m1L;{;l

~'.lL~'fl~{;lH'~unflin~1n~l-J 2 1~nl-J1nn~1Un,

r ~.J .., ~11,.t'l11WEJ11J1~P11t'1/11T uri 75 fJ1J1JrI 2

odI: I " •••• I 0 0 cvf'1n~n~l-J 2 LLl-J£'l1l-J11Cl"l{;l'\il1'\i1\,l"l1~'fl"l£'l1'\i111Jm1, ,

" " ..,JL1.¥£'l11U1~1'\i111Jtln LL~~1\,l'.l\,lPl1"l'VI~{;lL~nU'flll

"'\,l~1~'fl"lni:l~1\,l'.l\,lU'fl1l LL~:::tJ"li:ltJ1:::~'VIfimYl~1'l \,l, " "'JICU:::U\,lunflin~n 2 11"l 2 n~l-Jr.j"ltJ1:::L~\,lPl'.l1l-J

~ ~ """ ...: X ~~..,J£'l1l-J11Cl'JI'fl"lIJ1\,lL'fl"l~'.l~l-J1J11"ln\,lLL~:::Ll-J'fl'JI\,l'll\,lu'VI3

Unflin~1~"l 2 n~l-JtJ1:::L~\,lPl'.l1l-J£'l1l-J11Cl'JI'fl"lIJ1\,lH,~, ''''' •• ""~ ~~ •• .J'"~l-JLLlJ1nIJ11"ln\,l'flmYl11:::1I"ll-J~'flm£'l~{;lj;Jnn"lm1l-J\,l\,l'fl1l

n~1'J~'fll~mtl\,li\,l~1J~ 10, 14 LL3J~1"l:::LtI\,lQ .J.t '" ~.?1cv-.Jmn11l-J'VI'VI"l 2 n~l-JtJl'fl"lm1j;Jmu\,l'fl\,l{;l1J'VI2, 3

nlJ11l-J(1J1111"l~5) L\,li\,ln~ 4 n"ln11l-J~unflin~I .•. 1 ClIo <4 I

n~l-J 2 u1:::Ll-J\,lPl'.l1l-J£'l1l-J11Cl'JI'fl"ltJl\,lL'fl"lLVI\,l'fln'.l1

J NURS(Mahidol Univ) Vol 75 No 2 (7997)

•• 3. " '" .••'i'2 nliiln11~t4 LFl1~L~'fl1 (Kramer, 'fl1~Cl~LI'lU

Vh11'l1 ~'lJ11~~'lt4m1'fli1tJ11m1'fl~ Fl'l1~i~~t4fi

"JJ'fl~n11;jn~1fl1 Fl'VItl~fl LL~:=fl1FltJn~'l t4~'ll1:n'Y'l

'Y'lU1'IJ1~)14 LFlUmh'l1.rl t4tJ1:=LuFlLL1mJ'fl~reality

shock 11 "New graduates can analyse and

criticize but cannot catheterize." L~'fl 1~' tXo , 3.!"1" • I ""'." l'Fl1n~1'lt4Lut4IiilN ~1nu1:=~'lJm1tlJ'lJt4~'fl~u'lU ~

LYlu~'Y'l'fl n11~1'l'l'lWn'l t4tX'fl~tJn~n11~1'fln11

~ oo.lt41~t4';1~'fl~~i:ltJ1:=~'VIfifl1'Y'lFl~1UIiil1~~~LUt40'" 0.!"l ,..: '1 ~.Of 3... ...I

Fl'l1~~1FlryIiil1Lut4'flU1~U~t4m1LLnL"JJ1Jry~1t41'l~'VI~ q oIlII CIII ClII

1'fl~f'l1~f1I111iil11mL'llU1'VI'l~1fl 'fll'lf1lFltlJ'lJI'lFltlJ:=

'Y'lU1'IJ1~f'l1~f1IfLFlUmh'lt)~~~n~'l 1tJ'lt4n11~oo.lt41

~~n~f1I1'5 11 ~~n~f1I1~~~'fl~m1'V1r'Y'lU1n1L~mn'IJ'\l '\l.•• ...I0.!"l I ...1.1"m1f'ln~1'V11iil1Lut4L'llt4 ~m1,4'V1~un1tlJm1~'flt4

~'lJtJ1:=~1tlJn1~~Flt4"1~~~t4 m1~U'IJ~ttt4LI'lU~11

'1m'fln1~LL~:=~'lJtJ1:=~1tlJ~1~r'IJ'fl1"l11tfcJ~'flt4Vi'ltX'\l

Fl'11~ ~ 1,4'l1iiln1,.]n 11~ oo.l1.41'fltJn 1cUn 11~ 'flt4LL~:=,LtJ1LLn1~ Fl'fl~yhLf1I'flf-d'lU~'flt4Fl'l1LUt4t4LU'IJ1U"JJ'fl~

FltlJ:="1LL~:=11i1Lilt4m1'ltXLUt41iil1~~~nm1-n'fl~'fl1tJn

fl'fl m1~1'l~~n~f1I1Fl'11~1'l'ltXm'flm~1~'VII'l~'fl:LL~:=i:l

m1;jn~1~~u 15 '1t4m1;jn~1"JJ'fl~FltlJ:=tJ'i~U~~LL~;j.•• 'l"_1':l! q .., 4" '"m1f'ln~ 2535 LL~:=I'lLu1U'lJL'VIU'IJ"JJ'flI'l"JJ'flI'l'flU"JJ'fl~

m1~l'lm1L1Ut4m1~'flt4~~ 2 ~~1'lt411U~1t4m1

~~u~~1m1'fl~f1I1~'ii1~'IJ ~~LUt4m1tJn~f1I1~~~n

~'l'l tJ'lt4n11~oo.lt41~~n~f1I1~~mh'l ~~n~1~ry-n'fl

~1'l~1Unfl'fl n11~oo.lt41tJr'IJtJ1~~~n~f1I1~'fl~i:ln11, , '\l

tJ1:=d~1,4I:J~Lilt41:=u:=~~h~~'flLL~:=Fl'11LUt4m111i1Lilt4...I.. , •• ...1...1 '"

n11'V1Lnl'l"l1nFl'l1~1'l~~'fl"JJ'fl~~n1 Fl1,4'V1LnU'l"JJ'fl~

~'1U 1~LLn Fl~ ~'lJ1~11LL~:=~L1Ut4'5~~~~ ~1noOClt. oQCV i.-.'" C11C11.q ~

'Y'l"l11tlJ1f1I1~11U~1t4m 1'1"lU"JJ'fl~FltlJ:=1:J'11iilU'VIf1I'Y'l~'Y'l'\l

LI:JULL'Y'li~1LL~'17.8 LL~:=tj'Wir'WLI'lUI:J~m1~~u'lt4f11111~.••• .., •.• 01 n'"'VI 4, 5 "l:=L~'W'11m1"ll'lu1:=~'lJn11tlJ t4n11L1U'W

" ."JJ'fl~cn'W;jVi3 n'IJ 4. ir~hjf1lNn'IJFl'l1~~'fl~n11"JJ'fl~

~L1U'Wun;jn~hJ1~nn"ln11~~~'fl~n11nn LL~1~

nnnliiln11~m1'fl1'IJJ1cJtJ'1U n'IJm1vi1L~u~ei1L~~~ "'. q\l J' oQ ..J

'VI~ 2 ;j LL~'l1 2 nliiln11~'WIiil:=Lil'Wn"ln11~'VI~'W'fl~

87

'" .r "...11 f:6 1«'" 4Fl'l1~f1Itl~n11'Y'lt431t4"JJ'fl~~u'1un f1I1~ LLf1Inu~~.• .r J •.• ...I", .•• '" ~nliiln11~'Y'lt431t4'fl'W1'fln~1n'VIt4nf'ln~f1I'fl~m1~n

tJn~ LL~n1~ntJn~,J'flU ~~Iiil:=vi1'ltXun;jn~1Lnl'lJ , '1'1 X~.I" __

Fl'l1~L'IJ'fl~t41mL~:="JJ1I'lLLN~~Iiil 'Wn11"JJ'W~nu!J'lJf1I"'.'1 1~ ,.. .•... ,J '"

'IJ'W~'fll:Ju'lU L'Y'l11:=l'l~mLf1Inliiln11~'ll1LI'l~'ll~t4n'\l

;jn~1tJ1:= L~t411f1It4i:lFl'l1~~1~11Cl'1t4n11tJn~~

LL~'l LL~:=~ 'fl~n11nntJ nu~ n Iiilm1~~t4LL 'VIt4U1~

Ury~1 L1'fl~un;j n~1 1~1'IJtJ1:=~'IJn11cUm FltJn~'" 3.!"1 oOf ...11 "'... •• x .•'W'flU'WLu'Wury~1'V1l'l~n11~U'lJUn"JJ'W~1'Y'l1iil11tlJ1" ,_I IV oOClt. dl .., .q

f1I~LLf1IFl11'l~~ ~'W1'l'll1n11L1'fl~n111iil1'ln11L1Ut4n11

~'fl'WL~'fln11tJn~'Y'lU1'IJ1~'Y'l.f'\.252414 LI'lU'fl11~cU.- ~"I 1'" .J I •••. .cf

1oo.l'Y'ltln~Ll'ln~1'l 'lf1l'flt4~t4~'11 "Unl'ln1y11/1111

tl1::f9!Jn11n1n11t1ff!J~WEl1!J1~'lIEh.Jll n1ii1.J l W11::, l' .,l." , " ~ 't././ •.. 4

MU UfJjlii::l'll1l'J~1Y1JJ'lIilU'lIElUUwu1::'V3.mU 'IN," ,

l tJ'lI'J'1n11n1::Yl0

1UUliJUn11'l1ntl11ElhJJr7U l w'lI1Uun~mY11~l'1Elujn1::!J'Jl.Jn11llnt1fJju11 ufiI~un ~.J, "0 / ..., ."..... , 't .,l

U11ii::JJ1'l1nu11Elm..J'J1l11Iii::JJ'Jfin11f9'l1U'lIEJ1.J'1Y11ii::,1 "...... 't ""'0 / "." 't " ••UUnl'lmy1 'I1IJJu1::f9!Jn1mJJJ1nYl~11I 'l1Ilnl1ln11

l'1EJl.,Jjlii1n n1 1t1ff !J~Y11.JfiI~un II~::1/ru:: l~El'Jr7wfuAI".,l." 3 ,fiI'lIn11!J1n11WEl1 !J1~ YlJJfiIrun 1W" t4'fln1iil1n t4'V11t4,ir~'l~ra1~t)~-n'flL~t4'flLL'W:="JJ'fl~LI'l~(Dale) ~11 "n11

l'1E1l.Jb'll.J~l'1El'IJIii::I1I°1lu'IJlt1~'JEl~ 51~l'1El'IJM;!J0/ " , ,.", iJu1::f9!Jn11rul1J1.J7 'lIEl1.JJJM1JJ3f.JUJJ1Elll~::l U

tl1::f9!Jn1UUl1J1.J" LL~:=ir~'l~mh'111 "n11f9fJ'lJlii::If'" 63/ctl 1 l;;,J',.., So' ~";leJ~l1IlWEl.J11I'IJ'lJ1/ufJiln!Jf9n1wll'JI1I~'lIJJ,I1IEll1JW1::

/ff9'l1U 'IJ'lInIii1nlii::l ;;11Iiin11;'111nliin11JJn11l'1ElUn11'\l

f9fJUll;'JIii::#ffJ.Jl;;111ii~l'1El'IJ#f'll.J1UM1JJf9'IJ11ii~l'1El'IJ

l;;11Iiiflmyru::1/'lI.J~l'1ElU (Y/11!JM1JJ#ffJ.Jn11 ~111•.I ~ 4'" S',cf '" ctI ) "u 1::f9.JfiIn11l1ElUlll ~::M1JJlf9 n1/'lI.JtJl1EJU (111/1111.•'..r 0/ 0" 't" 14 'f9.J'IJ n11f9'l1UIii::u1::f9!JfiI'J1JJf91l 1Iii,I1IEl1n" LLf1I

"l'l'IJ"l1,4U"l'U1,4 ury~1m1~M11L1Ut4n11~'flt4'l 1.4

~1t4tJn~'Y'lU1'IJ1~nir~Fl~Lu'Wury~1~1~ry'fl~ L~t4

1~"l1nL'fln~11tJ1:=n'fl'IJn11i~~'W1'Y'lU1'IJ1~f'l1~f1Ifc!iI I Q~.J ..41'"f'ln~LL~~'ll1f11FlN'VI2 ('Y'l.f'\.2536)16 'll~ 1'l~,tJl:J~

cv ~ leJ c4 cvn11~~~'W1LFlNn11U'flU'VI2 L1'fl~n11'Y'loo.l'W1~tlJfl1'Y'l

UtlJoYif1I~1t4n11tJnU~n11'Y'lU1'IJ1~~ I'lLI'lU FltlJ:=

88

is' oICIIl QJ I.J .J .. IVlEJ1tJ1M1aUl1 ~"'1'JVlEJ1~f.J'llt:l\mn'U'll-:lVlu1~~~

1~a~tJ1fCV"'1 n11~ ~n1 n1f.J'Un11at:l'U'l 'U~1'Un11

tJ!i~n11VlEJ1lJ1~~1 n11L1f.J'Un11at:l'UhJ~-:lLa1~

n1n1f.J'Uf'llt:l-:l~L1f.J'ULL~~n11at:l'Ufl1fltJ!i~ LU'Un11••• ..1 •• , •• ~. I "L'llf.J'ULL~~LLlJlJY'lt:l1~(;l1-:11~1mn'ULU fl'J1L'U'U

tJ1~alJn11CU' 'Un11tJ!i~n11Vlf.J1lJ1~'l ,x~1n~'U 16

.J'l..l ""'''.1 ".1 'l.1 "'ll-:l 'UVla~n~'llt:la1u"l1nn11t:lllu11f.J 'Uu1~L~'Ufl'J1, ,~~n1n1f.J'Un11at:l'Ull1 fltJ!i'illit:lfh-:l11L ~t:l'l ,xun~mn i'n n11tJ!i 'illi VlEJ11J1~LL~~~-:ILa1~ n11L1f.J'Ui

~1 1. ~-:lrJ(;l~tJ1~a-:lpfn11L1f.J'U'l,x-n~L"l'Ul~f.J'l,xun•• .!'1" 'l".., .•..• " 'lf'ln'l=t1Lu'U~'Uf.Jn~1-:1 2. ",'Unf'ln'l=t1~a'J'U1'J~ 'U

_ <CliI .c:I '" "'4n11"l~n1n1f.J'Un11at:l'U 3. ~n11a~Vlt:l'Ufl'J1~~M

'llt:l-:lirn~n'l=t1L~'fl'l ,xt:l1"l11Ui'lJffl'J1~i~n LL~~irn.cI ~~ '" qf'ln'l=t1~UtlJ"'1LL~~fl'J1~(;lt:l-:ln11'lJ'fJ-:lUI'U4. ~n11

'l ,xn1;-:I'l"l LL~~'l,xn1na1~LLN LLnUn~n'l=t1(;l~t:l~

",;na(;l1 5. at:l'U'l,xirn~n'l=t11L"'(;ltJ~LL~~flCU~1'II 'II"

'll'fl-:ln11m~vi1'l 'UlJVllJ1Vl~'ll1'llVlVlEJ1lJ1~16 tJ~n11

~~f.J~1~ij n1111f.J-:l1'U~1U11~~1~lJ'llt:l-:lfl CU~0~f.Jfl-:l~ '" "'04 ...,.oct ., •... q CV

LU'Un11a~Vlt:l'Ufl'J1~~an'llt:l-:l'Unf'ln'l=t1L~L'Vlf.J-:l1~~lJ.J •• X ..l~".•• ~ ,~~..l

"''U-:lL'il'Vl1~n''lm1~'Vl'U31'UVlL~L1f.J'UUI-:lLL(;l'll'UuVl2"Lvhir'U ~-:lfl'J1"l~1~ijn11at:llJm~fl'J1~iii~L ~'U'llt:l-:l

..., 4 .J<ICII I oCII .t ~ •...'Unf'ln'l=t1Vl~(;lt:lm1L1f.J'Un11at:l'U~n'll'U1JUI~t:l~",~n~U11

I oICIIlQ..l •• 1 q ~ .J I --

L'll'U"l1ntJ~n11'J"lf.J'll'fl-:lu11CUVlL'VlL11~Vl'J1L"lUlfl(;l'II

'llt:l-:lirn~n'l=t1il 3 "';-:ln11~n'l=t1fl1fltJ!i'illin11d' I I '1 loCIIA' I I

VlEJ1lJ1~t:l1f.J1f'l1a(;lnLlJlJn~~f.Jt:lf.JL~~'ll'Um1nt:l'U, ,4 17 oQ, ..., l.r I ~ '" ~ "

m1f'ln'l=t1 tJ~n11'J"lf.JL"'~1'Uf.Jt:l~Lu'Un11m~(;l'UL'",",..J "'.... oCII 'l •...•~LnfJ'J'llt:l-:lnlJn11L1f.J'Un11at:l'UL'U",~n~ U11'VlEJ1lJ1~

.., •• ~",." .1..1 ••• ..l~"f'l1a(;l1lJCU"YlUl L~LN'U1'llt:la~ULVlt:l~1L'U'Un11VlL~

" ,_ ••• <IIl:t I CIt. IV d

"'l1nn11a~~'U1VlEJ1lJ1~f'l1a(;l1f'ln'l=t1LL"'-:I'll1(;lflNVl 2

~U-:lL"'~t:lt:l~ ~'U1~LLn n11~-:lrJ(;l~tJ1~a-:lfl''Un11

L1f.J'U111fltJ !i'illi'l ,x-n~L"l'U1~f.J'l,x,:rn~n'l=t1Lt1'U~'UU

n~1-:1n~n11'l,xirn~n'l=t1ij~'J'U1'J~'l'Un11~~n1n1f.J'U

n11at:l'Un~~1~1Li:l'Un11t:lfh-:l"l1-:1~-:lLL~~LtI'U1tJ1m~a ~.r.J ,",0,", 'V".Q,

1~f.JL1'J Vl-:l'UL'Vlt:lLt1'Un11'l",mM'l"lLL~~'l ",m1La1~

LL1~LLrhrn;ln~1lJ1'af}(;l~~n~lJl1Ltlun'l1lJ1tllJU1~L~U'II

.Of..l, ..,... .1""'-UtlJ"'1Vl'J1 fl'J1"l ~n1n 1f.J'Un11at:l'Ull1flu!)lJUI

t:lfh-:l11L~t:l'l ,x,:rn~n'l=t1i'nn11tJ!imi'Vlf.J1lJ1~ LL~~

~-:ILa1~n11L1f.J'U1t:lfh-:lLLV1"l1-:1LL~~U-:ILt1'Un11a'U'fJ-:I'II

~ CIt. •••• .,J" I-

LL'U'J'ULf.JlJ1f.J'llt:l-:l~"'1'JVlf.J1~f.JVlL'U'U'J1n"lm1~n11-=t,CV •••• Q ~.r .J cv cv "'J"lf.JnlJn"ln11~m1at:l'U'U'ULnt:lf;]~'ll-:ln'ULL~~n'UL'U'U

d' ",J'1 ".- .Q, •••••

n11tJa~tJa1'Ut:l-:lflfl'J1~~VlL~"l1nn"ln11~n11'J"lf.J"'llt:l-:lt:l1"l11U~-:I~m1L1f.J'Um1at:l'U~-:l1~~lJ1HnIru1U11

'II .~ w•••• Q •• .t ~.4 _tr I ..J

LL~~lJCU"YlUlf'ln'l=t1'8Vl'l'UL'Vlt:lL1J1"'~1f.Jm1~-:I~fl'J1~

Lt1'UL~f'l'l'UVl1-:1~'lI1m1'llt:l-:l~"'1~Vlf.J1;f.J

.. .. ..•"l'U(;l'U1~'U'Vl'U~mn1f.J'Um1at:l'UVl1-:1'VlEJ1lJ1~-

f'l1aUlf flCU~fl,f'l1aUlf ,Yf1~-:ln1CU~"'1~Vlf.J1;f.J,

2527: 20

2 ~f'l'U1 lltlJVlt:l-:l, (lJ11CU1fin11) 11f.J-:I1'Un11

tJ1~~~~'lI1n1n1t:l-:l n11~-:lLa1~~CUll1'Vln11

tJ!imin11'Vlf.J1lJ1~ n~-:ILVl'Vl"1 : L1t:l'ULLn'J.. ..m1'Vl~'Vl, 2526: 107-8

3 Harkness Hood G,Dincher JR. Total patient

care : Foundations and practice of adult

health nursing. 8th ed. St. Louis : Mobby

Year Book, 1992: 10,18_tv ••• ell •• fI' IV q <l1:li q

4 ~Vlti1(;l'U'Vl~'Vl'Vl-:l~Vlf'l'U111tlJVlt:l-:l'JL'lIf.J1Vl'J~111QQ.I 4 ClIo '" 0 r:t

11f.J-:l1'Un11'J"lf.JL1t:l-:ln11(;l~(;l1~tJ~~a1L1"ln11.cI cv __ •...• Q

f'ln'l=t1"'~ naU11'JVlEJ1f'l1aU11lJCU"Yl(;lfl CU~Vlf.J1lJ1~-'II

d' _ cv oICIIl

f'l1a(;l1 ~"'1'JVlEJ1~f.J~"'~~,2527: 28

5 ~"'1~VlEJ1;f.J~~~~ 11f.J-:l1'Un11i~~'U1'VlEJ1lJ1~"'dE I _ ~.J ~ - •..

f'l1~(;l1f'ln'l=t1LL"'-:I'lI1U1flNVl1 n,-:lLVl'Vl"1: LN'Vl~'Vl, ..,-:lL1t:l-:ln1~, 2530: 48

6 ~ha1 m"'-:lm,t:l-:l 'il1'J11CU 1'Vlif'l1 a~iii~

1'Vli'll'U~~'Ui tJ11cU lj1'VlL11~ tJ~i~'lVli'llt:l-:l

m1~~ 'l ,xirn~n'l=t1'VlEJ1lJ1M1aUl1ucu-n(;l.f'Uil~2

tI n tJ!i u~n"lm 1~ 'Vlf.J1lJ1~'l 'U,xt:l-:ltJ!i u~n11'VlEJ1lJ1~LLVl'Un11t1nlJ'U"''fJ~tbf.Jm1tJ1~~~~'U~

J NURS (Mahidol Univ) Vol 75 No 2 (7991)

•• .1. ~ ~ ,J •.'J'll1m1u1::"'1u flN'Vl 35 flCU::LLV'l'VltJf'l1~lJl1

M11'llV'ltJ1tJ1fl~~1~'VltJ1itJ~~~fl, 2538: 405-18

7 ~'lfl~1 m~~m,tl~ 1lij'J11CU1V'l'if'l1 tJ"'~V'l1

~111~lJl11.111~IilViV'lu~",::rlJl1J LmtJ1JLVitJtJm1

~~i1J~tJn",n,-1~V'ltJ1tJ1fl 20 n",n,-nJLLfl::

';11J'J1Jflf~~fl';)1~n1.1li~ lJl1~fl'J1'-Ji'1~L~1J'lJtl~

tl1 "'11UV'ltJ1tJ1fl ntJfl 'J1'-J~tl~n11~ n1.1li~ 'lJtl~

un;imi1 m11.11::1'-J~'ll1m1~~1fl'-J;\ttULfhCllCIl ~ .J •...

V'ltJ1tJ1flf'ln1'll flN'Vl 8 n,~L'VlV'l"1: ~mtJ1J.., ••• 4'"

V'l1JJ.l1J1n11~1fi11CU~'lJtl1L'lltJ1J ~~1'J'VltJ1fltJ

'-J~~fl, 2536: 145-52

8 ~'lfl~1 m~~m,tl~ 1.111tUitV'lL11:: ~'-Ji'1~

1V'l'i'll1J::~1J(1lij'J11CU1V'l'if'l1 fl'J1'-J~tl~m1m1ClI ~ .., «I

L1tJ1Jm1~tl1JUfl:: ~tl m~'lJ tl..:J1Jnf'lmi1V'ltJ1tJ1fl

f'l1~lJll1jCU.;jlJl.f1Jn~3 l1Jm1~n1.1limin"'n11'-J

V'ltJ1tJ1fl 20 n",n,-1~tJ1J~tl~thtJ 'J11~11

~~1~'VltJ1~tJ~~~fl2537; 1(2): 122-32

9 1.11::fltl~ n11CU~lJl ~ti~h~tln11~~tJ'Vl1..:J

V'ln~n1nJf'l1~lJlf nNL'VlV'l"1: ti1unyj~vl",l11-"I , ,

fl..:Jn1CU'-J~1~'VltJ1~tJ,2535: 88-9ClI ClI Q ClI tI' '" ff'

10 fP~ 1]1'll1, '-J1fl Lflf'l'-J1fl'J~f'l, LtJ1'Jfln'liCU.q -"I'" .cal ..,

Lfl1~::"'1J~1,'J~fl fl~'J11CU,V'lncu'J~ ~fi'JIJJ.l1J::,4 ••••. tI' Q, •••••

,"'L1f'l fi\f"~'Ii 'J"'tJ'Vl1~m1V'ltJ1tJ1fln,~L'VlV'l"1:ell .., .....caI tI' tI' 0 ..,

tJ1'1i'Vl'JfllJltl1LV'l1L'Jtl1V'ltltJ'Vl"'1n~, 2532: 285-90

11 ~~'-JV'l1"'1).J1).J11J'lfl~LLfl'Jf : m1'Vl~~tltJ'Vl1..:J~ti~..~ .J.... Q ~

nNL'VlV'l"1: ~",n. n1J1JV'ltJtJfl'll'll~2535 : 70-2,Q'" QoI:Irt.Q" X '"

12 ~).J"'lJl 'J1JJ.l1J1'lltJ11Jfl~tllJl';)Lfl11::~LtJtl~lJl1J

n,~L'VlV'l"1: h~yj).JvlLLfl::vh1.1m"'1tlJtJfl,2532:

142-50

" "n,..:JL'VlV'l"1: lJl1Jtltl,2534: 92

14 ).J~1~'VltJ1itJ).J~~fl 11tJ~11Jm1i).J).J1J1~'ll1m1

L~tl..:J m1~~m1L1tJ1Jm1~tl1JL yjtlm11.1li~.. .. ..,V'ltJ1tJ1fl flCU::'V'ltJ1tJ1flf'l1~lJl1).J~1'J'VltJ1fltJ

).J~~fl, 2524: 26, 32, 75

89

15 ~L;jtJ1 'Vlijfl111 (tJ11CU1fim1) 11tJ~11Jm1.1 •• ..4 ".'1u1::~).J'J'll1mn1tl~ m1~tl1JtJ1J~tl~u'JtJ flCU::

•• Q •••• oI:Irt.

V'ltJ1tJ1flf'l1~lJl1).J~1'J'VltJ1fltJ).J~~fl,2524: 58

16 ~~1~'VltJ1itJ).J~~fl Ltln~111.11::ntltJm1i).J).J'U1" ,•...dI: I Q ••••• ClI

V'ltJ1tJ1flf'l1~lJl1f'ln'li1LL~~'ll1lJlflN'Vl 2 n,~L'VlV'l"1:~ oI:Irt. •••• .cI

~NV'l'-J'V'l,~L1tl~fin).J,2536: 72, 81-2.1 •• ~ 04 .., 04

17 u11CU VJ~V'lL11:: m1f'ln'li1tJflm1",~m1f'ln'li1

111fl1.1limim 1V'ltJ1tJ1fltl1~1f'l1~lJlfLLtJtJn~).JrJtltJI " .., Q"'" ••

lJltlfl'J1'-Ji 'Vln'li:: LLfl::L"'lJlfllJl'lJtl~'Unf'ln'li1flCU::••• Q •••• Q

V'ltJ1tJ1flf'l1~lJl1 ).J~1'J'VltJ1fltJ).J~~fl'J11~11

V'ltJ1tJ1flf'l1~lJlf2537; 12 (4): 81-2.1 •• 'I •• •• ..,,J''l''

18 u1::L~13 ~f'll1ru ).J~~fl : ).J~1'J'VltJ1fltJ'Vl~~~'llq.., 0 CII •• •.•••

m1'J"'tJ1J1m1L1tJ'Um1~tl'U'J11~11).J~1'J'VltJ1fltJ

~~~fl 2539; 3 (2): 100-1