Myers for AP Unit 6Learning

What is Learning?

Do Now: Handout 6-2How would you define learning?Hilgard and Bower definition of learning:

Learning refers to the relatively permanent change in a person’s behavior to a given situation brought about by his

[or her] repeated experiences in that situation, provided that the behavior

change cannot be explained on the basis of native response tendencies, maturation, or temporary states of the person or other

animal (e.g., fatigue, drugs, etc.).

Key Terms

Learning Habituation Associative learning Classical conditioning Behaviorism Neutral stimulus Unconditioned

response (UR) Unconditioned

stimulus (US) Conditioned response

(CR) Conditioned stimulus

(CS)

Acquisition Higher-order

conditioning Extinction Spontaneous

recovery Generalization Discrimination Learned

helplessness Respondent

behavior Operant

conditioning Operant behavior

Law of effect Operant chamber Shaping Discriminative

stimulus Reinforcer Positive

reinforcement Negative

reinforcement Primary reinforcer Conditioned

reinforcer Continuous

reinforcement Partial reinforcement Fixed-ratio schedule Variable-ratio

schedule

Fixed-interval schedule

Variable-interval schedule

Punishment Cognitive map Latent learning Insight Intrinsic motivation Extrinsic

motivation biofeedback Observational

learning Modeling Mirror neurons Prosocial behavior

Key People

Little AlbertAlbert BanduraEdward DeciJohn GarciaIvan PavlovRosalie RaynerRobert RescorlaGiacomo

Rizzolatti

Richard RyanMartin

SeligmanB.F. SkinnerEdward L.

ThorndikeEdward Chase

TolmanAllan WagnerJohn Watson

Do Now:

Listen to the music and write down how it makes you feel.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZDcrMScGaj8

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrEvK-tv5OI

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7acI5z9vyok

Discuss.

Classical Conditioning Basics

Classical Conditioning

Scenario:Pavlov’s dogs:US = food in mouthUR = salivationNS = Tone (bell)NS + US = URCS = CR

The Classic Pavlov Example

CC Examples?

What classical conditioning scenarios can you think of?

Worth Video: Classical ConditioningIf the aroma of a cake baking gets your

mouth watering, what is the US, the CS, The CR?

If the cat comes running when she hears a can opener, what is the US, the CS, the CR?

Are you classically conditioned by your phone? Other items?

Learned helplessness activityLearned helpless is usually only talked about

in terms of learning.How does it apply socially?

◦ Dating◦ Compromising your morals once◦ Girls have cultural pressure to be quiet and not to

be angry◦ Becoming victimized and failing to stand up◦ Tendency to close down and not try new

approaches when we fail.

Show Operant Conditioning VideoShow Learning video

Classical vs. Operant Conditioning

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H6LEcM0E0io

http://www.youtube.com/user/Prudential?v=sT7fbayfNBU

Is the second video an example of Operant or Classical conditioning?

Can you think of examples like this in your own childhood? In your life now?

Boo-Hiss!

We need three volunteers!Thank you!!! Please wait outside!We need three separate behaviors for our

three participants to doCheersBoosCheers and BoosDiscussion: What did we do? Which approach worked best?What if we had used punishment?

Reinforcement & Punishment

Reinforcement vs. Punishment

Operant Conditioning

Primary reinforcers – unlearnedSecondary reinforcers – learned and

associated with primaryKnow reinforcement schedules:

◦Fixed-ratio◦Variable-ratio◦Fixed-interval◦Variable-interval◦Hint: Intervals involve time; ratios involve

behaviorWhat are some examples of each?

Delayed Gratification

Do now: ◦What types of real-world rewards occur on

a delayed schedule?◦Does the media encourage people to

delay gratification? Why or why not?◦Grades: Do you get a grade for every

assignment you turn in in every class? If not, how do you feel if a teacher doesn’t grade everything?

◦Handout 6-4◦Discussion

For Review: p. 241 in book

Gotta knows…

What is a cognitive map?What is insight learning?What are some of the dangers of

extrinsic motivation?How do biological predispositions

affect both C & O Conditioning?What is instinctive drift?

Do now:

What examples of Operant Conditioning can you think of…

At schoolIn sportsAt workFor self-improvement

Oddly Interesting

Los Horcones (www.loshorcones.org)

Twin Oaks (www.twinoaks.org)How is superstitious behavior

conditioned?

Monkey See, Monkey Do

Know:◦Observational learning (Bandura video)◦Modeling◦Mirror neurons (Rizzolatti) (video)◦Role models? Who are yours?◦Children learn what they live◦Do as I say, not as I do??? (video)◦Violence-viewing effect (video games)