MYCSI- Specification for Prefabricated Cold-Formed Steel Roof …mycsi.org.my/Downloads/MyCSI-SpecsForPCFS-Final_Rev5.pdf · 2018-04-15 · MYCSI- Specification for Prefabricated

MYCSI- Specification for Prefabricated Cold-Formed Steel Roof Trusses

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Published by

Malaysia Cold-formed Steel Institute (MyCSI)

c/o School of Engineering & Science,

Curtin University Sarawak Malaysia,

CDT 250,

98009, Miri, Sarawak Malaysia

Phone: 60 85 443939 ext 3303

Email: [email protected]

Copyright © 2016 MyCSI and editor.

All rights reserved

This Specification, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means,

electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and

retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher.

Disclaimer The information presented by Malaysia Cold-formed Steel Institute (MyCSI) in this publication

has been prepared for general information only and does not in any way constitute

recommendations or professional advice. While every effort has been made and all reasonable

care taken to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication, this information

should not be used or relied upon for any specific application without investigation and

verification as to its accuracy, suitability and applicability by a competent professional person in

this regard. The MyCSI, members and the publishers, authors and editors of this publication do

not give any warranties or make any representations in relation to the information provided herein

and to the extent permitted by law (a) will not be held liable or responsible in any way; and (b)

expressly disclaim any liability or responsibility for any loss or damage costs or expenses incurred

in connection with this publication by any person, whether that person is the purchaser of this

publication or not. Without limitation, this includes loss, damage, costs and expenses incurred as a

result of the negligence of the authors, editors or publishers. The information in this publication

should not be relied upon as a substitute for independent due diligence, professional or legal

advice and in this regards the services of a competent professional person or persons should be

sought.

Cover design Jaclyn Wee

ISBN: 978-983-44176-6-6

Printer: KTH PRINTING SDN BHD (372930-X) No. 282-283, Jalan KIP 3, Taman Perindustrian KIP, Sri Damansara, Kepong, 52200 Kuala Lumpur.


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PREFACE

The construction of cold-formed steel roof trusses has been widely used in Malaysia promoted

under the implementation of Industrialized Building System (IBS) championed by Construction

Industry Development Board (CIDB).

The objective of this Specification is to provide a basis for the prefabricated cold-formed steel

roof truss and to ensure establish minimum design, material application and quality assurance in

delivering this product. Whereas, Construction Guidelines is written to provide Guidelines for

good construction practice in delivering this product.

Both documents compliment the JKR’s SPECIFICATION PRE FABRICATED COLD

FORMED STEEL ROOF TRUSSES and also fill the knowledge gaps in cold-formed steel

industry at Malaysia. These documents were written for all prefabricated cold-formed steel roof

trusses for, but not limited to residential; agricultural; institutional; commercial or buildings for

temporary purpose. It can be adopted and used by developers, building professionals and

members in this cold-formed steel industry.

The salient features of this Specification are:

Adopting a simple method in measuring minimum section requirements in enhancing and

ensuring minimum quality is attained.

The basic design requirements such as loading and reference codes or standards are also

detailed.

Detailed documentation requirements.

I am in debt to the technical committee members and reviewers for their contributions and

support to these two documents. We trust that these two documents will be widely adopted as the

Specification for the Prefabricated Cold-formed Steel Roof Truss and Industry’s guideline.

Mei Chee Chiang

President


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SPECIFICATION FOR

PREFABRICATED COLD-FORMED STEEL ROOF TRUSSES


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CONTENTS PAGES

1.0 DEFINITIONS 5

2.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 7

3.0 MATERIALS, QUALITY ASSURANCE AND CONTROL 9

4.0 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 13

5.0 DETAILING AND DRAWINGS 16

6.0 WARRANTY AND AS-BUILD DRAWINGS 18

REFERENCES 20

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 21


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1.0 DEFINITIONS

1.1. MyCSI

Malaysia Cold-formed Steel Institute

1.2 System Provider (SP)

A supplier of a proprietary roofing system, who is a corporate member of MyCSI,

employing Quality Assurance procedures in the design, detailing, connection,

manufacture bracing and erection criteria for the structural roofing system

provided. The System Provider shall guarantee the due performance of the entire

roof truss system.

1.3 Superintending Officer (SO)

The highest commanding officer as defined in the Contract.

1.4 Contractor

The main contractor defined under the Contract of works, and of which who

undertake the obligations for the work under the Contract.

1.5 Fabricator

A licensed supplier of an approved System Provider, who assembles the structural

and assembly details, which include the truss to truss details, bracing, tie-down,

erection, lifting instructions in addition to producing and installing the roofing

system in a manner approved by the System Provider.

1.6 Installer

Trained personnel appointed by the System Provider or fabricator to assemble,

erect and install the System Provider’s proprietary roofing system.

1.7 Professional Engineer (PE)

An appointed Professional Engineer by System Provider, who has a valid

registration with the Board of Engineers, Malaysia (BEM) and is allowed to

practice in the registered field.


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1.8 Construction Drawing

Drawing or set of drawings approved by the Professional Engineer representing

the design principle and parameter. The drawings hold adequate information to

produce fabrication drawings, and shall also contain adequate information on

work to be done in the construction of all or a portion of the building structure.

1.9 Fabrication Drawing

Drawing or set of drawings produced by the fabricator. The fabrication drawing is

verified by the Professional Engineer to explain the fabrication and/ or installation

to the installation team. The fabrication drawing shows more details than the

construction drawings but shall not modify the design principle and technical

specification stipulated in the construction drawings.

1.10 As-built Drawing

Revised set of drawings submitted by System Provider to the contractor showing

dimensions, geometry and location of elements of the work completed under a

contract. It shall reflect all changes made to the specifications and construction

drawings during the construction process solely due to the construction or

installation limitation or constraint.

1.11 Warranty

The warranty provided by the System Provider for their design, supply and

installation of the proprietary cold formed steel framing system. Joint warranty

where fabricator and system provider is to provide a system warranty shall be

subject to terms & conditions in the supply.


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2.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

2.1 General Truss Limitations

This specification is intended to apply to cold-formed steel roof trusses within the

following general limitations:

i) Maximum allowable unsupported truss span is up to 21m, and any truss

exceeding this value shall be considered as long span truss (refer to Clause

2.5).

ii) Maximum truss spacing and roof verge/eaves (outrigger) cantilever span

shall be governed by the batten/ purlin size.

iii) The truss chords shall be at a minimum base steel thickness of 0.75mm.

Minimum base steel thickness shall be 0.6mm for the web of the truss

members and for the battens, a minimum of 0.48mm BMT applies.

iv) Minimum dimensions for main truss element:

Web, D = 75mm

Flange, B = 0.4D

Lip, L = 0.2B

v) Minimum size for roof battens:

Depth, D = 35mm

Breadth, B = 20mm

Lip, L = 10mm

2.2 Fabricator

All SP trusses shall only be assembled by licensed fabricators approved by the SP

and registered with Malaysia Construction Industries Development Board

(CIDB). A copy of CIDB registration certificate shall be submitted to SO for

verification.


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2.3 Installer

Qualified personnel with valid certificate issued by CIDB shall execute and

supervise all fabrication and installation works. The SO shall verify the

identification and qualification of the Installer prior to installation. All roofing

system shall have loading, assembly, stacking, lifting, bracing, tie-down and

battening, and truss-to-truss connections endorsed by the SP and erected by

trained personnel.

2.4 Long Span Trusses

For trusses more than 21 meters, the SO shall ensure that the long span truss be

analyzed and designed using licensed generic software with loading, assembly,

stacking, lifting, bracing, tie-down and battening, and truss to truss connections,

verified by the PE and erected by trained and competent erection teams endorsed

by the SP.

2.5 Duties of PE

The PE shall involve and certify the following delivery process of truss system:

i) Preparation of analysis and design

ii) Preparation of drawings

iii) Certification for roof truss design, on-site inspection and installation

completion.

2.6 Fire Protection

Unless otherwise indicated in the drawings, all fire protection materials and

systems must show evidence that they have been subjected to the fire resistance

test in accordance with Bomba Class “O” or other approved equivalent standards.

The SP shall ensure that the system proposed are in compliance with the fire

resistance requirements mentioned in the Uniform Building By-Laws. This

compliance shall be certified by an independent PE. The SP shall then obtain

endorsement from the Jabatan Bomba dan Penyelamat Malaysia and provide a

copy of valid endorsed certification through the Contractor to the SO. BS476

subject to be reviewed.


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3.0 MATERIALS, QUALITY ASSURANCE AND CONTROL

3.1 Quality Assurance Program

The Contractor shall submit to the SO a program on Quality Assurance on the

roof truss fabrication, handling, storage, transportation and installation. The

program shall indicate the nature, the frequency and the schedule of all

compliance and verification tests to be carried out by Contractor. Details of

independent testing such as the frequencies and types of tests are in the

Construction Guidelines Document.

3.2 Material and Testing

3.2.1 Steel Requirement

i) Base Steel Specification

Steel grade used for the roof truss system shall conform to

structural–quality steel in MS1196:2004. For steel with a base steel

thickness of less than or equal to 1.2mm, the steel grade shall have

minimum lower yield stress of 550MPa. For steel with a base steel

thickness of greater than 1.2mm, the steel grade shall have

minimum lower yield stress of 450 MPa. Where steel grade is not

specified in MS1196:2004, the grade shall conform to AS

1397:2011.

ii) Coating Specification

Minimum coating mass of base steel on each surface shall be in

accordance to AS1397:2011 / MS1196:2004. When the base steel

thickness exceeds 1.2mm, the steel shall be hot-dipped galvanized

with a zinc coating conforming to class Z275. For base steel

thickness less than or equal to 1.2mm, the minimum coating

classes shall be Z200 or AZ100.

Where truss system constructed in area with outdoor atmospheric

environment to ISO 9223 is classified under the corrosivity

category, C3 (medium corrosivity), then the coating mass of base

steel shall conform to the minimum of anti-corrosion performance

of Z450 or AZ150.


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3.2.2 Fastener Requirement

i) Specification

All requirements for fasteners shall comply with AS 3566.1-2002

for self-drilling screw or BS EN 14399-1 for bolt and shall be of a

gauge and length recommended by the SP. The usage of rubber

washer shall not be allowed on a permanent basis.

For self-drilling screw, coarse thread fasteners (up to 16 threads

per inch) shall be used for fastening steel up to 2.4mm thick. Fine

thread fasteners (more than 16 threads per inch) shall be used for

fastening thicker steel sections where the thickness between

2.4mm-3.2mm. There shall be a minimum number of 3 screws per

connection. The minimum size of screws shall be #10 for batten

and #10 for truss.

Self-drilling screws for fixing to timber with hexagon washer-

heads shall be able to penetrate steel of 0.48mm thickness of grade

G550 to AS 1397:2011. The full form threads shall extend close to

the head.

ii) Coating

All fasteners; self-drilling screw, bolt, etc, used in roof truss

construction shall be coated by hot-dip galvanizing, sherardizing or

other suitable treatment against corrosion and shall comply with

minimum Class 2 corrosion resistances to Table 2, AS 3566.2-

2002.

Where truss system constructed in area with the outdoor

atmospheric environment to ISO 9223 is classified under the

corrosivity category, C3 (medium corrosivity), then the coating

shall comply with the followings: Subject to review on specific

condition for C3 category stated in ISO 9223.

Coating Special

Coating

Class 3 Class 2

Distance from

corrosive

environment, d

< 400m 400m < d < 2 km d > 2km


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3.2.3 Anchor Requirement

i) Specification

a. All anchors in which all the metal parts directly anchored in

the concrete and designed to transmit the applied loads

including uplift load are made of carbon steel or stainless

steel. The anchors shall be placed into drilled holes in

concrete and anchored by expansion. The types of anchor

installation shall be approved by SO. The anchor properties

shall be approved by SO. The anchor properties shall be

based on design requirements with a minimum outer

diameter of 12mm including sleeves, and a minimum of

100mm length.

b. Anchor shall be torque controlled expansion stud anchor.

c. The anchor shall come with a head marking to allow

identification/verification of anchorage depth after setting.

d. The anchor shall be carbon steel and manufactured/formed

accordance to BS-EN 102269 cold-formed steel with

minimum coating of 5 micron meter galvanized accordance

to EN ISO 4042 or equivalent.

e. The anchor should fulfill the requirement for mechanical

resistance and stability and safety

f. The anchor installation shall in accordance with the

manufacturer’s specifications/ drawings and using

appropriate tools, submission of method statement from

manufacturer is required.

3.2.4 Mill Certificate and Test Report

i) Base Steel

The SP shall provide record of material supplied and mill test

certificates from material suppliers confirming the material grade

and strength.

ii) Fastener

The SP shall submit technical specification from the fastener

manufacturer confirming the dimension compliance, strength and

coating properties of fastener to standard.


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iii) Anchor

The SP shall submit technical specification from the fastener

manufacturer confirming the dimension compliance, strength and

coating properties of fastener to standard.

3.3 Independent testing

The SO may call for independent testing on a project-to-project basis, and the

Contractor shall be fully responsible to carry out such tests and to forward a copy

of such test results together with its status jointly certified by the SP for the SO’s

acceptance and approval.


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4.0 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

All members and connections must be designed to withstand their design actions.

4.1 Design Standards

The design standard of steel truss members, bracings, connections and truss

accessories shall be in accordance to the following alternative principal standards:

a. British Standard

(BS 5950-5-1998, BS 6399-2-1997)

b. Australian Standard

(AS/NZS 4600:2005, AS1170-1:2002, AS 1170-2:2011, AS 3623:1993)

c. American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI Standard)

(AISI S100-12)

The standards used in a particular project shall be consistent and all normative or

indispensable standards to the principal standard shall be read in conjunction with

the adopted principal standard.

The value, symbols, description or performance from the standards cited by

clauses, tables or appendices in this specification shall be deemed to include the

value, symbols, description or performance to such standard as amended, revised,

supplemented, varied or replaced from time to time by the publisher.

4.2 Design Data

Load combinations shall be clearly itemized and identified to enable design

checking to be carried out upon the most adverse conditions. All loads shall be

clearly itemized as below:

4.2.1 Dead Load

Dead load shall be computed and shall include the self-weight of the roof

structure; roofing, insulation and whatever may be the roof build up

system that may be specified by the Contract.

4.2.2 Imposed Dead Load

Imposed dead load shall be evaluated based on the elements that may be

supported by the roof truss. These loads may include, but not limited to,

M&E services and architectural items. Minimum allowable imposed dead

load shall be 0.15kPa.


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4.2.3 Live Load

The minimum value of live load shall be at (1.8/A+0.12) but not less than

0.25kPa, computed as per BS6399 imposed load or AS1170 imposed

action and or by Malaysian Uniform Building By-Law, whichever

standard adopted.

4.2.4 Wind Load

Derivation of wind load shall be based on either AS1170, BS6399: Part 2

standards or MS1553:2002. The minimum regional wind speed, Vr shall

be 33.5m/s (if by MS code) and minimum basic wind speed, Vb shall be

19m/s (if by BS code).

4.3 Additional Design Consideration

This specification excludes considerations of water tanks support and any other

concentrated load in excess of 0.9kN. The SP shall be notified on any additional

load that is above the design load consideration. As and when required, upon

notification by SO or Contractor, the roof trusses shall be designed to take into

account of the following requirements:

4.3.1 Ceiling

In the case, where roof trusses are designed at centers which do not suit or

facilitate the fixing of ceiling, the design shall consider inclusion of

additional bearers, tie beam, ceiling joist, etc if there is a request from the

SO to facilitate the ceiling panels by the Contractor.

4.3.2 Architectural Features

The SP shall also consider in his design the suitability of cold-formed roof

trusses with architectural features requirements if any, such as exposed

roof trusses, cantilever overhang, shape of trusses and height of trusses.

4.3.3 Roof Coverings

The SP shall consider the type of roof coverings system to be used. In the

case of shingle roof installation if any, the SP shall consider and facilitate

the fixing of shingles.

4.3.4 M&E Services

The SP shall indicate on the drawing that M&E services if any, shall be

installed using strap fixed on chord member that is designed to support the

said loading which shall be advised by the Contractor.


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4.3.5 Water Tank

Water tank shall not be placed on roof trusses and shall be supported

independently. The SP should be advised by the Contractor on the location

of water tank and supporting beams during preliminary design works to

allow provisions for truss openings in the truss section drawings.

4.3.6 Non-Load Bearing Wall

Non-load bearing wall shall not be considered as a support to truss system

in design.

4.4 Design Limitations

Deflection limits shall be applicable. The deflection limit adopted should comply

with the principal standards used in the truss design. The deflection of the

member should not be more than 13mm and the maximum deflection subjected to

permanent load should be less than or equal to span over 250.


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5.0 DETAILING AND DRAWINGS

5.1 Design Submissions

Analysis, design calculations and drawings shall be submitted to the SO prior to

the commencement of work. The design submission shall clearly specify the size,

length, base metal thickness and grade of steel. The calculations and drawing

details shall be duly signed by SP and certified by an independent PE, subject to

project requirements.

5.2 Analysis

The truss analysis report shall include the followings:

i) Derivation of loadings

ii) Configuration of truss (member sizes, lengths and angles)

iii) Combination of itemized loadings

iv) Magnitude and direction of reaction forces at the supports

v) Shear force and bending moment diagrams and deflection

vi) Design checking

5.3 Drawings

5.3.1 Layout drawings

Plan view of all trusses together with ties and bracing shall be indicated in

the layout drawings. The drawings shall identify the number of the truss or

member and the wind loading for which it has been designed.

5.3.2 Design Detail Drawings

The design detail drawings shall clearly indicate the following:

i) Shape of member and truss

ii) Span, spacing, pitch and overhang

iii) Bracing on truss

iv) Bottom chord restraints

v) Under purlin or nogging detail

Each truss shall be clearly drawn on a separate drawing that clearly

itemizes all member sizes, grade, lengths, angles, connector sizes,

orientations and positions.

The recommended method for each of these items is provided in in the

Construction Guidelines Document to avoid secondary stresses or

curvature being introduced to the members after assembly and prior to

installation.


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5.3.3 Bracing

To specify the type of bracing and the connection details at the apex, top

plate splice and the standard connection details, bracing layout drawing

shall be provided for the total roof structure. These connection details shall

be shown in the drawings and at the positions on the roof structure. Where

bracings are provided at different planes on the roof system, then such

bracing details shall be clearly shown in the drawings.

5.3.4 Connection

The connection method and fixing type of each member-to-member or

truss-to-truss connection shall be clearly detailed to enable checking,

installation and inspection. Each truss to truss connection shall be shown

in isolation and in combination with the total roof structure. Details of

connecting plate shall be included.

5.3.5 Roof battens

Roof battens, wherever applicable, shall be indicated in size and thickness.

The spacing of the battens on the top chord or rafter shall be indicated and

they shall be fastened with minimum 10-16x16 hex or wafer head self-

drilling tek screws.

5.3.6 Tie-Down

Tie down of truss or rafter and ceiling joist shall be indicated with

appropriate metal fixing type and its numbers together with the number

and placement of fasteners. The fasteners or anchor bolts diameter, length

and coatings, if any shall also be specified.


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6.0 WARRANTY AND AS-BUILD DRAWINGS

6.1 Prior to manufacture of the proposed roof truss system, the SP through the

contractor shall provide copies of the truss analysis and design reports,

construction drawing and quality assurance program, together with the particulars

of the Fabricator, Installer and PE including valid licenses or other certificates to

the SO for his approval.

Where possible, a copy of the SP’s current ISO 9002 accreditation certificate

issued by a Malaysian approved and accredited body shall also be submitted as

per the project official’s requirement.

6.2 The SP shall propose to the SO a roof truss system which is safe, functional and

conforming to design standard. Prior to fabrication of the roof truss system, the

Contractor shall submit to the SO copies of the analysis, design reports and

construction drawings, duly signed by the SP and certified by a PE.

The truss analysis shall indicate all loads, load combinations, connections,

criteria, bracings and tie-downs of the truss. Design output of the truss members,

battens, connections, tie-downs, anchors, bracings, truss accessories, splicing and

stiffeners whereby related to the analysis shall be included in the design report.

All details in the construction drawing shall be sufficient as such to enable

checking against the analysis and design report, by specifying and providing not

limited to; the truss layout and configuration, steel grades, section properties of

members, length of members in each truss configuration, properties of truss

accessories, specification of corrosion protection, specification of fasteners and

anchors, tie-down and anchoring details and all type of connection details

including the connection of all attachments to the trusses.

The SO shall reserve the right to reject any of these system if found to be

unsuitable. The Contractor shall be responsible to obtain a written approval from

the SO prior to the commencement of work of the roof truss systems.

6.3 All roof truss components shall be manufactured and/ or supplied by SP with a

valid corporate membership of MyCSI only.

6.4 Prior to the completion of the defect liability period, the SP shall inspect and

certify that all the bolted connections have been checked for tensioning, corrosion

protection and any inadequacies rectified.


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6.5 After completion of the roof truss system installation and final joint site

inspection prior to roof covering installation, and prior to the issuance of the CPC,

the Contractor shall submit the following documents to the SO for information

and record:

i) System Provider’s Warranty against any defects or damages which may

arise during a period of ten (10) years from the Date of Practical

Completion of Works due to any defect, fault or insufficiency in design,

materials or workmanship or against any other failure which an

experienced Contractor may reasonably contemplate but shall not include

normal replacement and maintenance.

ii) Certification that the steel sections and fasteners conform to the relevant

standards and are protected against corrosion.

iii) Certification that the correct steel grades were used in the fabrication of

roof structure by including a copy of the mill test certificate for the steel

used in the truss system.

iv) Copies of as build drawings of the roof truss system signed by the SP and

certified by a PE as requested.

v) Verification tests certificate from an approved accredited laboratory/

universities on the technical parameter specified in the technical

specifications or mill certificates shall be submitted upon request by the

SO.


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REFERENCES

1. JKR20601-0186-11 : SPECIFICATION PRE-FABRICATED COLD FORMED

STEEL ROOF TRUSSES (JKR, MALAYSIA)

2. ISO 9002:1987 : MODEL FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE IN PRODUCTION,

INSTALLATION AND SERVICING

3. ISO 9223 : CORROSION OF METALS AND ALLOYS –

CORROSIVITY OF ATMOSPHERES – CLASSIFICATION,

DETERMINATION AND ESTIMATION

4. UBBL 1984 : UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAWS 1984- LAWS FOR

MALAYSIA

5. SIRIM : STANDARD AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE

OF MALAYSIA

5. AISI S100-12 : AMERICAN IRON AND STEEL INSTITUTE/

COMMITTEE ON SPECIFICATION/ NORTH AMERICAN

SPECIFICATION 2012

Malaysian Standards

MS 1196:2004 : CONTINOUS HOT-DIP ALUMINIUM/ZINCCOATED

STEEL SHEET OF COMMERCIAL, DRAWING AND

STRUCTURAL QUALITIES (FIRST REVISION)

MS 740:1981 : SPECIFICATION FOR HOT-DIP GALVANIZED

COATINGS ON IRON AND STEEL ARTICLES

Australian Standards

AS 1170.1:2002 : SAA LOADING CODE PART 1 – PERMANENT,

IMPOSED AND OTHER ACTIONS

(SAA : STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA)

AS 1170.2:2011 : SAA LOADING CODE PART 2 – WIND ACTIONS

(SAA : STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA)

AS 1397:2011 : STEEL SHEET AND STRIP HOT DIP ZINC COATED or

ALUMINIUM / ZINC COATED

AS 3623:1993 : DOMESTIC METAL FRAMING (Australia)

British Standards

BS 476 : FIRE TEST

BS EN 14399-1 : HIGH-STRENGTH STRUCTURAL BOLTING

ASSEMBLIES FOR PRELOADING. GENERAL

REQUIREMENTS.

BS 5950-5:1998 : CODE OF PRACTICE for DESIGN OF COLD FORMED

THIN GAUGE SECTIONS (U.K.)

BS 6399-2:1997 : CODE OF PRACTICE FOR WIND LOADS (U.K.)


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The contents used in this document refer to the JKR Specification Pre-fabricated Cold Formed Steel Roof Trusses, JKR 20601-0186-11 as a source and referral. The relevant recommendations from the various references stated above are also adopted. Sincere thanks to the MyCSI committee members and international panel of reviewers for all their contributions, invaluable comments and inputs to the document. International Panel of Reviewers Mr. Andrzej Wrzesien Capital Steel Ltd. Prof. Ben Young University of Hong Kong Assoc. Prof. Chiew Sing Ping Nanyang Technological University Dr. James Lim University of Auckland Ir. Prof. Jeffrey Chiang The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia Prof. Mahen Mahendran Queensland University of Technology Ir. Prof. Mahmood Tahir Universiti Teknologi Malaysia


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