Mycological Bulletin No. 18

Mycological Society of America

Mycological Bulletin No. 18Author(s): W. A. KellermanSource: Mycological Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 18 (Jun. 25, 1904), pp. 69-72Published by: Mycological Society of AmericaStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20520988 .

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Mycological Bulletin No. I 5 W. A. Kellerman, Ph. D., Ohio State UTtiversity

Columbus, Ohio. June 25. 1904

THE ILLUSTRATIONS.-Althouigh the Mushrooms shown in this NUMBER are not the commion edible forms, they are attractive andl peculiar, and our in terest in themii need be none the less because we can not enjoy them as. eseu lents; they are however not inedible and the Phallts particularly is con sider-ed a delicacy-to be used only of course in the egg- stage. H.Jut there are other uses for plants even those of low degree and the editor being a school

master will give a little lectuLe toLLehing one phase of the subject-see next

paragraph.

ECONOMY OF NATURE.-A brief paragraph imay lenid itself to the discus sion of the group of Flingi, particuLlarly to the sap -ro-phyt'-ie foirms as factors in Nature's economv. The common plants-those which possess chlo'-ro-pAyll, as the green coloring matter is called-are independent; they take froum the air and soil inorganic matter, convert it with the aid of the light-energy that comes from the sun, into organie material out of which the vegetable fabric (and ultimately animial tissue) is built up. But the flibngL are deependent

plants; being destitute of chlo'-ro)phyll they rely for their food on living

plants or on dead organic miatter;-if the former we call them paar'- a sites, if the latter we say they are sop'-ro-phytes. Now all the Mushro)oms anid the common Bacteria are Saprophytes and their food is the organic m-atter .mainly dead wood, leaves, deacl animal miiatter, ete. Those Mushrooniss that grow out of the soil really use as food not thee miiinet al soil particles, but the

1t~~~i FIG. 64. AIY-CE' NA LEA-1-A -NA. LEA'S M C '-NTA-This deeplv salmon-tinted Mycena is one of the

most ehai ming little Agarics found in the -Nvoods and very comnmnon oii rotten logs ill the vicinity ot Columbus. It does not lose all its color in diving, and while it shi ivels much the plant is readily rec ognized in this pai-tiallv collapsed state. It will be seen mostly in the condition shown at the riglt, but the deep rich color is displayed to best advantage when the fully expanded form is encountered the figlii e at the left exhibiting this interesting phase. Ohio menmbeis of the club should know that the specifie name was given by the English mycologist Berkeley, and commemorates one of the emi

nent early botanical collectors, who lived near Cincininati, Ohio Photo from specimen collected near Columbus.

University BulletiD. Series 8 o.N26. El tered as ?Bemond Class Matter, Post-cffue at Columbus. O.



70 Mlycological Bulletin No. 18 [Fol II

organic miatter that is buried beneath the surface. Then it is evident that these plants decomipose or reconvert the dead vegetable matter, which, bear in mind, would not of itself change. Logs, stumps, twigs, old leaves, animal substanee would remain unchanged forever were not the agents of decomposi tion at hand, nam-ely, Bacteria, Mushrooms, Toadstools, etc. The products of deconY'position are the'disorganized and disintegrated organic matter; they are, in other words, the chenlical elements or the simple compounds handed back to the inorganic world for itse again as food for plants, and secondarily for animnials. The important work the saprophytes have to perform will be appreciated when we remember that the available quantity of plant food is limited and its continued restoration or replenishment is necessary to the continuance of of the higher plauts and of course indirectly to the existence of animals even including man.

THE GENUS MY-CE'-NA.-These plants are mostly small white-spored Agaries. They are very numerous and so are their near relati?s, thus even the specialist might despair of really knowing, all of them. They resemble some of the other genera very strongly anid only careful study will result in positive identification. The genus My-ce'-na is clo)sely related to Col-lyb'-i-a, says Atkinson. The plants are usually smaller, many of them being of small size; the cap is usually bell-shaped, rarely umbilicate [that is, with a sumall abrupt depression at top], but what is a more important character the miiar gin of the cap in the young stare is straight as it is applied against the stem and not at first incurved as it is in Collybia, when the gills and margin of the pileus lie against the stein. The steni iv cartilaginous as in Collybia and is usually hollow. The gills are not decurrent or only slightly so bv a tooth like process. Some of the species are apt to be confused with certain species of Oi-plIaW-li-a ini which the gills are but slightly decurrent, but in Oll/phalia the pileus is umbilicate in such species, while in Mqlceea it is blunt or um bonate. Some of those which grow on leaves miight be miistaken for species of Ma-ras'-mi-us, but in the latter the plants are of tough consistency, and

when dried will revive again if moistened. In the above manner a specialist states the case but the apparent difficulty should not bring discouragenment an abundance of material will be favorable for repeated study of common forms that are encountered.

THE PHAL'-LOIDS, OR STINK-HORN FUNGI.-It has been previously ex plained that two of the larger and important groups of Fungi are the As'-co

my-ce'-tae and the Ba-sid'-i-o-m)y-ce'-tae; the iormer havino, spores produced in an enilarged cell, called an as'-ctts, and the latter bearing the spores on ped icels growing out of an enlarged cell, called a ba-sid'-i-uem. The species of

Pe-zi'-za for example, belong to As'-co-lmy-ce'-tae; and the Puffballs, Phal loids, and A-arics are memblers of the group Ba-sid'-i-o-my-ce'-tae.

These microscopic characters might be passed by for the present or for all time, no doubt some beginners and amiateurs are inclined to think, yet our knowledge of the multitudes of Fungi will be quite imnperfect and our progress in their study much inmpeded if we do not ftully apprehend what is so funda

mental in their classificatioin. Then to proceed-The Ba-sid'-i-o-my-ce'-tae includes the two ORDERS: represented by the Puffballs and the Phalloids,

which the botanists call Gas'-ter-o-my-ce'-tae; and the Mushrooms or Agarics and their relatives designated, in botanical language, as the Hy'-men-o

my y-ce'- tae. It can be seen fromti the above where our Stink-horn Fungi or Phalloids

belonog in the Vegetable Kingdom. And to make the matter more emphatic, recur to the fact that the Gas'-ter-o-mny-ce'-tae have their spore-bearing layer of tisue (which is called the hy-mne'-ni-uin) enclosed by a wall or covering, that is, a )e-rid'-i-urn which does not rtupture before the maturity of the spores. But in case of the H y'-mnen-o-my-ce'-tae, the spore-bearing layer (hy-me'-ni-un) is borne on a free outer surface!-as seen in the "gills" in

Mushrooms, &c. The "'veil" that in -some cases covers the spore-bearing por tion of the common Mushrooms is a false pe-rid-i-um, "pseudo-peridiuln," and ruptures before the maturity of the spores.

RAVENEL'S PHALLOID.-This species is rather common, especially about old saw-dust piles and its vile odor easily identifies the Stink-horn. Stages in its developement are shown in fig. 65.



25 Juene 1904] Mycological Bulletiit No. 18 71

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Fie. 65. DIC-TY-OPW--RA RA-VH-NEL -1-l. RAVENEL'S PHuL'-LOID.-This. like other species of the Stink-horns, is onlr disgustiug in the ftltly developed statge; the "eggs" are agreeable to the palate. Caution: Never mistake a poisonous "button" of Am-a-ni-ta for onte of these eggs; a vertical section will dia&hose the specimen. The photographs were made fromi growing specimens sent from Chillicothe, Ohio, by Supt. M. E. Hard.



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Mycological Bulletin No. 18