My pre interview reading on api6a

My Reading onSpecification for Wellhead andChristmas Tree EquipmentPart 1 of 316th May 2016

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang


Wellhead Assembly


Wellhead Assembly

Wellhead Assembly


Wellhead Assembly


Wellhead Assembly


Wellhead Assembly


SME- Subject Matter Expert我们的大学,其实应该聘请这些能干的退休教授. 或许在职的砖头怕被排斥.http://cn.bing.com/videos/search?q=Walter+Lewin&FORM=HDRSC3https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiEHVhv0SBMpP75JbzJShqw

http://www.yumpu.com/zh/browse/user/charliechonghttp://issuu.com/charlieccchong

http://greekhouseoffonts.com/

The Magical Book of Tank Inspection ICP


闭门练功



Introduction

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong

Pre


Wellhead Installations

■ https://www.youtube.com/embed/z9eWHpEDRME


BOP- The Serious Mistake

■ https://www.youtube.com/embed/eOK9J0wETYo


Wellhead Installations

■ https://www.youtube.com/embed/OqJD8rJs6yI

X’mas Tree and Wellhead Equipment introductionwellhead assemblies consist of wellhead (casing head, tubing head) and Christmas tree, which are applicable for fixing the drilling well, sealing the annular space between casing and tubing, and hanging tubing string as well as adjusting the flow rate of oil/gas wellhead. Christmas tree is composed of valves and fittings, can be used in oil, gas, water-injection and acid fracture, etc.


1. Fix drilled wellhead, connect wellhead casing string, seal and control the annular of casing, suspend tubing, control wellhead pressure and adjust flow rate, also include oil into outlet pipeline, shut off oil well when necessary, and apply to acid fracturing, water injection and test service.

2. Consist of casing head, tubing head and Christmas tree.3. Apply to all kinds of casing, tubing programs and connection forms. 4. Feature reliable running, simple and convenient operating and repairing. 5. Can be equipped with (pneumatic) hydraulic safety valve.6. Working pressure: 2000～15,000PSI 7. Working medium: oil, natural gas, mud, including H2S, CO2 8. Working temperature: -46°C～121°C（Class LU）9. Material class: AA、BB、CC、DD、EE、FF 10. Specification level: PSL 1-4 11. Performance level: PR 1


1. Casing Head introductioncasing head is a kind of part connecting casings and wellheads. It provides a transition joint for the tubing head, Christmas tree and other wellheads.

1. Casing head and casing spool use standard design, and can apply to all kinds of slip and mandrel type casing hanger.

2. Straight-bore Design, 45°shoulder design with high load capacity. 3. Side Outlet Connection Form Pipeline thread side outlet. Threaded flange

side outlet design with VR plug. 4. Secondary Seal Design with multi-structure secondary seals at bottom.

Installation can be performed on spot per different structure types, injection or non-injection can achieve seal.

5. Interchangeability of Casing Hanger design with standard profile. Interchangeability between slip casing hanger and mandrel type casing hanger.

6. Connection forms between Casing Head and Surface Casing have 3 types: threaded bottom type, welded bottom type, slip bottom type. (refer to next pictures)


Main Parameters:● Working pressure: 2000-15,000PSI ● Working medium: oil, natural gas, mud etc.● Working temperature: -46°C - 121°C（Class LU）● Material class: AA、BB、CC、DD、EE、FF● Specification level: PSL1-4 (1,2,3,3G,4)● Performance level: PR1


Type of connections

http://www.ychtoil.com/pro_detail_19.html

2. Casing hanger introductioncasing hanger is a product that is housed in the casing head, used to suspend the casing. Consist of slip, slip bowl, etc. Used for connecting casing head and surface casing through slip tighten

casing with help of external force. Applicable to casing heads of bottom connection.

Wedge Type Casing hanger: Consist of slip, slip bowl, hold down plate and sealing member, etc. Pack off is manually energized. Mating surface of slip and slip body design with double limited position and

one taper, this can lock casing easily and avoid destroying casing. Applicable to casing heads and casing spools.


Mandrel Type Casing hanger: Consist of hanger body, rubber seal ring and retainer, etc. Applicable to casing heads and casing spools, easy operation and reliable

seal.


3. Tubing Head introductionTubing head is a body with two flange that can supports the tubing string on a oil well, seals off the pressure between the casing and tubing annulus, and connect with tubing adapter on the top. Tubing Heads &tubing spool are a straight bore bowl with 45° landing shoulder design which avoids damage to sealing areas by drilling tools, and provides wedging of the tubing hangers, bowl protectors and test plugs. the secondary seal for the last casing pipe can be an integrated "OO" seal type or the plastic injection type, but also accepts reducer bushings "4-O" and "PE" (Pressure Energized).The upper flange is supplied with lock down screws for pack off tubing hanger retention. The lower flange includes a grease fitting and orifice for testing of the secondary seal. CCSC"s tubing Head can used for single completions and model of dual completions.


Straight-bore Design45° shoulder design with high load capacity

Side Outlet Connection Form Threaded flange side outlet, design with VR plug

Lock Down Screw Assembly ■ Standardized design lock down screw assembly ■ Lock wear bushing, tighten tubing hanger

Secondary Seal Design with secondary seal mechanism at bottom, the casing head shall be installed to fit the height of sealing device through cutting casing on spot


Tubing Head, Top Flange and Tubing Hanger Rubber seal or metal-to-metal seal Tubing Hanger and top flange can be fed through with cable, or penetrated

with power mandrel penetrator Tubing Hanger and top flange may connect multiple joints for control

pipeline.

Main Parameters: Working pressure: 2000-15,000PSI Working medium: oil, natural gas, mud etc. Working temperature: -46℃ - 121℃（Class LU） Material class: AA、BB、CC、DD、EE、FF Specification level: PSL1-4 Performance level: PR1


Tubing Head with annular valves


4. Tubing Hanger introductiontubing hanger is a product that is housed in the tubing head, used to suspend the tubing.

Taper type and straight type Metal-to-metal seal and non-metal seal With back pressure valve thread Locating mechanism Various cable penetrator channel, control pipeline channel of subsurface

safety valve, chemical reagent injection channel and capillary channel The upper and lower threads should be API tubing threads.


Casings & Tubing


Pre

Types of Casing & Tubing


• Conductor Casing• Surface Casing• Intermediate Casing• Production Casing• Liners• Tubing

Typical Well Diagram

Types of Casing & Tubing





Casing and Tubing Schematic without Liner


Casing and Tubing Schematic with liner


Conductor CasingThe conductor casing is the first string run in the well and its depth range is 450 to 250 ft. In soft formation areas or offshore environment, the conductor pipe is hammered down by a large pipe hammer. In hard rock areas, a larger hole must be drilled to landing depth before running and cement this casing.

A conductor string is a short length of large diameter pipe run where the ground is soft. It acts as a conduit to return drilling fluid to mud pits and prevents "cave in," the sloughing of ground around the rig base. Minimize loss circulation in shallow zones

Unconsolidated formations (gravel) will fall into the well resulted in drilling issues.

Seal off unconsolidated formations at shallow depths Stop washouts under the drilling rig. Protect fresh water sands. To give a base and support for the next string of casing ODs: 16, 18-5/8, 20, 24, 30 and 36 inches. Setting depths: 50 to 250 feet.

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong http://www.drillingformulas.com/basic-understanding-of-oil-well-casing-and-tubing/

The conductor pipe is the first casing to be put in place, and is generally installed before the rig arrives on location. Such casing can be driven to 250 feet. Conductor casing measuring between 16 to 24" outside diameter is used onshore, and between 24 to 48" for offshore.


Surface Casing (Structural Casing) Surface casing is the first string of casing used after the conductor pipe. It

is required in some instances by law (to protect ground water) and is normally cemented full length.

Surface casing supports the BOP stack and subsequent casing and tubing strings, and is normally the only string designed to carry compression loads.

Protect, water sands Support the wellhead and BOP equipments Case unconsolidated formations Support other casings Case off lost circulation zones ODs: 13-3/8, 16, 18-5/8, 20, and 24 inches. Setting depths: 200 to 5,000 feet.

Surface casing is the first string of casing used after the conductor pipe. It is required in some instances by law (to protect ground water) and is normally cemented full length. Surface casing supports the BOP stack and subsequent casing and tubing strings, and is normally the only string designed to carry compression loads.


Surface Casing (Structural Casing)


Intermediate CasingThe intermediate casing is run after surface casing and there can be several intermediate casing in one well. Drilling intermediate section most of the time requires higher mud weight than normal pressure gradient therefore the primary function of this casing is related to control high mud weight and formation pressure. Intermediate casing is any string between the surface and production

string. Intermediate casing may or may not be cemented full length. Intermediate casing may be used to seal off weaker zones from higher

pressure drilling fluids required in subsequent drilling. It may also protect previous casing strings from higher burst pressures, provide support for liner casing. Provide wellbore integrity for well control Isolate some formations which can cause drilling issues as lost circulations,

shale sloughing, etc. Support weight of well control equipment Provide a fluid conduit ODs: 4-1/2 to 13-3/8 in. Setting Depths: 2000 - 20,000 ft.


Intermediate casing



Casing liner is widely used in the industry because it is a cost-effective way to run a casing string across open hole length without running all string to the surface. The casing liner can be utilized as intermediate casing or production casing. The casing liner is run into the shallower casing string and the overlap between two strings is typically around 300 – 500 ft.

http://www.drillingformulas.com/basic-understanding-of-oil-well-casing-and-tubing/

Liners Liners are short casing strings run to isolate specific formations. As they

are normally short and relatively deep in the well, burst and collapse pressures control the design.

Also, it is normal to have only one weight, grade and joint type in the string. Liners extend downward from the shoe of the previous casing string, and

are normally cemented full length. Many liners use flush joint connections for improved clearances.

ODs: 4-1/2 to 9-5/8 in. • Setting Depths: 5000 - 20,000 ft.


Production CasingThe fourth but not necessarily the final string of pipe run in the hole is the production casing. The production casing is used to control the hydrocarbon bearing zones that will be produced. This string of pipe adds structural integrity to the wellbore in the producing zones. This casing string/liner can be set at a depth above, midway or below the pay zone depending on completion strategies. Primary cement job is very critical for this string because it affects production from the well.

Production casing should be set before completing the well for production. It should be cemented in a manner necessary to cover or isolate all zones which contain hydrocarbons. The production string is the primary pressure containment string It spans

the total well depth and is not normally cemented full length. Allows segregation of producing formations and undesirable fluids from

contaminating production equipment. ODs: 4-1/2, 5, 5-1/2, 7 and 7-5/8 in. Setting Depths: 2000 - 30,000 ft.


Production Casing/liner


Production Casing/liner


Production TubingThe production tubing is run into the well after the production casing is In place and all the completion equipment is run with this string downhole.The tubing must be strong enough to support production load and it should be able to workover in the future.Functions of production tubing are listed below;

Provide the conduit for oil, gas, water from formation(s) Protect the production casing from corrosion, wear and deposition from the

reservoir fluids


Production Tubing


Wellhead Installation


■ https://www.youtube.com/embed/z9eWHpEDRME

http://www.drillingformulas.com/well-head-installation-vdo/

Well Blowout


■ https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z4A-ZnNS07M

Well Blowout


■ https://www.youtube.com/embed/zNiLeLJR3Cs

Offshore Drilling


■ https://www.youtube.com/embed/c0bHP3yYVuk

Drill Strings


X’mas Tree, Knowing the components


Pre

Fion Zhang/Charlie Chong http://claxtonengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Claxton-Wellhead-Systems-Brochure1.pdf

A Typical Christmas Tree

Fion Zhang/Charlie Chong https://oilandgastechnologies.wordpress.com/page/7/

The Wellhead & Christmas Tree


Tubing HeadAdapter

Pack-off Support Bushing

Upper CasingSpool

Lower CasingHead

Casing Hanger

Landing Base

Tubing Hanger

Tubing HeadAdapter

Pack-off Support Bushing

Upper CasingSpool

Lower CasingHead

Casing Hanger

Landing Base

Tubing Hanger

Fion Zhang/Charlie Chong

http://claxtonengineering.com/w

p-content/uploads/2014/10/Claxton-W

ellhead-Systems-Brochure1.pdf


http://claxtonengineering.com/w

p-content/uploads/2014/10/Claxton-W

ellhead-Systems-Brochure1.pdf


Tubing Bonnet

Control Line Non-Continuous

Corrosion Sleeve

Type ‘H’ BPV Profile

API 11" Tubing Head Housing

Tubing Hanger

‘S’ Type Seals API 11" Casing Head Housing

Auxiliary Equipment

http://claxtonengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Claxton-Wellhead-Systems-Brochure1.pdf


g g




Casing Hangar and PrimaryPack-Off ‘Annulus Seal’ API 13.3⁄8" Casing Head Housing

Casing Hangar and PrimaryPack-Off ‘Annulus Seal’ API 20.3⁄4" Lower Housing

Slip-On-Weld (SOW)




Slip-On-Weld (SOW)

Support Base Plate

30" Conductor

20" Casing

13.3⁄8" Casing

9.5⁄8" Casing

7" Casing

Tubing

1⁄4" Control Line




Slip-On-Weld (SOW)

Support Base Plate

30" Conductor

20" Casing

13.3⁄8" Casing

9.5⁄8" Casing

7" Casing

Tubing

1⁄4" Control Line

























The tubing hanger (alsocalled a donut) is used toposition the tubing correctly inthe well. Sealing also allowsChristmas tree removal withpressure in the casing.

Master gate valve. Themaster gate valve is a highquality valve. It provides fullopening, which means that itopens to the same insidediameter as the tubing so thatspecialized tools may be runthrough it. It must be capableof holding the full pressure ofthe well safely for allanticipated purposes. Thisvalve is usually left fully openand is not used to control flow.


The tubing hanger


The tubing hanger


The tubing hanger

Fion Zhang/Charlie Chong https://cameron.slb.com/~/media/e50f0654702c43708c4be4295a7028ba.ashx

The tubing hanger


The tubing hanger


The tubing hanger


The tubing hanger


The Dual tubing hanger


The tubing hanger


The tubing spool


The casing hanger


The casing spool


The casing head housing


The casing head housing


The casing head spool


The casing Hanger


Auxiliary Equipment


Auxiliary Equipment


Auxiliary Equipment


Auxiliary Equipment


Auxiliary Equipment


Auxiliary Equipment- Choke


Auxiliary Equipment- Choke



N Lock ScrewT Tubing Hanger

Tubing Spool

NX Bushing

SB-3Casing Hanger

S Casing Head SpoolSingle P Seal

https://cameron.slb.com/~/media/e50f0654702c43708c4be4295a7028ba.ashx

Pressure gauge. The minimum instrumentation is a pressure gauge placedabove the master gate valve before the wing valve. In addition, otherinstruments such as a temperature gauge are normally fitted.

Wing valve. The wing valve can be a gate or ball valve. When shutting inthe well, the wing gate or valve is normally used so that the tubing pressurecan be easily read.

Swab valve. The swab valve is used to gain access to the well for wirelineoperations, intervention and other workover procedures (see below). On topof it is a tree adapter and cap that mates with a range of equipment.


Swab valve. The swab valve is used to gain access to the well for wireline operations, intervention and other workover procedures (see below). On top of it is a tree adapter and cap that mates with a range of equipment.


No Swab valve.


Variable flow choke valve. The variable flow choke valve is typically a largeneedle valve. Its calibrated opening is adjustable in 1/64 inch increments(called beans). High-quality steel is used in order to withstand the highspeedflow of abrasive materials that pass through the choke, usually overmany years, with little damage except to the dart or seat. If a variable chokeis not required, a less expensive positive choke is normally installed onsmaller wells. This has a built-in restriction that limits flow when the wingvalve is fully open.




Unitized X’mas Tree


Pre

Unitized wellheadThe unitized wellhead is very different from the spool wellhead system, because it incorporates different design characteristics and features. Characteristics of a unitized wellhead

The unitized wellhead, shown in Fig. 1, is a one-piece body that is typically run on 13 3/8 -in. casing through the BOP, and lands on a landing shoulder located inside the starting head or on top of the conductor itself. The casing hangers used are threaded and preassembled with a pup joint. This way, the threaded connection can be pressure tested before leaving the factory, ensuring that the assembly will have pressure-containing competence. Gate valves are installed on the external outlet connections of the unitized wellhead to enable annulus access to each of the intermediate and the production casing strings.

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong http://petrowiki.org/Unitized_wellhead

Fig. 1—Illustration of a typical unitized wellhead system for land applications. Offshore unitized wellhead systems are typically similar but include the use of a metal-to-metal seal assembly.




Fion Zhang/ Charlie C

hong

http://petrowiki.org/Unitized_wellhead

After the next hole section is drilled, the casing string, topped out with its mandrel hanger, is run and landed on a shoulder located in the ID of the unitized wellhead. A seal assembly is run on a drillpipe tool to complete the casing-hanger and seal-installation process. Each additional intermediate casing string and mandrel hanger is run and landed on top of the previously installed casing hanger without removing the BOP stack. Besides saving valuable rig time, the other advantage of the unitized wellhead system over spool wellhead systems is complete BOP control throughout the entire drilling process.


The unitized wellhead (Fig. 2) consists of the following components: ◾Unitized wellhead body.◾Annulus gate valves.◾Mandrel casing hangers.◾Mandrel tubing hangers.◾Metal-to-metal sealing for the annulus seals.


Mandrel casing hangersThe mandrel casing hangers (see Fig. 3) are a one-piece construction, and are manufactured to meet the casing and thread types specified by the customer. The mandrel casing hanger has a 4° tapered sealing area on its OD. The mandrel hanger also incorporates running threads and seal-assembly threads to facilitate installation. The hanger carries a lock ring that locks the hanger down when the seal assembly is installed. The mandrel casing hanger lands on either the shoulder located in the bottom of the unitized wellhead body or on top of the previous casing hanger.


Mandrel casing hangers

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong https://www.geoilandgas.com/sites/geog.dev.local/files/04-0394_rev_2_SH2_Split_Speedhead_System_TB.pdf

Mandrel casing hangers

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong https://www.geoilandgas.com/sites/geog.dev.local/files/04-0394_rev_2_SH2_Split_Speedhead_System_TB.pdf

Seal assemblyThe seal assembly incorporates a metal-to-metal or elastomeric seal (Fig. 4), which is run on a running tool through the BOP stack once the casing has been cemented. The seal assembly seals off the pressure from above and below, and isolates the annulus from the wellbore. The annulus can still be monitored through the outlets on the unitized wellhead body and the gate valves mounted to them.

There is a full range of tools available for the unitized wellhead system: ◾ Wellhead-housing running tool.◾ BOP test tool.◾ Casing-hanger running tool.◾ Seal-assembly running and retrieving tool.◾ Wear-bushing running and retrieving tool.

The unitized wellhead is more often used with platform-development projects than with exploration applications.


The seal assembly incorporates a metal-to-metal or elastomeric seal (Fig. 4)


1 Scope


1 Scope


1 Scope1.1 PurposeThis International Standard specifies requirements and givesrecommendations for the performance, dimensional and functional interchangeability, design, materials, testing, inspection, welding, marking,handling, storing,shipment, purchasing, repair and remanufacture of wellheadand christmas tree equipment for use in the petroleum and natural gasindustries. This International Standard does not apply to field use, field testingor field repair of wellhead and christmas tree equipment.


1.2 ApplicabilityThis International Standard is applicable to the following specific equipment:a) wellhead equipment:

casing-head housings,casing-head spools,tubing-head spools,cross-over spools,multi-stage head housings and spools;

b) connectors and fittings:cross-over connectors,tubing-head adapters,top connectors,tees and crosses,fluid-sampling devices,adapter and spacer spools;


c) casing and tubing hangers:mandrel hangers,slip hangers;

Mandrel Hanger: Cylindrical part used to hang a tubing or a casing string in a tubing / casing head, where the tubular is connected by a female thread to the mandrelhttp://petrowiki.org/Unitized_wellhead

Mechanism used to support a casing string in a casing head by means of a male or female thread attached to the casing.http://www.iadclexicon.org/casing-hanger-mandrel/


d) valves and chokes:single valves,multiple valves,actuated valves,valves prepared for actuators,check valves,chokes,surface and underwater safety valves and actuators,back-pressure valves;


e) loose connectors [flanged, threaded, other end connectors (O EC), and welded]:

weld neck connectors,blind connectors,threaded connectors,adapter and spacer connectors,bullplugs,valve-removal plugs;


f) other equipment:actuators,clamp hubs,pressure boundary penetrations,ring gaskets,running and testing tools (see Annex H),wear bushings (see Annex H).

The nomenclature used in this International Standard for typical equipment is shown in Figures 1 and 2. All parts whose physical dimensions conform to themetric tables incorporated into the body of this International Standard or tothe tables in USC units in Annex B are acceptable; see Introduction.


1.3 Service conditionsThis International Standard defines service conditions, in terms of pressure, temperature and material class for the well-bore constituents, and operating conditions.

1.4 Product specification levelsThis International Standard establishes requirements for five product specification levels (PSLs): PSL 1, 2, 3, 3G and 4. These five PSLdesignations define different levels of technical quality requirements.

Annex A provides guidelines (not requirements) for selecting an acceptable PSL.


PSL 1, 2, 3, 3Gand 4


Figure 1A — Typical wellhead assembly nomenclature KeyKey1 back-pressure valve preparation2 subsurface safety valve control line3 subsurface safety valve control line outlet4 tubing-head adapter5 lock screw6 tubing hanger pack-off7 extended neck tubing hanger with subsur

face safety valve control line8 studded side outlet9 valve-removal preparation10 bottom casing pack-off11 tubing-head spool12 double-studded adapter13 annular casing pack-off14 casing hanger (slip style)15 threaded outlet connection16 bullplug17 casing-head housing18 surface casing19 wellhead support plate20 tubing pack-off retainer21 tubing hanger (slip style)22 tubing


Figure 1A — Typical wellhead assembly nomenclature KeyKey1 back-pressure valve preparation 12 double-studded adapter2 subsurface safety valve control line 13 annular casing pack-off3 subsurface safety valve control line outlet 14 casing hanger (slip style)4 tubing-head adapter 15 threaded outlet connection5 lock screw 16 bullplug6 tubing hanger pack-off 17 casing-head housing7 extended neck tubing hanger with subsurface safety valve control line 18 surface casing8 studded side outlet 19 wellhead support plate9 valve-removal preparation 20 tubing pack-off retainer10 bottom casing pack-off 21 tubing hanger (slip style)11 tubing-head spool 22 tubing


Figure 1A — Typical wellhead assembly nomenclature Key


Figure 1B — Typical wellhead assembly nomenclature

Key23 studded side-outlet connection 29 casing-head spool24 extended neck tubing hanger seal 30 inner casing25 annular tubing hanger seal 31 intermediate casing26 tubing hanger mandrel 32 flanged end connection27 flanged outlet connection 33 tubing hanger mandrel seals28 casing hanger mandrel 34 wrap-around hanger pack-off


Figure 1B — Typical wellhead assembly nomenclature (continued)



Figure 1B — Typical wellhead assembly nomenclature (continued)

Figure 2 — Typical christmas tree nomenclature


Key1 gauge valve 2 bonnet nut3 blanking plug 4 body5 top connector6 swab or crown valve 7 tee8 wing valve (manual or actuated)9 choke10 surface safety valve 11 actuator 12 master valve13 tubing-head adapter


Figure 2 — Typical christmas tree nomenclature

Figure 1 — Typical wellhead assembly nomenclature


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back-pressure valve preparation

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subsurface safety valve control line

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线条

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线条

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线条

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线条

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线条

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Conductor Casing

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Surface Casing

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Intermediate Casing

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Production Casing

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Production Tubing

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subsurface safety valve control line outlet

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线条

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Surface Casing Annullus

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矩形

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线条

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Conductor Casing Annullus

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矩形

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tubing-head adapter

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lock screw

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tubing hanger pack-off

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extended neck tubing hanger with subsurface safety valve control line

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studded side outlet

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valve-removal preparation

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bottom casing pack-off

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tubing-head spool

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double-studded adapter

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annular casing pack-off

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casing hanger (slip style)

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threaded outlet connection

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bullplug

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casing-head housing

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surface casing

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wellhead support plate

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矩形

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矩形

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tubing pack-off retainer

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tubing hanger pack-off

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tubing hanger (slip style)

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tubing

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tubing-head adapter

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tubing

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tubing

Figure 1 — Typical wellhead assembly nomenclature (continued)


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tubing

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tubing-head adapter

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lock screw

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tubing-head spool

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casing hanger (slip style)

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threaded outlet connection

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bullplug

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casing-head housing

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surface casing

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tubing

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studded side-outlet connection

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extended neck tubing hanger seal

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annular tubing hanger seal

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tubing hanger mandrel

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flanged outlet connection

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casing hanger mandrel

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casing-head spool

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inner casing

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intermediate casing

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flanged end connection

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tubing hanger mandrel seals

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wrap-around hanger pack-off

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flanged outlet connection

Figure 1 — Typical wellhead assembly nomenclature


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gauge valve

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bonnet nut

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blanking plug

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body

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top connector

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swab or crown valve

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tee

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wing valve (manual or actuated)

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choke

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surface safety valve

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actuator

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master valve

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tubing-head adapter

Wellhead Systems Onshore & Offshore

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong http://www.labrisltd.com.tr/Eklenti/66,fmcsurfacewellheadcatalog.pdf?1


Slip Type Casing Hanger


Casing Head


Casing Spools




Single & Dual Completions


Single Completions

http://www.labrisltd.com.tr/Eklenti/66,fmcsurfacewellheadcatalog.pdf?1


Dual Completions

http://www.labrisltd.com.tr/Eklenti/66,fmcsurfacewellheadcatalog.pdf?1

Electrical Submersible Pump Completion


Coiled Tubing Completion


Large Bore Completion


Valve



Valves

Sealing Systems



Sealing Systems


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Christmas Tree or Wellhead? A Christmas Tree is an assembly of valves, spools, and fittings used for an oil well, gas well, water injection well, water disposal well, gas injection well, condensate well, and other types of wells. It is named for its resemblance to a decorate tree at Christmas.

Many times, the words Christmas Tree and Wellhead are used item changeable; however, a wellhead and Christmas tree are entirely separate pieces of equipment. A wellhead must be present in order to utilize a Christmas tree and is used without a Christmas tree during drilling operations. Producing surface wells that require pumps (pump jacks, nodding donkeys, etc.) frequently do not utilize any tree due to no pressure containment requirement.




Tree complexity has increased over the last few decades. They are frequently manufactured from blocks of steel containing multiple valves rather than made from multiple flanged valves.

The primary function of a tree is to control the flow into or out of the well, usually oil or gas.

A tree often provides numerous additional functions including chemical injection points, well intervention means, pressure relief means (such as annulus vent), tree and well monitoring points (such as pressure, temperature, corrosion, erosion, sand detection, flow rate, flow composition, valve and choke position feedback, connection points for devices such as down hole pressure and temperature transducer (DHPT).



What purpose does a tree serve? On producing wells, injection of chemicals or alcohols or oil distillates to

prevent and or solve production problems (such as blockages) may be used.

A tree may also be used to control the injection of gas or water injection application on a producing or non-producing well in order to sustain economic "production" volumes of gas from other well(s) in the area (field).

The control system attached to the tree controls the downhole safety valve (scssv, dhsv, sssv) while the tree acts as an attachment and conduit means of the control system to the downhole safety valve.

As you can see even on this Christmas Tree Diagram there are five valves. The Kill Wing valve, the Swab valve, the production wing valve, the upper master valve and lower master valve. When the operator, well, and facilities are ready to produce and receive oil or gas, valves are opened and the release of the formation fluids is allowed to flow into and through a pipeline. It is important to understand where these valves are located and what role they play in getting gas from the well bore to the customer.


2 Normative references


2 Normative references


2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of

this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 31-0, Quantities and units — Part 0: General principles ISO 148 (all parts), Metallic materials — Charpy pendulum impact test ISO 2859-1:1999, Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes — Part

1: Sampling schemes indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection

ISO 6506 (all parts), Metallic materials — Brinell hardness test ISO 6507 (all parts), Metallic materials — Vickers hardness test ISO 6508 (all parts), Metallic materials — Rockwell hardness test ISO 6892-1, Metallic materials — Tensile testing — Part 1: Method of test

at room temperature


ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of personnel

ISO 10414-1, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Field testing of drilling fluids — Part 1: Water-based fluids

ISO 10424-1:2004, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Rotary drilling equipment — Part 1: Rotary drill stem lements

ISO 11960, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Steel pipes for use as casing or tubing for wells

ISO 13533, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Drilling and production equipment — Drill-through equipment

ISO 13628-4, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Design and operation of subsea production systems —Part 4: Subsea wellhead and tree equipment

ISO 13678, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Evaluation and testing of thread compounds for use with casing, tubing, line pipe and drill stem elements


ISO 15156 (all parts), Petroleum and natural gas industries — Materials for use in H2S-containing environments in oil and gas production

NOTE In this International Standard, ISO 15156 (all parts) and NACE MR0175 provide the same technical result for a particular provision. In the running text the provision is written in the form “ISO 15156 (NACE MR0175; see Clause 2)”.

ISO 18265, Metallic materials — Conversion of hardness values API Spec 5B, Specification for Threading, Gauging and Thread Inspection

of Casing, Tubing, and Line Pipe Threads API Spec 6AV1, Specification for Verification Test of Wellhead Surface

Safety Valves and Underwater Safety Valves for Offshore Service API Spec 7:2001, Specification for Rotary Drill Stem Elements API RP 14F, Design, Installation, and Maintenance of Electrical Systems

for Fixed and Floating Offshore Petroleum Facilities for Unclassified and Class 1, Division 1 and Division 2 Locations


ASME B1.1, Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN and UNR Thread Form) ASME B1.2, Gages and Gaging for Unified Inch Screw Threads ASME B1.3, Screw Thread Gaging Systems for Acceptability: Inch and

Metric Screw Threads (UN, UNR, UNJ, M,and MJ) ASME B1.5, ACME Screw Threads ASME B1.20.1, Pipe Threads, General Purpose (Inch) ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code:2004 with 2005 and 2006

addenda, Section V, Nondestructive Examination ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code:2004 with 2005 and 2006

addenda, Section VIII, Division 1, Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels Rules


ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code:2004 with 2005 and 2006 addenda, Section IX, Welding and Brazing Qualifications

ASNT SNT-TC-1A, Non-Destructive Testing ASTM A193/A193M, Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless

Steel Bolting Materials for High Temperature or High Pressure Service and Other Special Purpose Applications

ASTM A194/A194M, Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High Pressure or High emperature Service, or Both

ASTM A320/A320M, Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for Low-Temperature Service

ASTM A370, Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products

ASTM A388/A388M, Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination ofHeavy Steel Forgings


ASTM A453/A453M, Standard Specification for High-Temperature Bolting Materials, with Expansion Coefficients Comparable to Austenitic Stainless Steels

ASTM A703/A703M-08a, Standard Specification for Steel Castings, General Requirements, for Pressure-Containing Parts

ASTM D395, Standard Test Methods for Rubber Property — Compression Set

ASTM D412, Standard Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers — Tension ASTM D471, Standard Test Method for Rubber Property — Effect of Liquids

ASTM D1414, Standard Test Methods for Rubber O-Rings ASTM D1415, Standard Test Method for Rubber Property — International

Hardness ASTM D1418, Standard Practice for Rubber and Rubber Latices —

Nomenclature


ASTM D2240, Standard Test Method for Rubber Property — Durometer Hardness

ASTM E10, Standard Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials

ASTM E18, Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials

ASTM E92, Standard Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Materials

ASTM E94, Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination ASTM E140, Standard Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals —

Relationship Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell Hardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness and Scleroscope Hardness

ASTM E165, Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General Industry

ASTM E428, Standard Practice for Fabrication and Control of Metal, Other than Aluminum, Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic Testing


ASTM E709, Standard Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing ASTM E747, Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material

Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology EN 473, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of NDT

personnel — General principles MSS SP-55, Quality Standard for Steel Castings for Valves, Flanges and

Fittings and Other Piping Components— Visual Method for Evaluation of Surface Irregularities

SAE AMS-H-6875, Heat treatment of steel raw materials SAE AS 568A:1974, Aerospace size standard for O-rings


3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms


3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms


3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms3.1 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

3.1.1acceptance criteriadefined limits placed on characteristics of materials, products or services3.1.2accessible wetted surfacewetted surface for purposes of non-destructive examination that can be viewed by direct line of sight.

NOTE This excludes test ports, control line ports, lockdown screw holes and other penetrations of these types.

3.1.3actuatormechanism for the remote or automatic operation of a valve or choke


accessible wetted surfacewetted surface for purposes of non-destructive examination that can be viewed by direct line of sight.



Casing Heads

accessible wetted surfacewetted surface for purposes of non-destructive examination that can be viewed by direct line of sight.



Tubing Spools

3.1.3actuatormechanism for the remote or automatic operation of a valve or choke


3.1.4adapterpressure-containing piece of equipment having end connections of different nominal sizes and/or pressure ratings, used to connect other pieces of equipment of different nominal sizes and/or pressure ratings


3.1.5annular pack-offmechanism that seals off annular pressure between the outside diameter of a suspended tubular member or hanger and the inside diameter of the head or spool through which the tubular member passes or hanger is suspended


Casing Hangers

Secondary Seals

annular pack-off


3.1.6as-shipped conditioncondition of the product or equipment when it is ready for shipment

3.1.7back-pressure valveunidirectional or bidirectional check valve that is installed through the christmas tree, into the tubing hanger, and prevents well fluids from flowing out of the well


back-pressure valveunidirectional or bidirectional check valve that is installed through the christmas tree, into the tubing hanger, and prevents well fluids from flowing out of the well


3.1.8blind flangeflange with no centre bore, used to close off completely a flanged end or outlet connection

3.1.9bodyany portion of wellhead and christmas tree equipment between endconnections, with or without internal parts,which contains well-bore pressure



3.1.10bonnetpressure-containing closure for a body, other than an end or outlet connection3.1.11bottom casing pack-offmechanism that seals off annular pressure between the outside diameter of a suspended tubular member orhanger and the inside diameter of the spool or tubing-head adapter placed over the suspended tubular or hanger3.1.12bullplugpressure-containing closure for a female-threaded end or outlet connection, which may have an internal counterboreand/or test port



3.1.13calibrationcomparison and adjustment to a standard of known accuracy3.1.14carbon steelalloy of carbon and iron containing a maximum of 2 % mass fraction carbon, 1,65 % mass fraction manganese, and residual quantities of other elements, except those intentionally added in specific quantities for deoxidation(usually silicon and/or aluminium)3.1.15casingpipe run from the surface and intended to line the walls of a drilled hole



3.1.16casing hanger mandrelmechanism used to support a casing string in a casing head by means of a male or female thread attached to thecasing


Casing hanger mandrel

3.1.17casing-head housingequipment attached to the uppermost end of the surface casing, which serves to suspend and seal a casing string3.1.18casing-head spoolequipment attached to another casing head, which serves to suspend and seal a secondary casing string


casing-head housing

casing-head spool


3.1.19casting, nounobject at or near finished shape obtained by solidification of a fluid substance in a mouldNOTE HIP components are not considered to be a casting.3.1.20certificate of compliancedocument containing the statement by the manufacturer, or repairer/remanufacturer certifying that the equipment, repair, rework or remanufacture meets the requirements of this International Standard3.1.21certificate of conformancedocument certifying that the repaired/remanufactured equipment and all of its component parts meet the requirements of the original product definition


3.1.22check valvevalve that permits fluid to flow freely in one direction and contains a mechanism to automatically prevent flow in the other direction3.1.23chemical analysisdetermination of the chemical composition of material3.1.24chokeequipment used to restrict and control the flow of fluids3.1.25choke beanflow bean replaceable orifice part used in positive chokes to control flow rate


3.1.26choke trimpressure-controlling choke component, including choke beans, used to control or regulate the flow of fluids3.1.27christmas treeassembly of equipment, including tubing-head adapters, valves, tees, crosses, top connectors and chokes attached to the uppermost connection of the tubing head, used to control well production3.1.28clamp hubprotruding rim with an external angled shoulder and a sealing mechanism used to join pressure-containing equipment


clamp hubprotruding rim with an external angled shoulder and a sealing mechanism used to join pressure-containing equipment


3.1.29closure boltingthreaded fastener used to assemble well-bore pressure-containing parts or join end or outlet connections EXAMPLES Studs, nuts, bolts and capscrews.

3.1.30conformancecompliance with specified requirements

3.1.31corrosion-resistant alloyCRAnonferrous-based alloy in which any one or the sum of the specified amount of the elements titanium, nickel, cobalt, chromium, and molybdenum exceeds 50 % mass fraction

NOTE This definition is different from that in ISO 15156 (NACE MR0175; see Clause 2).


3.1.32corrosion-resistant ring groovering groove lined with a CRA or an austenitic stainless steel to resist metal-loss corrosion

3.1.33crosspressure-containing fitting with a minimum of four openings3.1.34cross-over connectoradapter with a restricted-area sealing means and with a top-connection pressure rating above that of the lower connection


cross-over connectoradapter with a restricted-area sealing means and with a top-connection pressure rating above that of the lower connection


top-connection pressure rating above that of the lower connection

3.1.35cross-over flangedouble- or single-studded adapter flange with a restricted-area sealing means and with a top-connection pressurerating above that of the lower connection3.1.36cross-over spoolflanged or other connected equipment with a restricted-area sealing means, at or near the face of its lower flangeNOTE Cross-over spools are also provided with suitable means to suspend and seal around an inner string of casing or tubing. A cross-over spool has a top connection with a pressure rating above that of the lower connection.

3.1.37date of manufacturedate of manufacturer's final acceptance of finished equipment


cross-over spoolflanged or other connected equipment with a restricted-area sealing means, at or near the face of its lower flangeNOTE Cross-over spools are also provided with suitable means to suspend and seal around an inner string of casing or tubing. A cross-over spool has a top connection with a pressure rating above that of the lower connection.


3.1.38date of repair/remanufacturedate of repairer/remanufacturer's final acceptance of finished equipment3.1.39end connectionoutlet connectionintegral male or female thread; clamp hub end connector and flange, studded or through-bolted, or any other means used to join together equipment that contains or controls pressure3.1.40equipmentany item or assembled equipment to which this International Standard is applicable


3.1.41equivalent roundERstandard for comparing various shaped sections to round bars, in determining the response to hardening characteristics when heat-treating low-alloy and martensitic corrosion-resistant steel3.1.42exposed boltingbolting that is exposed directly to the sour environment or that is buried, insulated, equipped with flange protectors, or otherwise denied direct atmospheric exposure3.1.43fabrication weldweld joining two or more parts3.1.44fitgeometric relationship between parts



3.1.45flangeprotruding rim with holes to accept bolts and having a sealing mechanism used to join pressure-containingequipment, with dimensions specified in this International Standard3.1.46forge, verbdeform metal plastically into desired shapes with compressive forceNOTE Forging is usually a hot process. The use of dies is optional.3.1.47forging, nounshaped metal part formed by the forging method3.1.48formessential shape of a product including all its component parts


3.1.49full-bore valvevalve whose closure mechanism has a bore dimension the same as or larger than the valve body3.1.50functionoperation of a product during service3.1.51gate valvevalve assembly with a gate operating within the body, 90° to the conduit, to effect a closure3.1.52hanger mandrelportion of a casing or tubing hanger that is attached by a threaded connection to the tubular string and forms the upper end of that tubular string


3.1.53heatmaterial originating from a final melt, or for remelted alloys, the raw material originating from a single remelted Ingot

3.1.54heat-treat lot⟨batch furnaces⟩ material placed on loading or carry devices and moved as a batch through one heat treat cycle3.1.55heat-treat lot⟨continuous furnaces⟩ group of pieces of material with the same nominal size that is moved sequentially through the heat treatment process using the same process parameters3.1.56heat treatmentheat treatingspecified, timed sequence of controlled heating and cooling of materials for the purpose of changing physical or mechanical properties


3.1.56heat treatmentheat treatingspecified, timed sequence of controlled heating and cooling of materials for the purpose of changing physical or mechanical properties3.1.57heat-affected zoneHAZportion of the base metal that has not been melted, but whose mechanical properties or microstructure has been altered by the heat of welding or cutting3.1.58heat-sensitive lock-open devicedevice installed on a surface safety valve (SSV) actuator to maintain the SSV valve in a full open position until exposed to sufficient heat to cause the device to release and allow the SSV valve to close


3.1.59hold periodperiod of time that the product is subjected to pressure and isolated from the pressure source3.1.60hot isostatic pressingHIPspecial forming process used to compact and metallurgically bond metal powderNOTE This process takes place within a flexible, metal container whose contents are formed into the desired shape by subjecting the container to high temperature and pressure in an autoclave. It produces a fully wrought structure.3.1.61hot-workdeform metal plastically at a temperature above the recrystallizationtemperature


3.1.62job-lot traceabilityability to trace parts as originating from a job lot that identifies the included heat(s)3.1.63linear indicationsurface NDE indication whose length is equal to or greater than three times its width3.1.64lock screwtie-down screwthreaded pin extending through the wall of a casing-head or tubing-head connection used to lock down hangers or energize seals


3.1.65loose connectorconnector, as-manufactured, that is not intended to be made integral with another piece of wellhead and christmas tree equipment

3.1.66loose flangeflange, as-manufactured, that is not intended to be made integral with equipment compliant to this International StandardEXAMPLES Types of flanges include blind, threaded, spacer, welding neck, studded or other connected adapter flanges.3.1.67low-alloy steelsteel containing less than 5 % mass fraction total alloying elements, or steels with less than 11 % mass fraction chromium, but more than that specified for carbon steel


3.1.68make-and-break, verbconnect and disconnect a connection3.1.69manufacturing operationactivity involving, but not limited to, the machining, welding, heat treating or other processes utilized to produce a finished product3.1.70master valvelowermost valve on the vertical bore of the christmas tree

NOTE Upper master valves and lower master valves are in general use. Upper master valves are sometimes called surface safety valves.


master valvelowermost valve on the vertical bore of the christmas treeNOTE Upper master valves and lower master valves are in general use. Upper master valves are sometimes calledsurface safety valves.


surface safety valves

3.1.71material performancecapabilities that it is necessary to demonstrate, as a minimum, for material to satisfy the criteria of thisInternational Standard3.1.72multistage cross-over spoolflanged or other connected equipment with more than one restricted-area sealing means to provide suitable capability to suspend and seal around multiple inner strings of casing or tubing at several stages

NOTE A multistage cross-over spool may have a top connector with a pressure rating above that of the lower connector.3.1.73non-exposed boltingbolting that is not directly exposed to sour environments and is not intended to be buried, insulated, equipped with flange protectors, or otherwise denied direct atmospheric exposure


3.1.74non-pressure-containing weldweld whose absence does not reduce the pressure-containing integrity of the part3.1.75objective evidencedocumented field experience, test data, publications, finite element analysis or calculations that confirm performance characteristics, as applicable


3.1.76original product definitioncomplete definition of the requirements for the original assembled equipment, single equipment unit, or component part, including specified limits and olerances, health, safety and environmental requirements, limitations of use,customer specific requirements, design acceptance criteria, materials ofconstruction, materials processing requirements and physical properties,physical dimensions, and requirements for manufacturing process controls,inspection, assembly and testing, marking, handling, storage, maintenance,and records requirements


3.1.77partindividual piece used in the assembly of single equipment unitsEXAMPLES Body, bonnet, gate, stud, handwheel, etc., are parts of a valve. A part may also be a piece not in finished form.3.1.78plug valvevalve assembly with a plug permanently mounted across the conduit so that, when rotated 90°, it effects a closure EXAMPLES Plugs may be straight, tapered, ball, etc.

3.1.79post-weld heat treatmentany heat treatment subsequent to welding, including stress relief


3.1.80pressure integritystructural and leak-resistant capability of a product to contain applied pressure3.1.81pressure-boundary penetrationdevice that penetrates directly into or communicates with the well-bore and is not defined elsewhere in this International StandardEXAMPLES Grease or sealant injection fitting; check valve; control, test or gauge port plug and fitting, needle valve on test, gauge or injection port; electric and control line penetration.

3.1.82pressure-containing partpart whose failure to function as intended results in a release of retained fluid to the atmosphereEXAMPLES Bodies, bonnets, one-piece stems, and that segment of multi-piece stems that passes through the pressure boundary, are pressure-containing parts.


3.1.83pressure-containing weldweld whose absence reduces the pressure-containing integrity of the part3.1.84pressure-controlling partpart intended to control or regulate the movement of pressurized fluidsEXAMPLES Valve-bore sealing mechanisms, choke trim and hangers.3.1.85primary equipmentpieces of equipment that cannot normally be isolated from well fluid or well pressure


3.1.86prolongationextension of a piece of raw material or an extension of a production part made integrally during forging, hot working, cold working or casting

3.1.87proration beantype of positive choke bean of fixed length used to regulate the flow of fluid from a wellNOTE Proration is a system of allocating the amount of oil or gas a well or field is allowed to produce within a given period by a regulatory agency.activity involving disassembly, reassembly and testing of wellhead and christmas tree equipment with or without the replacement of parts other than bodies


proration beantype of positive choke bean of fixed length used to regulate the flow of fluid from a well


3.1.88qualified personnelindividual with characteristics or abilities gained through training, experience, or both, as measured against the established requirements of the manufacturer/purchaser/this International Standard3.1.89rated working pressuremaximum internal pressure that the equipment is designed to contain and/or control


3.1.90record, nounretrievable information3.1.91reduced-opening valvevalve with either a regular or Venturi-type opening, either circular or non-circular, through the closure mechanism3.1.92relevant indicationsurface-rupture NDE indication with major dimensions greater than 1,6 mm(1/16 in)NOTE Inherent indications not associated with a surface rupture are considered non-relevant.


3.1.93remanufactureactivity involving disassembly, reassembly and testing of wellhead and christmas tree equipment, with or withoutthe replacement of parts other than bodies, where machining, welding, heat treating or other manufacturingoperations are employedNOTE Remanufacture does not include the replacement of bodies.3.1.94repairactivity involving disassembly, reassembly and testing of wellhead and christmas tree equipment with or withoutthe replacement of parts other than bodiesNOTE Repair does not include machining, welding, heat treating, other manufacturing operations or the replacement ofbodies.


3.1.95repair levellevel to which equipment will be repaired or remanufactured in compliance with this International Standard3.1.96repairer/remanufacturerprincipal agent in the repair and remanufacture of wellhead and christmas tree equipment who chooses to be incompliance with this International Standard3.1.97replacement partpart used to repair/remanufacture a piece of equipment that meets the wellhead and christmas tree requirementfor the applicable repair/remanufacture level


3.1.98restricted-area sealing meansrestricted-area pack-offpack-off or other device used to isolate an area at higher pressure from one at lower pressureNOTE This device serves to limit pressure-induced loads on connectors or areas of a lower pressure rating. It may also be a seal that encloses a pressure-containment area smaller than the adjacent ring gasket or connector seal.3.1.99retained fluidactual fluid produced by a well or injected into a well


3.1.100room temperatureany temperature between 4 °C and 50 °C (40 °F and 120 °F)3.1.101rounded indicationsurface NDE indication that is circular or elliptical, having a length less than 3 times its width3.1.102running tooltool used to run, retrieve, position or connect wellhead equipment remotely from the drill floor3.1.103sandy serviceintended for use in wells where particulates such as sand can be expected to cause equipment failure


3.1.104secondary equipmentpiece of equipment that can normally be isolated from the well fluid or well pressure3.1.105serializationassignment of a unique code to individual parts and/or pieces of equipment to maintain records3.1.106slip-type casing hangermechanism used to support a casing string in a casing head by gripping the pipe with wedge-type members3.1.107spacerpressure-containing piece of equipment used to connect and provide separation between other pieces ofequipment


slip-type casing hangermechanism used to support a casing string in a casing head by gripping the pipe with wedge-type members


3.1.108SSV actuatorunderwater safety valve actuatorUSV actuatordevice which causes the SSV/USV valve to open when power is supplied and to close automatically when power is lost or released3.1.109SSV valveUSV valveportion of the SSV/USV that contains the wellstream and shuts off flow when closed3.1.110stainless steelsteel containing more than 11 % mass fraction chromium to render the steel corrosion-resistant


3.1.111stress reliefcontrolled heating of material to a predetermined temperature for the purpose of reducing any residual stresses after welding3.1.112stress-corrosion crackingcracking that results from a combination of corrosion and stress3.1.113studded connectionflanged end or outlet connection in which thread-anchored studs screwed into tapped holes replace the holes for bolt studs3.1.114substantive changechange identified by the manufacturer that affects the performance of the product in the intended service


3.1.115sulfide stress crackingcracking of metallic materials due to exposure to fluid containing hydrogen sulfide3.1.116surface safety valveSSVautomatic wellhead valve assembly that closes upon loss of power supplyNOTE Where used in this International Standard, the term is understood to include an SSV valve and SSV actuator.3.1.117swab valvecrown valveuppermost valve on the vertical bore of the christmas tree above the flowline outlet


3.1.118teepressure-containing fitting with three openingsNOTE Two openings opposite one another form the run portion of the tee, and one opening is at 90° to the line of the run.Tees may be equipped with threads, flanges, studs or other end connectors.3.1.119

test agencyindependent third party that provides a test facility and administers a testing programme that meets the class II SSV/USV valve-validation testing requirements of Annex I of this International Standard and API Spec 6AV1


3.1.120test and gauge connectionhole drilled and tapped into wellhead and christmas tree equipment through which internal pressure can be measured or through which pressure can be applied to test the sealing mechanisms3.1.121test tooltool used to run into the wellhead in order to perform a pressure test3.1.122thread protectorcap or insert used to protect threads and seals during handling, transportation and storage


3.1.123threaded flangeflange having a sealing face on one side and a female thread on the other for the purpose of joining flanged connections to threaded connections3.1.124top connectorbottomhole test adapteruppermost fitting of a christmas tree which allows full-bore access to the christmas tree3.1.125tubingretrievable pipe placed within a well to conduct fluid from the well's producing formation into the christmas tree or to conduct kill or treatment fluids in a well

NOTE Tubing is distinguished from casing as being retrievable during the life of the well.


3.1.126tubing hanger mandrelmechanism used to support a tubing string in a tubing head by means of a male or female thread attached to the tubing

3.1.127tubing-head adapterequipment that adapts the uppermost connection of a tubing head to the lowermost valve of the christmas tree

3.1.128tubing-head spoolpiece of equipment attached to the uppermost casing head or smallest casing string which serves to suspend the tubing and to seal the annular spacebetween the tubing and casing


3.1.129underwater safety valveUSVautomatic valve assembly installed at an underwater wellhead location which closes on loss of power supplyNOTE Where used in this International Standard, the term is understood to include a USV valve and USV actuator.

3.1.130valve-bore sealing mechanisminternal valve parts that close off the flow through the valve boreEXAMPLES Gates, balls, plugs, poppets, flappers and their respective seats.3.1.131valve-removal plugthreaded plug that can be installed in the wellhead to enable gate-valve removal under pressure


3.1.132Venturi valvevalve with a reduced opening, in which the transformation from the full-opening ends to the reduced-closure area is well streamlined to reduce pressure loss3.1.133visual examinationexamination of parts and equipment for visible defects in material and workmanship


3.1.134volumetric non-destructive examinationvolumetric NDEexamination for internal material defects by methods such as radiography and/or ultrasonic testing3.1.135wear bushingretrievable cylindrical device that protects the internal surfaces of wellhead equipment and the top of the last casing suspended3.1.136weld preparationgeometry of surfaces for the purpose of welding


3.1.137weld, verbfuse materials, with or without the addition of filler materials3.1.138welding neck flangeflange with a neck on the side opposite the sealing face, prepared with a bevel to weld to corresponding pipe or transition pieces3.1.139wellheadall permanent equipment between the uppermost portion of the surface casing and the tubing-head adapter connection3.1.140wetted surfaceany surface that has contact with pressurized well fluid, either by design or because of internal seal leakage


3.1.141wing valvevalve located on the christmas tree, but not in the vertical run, which can be used to shut off well flow3.1.142wrought productproduct made from material having a wrought structure3.1.143wrought structurestructure that contains no cast dendritic elements3.1.144yield strengthstress level, measured at room temperature, at which material plastically deforms and does not return to its original dimensions when the load is releasedNOTE All yield strengths specified in this document are the 0,2 % offset yield strength in accordance with ISO 6892-1 or ASTM A370.


3.2 Abbreviated termsFor the purposes of this document, the following abbreviated terms apply.

AQL acceptable quality levelCRA corrosion-resistant alloyDAC distance amplitude curveER equivalent roundFEA finite element analysisHAZ heat-affected zoneHBW Brinell hardnessHIP hot isostatic pressingHRB Rockwell hardness scale BHRC Rockwell hardness scale CNDE non-destructive examinationNPT national pipe threadOEC other end connection


PQR procedure qualification recordPR performance requirementPSL product specification levelQTC qualification test couponRMS root mean squareRL repair/remanufacture levelRm ultimate tensile strengthROE radius of exposureSSV surface safety valveTC test couponUNS unified numbering systemUSV underwater safety valveWPQ welder performance qualificationWPS welding procedure specification






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