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Womens Empowerment
Through Gender Budgeting
-The Indian Context
Presentation by
Anjali Goyal
Director, Department of Women and Child Development,
Ministry of Human Resource Development
Government of India
November 2005
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Gender Budgeting- a definition
Gender budget initiatives analyse howgovernments raise and spend publicmoney, with the aim of securing genderequali ty in decision-makingabout public
resource allocation; and gender equality inthe distribution of the impact ofgovernment budgets, both in theirbenefitsand in their burdens. The impact of
government budgets on the mostdisadvantaged groups of women is a focusof special attention.
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What is Gender Budgeting ?
An exercise to translate stated gender commitments ofthe Government into budgetary commitments.
Strategy for ensuring Gender Sensitive ResourceAllocation and a tool for engendering macro economicpolicy
Entails affirmative action for empowering women
Covers assessment of gender differential impact ofGovernment Budgets and policies (Revenue andExpenditure).
Enables Tracking and Allocating resources for womenempowerment
Opportunity to determine real value of resourcesallocated to women
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What are gender commitments in
the Indian context ?
Constitutional Provisions
Legal Framework
Women Specific Laws
Laws affecting Women
Policies
Public Expenditure Programmes
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Women and Legal Framework
Women specific Legislations
Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956
The Maternity Benefit Act 1961
The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition)
Act, 1986
The Commission of Sati (Prevention)Act, 1987 Protection of Women from Domestic Violence
Act, 2005
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Women related legislations41 laws covering various spheres.
Economic
Factories Act 1948, Minimum Wages Act 1948,
Equal Remuneration Act 1976, The Employees State
Insurance Act, 1948, The Plantation Labour Act, 1951, The
Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act 1976
ProtectionRelevant provisions of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973;
Special provisions under IPC, The Legal Practitioners
(Women) Act, 1923, The Pre-Natal Diagnostic Technique
(Regulation and Prevention of Misuse ) Act, 1994.
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Women related legislations
Social
Family Courts Act, 1984, The Indian
Succession Act, 1925, The MedicalTermination of Pregnancy Act 1971, The
Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929, The
Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, The HinduSuccession Act, 1956 (& amended in
2005), The Indian Divorce Act, 1969
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National Policy for
Empowerment of Women
Objective advancement, development and
empowerment, elimination of discrimination
Themes and issues Judicial legal system,
economic empowerment, social empowerment
(health, education, science and technology,
drinking water and sanitation, protection fromviolence) women and decision making, girl child
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Institutional Empowering
Mechanisms Parliamentary Committee on
Empowerment of Women National Commission for
Women
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The Challenge
How do we translate all thesecommitments into budgetarycommitments andadministrative action ?
How do we engender policiesand programmes ?
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Evolution of Indian Initiatives
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Seventh Plan
1985- Ministry of Human ResourceDevelopment set up
Department for Women and ChildDevelopment constituted in HRDMinistry
27 major women specific schemesidentified for monitoring to assessquantum of funds/benefits flowing towomen
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Eighth Plan
The Eighth Plan (1992-97) for the first time
highlighted the need to ensure a definite
flow of funds from general developmental
sectors to women
It commented:
special programmes on women should
complement the general development
programmes. The latter in turn should
reflect greater gender sensitivity
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Ninth Plan
Womens Component Plan- 30% of fundswere sought to be ear-marked in all womenrelated sectors inter-sectoral review andmulti-sector approach
Special vigil to be kept on the flow of theearmarked funds/benefits
Quantifies performance under Womens
Component Plan in Ninth Plan-ApproachPaper Tenth Plan indicates 42.9% of grossbudgetary support in 15 women relatedMinistries/Departments has gone to women
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Tenth Plan
Reinforces commitment to gender budgeting toestablish its gender-differential impact and to
translate gender commitments into budgetary
commitments.
Aims at ini tiating immediate action in tying upthe two effective concepts ofWomen Component
Plan (WCP) and Gender Budgetingto play a
complementary role to each other, and thusensure both preventive and post-facto action in
enabling women to receive their r ightful share
from all the women-related general development
sectors.
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Indian Experience Womens Component Plan-Earmarking
resources for women
Implementing Women Specific Schemes
Monitoring macro indicators like MMR
Literacy rates, work participation
Quantum and Trend analysis of resourcesallocated and spent on women
Gender Audit of schemes and programmes-implementation and impact analysis
Anjali Goyal 2005 opyright
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Action by the Department for Women &
Child Development
Issue ofchecklists / guidelinesfor gender auditof public expenditure
Adoption ofStrategic Frameworkfor GenderBudgeting
Special letterssent to Ministry of Finance andPlanning Commission to engender the AnnualPlan and Budget exercise for 2005-2006
Consultations with select Departments on four
pr iori ty areas Food and Nutrition Security & Employment guarantee
Water and Sanitation
Adequate Health facilities
Asset base for women
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Action by the Department for Women
& Child Development
Capacity Building- Departments in GOIand State Governments
Mainstreaming Gender Concerns-
Watchdog approach Interest Subsidy
Kerosene Oil
Micro Credit Health Insurance
Inflation
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Instructions issued by Inter-
Departmental Committee, GOI
All Departments to open Gender
Budget Cells by 1.1. 2005
All Departments to reflect benefit-incidence analysis of expenditurein
Annual Reports-2005-06
Eighteen Departmentsto reflectgender component of schemes in
Performance Budgets of 2005-06
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Union Budget 2005-06
New Statement on Gender
BudgetingNine Departments Identified
for focus
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Gender Mainstreaming- our new
Mantra for Womens Development
Women as a beneficiary segment
Need forGender mainstreaming
Fiscal and Monetary Policies, Legislations
Need to Change Programme formulationsand implementation processes
More gender friendly
Optimize Participation of Voluntary Sector Gender budgetingnot an end in itself
Anjali Goyal 2005 opyright
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Rationale of Alternative
Strategy Empowermenthas to be
Holistic(Political, Social and
Economic)
Universal(equal opportunity and
level playing field)Participative and Inclusive
Anjali Goyal 2005 opyright
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Framework of Gender Budgeting
Quantificationof allocation of resources forwomen
Gender Auditof policies of the Government
Impact assessmentof various schemes inthe Union and State budgets
Analyzingschematic and policy initiatives
and link wi th impact on status of womenrelated Macro I ndicators
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Framework of Gender Budgeting
Institutionalizingthe generation andcollection of gender dis-aggregated
data ConsultationsandCapacity building
Promote gender equity in
participationin decision making
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Holistic approach to Empowerment
Health
& Nut.
Education
Water & San.
Skills
Technology Credit
Political
Participation
Marketing
Asset base
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Action Areas
Women availing services of public utilitieslike road transport, power, water and
sanitation, telecommunication etc.
Training of women as highly skilled workers-top end skills
Research/Technology for women
Women in the work force Asset ownership by women
Women as Entrepreneurs
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Implementation of Laws like
Equal remuneration Minimum Wages
Factories Act
Infrastructure for women like Water and sanitation at workplace
Creches
Working Women Hostels Transport services
Security
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Gender Analysis of State Budgets Research Study Decadal trend
Expenditure on Women's Development (Rs in cr.)
YEAR CENTRE STATES TOTAL
AMOUNT % AMOUNT % AMOUNT
1993-94 440.32 41 643.25 59 1083.57
1994-95 643.48 48 700.17 52 1343.65
1995-96 558.22 37 960.88 63 1519.09
1996-97 811.40 44 1050.35 56 1861.75
1997-98 893.60 43 1169.21 57 2062.81
1998-99 1178.17 47 1348.47 53 2526.641999-00 1382.04 50 1398.29 50 2780.33
2000-01 1550.80 48 1709.84 52 3260.63
2001-02 (RE) 1838.64 48 2031.73 52 3870.37
2002-03 (BE) 1507.59 41 2211.57 59 3719.16
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Preliminary Findings
H igher percentage share of states inexpenditure on women
Expenditure on Health is largest
component
Broad trend reflects increase in expenditure
Wide annual f luctuationsin many states
Some states reflect relatively lessexpenditure compared with populationofwomen
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Path Ahead Pursue Gender Mainstreaming in the
Government through coordination withGender Budget cells
Widening scope of National StatisticalSystem
Widening scope from public expenditure toRevenues, Fiscal and Monetary Policies
Pursue gender budgeting by States with help
of planning Commission and MOF
Capacity Building- Coordinatewith traininginstitutes and experts to standardize
methodology and tools
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To Conclude
I t is more important to create a generalawareness and understanding of the problems
ofwomens employment in all the top policy and
decision making and executive personnel. There
is also the special problem facing women l ike the
preference for male children for social andcultural reasons. This wil l requi re awareness,
understanding and action. The best way to do so
is to educate the chi ldren, orient the teachers,
examine the text books and teaching-aids andensure that the next generation grows up with
new thinking.
(6th Five Year Plan )
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Thank you