Mutations

• Mutations: change in the genetic material

• …. Now and again cells make mistakes in copying DNA

2 types of Mutations

• Gene mutations

• Chromosomal mutations

Gene Mutations

• Occur on a single gene

• TAC GCA TGG AAT

• Code is read in 3 base codons

• Thefatcatandratran- say?

3 types of gene mutations

• Point Mutations occur at 1 spot

• TAC GCA TGG AAT – original

• Substitution?

• Insertion?

• Deletion ?

• TAC GCA TGG AAT – original

• Substitution– TAC GGA TGG AAT

• Insertion– TAC GGC ATG GAA T

• Deletion – TAC GAT GGA AT

Which are the 2 worst kinds of gene mutations? Why?

• THE FAT CAT RAN – original

• Substitution– THH FAT CAT RAN

• Insertion– THE FAA TCA TRA N

• Deletion – HEF ATC ATR AN

Which are the 2 worst kinds of gene mutations? Why?

• Changes message which changes the amino acid that is made- wrong protein made …

FRAMESHIFT category POINT Category

insertion substitution

deletion

Chromosomal Mutations • Changes in the …

– Number of chromosomes• Down’s Syndrome

– Or structure of chromosome• Deletion• Duplication• Inversion• Translocation

• Deletion- 1 section is deleted

• Duplication- 1 section is doubled

• Inversion- 1 section is reversed

• Translocation -part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another.

Mutations are good, bad or neutral

• Neutral

• Bad: cause dramatic changes in protein structure… body cannot function properly

• Good.. Can create variability in species, can be beneficial, if environment– Ex- AIDS resistant gene– Polyploidy (extra chromosomes)

• Banana and citrus fruits are larger and stronger