Muslim WorldChapters 21 and 26

Common Terms Ottomans

Persia

Shah

Shah Jahan

Sikhs

Mughals

Asia Minor

Suez Canal

Boxer Rebellion

Chapter 21 and 26 Years 1453

Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople (restore it)

Ending the Byzantine Empire

1501 Ismail I conquers Tabriz

Begins Safavid Dynasty (modern day Iran) 1501-1722

Between Ottomans (W) and Mughals (E)

Shia becomes official and only religion

1912 Revolution led by Sun Yat-Sen

Fall of the Qing Dynasty

Creates the Republic of China

Chapter 21 Identify Battle of Chaldiran (1514)

Between Ottomans (win) and Safavids

Stops spread of Shia state (firearms importance shown)

Part of the larger Ottoman-Persian War

Babur Turkish leader founded Mughal Dynasty (1526)

Janissaries Ottoman Infantry

Conscripted youths from conquered areas

Red Heads Name given to Safavid followers due to headgear (tassle)

Din-i-Ilahi Religion that Akbar started (short lived)

Blend Hinduism and Islam

Chapter 26 Identify Sultan Selim III (Ottoman sultan) (1789-1807)

Attempted to improve administration and military

Assassinated by Janissaries

Mahmud II (Ottoman sultan) Crushed the Janissaries and initiated Western reforms

Tanzimat Reforms Western-style reforms within the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876;.

Young Turks Members of the Ottoman Society for Union and Progress

Seek the return of the 1876 constitution

Gained power through a coup in 1908.

Nurhaci United the Manchu

Defeated the Ming and established the Qing dynasty in China

forced submission of nomadic peoples in the west

compelled tribute from Vietnam and Burma

Chapter 26 Identify Lin Zexu (19th-century Chinese official)

Charged with ending the opium trade

Led to the Opium War.

Opium Wars (1839) Fought between Britain and Qing China

British victory demonstrated Western superiority over China.

Taiping Rebellion (1850’s-1860’s) Massive rebellion in S China (Semi-Christian)

Tried to overthrow the Qing dynasty and Confucianism.

Mamluks (slave soldiers) Rulers of Egypt under the Ottomans

defeated by Napoleon in 1798 (shows Muslim vulnerability)

Khedives Descendants of Muhammad Ali; rulers of Egypt until 1952.

3 Early modern Islamic Empires

Mongols crushed Abbasids etc

All 3 come from Turkic nomads 1. Ottoman (1299-1923) Osman I

Based out of Anatolia

Sunni Muslim (Court spoke Turkish)

Rule Christians and Muslims

2. Safavid (1501-1736) Ismail I Based out of Persia

Shia rule mostly Muslims

3. Mughal (1526-1857) Babur Based out of India

Sunni rule mostly non-Muslims

Ottomans

Constantinople/Istanbul

Hagia Sophia

Ottomans Timur

Conquers part of OE and Egypt (Europe is worried WHY?)

Eventually Mehmed II restores OE (captures Constantinople)

Military Naval power

Able to capture major Med islands

But can’t prevent Europeans from Indian Ocean trade (Problem?)

Portugal is the 1st to threaten trade

Janissaries (Who are they?)

Control artillery and firearms (superior to Aristocratic cavalry)

Succession Not clearly defined

What problems does that cause?

Ottomans M, C, J merchants are important

WHY?

Artisans in Constantinople Built guilds (just like Europeans)

Why?

Muhammad Ali Egypt Reforms (1801)

Muhammad Ali takes control (French defeated by British) Introduce conscription (Hire French advisors)

Import western arms

Rebuild irrigation systems

Improve industry (FAILED)

Europeans stop MA taking over OE WHY?

Khedives (MA had died)

Get greedy

Rely heavily on cotton export (increase debt)

Europeans invest in Suez Canal

Army officer revolt against gov (1882)

Britain intervenes & takes control of Egypt

Tanzimat Reforms Tanzimat Reforms (Mahmud II)

Attempt to preserve weakened empire

Western Education (newspapers established)

Postal and telegraph systems

Railroads constructed

Legal reforms

1876 European style constitution

ARTISANS SUFFER WITH INCREASED EUROPEAN COMP

Women gain little b/c Islamic influence

Polygamy, seclusion, veiling continue

Sultan Abdul Hamid wants return to despotic absolutism

1878-1908 Overthrown by Young Turks (continue West reform)

Ottoman Downfall Decline of Civilization

1. Internal weakness (corruption, pursuit of pleasure, ideology differences, poor com)

2. External pressure

When empire expands less problems WHY? 1. Rulers lose touch

2. Succession issues produce division

3. Western Europe grows stronger (unlike during the Abbasid era)

Early 18th century A-H gains territories

Late 18th century Russia is a major threat

As a result Britain supported them (stop Russian advance to Med)

1830 Greece gets independence (1st successful rebellion)

4. Greed and corruption of local officials

5. Oppressive officials cause problems (WHY?)

Ultimately Ottoman Dynasty lasts over 600 years (unmatched)

Safivid

Safavid Abbas I (1587-1629)

Height of empire

Fearing plots against him

Eliminate suitable heirs

Eventually ends 1736

Nadir Shah (1736) attempts to restore empire but fails

Mughals

Mughals Akbar (reformer)

Start a new religion

Regulate consumption of alcohol

Improve women’s position (end seclusion)

Allow widow remarriage

Discourage child marriage

Prohibit sati

Reforms failed but left strong empire

Jahangir and Shah Jahan (successors) Wives become influential (women decline elsewhere)

Child marriage etc returned WHY?

Eventually Hindu suppression (Aurangzeb etc) and European interests cause downfall

Qing China Last dynasty

Nurhaci unites Manchu Invade China (Ming are weak)

Take Beijing in 1644

Keep Exam system, social order (scholar gentry)

Reform minded Improve rural unrest and distress

1. Decrease taxes

2. Repair infrastructure

Failed 1. Huge population growth

2. Disappearance of open lands

19th century Qing decline

1. unfair exam system

2. food shortages Leads to migrations

Leads to thieves

3. Massive gov growth (Why is this a problem?)

4. Diversion of money to private accounts

1912

Last emperor of China Republic of China

Opium Wars Britain unhappy with trade with China (unfair to Brit)

Reverse flow of bullion

Bring in the Opium trade from India

Fixes balance of trade Silver now comes out of China

Lin Zexu?

Outcome?