MUSIC FOR THE NASA MISSION: JUNO TO JUPITER

J U N OT O

J U P I T E R

V A N G E L I S

Everything in nature vibrates and due to this vibration we enter the world of Creation. Every vibration creates motion of energy at frequency. With air the vibration becomes sound, and in the absence of air, the vibration resonates via another medium such as space-time. Throughout time, vibrations mold and shape the Universe transforming chaos into harmony and creating a composition. In this way, music created the Universe and has existed ever since. It is essentially the Universe itself.

Since my childhood, I was very excited with all these thoughts, especially with the thought that

Universe is creation and creation is Universe. Every human being, animal, plant or mineral carries the imprint of the cycle of creation. Sound and Music have always been following the sequences of change in this cycle, as a code carrying the function and dimension of the Universe, being at the same time its generator. It takes one second to conceive but one lifetime to explain - and maybe more.

These kinds of thoughts have been banned for about 17 centuries and everything concerning the Universe, planets and the Sun could lead to big danger each one who was touching these issues. Certain periods were really difficult and the penalty could even be death. All this horror from the Establishment has gradually changed and things have only started to change since the 17th century, and today we finally have the freedom to deal with all these issues and to explore the Universe.

I would like to convey to you my pleasure and fulfillment every time I am dealing with these topics. I always had the feeling that humans tend to believe that the Universe is very complicated, in order for them to appreciate it more. I feel

quite the opposite. Everything can be explained through vibration, sequences and music. Sound and music for me is everything. It is the accurate path to understand, feel, appreciate and analyze things that present a mystery to us. Music is the multidimensional key to unlock doors, which have never been opened before. Everybody understands the language of sound/music. We do not necessarily need to learn it. We need rather to remember it, as we are born from it. It is deep in our memory. It is imprinted on us.

Throughout my musical career, I was giving gradual signs of music concerning the Universe. In 1980 Carl Sagan was a turning point for me to come closer to the issues I was really interested in. A number of scientists involved with space, astrophysicists, astronauts, astronomers, cosmologists, mathematicians and others, throughout the years, have understood my inclination to the Universe and the connection of the music I compose with it; although these pieces were segments of the music I was composing, as it was the music the record labels felt comfortable to release. And then, in 1997, with the opportunity of the major event of the Opening Ceremony of the 6th IAAF World Championships in Athletics held in Athens, I had the chance to first meet and collaborate with Scott Bolton, a leading scientist working with NASA. What unites Scott Bolton and me is our common interest in the Universe; our deep contemplation and recognition of the fundamental connection between the arts and sciences, and our desire to seek out answers to questions that have yet been answered. As long as we have known each other, we have been exchanging views between ourselves, as well as sometimes inviting others into our conversations: scientists, artists, mathematicians, historians and philosophers all representing the broadest possible range of disciplines and perspectives. This is the key to humanity’s awareness, spirit and creativity, the essence of which both Scott and I believe is of paramount importance. NASA’s mission to Mars was an extraordinary experience that gave us the opportunity to work even more closely. The Mythodea choral symphony, as the music for the NASA mission: 2001 Mars

Odyssey, that took place at the temple of Zeus in Athens, was the culmination of this collaboration. And then, around 2001, Scott started to develop NASA’s mission to Jupiter; this offered yet another opportunity to collaborate on an even larger scale. We immediately started working together on this new endeavor.

It is an unbelievable coincidence that, after thousands of years, there is a NASA mission to Jupiter named Juno (the roman name of Hera), who, according to the Greek Theogony, is the mother of Gods and humans and Zeus’/Jupiter’s wife, who was the father of Gods and humans. She was considered as the protector of marriage and the family. Inspired by the connection between the ancient mythological stories of Zeus and Hera and the scientific approach of Juno, Scott and his team took the names of the Greek Theogony and named the mission to the planet Zeus/Jupiter, Juno, in part, as a result of the aforementioned multi-faceted discussions occurring between Scott and myself and other scientists, historians and philosophers. The Juno spaccraft is visiting the planet Jupiter to help us understand how this planet and our solar system formed, to investigate how it works inside, and to reveal the importance and the secrets of this planet, but I leave the details to be explained by the leading scientists of NASA.

Jupiter/Zeus and Hera/Juno have always had a special relationship. This made me particularly interested in how I would approach this special relationship. It was something different from the mission to Mars and Rosetta and both Scott and I felt it would be interesting to approach the subject scientifically in a new way that did not appeal to the few, but to the many. Thus, I thought to emphasize the characteristics of these two deities, because they were a couple, and according to the Greek Theogony, they had a very special relationship. I could have written an operatic oeuvre, but I felt that, in this case, I just had to point out these two protagonists instinctively; and I felt that I should present Zeus/Jupiter only with sound, as the musical laws transform chaos into harmony, which moves everything and life itself.

Unlike for Hera/Juno, I felt the need for a voice and without any thought, I proposed it to my good friend, the world-renowned soprano Angela Gheorghiu, who, with her unique, exceptional, magical, ethereal and sensual voice, could, in a divine way, represent Hera/Juno. I suggested it to her and Angela, with whom I had worked before, accepted it immediately with great joy, and thus she represents in this historical depiction of the mission to the planet Jupiter, Hera/Juno, in a breathtaking way.

I hope that the approach followed in connection with this scientific mission is a good marriage. The goal is to allow a new understanding of the Juno mission to Jupiter and the amazing discoveries being returned every day. The spacecraft is designed to peer through the planet Jupiter’s cloud layers and investigate how the planet Jupiter works and functions itself and in the solar system. It is the same way that both Zeus/Jupiter and Hera/Juno were acting by spreading veils of clouds to cover their activities; and especially Zeus, who was notoriously unfaithful towards Hera. However, Hera, with her special skills managed to observe through the clouds and discover her husband’s activities, as Zeus/Jupiter could also do all the time. In other words, the spacecraft of NASA to Jupiter acts exactly in the same way as Hera/Juno was acting in her relationship and marriage to Jupiter, per what the leading scientists of NASA explain. Having said the above, the music for the NASA mission to Jupiter: Juno to Jupiter, is my contribution to this uniquely important scientific endeavor.

Vangelis

ANGELA GHEORGHIU

I am very happy to be part of this project and accepted it immediately when Vangelis proposed it to me. We have worked together before and I also have other projects in mind, which I hope will happen in the future. Vangelis is a real titan of music; the sonorities of his compositions bring Space and Divinity in complete harmony. He is a wonderful man and a pioneer of a musical genre that will forever inspire both contemporary composers and listeners alike with his unique sounds. Angela GheorghiuSoprano, as Juno

UP CLOSE AND PERSONAL TO JUPITER

The Juno mission is mapping the ingredients of Jupiter to understand the origin of our Solar System. Juno is a true mission of exploration and discovery. Juno’s discoveries are paradigm shifting to our understanding of how solar systems are formed. By providing a revolutionary new view of Jupiter, Juno both challenges our theories and shows us aspects of Nature’s beauty that are beyond belief. The images returned from Juno are both breathtaking and bridge art and science. One of the most interesting pioneering aspects of Juno

is how its camera, JunoCam, operates and involves the public in the science of the mission. The team chose to make all of Juno’s raw, unprocessed imaging data available to the public via the mission’s website. There is no official JunoCam science team. The citizen scientists involved are not just photoshopping NASA images, but are literally processing and creating the images themselves. They are the first humans to see Juno’s discoveries including Jupiter’s giant polar cyclones, the first high resolution close-up of the shrinking Great Red Spot, the high altitude pop-up clouds discovered near the edges of Jupiter’s swirling storms.

Launched on August 5, 2011, from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center, Juno arrived at Jupiter on July 4, 2016. The journey started 13 years earlier when a team of scientists from around the world began meeting to discuss what arguably is one of NASA’s most challenging and scientifically ambitious planetary missions ever attempted. Juno was designed to answer questions raised by knowledge gained from the history of space exploration. Previous missions learned about the diversity of the planets and the study of Earth’s planetary

neighbors and raised fundamental questions regarding the vulnerability of Earth. As knowledge advanced, humanity’s questions evolved to include specifics related to how life started, the origin of our Solar System and if we are alone. These topics were among questions at the top of NASA’s priorities. Juno was intended to fill a huge gap in our understanding of planetary formation. Previous exploration of Jupiter had shown us just how important this object was, but also left us with unanswered puzzles related to how Jupiter formed and how its composition was different than that of the Sun. The history and distribution of water and other volatiles across the early Solar System vital to understanding Earth and life was cloaked in mystery. Scientists knew Jupiter was no ordinary planet, and in many ways held the key to understanding the rest of the Solar System’s creation.

Jupiter is critically important to learning how planets are made. Next to the Sun, Jupiter is the largest and most massive object in the Solar System. As such, it is both a record and a driver of the formation of the planets. Jupiter’s structure and composition provide a glimpse into the earliest stages of the development of our Solar System. Jupiter’s massive gravitational field shaped the dynamical environment in the terrestrial planet region, affecting the timing of the growth of Earth and its rocky neighbors, as well as the delivery of water and organic molecules to the surface of our planet. Jupiter is also the archetype for extra-solar giant planets. What Juno learns helps us understand our own origin, and illuminates how planetary systems are formed around other stars as well. Truly, the history of our Solar System is found in the formation of the planet Jupiter.

Juno by design entered into one of the harshest environments in the Solar System. A battalion of highly energized charged particles surrounds Jupiter. These particles are so fierce that they are moving at near the speed of light, and are capable of penetrating even our strongest shielding. They can destroy even our most advanced electronic technology. To reveal the secrets of our Solar System’s origin held captive and shielded from view by Jupiter’s monstrous radiation, a vehicle was created that

was half armored tank, half spacecraft. The scientists and engineers working on this blended some of the most advanced shielding technology in existence and combined this with new types of instruments capable of seeing the invisible layers below Jupiter’s stormy clouds. The navigators carefully designed a flight path to thread a needle, finding a path that avoided the most intense radiation while positioning the spacecraft for critically important observations. Juno is the first spacecraft with a “radiation shielding vault,” which pioneered a key tool needed for future longer-duration human space missions as well as the exploration of Europa, Jupiter’s ocean bearing moon. Jupiter is a major source of this radiation, filling the Solar System with energetic ions and relativistic electrons. Juno’s mission experience and scientific findings will help protect humans one day as they travel to Mars and beyond.

By peering beneath the clouds with a powerful suite of instruments, Juno is fundamentally redefining our basic assumptions about the origin and evolution of gas giant planets. High-resolution imagery returned by Juno’s camera has revealed a myriad of Earth-size cyclones raging at Jupiter’s poles. Microwave measurements have discovered layers of ammonia clouds stretching to great depths seemingly violating our simple understanding of meteorology. The atmosphere is not homogeneous beneath the sunlight, which fundamentally challenges ideas of how giant planet atmospheres work. Juno sees deep within Jupiter into a metallic hydrogen region, searching for evidence of a compact core. Surprisingly, Juno discovered that Jupiter’s core is fuzzy, without sharp boundaries, opening up new theories to explain this giant planet’s formation and evolution. Possibly, Jupiter suffered a large impact early in its life, similar to what scientists have theorized about how our own Moon was created from an early impact that Earth experienced. Jupiter’s incredibly strong magnetic field had its own surprises, a giant magnetic anomaly called the Great Blue Spot, near the equator.

The visible-wavelength images have revealed swirling layers and storms but the craft’s eight scientific instruments have observed Jupiter and its associated phenomena in multiple ways. Juno cartwheels as it orbits to increase its stability, and it takes an

extreme polar path around Jupiter skimming just above the cloud-tops to avoid the most intense areas of the planet’s radiation. Its orbits have created pole-to-pole time-lapse views of Jupiter, such as the one at right. The images returned from Juno are breathtaking, bridging art and science. But the science results from the mission are simply dramatic.

The JUNO MISSION is named so after Hera (in Roman Juno), who, according to Greek mythology, is the Queen (mother) of Gods and humans. She was the wife of Zeus, in Roman Jupiter, and she was considered the protector of marriage. Hera/Juno was also jealous of her husband’s infidelity and she was usually inventing ways in order to safeguard her marriage and position as Zeus/Jupiter’s wife. When Zeus/Jupiter had his tryst with Io, he spread a veil of clouds around the whole planet in order to conceal his dalliance from Hera/Juno. Hera/Juno noticed the planet suddenly growing dark, and immediately suspected that her husband had raised the cloud in order to hide some of his activities that should not bear the light. The cloud cover served only to arouse Hera’s/Juno’s suspicions, and she came down from Mount Olympus. With her special powers, she penetrated the cloud to see the true nature of Zeus/Jupiter. Thus she managed to observe her husband’s mischief through the clouds.

Similarly, the Juno spacecraft’s instruments were designed to peer through Jupiter’s cloud layers and investigate how the planet Jupiter works inside.

Dr. Scott Bolton,Juno Mission Principal Investigator

1: Statue of Zeus at Olympia, Illustration Seven wonders of the ancient world. Photo by Sipley/ClassicStock/Getty Images

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2. Goddess Juno, sculpture at Crossing of Quattro Fontane, Rome, I taly. Alamy.com.

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3: Image of Zeus/Jupiter. 4: Image of Hera/Juno.

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5: Representation of solar system by Claudius Ptolemy.6: Planisphaerium Ptolemaicum representation of Claudius Ptolemy.

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7: Observations and related calculations about the Medicean Planets satellites rotating around the planet Jupiter (works of Galileo Galilei).8: Drawings by Cassini (1665-1677 presumably depicting the Great Red Spot).9 : Drawing of Jupiter with stripes by Giovanni Cassini around 1667.10: Drawing of Jupiter from approximately 1882 by French artist and astronomer Etienne Trouvelot.11: Historic Jupiter Lick Observatory 1891.

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12: Juno solar panel test. 13: Juno testing in assembly.

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14: Scott Bolton and his children, Bryce Bolton and Shayna Bolton.15: Juno spacecraft development at Lockheed Martin in Denver.16: Juno spacecraft in fairing. 17: Scott Bolton and his parents Jean and Len Bolton.18: Juno engineers at Lockheed Martin.

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19: Tim Gasparrini, Lockheed Martin (right), Charlie Bolden, NASA Administrator (left).20: Juno sunset shot on pad.

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21: The success of the operation of Juno’s arrival at Jupiter.22: Data Control Room of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California - while the Juno team waits for confirmation from Juno that the engine burn has begun, positioning the spacecraft into orbit around Jupiter. 23: Dedication by the Juno team, to Juno’s 1st Project manager shown on rocket Richard Grammier.24: Juno team at launch in front of rocket.

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25: Selected Juno launch Tweetup participants pose for a group photograph with NASA Administrator Charles Bolden with the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) in the background at Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral.

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26-27: Juno to Jupiter Launch.

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28: Juno’s orbits and how they avoid Jupiter’s radiation belts.29: Jupiter and its moons.30: Juno magnetic field mapping. 31: Jupiter’s radiation belts with magnetic field lines and Hubble image of Jupiter with aurora inset.32: Juno and Jupiter radiation belts.33: Juno spacecraft and science instruments.

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34: Juno’s trajectory flying over the poles and past Jupiter with example magnetic field lines.35: Juno trajectory from launch to Jupiter with gravity assist from Earth shown.36: Juno orbits view from ecliptic.37: Jupiter’s magnetic field.

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JUNO AND ITS LEGACY It’s a great privilege and pleasure for me to be invited to write a few words for what has become one of the great successes in NASA’s robotic exploration program, Juno. I had the good fortune of being approached by Scott some two decades ago, while he was thinking about the concept, and was taken aback by the boldness of the science objectives he envisioned and the proposed approach: to look beneath Jupiter’s clouds and uncover the structure and properties of its interior; and to do so by placing a spacecraft into a polar orbit that would also traverse Jupiter’s formidable radiation belts. Not only that, but by using solar power as an energy source for the spacecraft rather than radioisotope generators, even though at Jupiter’s

distance the sun’s intensity is 25 times less than what it is at Earth. Despite the challenges, I was greatly impressed by Scott’s determination to investigate a fundamental problem in planetary formation. We had already been to Jupiter with Voyagers 1 and 2, and an equatorial orbiter, Galileo, both path-breaking missions, but the problem of Jupiter’s interior could not be tackled by either. New instrumentation and a polar orbit was required. Scott’s approach was just what was necessary - if it could be made to work. As is well known, no matter how good an idea is, implementation is the hard part. Not only must the science be compelling but the mission must also be exceptionally well-thought out, and the cost must be within NASA’s programmatic bounds. All of the above meant that the science community must be persuaded, the engineering peers must believe in the correctness of the design in all its aspects, and that NASA management needed to be persuaded that the Principal Investigator (Scott) and his team had the necessary depth and experience, scientific, technical and managerial, to implement a successful mission. As a member of NASA’s Senior Review Board for Juno, I had the opportunity to closely watch the whole process, mission and spacecraft design, spacecraft subsystems, instrument payload, mission operation plans and, finally launch and initial operations over nine years ago.

To say that the whole Juno mission has been an outstanding success is truly an understatement. Juno has succeeded in attaining all of its scientific objectives, but its impact goes way beyond that. Social media accounts are replete with Juno science animations, with many of these showing the stunning images obtained by a color camera, called JunoCam, that was not even a science instrument. The most recent video is that of lightning bolts in Jupiter’s upper atmosphere, accompanied by the fantastic music of Vangelis (www.youtube.com/watch?v=tq_6DClZ0Ns & www.instagram.com/p/CDhtWkiFMLi/?igshid=ikwbvcp27sp3). In all my years of exploring the planets, I have never seen such a dramatic display of nature’s beauty mixed with the furious atmospheric motion of Jupiter’s upper layers together with the bolts of lightning. Vangelis’ music is such a perfect fit to the images that I could close my eyes and see nature’s fury by simply listening to the music. The success of Juno is the result of the exceptional efforts of the many scientists, engineers, management professionals, and support personnel, many of whom have dedicated their lives to advancing exploration of our solar system. But, as with all orchestras, the maestro is absolutely essential to the success of the concert. Scott Bolton, as Juno Principal Investigator, has been the person who led this entire team, scientifically, technically, managerially, with skill and dedication and inspiration, as befits a true leader for such a high purpose effort. The results are out for all to see, not only in the innumerable articles in scientific journals, but also among the public at large. For the latter, Scott was fortunate to have met Vangelis, the legendary composer, and an enthusiast of space in general (his music was used in the 1980 Carl Sagan PBS documentary Cosmos). Vangelis has composed all of the music for Juno videos, documentaries, and simulations of observations such as the one on lightning cited earlier. It is not often that an Oscar-winning (and not only) composer is inspired to write music about space. So, the Juno mission has had its public impact multiplied by the unique talent of Vangelis’ music. This libretto is a continuation of the Juno story.... Stamatios (aka Tom) KrimigisPrincipal Investigator, Voyager 1 and 2

38: Tom Krimigis with the instrument of Voyager. Photo credit: Johns Hopkins/APL. 39: Scott Bolton and Tom Krimigis at Juno team meeting in Greece. Photo by Len Bolton.40-41: Vangelis and Scott Bolton during a working meeting. Photo by Laura Metaxa.42: The principal investigator of the Juno mission Scott Bolton after the success of the Juno S/C launch.

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43-60: The Juno team.43: Professor Fran Bagenal, University of Colorado.44: Dr. Scott Bolton.45: Juno press conference (arrival at Jupiter, July 4, 2016.)46: Rick Nybakken, Juno Project Manager, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech.47: Juno Program Executive.48: Dr. Jack Connerney, Juno Deputy Principal Investigator and Magnetometer Lead Scientist.49: Dr. Steve Levin, Juno Project Scientist, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech.

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50: Robert Kondrk, Vice President, Apple (NASA-Apple Juno Press Conference, July 3, 2016).51: Ed Hirst, Juno Project Manager, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech and Scott Bolton.52: Heidi Becker, Juno Radiation Monitoring Lead, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech and Dr. Alberto Adriani, Juno JIRAM Lead Scientist.53: Stuart Stephens, Juno Mission Planner, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech. 53

54: Juno press conference (arrival at Jupiter, July 4, 2016).

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55, 56, 57, 60: NASA JPL Mission Control and Command Center, Juno Orbit Insertion, July 4, 2016).

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58 and 59: Juno Spacecraft Model.

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61: Juno team at rose bowl before S/C arrival at Jupiter.

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62-64: Juno team meeting inside the Parthenon, during the Juno mission team scientific meeting organised by Vangelis’ Foundation in Greece.

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Throughout my life, I have been fascinated by the cosmos, and the philosophy of art, music, science, and mathematics. It was possibly destiny that brought Vangelis and I together, or simply the shared passion that existed within both of us, recognized by our friends and colleagues that arranged for us to meet.

One day, representatives of his office in Los Angeles reached out to me. Shortly after, I was invited to come to meet him in Athens. Our discussions at that first meeting touched on an amazingly wide and diverse set of topics, all interconnected and all celebrating a common theme, the connection between the arts and sciences, nature and humanity. Our conversation bounced between music, mathematics, physics, cosmology, ancient philosophy and art, contemplating nature’s multi-dimensional aspects, the infinity of space and time, the universe, and life itself. The energy and inspiration sparked by our meetings grew as we both shared ideas, exploring the physics of music and sound, and sharing ideas for future collaborations and projects. That first night was the beginning that surpasses the moment, bringing together a realization of thoughts and dreams that permeated our lives, even before we met. Soon, we shared our discussions with friends and colleagues as we expanded our vision to more and more projects.

In August 1997, Vangelis composed and performed the music for the IAAF World Championships at Athens incorporating cosmological ideas and the science of music. Mythodea in 2001 was dedicated to the 2001 NASA’s Mars Odyssey Mission and expressed humanity’s role and journey through the music, performance and cosmic imagery. During the development of Mythodea, the NASA/ESA Cassini-Huygens mission was flying past Jupiter en-route to Saturn. Our conversations often turned to contemplating the discoveries on Saturn and the importance of giant planets in general. My involvement in organizing Cassini’s observations of Jupiter sparked the seed, in part, for the concept that became Juno.

When a meeting of Cassini scientists was planned in Athens, honoring Greece and the European Space Agency (ESA), a Juno meeting was also planned. The Vangelis Foundation supported, hosted and organized much of the Juno meeting in Greece. Over time, our relationship went beyond our collaboration in music and the Vangelis Foundation evolved into a close friendship that embraced both of our families.

While we continued to develop philosophical ideas, we created inspirational films including the first Juno animation shown during the proposal evaluation. Juno films celebrated and shared the excitement of launch, Earth flyby and arrival at Jupiter as well as key scientific results including probing Jupiter’s Great Red Spot and interior structure.

The music of a film is instrumental in the feeling one gets, this idea is clear to all film makers, as the music touches our souls in a way that far surpasses the visual experience. This is the case in so many films that Vangelis has scored, and is again true for Juno to Jupiter which provides a new dimension to our connection with nature and humanity’s quest to reach out beyond Earth and touch the part of us that is present throughout the solar system and beyond.

Dr. Scott Bolton,Juno Mission Principal Investigator

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65: Vangelis and Bryce Bolton at Vangelis’ studio. Photo by Laura Metaxa.66: Shayna Bolton at Vangelis’ studio. Photo by Laura Metaxa.67: Vangelis and Bryce Bolton at Vangelis’ studio. Photo by Laura Metaxa.68: Scott Bolton and his children Shayna and Bryce. Photo by Stathis Zalidis.69: Vangelis speech during the reception of the Juno mission team scientific meeting organized by Vangelis’ Foundation in Greece. Photo by Stathis Zalidis.70: Scott Bolton speech during the reception of the Juno mission scientific meeting organized byVangelis’ Foundation in Greece. Photo by Stathis Zalidis.

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The southern pole of Jupiter experiences intense auroras that are largely unseen from Earth because of the angular misalignment between the two planets. But Juno’s polar orbit allows it a perfect view of these events, captured here in infrared. Jupiter’s auroras are the most powerful in the Solar System, but initial results from Juno indicate that the mechanism producing them is more complicated than that on Earth.

The great red spot on Jupiter has been a prime target for Juno imaging. Scientists have wanted to know how deep the roots are of Jupiter’s most famous landmark. Juno data indicate that this storm, about 1.3 Earths wide, has winds that penetrate at least 300 kilometers into the planet’s atmosphere. The Great Spot has been shrinking since 1979, when NASA’s Voyagers 1 and 2 passed Jupiter. At that time, the Great Red Spot was roughly twice Earth’s diameter. Juno provides a close-up view of the dynamics that are occurring as this centuries old iconic feature of Jupiter is finally changing. Juno has seen “streamers” coming off the great storm, as seen at left, which flake off and dissipate, and may be related to why the spot is decreasing in diameter.

Images do not roll out of Juno’s camera fully formed. The spacecraft captures narrow strips of the planet using three color filters, and these strips have to be connected and combined to create a final image. Most of the dramatic images from Juno have been created and processed by citizen scientists. Although Jupiter comes in many colors, most images are color-stretched to provide improved clarity and identifying atmospheric details that would not otherwise be easily apparent. Scientists believe darker colored clouds are deeper in the atmosphere. And the ever-moving surface is different in each flyby. Roiling storms characterize large regions of Jupiter’s surface, with the diameter of some cyclone-like swirls as large as the Earth. Storms are thought to be driven by warmer gases in the interior of the planet upwelling to the surface; that temperature gradient combined with the planet’s rotation creates atmospheric circulation, leading to winds of several hundreds of kilometers an hour. Juno also discovered that both poles are surrounded by a cluster of cyclone-like storms, five around a center one at the south pole, and eight around one at the north pole.

Assessing the amount and distribution of water in Jupiter is another goal of the Juno mission. Water and water ice existed in the nebula from which the planets were formed, so its study can help the understanding of how close to the Sun Jupiter was when it formed and the process by

which Jupiter’s composition differs from that of the Sun. Juno has found that Jupiter’s water and ammonia is variable across the planet and at great depth. This was a major surprise to scientists and complicates theories on how atmospheres work on all giant planets. Results from Juno indicate that water is enriched over that in the Sun at Jupiter’s equator. Over the next couple of years, Juno’s path will get closer to Jupiter’s northern latitudes, allowing scientists to be able to compare this result to the rest of Jupiter and learn about both Jupiter’s deep atmospheric meteorology and its formation.

Juno takes 53 days to complete an orbit of Jupiter, with most of the images being obtained during an eight-hour window when it is closest to the planet. At closest approach, Juno is only 3,400 kilometers above the cloud tops. Jupiter’s atmosphere is thought to have at least three cloud layers: the top is a cloud layer likely composed of ammonia ice, the middle of ammonium hydrosulfide crystals, and a bottom layer is likely made up of water ice and vapor. Juno probes for trace gases, especially ammonia and water, to study atmospheric circulation. Previously it was thought that ammonia distribution was uniform down to deep levels, with variability only in the uppermost regions, where ammonia clouds form. Juno discovered that Jupiter has an ammonia rich band concentrated in a narrow belt around the equator with the ammonia greatly depleted in other regions, showing a surprising depth to the atmospheric circulation on Jupiter.

Although the swirling clouds on Jupiter are dramatic, some of Juno’s mostsurprising findings are not visible. Jupiter’s core could not be examined firsthand, even by a probe, because the pressures inside the planet are so intense. So Juno studies Jupiter’s core indirectly by measuring the planet’s magnetic and gravitational fields. Because of the planet’s fast spin (a Jupiter day is 10 Earth hours), it bulges at its equator, which alters the gravitational pull on Juno as it orbits, affecting the spacecraft’s speed. Measurements of this speed shift have been used to create a map of Jupiter’s gravity, which has told researchers that the relatively massive core also has a high volume, meaning it must be larger than previously thought and more diffuse. Surprisingly, nJupiter’s core is not compact. The Juno mission will continue until September 2025, providing opportunities to see learn and discover additional surprises that Jupiter has hidden away.

Dr. Scott Bolton,Juno Mission Principal Investigator

71: Atmospheric features in Jupiter’s northern hemisphere. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstädt/ Seán Doran.

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72: Stormy area of Jupiter’s northern hemisphere known as a folded filamentary region. Image Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Kevin M. Gill73: A multitude of swirling clouds in Jupiter’s dynamic North North Temperate Belt. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/ Gerald Eichstädt/Seán Doran

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74: Swirling cloud formations in the northern area of Jupiter’s north temperate belt. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Kevin M. Gill.

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75: Jupiter’s two storms in the act of merging. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Tanya Oleksuik

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76: Enhanced images from Juno spacecraft show cloud patterns on Jupiter. Photo credit: NASA/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstädt/Seán Doran

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77: Jupiter Abyss: Area within a Jovian jet stream showing a vortex that has an intensely dark center.Credit: NASA/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstädt/Seán Doran.78: Jovian Vortex View: Cyclonic storm in Jupiter’s atmosphere. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstädt/ Seán Doran.

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79: Jovian Tempest: Massive, raging storm in Jupiter’s northern hemisphere. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/ Gerald Eichstädt/Seán Doran.

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80: Chaotic clouds of Jupiter. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Kevin M. Gill.

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81: Convective features near Jupiter’s Great Red Spot. Photo Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Björn Jónsson

82: Close up of cloud patterns and storms in the northern hemisphere of Jupiter. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Kevin M. Gill.

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83: Close up on Jupiter – Mother of Pearls. Photo credit: JunoCam/NASA/Synthetrix.

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84: Jupiter’s clouds in striking shades of blue. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/ Gerald Eichstädt/Seán Doran.

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85: Juno and Jupiter’s Great Red Spot.Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech.

86: A southern view of Jupiter showing the banded structure of the planet’s atmosphere altering between zones and belts. Image credit: NASA/SwRI/MSSS/Rita Najm. 87: Jupiter’s mid-southern composite. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstädt/SeánDoran/Kevin M. Gill.

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88: Cyclones Encircle Jupiter’s North Pole: The central cyclone at the planet’s north pole and the eight cyclones that encircle it collected, by the Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper (JIRAM) instrument aboard Juno. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/ASI/INAF/JIRAM.

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89: A large festoon on Jupiter reaching out of the North Equatorial Belt southwest into the Equatorial Zone. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Kevin M. Gill.

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90: Jupiter’s swirling cloud formation. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Kevin M. Gill.

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91: Churning texture in Jupiter’s atmosphere. Image data: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Kevin M. Gill.

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9292: Jupiter’s little red spot. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Björn Jónsson.93: Jupiter’s Great Red Spot. Image Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/NASA/JPL.

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94: A Jovian Rose. Image credit: NASA/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstädt/Seán Doran. 95: “White storm” at Jupiter. Photo credit: Nasa/Juno.

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96: The Great Red Spot. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstädt.

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97: Jupiter overview. Image credit: NASA.98: The size of Earth compared to the Great Red Spot - Jupiter’s Great Red Spot is 1.3 times as wide as Earth. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Christopher Go.

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99: Jupiter’s clouds in striking shades of blue. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstädt/Seán Doran.

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100. Jupiter’s southern hemisphere in detail. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstädt/Seán Doran.

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101: White tip on turbulence/Colorful, intricate patterns in a jet stream region of Jupiter’s northern hemisphere known as “Jet N3”. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstad.t

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102. Vangelis has been photographed purposely at the temple of Zeus in Athens, to underline the immensity of the remains of one of the biggest temples of the Greek-Roman Antiquity, as it stands today after the temple’s destruction. Photo by Stathis Zalidis.

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103. Vangelis, at the temple of Zeus in Athens, performing his Choral symphony Mythodea for the NASA mission: 2001 MARS Odyssey. Photo by Stathis Zalidis.

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104. Vangelis, at the temple of Zeus in Athens, performing his Choral symphony Mythodea for the NASA mission: 2001 MARS Odyssey. Photo by Stathis Zalidis.

105: Vangelis’ photo by Stathis Zalidis.

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106106: Vangelis and Philippe Colonna, photo by Evripidis Koutsinas. 107: Vangelis working for designing his new musical system, photo by Evripidis Koutsinas.

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108: Vangelis testing his new musical system, photo by Paulette Valle Suayan Tacod.109: Vangelis, photo by Stathis Zalidis. 110: Vangelis, photo by Evripidis Koutsinas.111: Sound engineer Philippe Colonna, photo by Evripidis Koutsinas.112: Vangelis having a conversation with Philippe Colonna, photo by Evripidis Koutsinas.

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113: Vangelis, photo by Stathis Zalidis.114: Vangelis doing studio work, photo by Stathis Zalidis.

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115: Angela Gheorghiou, photo by Cosmin Gogu.

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116-119: Angela and Vangelis at the studio. Photos by Lefteris Zermas.

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120: Angela Gheorghiou. Photo by Cosmin Gogu.

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Composed, arranged, produced, performed, and recorded by Vangelis

Angela Gheorghiu, Soprano, as Juno

Scientific advisor: Dr. Scott Bolton

Artistic and creative consultancy: Artistics Sciences Inc.

Spoken word samples in tracks 1 and 17, courtesy of NASA. Track 17 features the actual voices, commenting for the Juno spacecraft while in Apo 22, of: a) Randall Faelan, Lockheed Martin, Deep Space Exploration Real-Time Operations Lead, b) Chris Leeds, Lockheed Martin, Telecom Sr. Engineer, c) Jennifer Delavan, Lockheed Martin, Spacecraft Systems and d) Matt Johnson, Juno Mission Manager, JPL/Caltech.

Engineered by Philippe Colonna

Recording location: Planet Earth – Europe

Sub-Published by Sony Music Publishing

Art direction and design by Salvador Design

SPECIAL THANKS(in alphabetical order)

Joanne Baines, Luc Bourachot, Iro Bouta, Willi Buys, Badette Cabforo, Michai Ciortea, Frédéric Cloth, Comfort Transfer à Paris SAL, Alexander Gerdanovits, Lana Thompson, Sofia Maria Kapeli, Corinna Kearney, Evripidis Koutsinas, Salvador Lavado, Helen Lewis, Tom Lewis, Julie Melista, Laura Metaxa, Laura Monks, Tasos Peppas, Nico Rooney, Christos Stavridis, Jewel Mari Tacod, Paulette Valle Suayan Tacod, Michalis Tegos, Stergios Tegos, Philippe Thoma, Vaiopoulou Elpida, Mark Wilkinson, James Wyllie, Lefteris Zermas.

1. ATLAS’ PUSH (03:40) Spoken word samples courtesy of NASA

2. INSIDE OUR PERSPECTIVES (03:32)

3. OUT IN SPACE (04:14)

4. JUNO’S QUIET DETERMINATION (05:17)

5. JUPITER’S INTUITION (03:58)

6. JUNO’S POWER (04:09)

7. SPACE’S MYSTERY ROAD (04:17)

8. IN THE MAGIC OF COSMOS (02:07)

9. JUNO’S TENDER CALL (03:42)Angela Gheorghiu, soprano, as Juno

10. JUNO’S ECHOES (03:38)

11. JUNO’S ETHEREAL BREEZE (01:31)

12. JUPITER’S VEIL OF CLOUDS (05:17)

13. HERA/JUNO QUEEN OF THE GODS (04:21)Angela Gheorghiu, soprano, as Juno

14. ZEUS ALMIGHTY (11:00)

15. JUPITER REX (01:36)

16. JUNO’S ACCOMPLISHMENTS (04:22)Angela Gheorghiu, soprano, as Juno

17. APO 22 (01:53)Spoken word samples courtesy of NASA. Voices: Randall Faelan, Lockheed Martin, Deep Space Exploration Real-Time Operations Lead; Chris Leeds, Lockheed Martin, Telecom Sr. Engineer; Jennifer Delavan, Lockheed Martin, Spacecraft Systems; and Matt Johnson, Juno Mission Manager, JPL/Caltech.

18. IN SERENITATEM (04:14)

121 121: Vangelis and Salvador discussing design and artwork for Juno to Jupi ter.

MY DEBT TO PEOPLE INVOLVED WITH THE UNIVERSE

On the occasion of the NASA mission Juno to Jupiter and my involvement in it, it would be my omission not to thank and state how grateful I am, as everyone on this Planet should be, to all those who have dealt and still deal with the observation and the exploration of the stars, the planets and the Universe. It is impressive to see scientists exploring the Universe and even risking their lives, depending on the time period in which they lived. I must say that all ancient civilizations were involved in astronomy and the planets. The ancient Greeks: Alcman, the Pythagorean philosophers, Plato, Aristoteles, Aristarchus of Samos, Ptolemy Claudius, just to mention a few, laid the foundation for the knowledge of the heliocentric system that allowed Copernicus and Galileo to develop the Aristarchus’ theory and to establish the basis of modern astronomy, which culminated with the astronomers of the centuries that followed. In parallel, among others, the ancient Egyptians, the Nubians, the Hittites, the Assyrians, the Sumerians, the Babylonians, the Chaldeans, the Persians, the Indians, the Chinese, the Arabs and the Maya have been involved in astronomy and the Universe.

To all of them and to all astronomers, astrophysicists, cosmologists, astronauts, cosmonauts, astrobiologists, and other space scientists who are dealing with space exploration in our days, all over the world and who are committed to this cosmic work, humanity should be grateful in eternity. I really wish to thank NASA, ESA, the Russian, the Chinese and Indian Space Agencies and any and all pioneering teams worldwide, as well as individual scientists like Carl Sagan, Steven Hawking et al.

I also thank all the citizen scientists involved with the NASA Juno to Jupiter mission from its beginning until today; and the ones that will continue it until its completion, for their endeavors and achievements. Additionally, I thank Richard Grammier, the Juno team member who has passed away and his name has been marked by his colleagues on the Juno spacecraft in memoriam, as well as any other space scientists, astronomers, astronauts et al, that have lost their lives or have been injured while on duty.

After all, we shouldn’t forget that Space, Universe, Cosmos, in whichever name we call it, is our hope and future and we need to be careful not to make the same mistakes in space that we made on our planet, as it is the only chance we have - our future.

Vangelis

DEDICATED TO MY BROTHER NIKO