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MUSHROOM RESEARCH AND COMMUNITY
ACTIVITIES IN NAMIBIA UNU-INRA Supported Project: University of Namibia
UNU-INRA supported mushroom activities at the University of Namibia (UNAM) is based at the Sam Nujoma Marine and Coastal Resources Research Centre (SANUMARC) and the Zero Emissions Research Initiatives (ZERI) SANUMARC: Established in 1999, an operating units of UNU-INRA
ZERI: Zero Emissions Regional project for Africa launched in 1994 at the United Nations University
ZERI and SANUMARC are designated Node of excellence in Mushroom farming by the NEPAD Southern Africa Network for Biosciences (SANBio).
Other supporting institutions / Donors for mushroom activities in Namibia
UNDP : United Nations Development Programme
GEF: Global Environment Facility
NEDBANK Namibia, Rössing Foundation, etc
Introduction
ZERI – Zero Emission Research Initiative
The Concept behind ZERI is to look at the wide spectrum of materials which are
often conceive as waste, and turning them to become new value-added products.
In 1996, Namibian first Independent President, Dr Sam Nujoma, sign a
Cooperation Agreement between the United Nations University and the
University of Namibia which involved the establishment of the UNESCO/UNU
ZERI Africa Chair at the University.
Establishment of SANUMARC was a fallout of this concept – sustainable use of
limited natural resources (marine and coastal)
INTRODUCTION
Brief on SANUMARC
SANUMARC General Research Focus
Marine Science
Coastal environment
Coastal agriculture
Mushrooms
Renewable energy
Water resources
Community
Outreach
Why Mushroom in Namibia?
Namibia is the driest country south of the Sahara.
Approximately 825,000 km2 (size of almost UK and France combined) and
population of 2 million people
Although the country has one of the highest per capital income in Sub
Saharan Africa, income distribution is highly skewed, leaving the majority of
the people living in poverty.
Sustainable arable land 1%
Why Mushroom in Namibia?
The Agriculture Sector is divided into
Commercial and Communal Farming.
Commercial Farming (making up only 2% of
the population) – Beef mainly for export
market.
Communal Farming (making up more than
70% of the population) - Subsistence farming
For these people, ZERI activities hold great
potential in improving the yields, providing
new techniques and conserving scarce water
resources.
Mushroom farming is being promoted to
improve livelihood of the communal
farmer.
Why Mushroom in Namibia?
BENEFITS OF MUSHROOMS
Land and excessive water are no limiting factor for production (viable option for a
country like Namibia)
Food: Rich in protein, vitamins and essential micronutrients such as iron, calcium, sodium,
potassium and phosphorus.
Medicinal value: Ganoderma in Namibia is traditionally used for the treatment of liver
problems, heart condition, asthma, cancer, high blood pressure, arthritis and veterinary
applications
Source of income for rural communities: Individuals and SMEs to generate income.
High production on substrates: Ability to grow on substrates which are byproducts of other
agricultural processes.
INTRODUCTION
Brief on SANUMARC Main focus
Evaluation of mushroom species for culture
Evaluation of locally available substates
Field testing different types of substrate and
sterilization systems
Evaluation of different mushroom houses
The inoculation of a growth medium such as
agar plate
Mushroom Research and Activities in Namibia
INTRODUCTION
Brief on SANUMARC Main focus
Inoculation and mycelia colonisation of a small
volume of substrate (such as grain) in a
propagation bottle;
The amplification of mycelia colonisation of a
substrate (such as straw) in a production scale
bag,
Final production of a number of fruiting
mushroom flushes
Medicinal properties of the Ganoderma
mushroom
Mushroom Research and Activities in Namibia
INTRODUCTION
Brief on SANUMARC Recent research activities
Mushroom Research and Activities in Namibia
Gel electrophoresis of the amplified rDNA internal transcribed sequence 18S region of the Ganoderma species Kandhila-Muandingi (2011)
Ganoderma Mushrooms Ganoderma is an indigenous mushroom in Namibia will has over the years been used traditionally for the treatment of various ailments Survey information revealed that Ganoderma species have various
traditional uses - treatment of liver problems, heart condition, asthma, cancer, high blood pressure, arthritis and veterinary applications .
The study revealed that there are four species of Ganoderma in Namibia namely; G. lucidum, G. tsugae, G. neojaponicum and G. applanatum .
Genetic diversity of 1% was observed amongst the collected Ganoderma species from the two regions (Ohangwena and Oshana) of northern Namibia.
INTRODUCTION
Brief on SANUMARC Recent research activities
Mushroom Research and Activities in Namibia
Gel electrophoresis of the amplified rDNA internal transcribed sequence 18S region of the Ganoderma species Kandhila-Muandingi (2011)
Ganoderma Mushrooms Ganoderma is an indigenous mushroom in Namibia will has over the years been used traditionally for the treatment of various ailments Preliminary investigation has associated Ganoderma with boosting
immune systems in HIV infected persons Plans are underway for detail phytochemical studies on this
mushroom
INTRODUCTION
Brief on SANUMARC Recent research activities
Mushroom Research and Activities in Namibia
Determination of the optimal ratio of seaweed Laminaria to maize straw that will support the highest yield of oyster mushroom. 1: 9 (Laminaria to straw) was the optimum ratio, because it yielded the
highest amount of mushrooms. At 1:3 no mushroom were produced, due to the high salts
concentration in the Laminaria which inhibited the pinning of fruit bodies.
INTRODUCTION
Brief on SANUMARC Recent research activities
Mushroom Research and Activities in Namibia
Effects of iodine on the vegetative phase of oyster mushrooms. A mixture of grass and crushed maize cobs 1: 1 were used as substrate
in the experiment. The results showed that the high iodine concentration lengthened the
incubation period for the vegetative phase of the oyster mushroom which in turn delayed progress to the fruiting phase
Determination of bio-efficient of different organic substrate used for the cultivation of button mushroom, Pleurotus eryngii The study revealed that sunflower stalk was more efficient because it
produced the most mushrooms.
INTRODUCTION
Brief on SANUMARC Recent research activities
Mushroom Research and Activities in Namibia
Adaptability and performance of Agaricus species (Agaricus bisporus: 096,
Agaricus bisporus: 097 and Agaricus birtoquis: WM7300 ) spawn on different
grain substrates of whole wheat grain (a), whole sorghum grain (b) and whole
rice grain (c).
Sample bottles containing mycelia of Agaricus birtoquis and A. bisporus
strain 096 & 097 colonising (a) whole wheat grain, (b) whole sorghum
grain and (c) whole rice grain.
a b c
INTRODUCTION
Brief on SANUMARC Recent research activities
Mushroom Research and Activities in Namibia
Adaptability and performance of Agaricus species (Agaricus bisporus: 096,
Agaricus bisporus: 097 and Agaricus birtoquis: WM7300 ) spawn on different
grain substrates of whole wheat grain (a), whole sorghum grain (b) and whole
rice grain (c).
0
20
40
60
80
100
8 12 16 20 24 28 32
Mycelia g
row
th (
mm
)
Days of colonization
0
20
40
60
80
100
8 12 16 20 24 28 32
Myceli
a g
row
th (
mm
)
Days of colonization
0
20
40
60
80
100
8 12 16 20 24 28 32
Mycelia g
row
th (
mm
)
Days of colonization
SAB097 SAB096 SM7300
a b c
Mycelia growth of Agaricus species (Agaricus bisporus: 096, Agaricus bisporus: 097 and Agaricus birtoquis) on
different cellulosic substrates of whole wheat grain (a), whole sorghum grain (b) and whole rice grain (c).
Community activities
Trainees posing with facilitators in Katima Mulilo, North east of Namibia © Martha Hausiku, 2010
Fruiting bag of oyster mushroom at Unam, Main campus, Windhoek © Martha Hausiku, 2010
Advocacy and awareness creation
Promotion of mushroom production
Train farmers on production skills
Support mushroom spawn production
Develop farmers’ marketing skills and
facilitate linkages of farmers to
markets.
Value addition of medicinal
mushrooms
Project Management
Trainees are encouraged and assisted in establishing community projects
Mushroom Research and Activities in Namibia
MUSHROOM HOUSE
constructed from local materials such as thatching grass on the roof , bricks wall and corrugated iron sheet used as a door. Moisture retention and ventilation are the most important aspects of a mushroom house
Mushroom house at Okaku at the north of Namibia ©Kadhila-Muandingi 2004
Clay mushroom house at SANUMARC ©Kaspar Shimooshili, 2011
Clay house used as a fruiting house for oyster mushrooms cultivated at SANUMARC. It was constructed from clay bricks and wood. The windows allow air circulation and humidity while the black plastic on the roof was adopted for insulation
Community activities
Mushroom Research and Activities in Namibia
G. lucidum mushroom house at Unam, main campus ©Kadhila-Muandingi,2011
Fruiting Room The fruiting room was constructed specifically for growing Ganoderma species. The G. lucidum fruits being cultivated will be processed into tea and capsules for immune boosting.
Construction of a mushroom Technology Park is underway to be funded by SANBIO/NEPAD
Community activities
Mushroom Research and Activities in Namibia