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10/10/2014 1 Musculoskeletal Imaging and Clinical Reasoning: Collaborative Effort Between Musculoskeletal Radiologist and Physical Therapists Sara Bertrand PT, DPT, OCS, FAAOMPT Sara Cristello, PT, DPT, OCS, FAAOMPT Brooks Rehabilitation

Musculoskeletal Imaging and Clinical Reasoning- Bertrand ... · 10/10/2014 1 Musculoskeletal Imaging and Clinical Reasoning: Collaborative Effort Between Musculoskeletal Radiologist

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Page 1: Musculoskeletal Imaging and Clinical Reasoning- Bertrand ... · 10/10/2014 1 Musculoskeletal Imaging and Clinical Reasoning: Collaborative Effort Between Musculoskeletal Radiologist

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Musculoskeletal Imaging and Clinical Reasoning: Collaborative Effort Between Musculoskeletal Radiologist and Physical 

TherapistsSara Bertrand PT, DPT, OCS, FAAOMPT

Sara Cristello, PT, DPT, OCS, FAAOMPT

Brooks Rehabilitation

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Current View• Most low back pain (LBP) is “non‐specific” in nature

– Many MR imaging findings have a high prevalence in subjects without LBP

– Jarvik et al (2001): prevalence of MRI findings in subjects without LBP (currently or ever) 

• 83% had moderate to severe desiccation of one or more discs

• 64% had 1 or more bulging discs 

• 56% had loss of disc height

• 32% had at least 1 disc protrusion

• 6% had one or more disc extrusion. 

Current View

• Berg et al (2013), cross‐sectional study on candidates for lumbar disc prosthesis– Purpose: are combined MRI findings related to the degree of disability and LBP reported? 

– MRI score calculated by taking into account Modic changes, high intensity zones in the disc, dark nucleus pulpous signal and disc height changes

– Oswestry Disability Index and LBP intensity scores 

Current View 

• Berg et al (2013) continued:

– The relationship of the MRI score to the ODI and LBP intensity scores where analyzed

– Results:

• The MRI score was not related to ODI or LBP intensity scores. 

• Results remained unchanged after adding facet arthropathy to the MRI total score and adjusting for physical workload and physical leisure‐time activity

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Biomedical Model 

• Basing intervention choice off of imaging findings

– Surgery, prescriptions (narcotics/non‐narcotics), injections, therapy etc. 

• Reports of MRI findings leading to fear avoidance and pain catastrophizing behaviors

International Classification of Function Model (ICF)

Current View

• Have physical therapists taken the “current view” too far? 

• Are there opportunities to utilize imaging more in the management of patients. 

• Can skilled PT’s through a clinical exam, identify the causes of LBP as compared to the gold standard of imaging combined with diagnostic injections?

– Discussion for another day!

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40 y.o. male with a chief complaint of left sided low back and leg pain that travels down to his lateral calf. The pain started 2 weeks ago for no apparent reason. The patient reports his pain is worse in the a.m. and with prolonged sitting.  

If you were thinking of the followingdiagnosis…

And then the following info became available….

...this diagnosis would become...-2 -1 0 +1 +2Significantly Neither more Significantly

Less likely or less likely more likely

Radiculopathy Pain centralizes with extension

-2 -1 0 +1 +2

Radiculopathy MRI findings of  severe dessicationof one or morediscs

-2 -1 0 +1 +2

Radiculopathy  Negative MRI findings 

-2 -1 0 +1 +2

• In this scenario, the imaging findings do not add much to the clinical picture. 

• Likely to find imaging findings that suggest HNP/radiculopathy in patients without LBP or in patients with LBP of a different origin

• However, there are clinical scenarios in which imaging findings could and should help guide clinical decision making algorithms. 

Script Concordance3

+2

If you were thinking of the followingdiagnosis…

And then the following info became available….

...this diagnosis would become...-2 -1 0 +1 +2

Significantly Neither more SignificantlyLess likely or less likely more likely

Degenerative Disc 

Disease

Radiograph 

report:  positive 

transitional 

lumbosacral 

anatomy at L5‐S1

-2 -1 0 +1 +2

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Bony Changes

Transitional Lumbosacral Abnormalities4, 5

Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebrae6

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Facet Shape7,8

Flat

J Shaped

C Shaped

Variability in FacetOrientation9

•All degrees are from      the  sagittal plane

≈ 85° ≈ 60°

≈ 0° ≈ 85°

≈ 45° ≈ 30°

‐Primarily limits rotation 

‐Little resistance to flex/ext 

Facets oriented close to       

sagittal plane 

‐Primarily limit forward displacement‐Little resistance to rotation

Facets oriented further from sagittal plane 

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Presence of Bone Spurs

• Radiographic image

Script Concordance

+2

If you were thinking of the followingdiagnosis…

And then the following info became available….

...this diagnosis would become...-2 -1 0 +1 +2

Significantly Neither more SignificantlyLess likely or less likely more likely

Degenerative Disc 

Disease

Radiograph 

report:  positive 

transitional 

lumbosacral 

anatomy at L5‐S1

-2 -1 0 +1 +2

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28 y.o. female with central/right sided low back pain. This is her 5th episode in 10 years. She reports minimal pain in the a.m. however pain worsens as the day goes on. Worst with static sitting or static standing, and bending to pick up items from the 

ground. Feels best after exercise on the treadmill. 

If you were thinking of the followingdiagnosis…

And then the following information  became available….

...this diagnosis would become...-2 -1 0 +1 +2Significantly Neither more SignificantlyLess likely or less likely more likely

LumbarInstability 

Fatty infiltration and atrophy of her lumbar multifidus on the right 

-2 -1 0 +1 +2

55 y.o. female reports right sided mid‐thoracic pain that is worst when she turns her trunk right or takes a deep breath

If you were consideringthe following treatment…

And the following information became available…

You would consider the treatment…

-2 -1 0 +1 +2Significantly Neither more Significantly

Less useful or less useful more useful

Mid‐thoracic thrust  Poor bone mineralization and quality via an imaging report 

-2 -1 0 +1 +2

Tissue Quality 

• Fatty infiltration and/or atrophy of soft tissue

– Multifidus  and Supraspinatus 

• Calcification of ligaments

– Ligamentum flavum

• Demineralization and Bone quality

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Fatty Infiltration/Atrophy10

• Multifidus– Multifidus and paraspinal muscle groups are significantly smaller in patients with chronic LBP vs. healthy controls

– They are also smaller on the symptomatic vs asymptomatic sides in patients with unilateral chronic LBP

– Systematic Review conclusion

• “the role of paraspinal muscle morphology on the etiology, prognosis, and treatment of patients with LBP must be further investigated”

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Multifidus

T2 and T1 MRI: Multifidus Signal Abnormality/Atrophy

T2 and T1 Axial MRI: Normal Multifidus

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Fatty Infiltration/Atrophy11

• Rotator Cuff 

– Increased fatty infiltration and atrophy are associated with increased re‐tear rates as well as poorer functional outcomes following rotator cuff repair

– Infraspinatus fatty infiltration predicts a poorer prognosis and functional outcome following rotator cuff repair

Fatty Infiltration/Atrophy

• Adds additional information to your cluster of examination findings

• Affects prognosis

• Directs exercise dosing

• Patient Education

Calcification/Ossification of Ligaments11

Lateral radiography of the cervical spine in extension (right) and flexion (left). Extensive ossification of the ligamentum flavum from C2 to C5 (arrows) and calcification of the posterior atlanto‐axial membrane (arrow head)

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Calcification of Ligaments

• Adds additional information to your cluster of examination findings

– Physical Therapy Diagnosis and Prognosis 

• May help to influence your expectations with manual and/or exercise interventions 

• Patient Education

Bone Quality 

• May influence PT diagnosis– Raise/lower suspicion of a fracture for example

• May affect intervention choices– Manual therapy/thrust for example

• May affect exercise choices– Emphasis on weight bearing exercises 

Additional Diagnoses

• Could include, but not limited to….

– Forestier’s disease, aka Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH)

– Baastrup’s Sign, aka kissing disease

– Klippel‐feil syndrome

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Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis

Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis

Baastrup’s Sign

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Ankylosing Spondylitis Syndesmophytes Sagittal Reformatted CT Scan

What Steps Can You Take?

• Establish communication with Radiologists

– Shadow / Have conversations

– Bring case examples

• Communicate with the                        referral processes to get the              imaging reports

What is next?

• Plan to attempt to publish in Radiology journal

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SPECIAL THANKS

Paul WassermanDO

Bob RowePT, DPT, DMT, FAAOMPT

Jason BeneciukPT, PhD, FAAOMPT

Questions/Comments

References

• 1. Jarvik JJ, Hollingworth W, Heagerty P, Haynor DR, DeyoRA. The Longitudinal Assessment of Imaging and Disability of the Back (LAIDBack) Study: baseline data. Spine. 2001;26(10):1158‐66.

• 2. Berg L, Hellum C, Gjertsen Ø, Neckelmann G, Johnsen LG, Storheim K, Brox JI, Eide GE, Espeland A. Do more MRI findings imply worse disability or more intense low back pain? A cross‐sectional study of candidates for lumbar disc prosthesis. Skeletal Radiol. 2013;42(11):1593‐602. 

• 3. Farshad‐Amacker, Nadja A., Richard J. Herzog, Alexander P. Hughes, Alexander Aichmair, and Mazda Farshad. "Associations between Lumbosacral Transitional Anatomy Types and Degeneration at the Transitional and Adjacent Segments." The Spine Journal (2013). 

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References

• 4. Mahato, Niladrikumar. "Pars Inter‐articularis and Laminar Morphology of the Terminal Lumbar Vertebra in Lumbosacral Transitional Variations." North American Journal of Medical Sciences 5.6 (2013): 357.

• 5. Key, Sara. "Lumbarisation and Sacralisation." SimpleBackPain.com. N.p., 2013. Web. 25 Aug. 2014.

• 6. Porter, Neil A., Radhesh K. Lalam, Bernhard J. Tins, Prudencia N. M. Tyrrell, Jaspreet Singh, and Victor N. Cassar‐Pullicino. "Prevalence of Extraforaminal Nerve Root Compression below Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebrae." Skeletal Radiology 43.1 (2014): 55‐60.

• 7. Adams, Michael Anthony, and Nikolai Bogduk. The Biomechanics of Back Pain. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2006.

References

• 8. Adams & Bogduk 2002 

• 9. Bogduk, Nikolai. Clinical Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine and Sacrum. 4th ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 2005.

• 10. Fortin M, Macedo LG. Multifidus and paraspinal muscle group cross‐sectional areas of patients with low back pain and controls: a systematic review with a focus on blinding. Phys Ther. 2013;93:873– 888.

• 11. Kuzel BR, Grindel S, Papandrea R, & Ziegler D. Fatty infiltration and rotator cuff atrophy. Journal of the American Academy of OrthopaedicSurgeons. 2013;21(10):613‐623.

• 12. Inoue H, Seichi A, Kimura A, Endo T, & Hoshino Y. Multiple‐level ossification of the ligamentum flavum in the cervical spine combined with calcification of the cervical ligamentum flavum and posterior atlanto‐axial membrane. Eur Spine J. 2013;22(Suppl 3):S416–S42.