Munjurul Hannan Khan, PhD Ministry of Environment and Forests

Government of Bangladesh munjurulkhan@gmail.com

IIASA and IGES, Japan, February 2013

Bangladesh and Sweden organized workshop on SLCPs before the CCAC started formally

Bangladesh is a founding member of the CCAC to reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants

Low Emission Development Strategy Carbon Strategy under preparation

Collaboration with Global Alliance for Clean Cook stoves (GACC)

Bangladesh-Japan Co-hosted SLCPs regional meeting in Bangkok in Feb. 2013

Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and

Action Plan (BCCSAP) developed in 2009

Both Adaptation and Mitigation including

reduction of SLCPs addressed

Vision 2021, Sixth Five-Year Plan, NSDS for

climate resilient development following low

carbon development path

SIX THEMATIC AREAS Food security, social protection and health Comprehensive disaster management Infrastructure Research & knowledge management Mitigation & low carbon development Capacity building & institutional strengthening - 44 thematic programmes and 133 major activities

National Environment Committee Headed by Prime Minister

Strategic Guidance and Oversight

National Steering Committee on CC Headed by Minister

Ministry of Environment and Forests Overall coordination and facilitation

Climate Change Unit Ministry of Environment and Forests

Coordination and Management

Climate Change Focal Points in all Ministries Plan and Implement activities within their remit

Climate Change Negotiations

In association with Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund (BCCTF) to implement the Action Plan

Established through the Climate Change Trust

Fund Act 2010 Source: Own revenue budget Total allocation US$ 350 million CCTF Board has approved 120 projects – Few

projects to address SLCPs

Enabling Environment Cont….

Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund (BCCRF) to implement the Action Plan

The Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund (BCCRF)

established in 2010 with support from development partners Development partners already allocated US$ 200 million Allocated US$ 25 million for Solar Irrigation system to cut

down use of diesel combustion in agriculture sector to reduce SLCPs

Enabling Environment Cont….

Cook stoves: Black Carbon

Rice parboiling systems: Black Carbon

Brick kilns: Black Carbon

Flooded irrigation in rice field: Methane

Municipal waste deposits: Methane

Livestock: Methane

Out of 32 million households about 30 million use traditional biomass-burning cook stoves made from clay

Inefficient

(thermal efficiency: 5% - 15%) and polluting environment (indoor air pollution and black carbon emission)

About 100 million tonnes of biomass (wood waste, cow dung, agricultural waste) are used for cooking annually

About 50,000 small children and women die every year and millions suffer a variety of diseases from long-term exposure to smoke in the kitchens

An improved cook stove (ICS) has been available for more than 30 years but with little dissemination success

Improved cooking stoves (ICS) developed Thermal efficiency: 27% - 30% Fuel saving: 40% - 55% Significant less indoor air pollution (chimney!) Less black carbon emission 1 million ICS in use

To provide all households with ICS that are more efficient than the traditional stoves and keep the smoke out of the kitchen

ICS exists in BGD for more than 30 years – but more important is:

Do we have self-sustaining supply chains? The ICS introduced saves 35-50% of fuel and is

equipped with a chimney that takes (most of) the smoke out of the kitchen, is made from concrete and thus can be mass produced There is no need to change fuels, cooking utensils

and cooking habits – thus, acceptance of the ICS his very high

Existing so-called ‘sanitary shops’ used by ICS promoters and encourages these shops to manufacture and market ICS

At present more than 400 promoters and, so far, these have mobilised more than 3000 sanitary shops to produce ICS

ICS is just one more product in the range of products the sanitary shops produce and sell

The stove price is around USD10; with money from the BCCT Fund a buy-down grant of about USD3/stove is provided as a marketing incentive

Where are we: About 1 million ICS is out there - thus only 29 million more to go

50,000 traditional rice parboiling units

8 million tons rice husk used as fuel

Thermal efficiency: 15% - 30%

Very high air pollution

Very high black

carbon emission

Improved rice parboiling systems developed

Thermal efficiency: 50% Fuel (rice husk) saving

over 50% Black smoke not

visible 42 improved plants in

use

7,000-8,000 brick kilns in Bangladesh

Inefficient and source of huge pollution

Annually 200000 tonnes of coal used for brick production

Improved brick kilns introduced in Bangladesh – Hybrid Hoffmann Kiln

– Vertical Shaft Kiln

– Zig Zag Kiln

– Tunnel Kiln

– Green bricks

Efficient in energy use

Significant less black carbon emission

Hybrid Hoffmann Kiln used in Bangladesh

Zig Zag Kiln

Vertical Shaft Kiln

Hybrid Hoffmann Kiln

Tunnel Kiln

Different Types of Kiln

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

FCK (India) FCK(Bangladesh) Zigzag (Goodmanagement)

Zigzag (Normaloperation)

VSBK HHK Tunnel (Vietnam)Kiln

Brick Kilns

Parti

cula

tes-

SPM

(mg/

m3 )

Comparison of Emissions from Different Kilns

Present Emission Standard

Probable Future Emission Standard

Municipal Solid Waste

Currently 600–1000 tonnes municipal waste produced daily

Proper management system yet to be in place

Methane emission can be reduced by proper waste management Aerobic fermentation (fertilizer ): good

experience Anaerobic fermentation: methane &

fertilizer production and use (no experience)

Aquifer

GROUND WATER

From river, canal, wetland

SURFACE WATER

Traditional Rice Field Irrigation • Traditional irrigation is flooded irrigation

(from 9.9 m ha T aman and boro) • 3-6 inches depth of water in rice fields • Methane emission (SNC: 1.7 to 2.13 Tg/year;

IPCC: 2.07 to 3.11 Tg/year)

Intelligent Rice Field Irrigation

Drought Assessment (DRAS) Model or Climate Mitigation Crop Model (CM2)

Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) Method Model developed and validated Irrigation, fertilizer given as required No standing water 40% less water, 30% less energy 30-40% more crop Less methane emission Field level extension to be introduced

Air Quality Monitoring System in Bangladesh

1

Existing Location of CAMS sites in Bangladesh (Under CASE Project)

Rajshahi(1)Dhaka(3)

Chittagong(2)

Barisal(1)

Khulna(1)

Sylhet(1)

Narayangonj (1)

Gazipur (1)

Monitors Sox, Nox, CO, O3M10, PM2.5, wind speed and director, vertical wind speed, solar radiation, air pressure, RH, rain, room temperature and RH 11 stations at different towns Monitor online Connected with with DoE HQ Being used for enforcement

National Action Plan (NAP) to reduce SLCPs will

be prepared with support from the CCAC and SEI

- Will follow multi-sectoral integrated

approach by involving all stakeholders

Open burning control rules drafted

Ambient Air Quality Standard under revision

Environment Conservation Rules under revision to

address SLCPs

Strategic Approach in SLCPs Reduction

Dissemination of ICS to 29 million households

Replacement of 50, 000 traditional rice parboiling units to Improved Rice Parboiling Systems

Transformation of 8,000 traditional brick kilns to modern technology and use alternative raw material (eg river sediment) for brick production

Transport sector must be address within the scope of SLCPs action

Awareness building on SLCPs impacts and co-benefits

National efforts are encouraging to reduce SLCPs

Global initiative like the CCAC to reduce SLCPs is growing and high interest from states, IGOs and NGOs

Developing and developed countries are moving ahead with actions on SLCPs under the CCAC

Interested institutes like IGES can take initiative at the Asian region to help national initiative to reduce SLCPs within and outside the CCAC

Proposal to establish ASPAC can be opportunity for Asian region to minimize science-policy gap

Opportunity exists for multilateral cooperation to remove barriers to reduce SLCPs to secure co-benefits