Multiple Choice

Multiple Choice Questions Introduction to Geology - Chapter 1Each chapter will include a few questions designed to test your knowledge of material covered in the chapterand in the Internet-based resources. Your answers are not being recorded. Try the following.Introduction to the Earth

Which of the following statements regarding the scientific methods is true?A hypothesis must be agreed upon by more than one scientistA theory is a hypothesis that has withstood many scientific testsA theory is proven to be true, and therefore may not be discardedA hypothesis cannot predict the outcome of scientific experiments

1.

According to the principle of uniformatarianism,geologic processes we observe today have operated in the pastgeologic process in the past operated at the same rate as they do todayall of the planets formed from a uniform solar nebulaearly Earth was covered by a uniform magma ocean

2.

Approximately how long ago did the Big Bang take place?10-15 thousand years ago10-15 million years ago100-150 million years ago10-15 billion years ago

3.

Under intense pressure and high temperature, hydrogen atoms combine to form helium. This process iscalled:

nuclear fusionnuclear fissionmetamorphismconvection

4.

What are the two most abundant elements in nebula (gas clouds) in the universe?nitrogen and oxygenoxygen and siliconhydrogen and heliumiron and nickel

5.

The process by which an originally homogeneous Earth developed a dense core and a light crust iscalled:

metamorphismdifferentiation

6.

Multiple choice http://www.uh.edu/~jbutler/physical/chap1mult.html

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accretioncompression

The heat that caused melting in the Earth's early history was supplied from which of the followingevents or causes?

volcanic activity and radioactivitysolar heating and volcanic activitya large impact event and radioactivitya large impact event and solar heating

7.

How thick is the crust of the Earth?about 4 milesabout 4 kmabout 40 kmabout 400 km

8.

The layer that separates crust from core is the?magma layerlithospheremantlecontinent

9.

What drives the Earth's internal heat engine?radioactivitysolar energyvolcanoesocean tides

10.

In general, igneous rocks:form at relatively high temperaturesform by crystallization of solids from a liquidform at high and low pressuresall of the above

11.

Minerals:can form by life-processes -- organicare crystalline solidshave a unique chemical compositioncan be any state (solid, liquid, or gas) as long as that state occurs naturally

12.

Metamorphic rocks are changed rocks. Which of the following rock types could be the "parent" of ametamorphic rock?

sedimentary

13.


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igneousmetamorphicall of the above

_______involves transfer of heat by the physical movement of the material:conductionconvectionmetamorphismradiation

14.

__________is called the "father" of geology.John ButlerArt SmithJames HuttonAlfred Wegner

15.

New seafloor is created at a ____________?deep-sea trenchmid-ocean ridgesubduction zonetransform fault

16.

The descent of oceanic lithosphere into the mantle is the process of _______?accretionsubductiondivergence zonecontraction fault

17.

Which of the following features is not associated with a convergent plate boundary?a mid-ocean ridgeearthquakesa deep-sea trench zonevolcanic activity

18.

The greatest threat to our environment is ___________?volcanoesearthquakeshumansbacteria

19.

Earth materials always trace the complete rock cycle from sediment through igneous rocks.TrueFalse

20.


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The terms crust and lithosphere are synonymous.TrueFalse

21.

The termsmantle and asthenosphere are synonymous.TrueFalse

22.

Because we rarely witness dramatic changes in the Earth, we can conclude that the Earth is notchanging very much.

TrueFalse

23.

The motions of the three types of plate boundaries would be described as divergent, convergent, andstatic.

TrueFalse

24.

The crust of the Earth is static and stable.TrueFalse

25.

Features useful in defining plate boundaries include all except:shorelines between continents and oceansdistribution of volcanoesdistribution of earthquakesdistribution of mountain rangesall are correct

26.

The age of the Earth is currently thought to beabout 6,000 years oldabout 6 billion years oldabout 4,500,000 years oldabout 4,500,000,000 years oldnone of the above

27.

The contribution made to geology by James Hutton was:the recognition that processes still active today could produce almost any known rock type.the description of plausible processes for converting one rock type to another.a change in outlook on Earth processes from a catastrophic to a uniformitarian one.all of the abovenone of the above

28.


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One of geology's greatest contributions to human thought is:the realization that the world is roundthe realization that the sun not the Earth is the center of the solar systemthe recognition of the long span of time involved in Earth historythe recognition that the Earth is the center of the solar system

29.

Evidence of uniformitarian change includes:glacial deposits in areas where no glaciers are presently found.fossils of marine animals found at high elevationcontinents covered by sediments deposited in an oceanwide canyons cut by small streamsall of the abovenone of the above

30.

Living organisms have been on Earth for ______ of Earth's history?less than 1%about 20%about 50%about 80%

31.

Humans have been on Earth for _________ of Earth;s history?less than 1%about 20%about 50%about 80%

32.

What caused dust and condensing material to accrete into planetesimals?heating of gasesgravitational attraction and collisionsnuclear fusionrotation of the proto-sun

33.

Which of the following is not one of the four inner planets?MarsEarthNeptuneMars

34.

The outer planets are composed mostly of ?rocks and iceoxygen and nitrogenhydrogen and heliumhelium and krypton

35.


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The moon is ?older than the sunolder than most meteoritesolder than the Earthnone of these

36.

The name of the layer of the Earth that separates the crust from the core is the ___?magmalithosphereasthenospheremantle

37.

What powers the Earth's internal heat engine?radioactivitysolar energyvolcanoesocean tides

38.

The Earth's external heat engine is not responsible for which of the following:climateerosiontideswinds

39.

Oxygen built up in the Earth's atmosphere because:the oceans separated from the crustrocks weathered and released their oxygenalgae and other organisms employed photosynthesisoxygen settled on Earth from planets further from the sun

40.

Which of the planets is not geologically active?MarsMercuryVenusEarth

41.

When did geologists develop the theory of plate tectonicsin the mid 1800sin the early 1900sin the 1950sin the 1960s

42.

The lithosphere is approximately ______ kilometers thick.43.


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1-25-1050-100100-200

The asthenosphere is _________.cool and strongcool and weakhot and stronghot and weak

44.

The Earth's lithosphere is broken into approximately ______ large, rigid plates.21250100

45.

A __________ plate boundary is illustrated in the figure show above.transform faultdivergentconvergent - subductionconvergent - continent/continent collision

46.

Which of the following statements about convection is true?heat is transferred from hot material to cool material without inducing a flow.cool material flows upward and displaces hot materialhot material flows upward and displaces cool materialrandom circulation occurs

47.

Approximately how fast does an Earth lithospheric plate move?several centimeters per yearseveral centimeters per dayseveral centimeters per hourseveral centimeters per second

48.

Which of the following is not a type of plate boundary?49.


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convergentdivergenttransform faultall of these are plate boundaries

New seafloor is created at a ________.deep sea trenchmid-ocean ridgesubduction zonetransform fault

50.

The descent of oceanic lithosphere into the mantle is the process of ______.subductionaccretiondivergencecontraction

51.

Approximately how deep (below sea level) are deep-sea trenches?1 km10 km100 km1000 km

52.

Which of the following features is not associated with a transform plate boundary?a mid-ocean ridgeearthquakesa deep sea-trenchvolcanic activity

53.

Volcanism is associated with which of the following types of plate boundaries?convergent plate boundariesdivergent plate boundariestransform fault plate boundariesdivergent and convergent plate boundaries

54.

The Andes Mountains of South America are a result of which type of plate boundary?convergentdivergenttransformthey are not related to a plate boundary

55.

Mount St. Helen's. a part of the Cascade Range of volcanoes, result from the subduction of whichplate?

56.


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PacificCocosJuan de FucaNorth American

What is the name of the large supercontinent that existed 200 million years ago when all of thecontinents were together?

San AndreasAndianIndianPangaea

57.

Why is our vulnerability to natural disasters growing?because the frequency of volcanic eruptions is increasingbecause the human population is increasingbecause the number of earthquakes each year is increasingbecause the number of floods each year is increasing

58.

The theory of plate tectonics was not initially widely accepted because ______..land bridges would have blocked plate movementrocks of the Earth's crust were considered too stiff for continents to move through themfossils on South America and Africa did not matchocean floor mapping showed that older rocks occur away from mid-ocean ridges

59.

Referring to the diagram above, path A is _______cooling and crystallizationburial and lithificationweathering and depositioncooling and uplift

60.

Referring to the diagram above, path B is _______uplift, weathering and erosion, deposition

61.


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deposition, heat and pressure, weatheringmelting, crystallization, heat and pressuredeposition, lithification and crystallization

Referring to the diagram what factor(s) are responsible for path C?meltingcrystallization heat and pressureburial and lithification

62.

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