MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL

Q~t~~ Ill E · OF

RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT

ISSN 1596 • 974X

Volume 7 No. 4 July, 2006

Published by

National Association for Research Development (NARD)

~enae o9M~~ ~

© National Association for Research Development (2006)

EDITORS-IN-CHIEF- Prof. Man Nwadiani

EDITORS

Dr. D.O. Chikwendu

D1:. O.A. Okc

Dr. P. U.C. Agundu

Dr. D.A . Aboho

, University of Benin,

Benin City.

Dr. Joel E. Eriba

Benue State University,

Makurdi.

Ahtnadu Bello University, Zaria

University of Agriculture, Abeokuta

Rivers State University of Science and

Technology, Port-Harcourt

Benue State University, Makurdi

CONSULTING EDJTORS

Prof. C. C. Okam

Pro f. E.N.' Nnabui fe

Prof. F. C. :okafor

Prof. M.A. Adckunle

Or .. Ob\ On~c.fltliLttl1

Contributors

Or Elizabeth C. Okeke

Dqjartment of Educational Foundations, University of Port-Harcourt, Port- Harcourt.

Festus 0. Mbalisi

Department of Adult and Non-Formal Education, University of Port-Harcourt, Port­Harcourt.

Dr J.E Tabotndip

Department of Educational Foundations and Administration, Cross River State University of Technology, Calabar.

Dr Obidike ·Ngozi Diwunma Department of Educational Administration and Supervision, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, A \vka .

Dr M. 0. N. Obagah Institute of Education, Rivers State University of Science of Technology, Port­Harcourt.

lsiavwe, Mercy E (Miss) College of Business and Social Science Covenant University, Ota.

Ogunmaike, Olaleke 0 (Mr) College of Business and Social Science, Covenant University, Ot

Kolawole, Hosannah (Miss) College of Business and Social Science, Covenant University, Ota.

Dr Ojeifo 0. Magnus Department of Geography and Regional Planning, Ambrose Alii University, Ekpoma.

Ogoh, 0. 0 Department of Fine and Applied Arts, Ambrose Alii University, Ekpoma.

Dr lknezam Ozuru Department of Curriculum Studies and Educational Technology, University of Port­Harcourt, Port- Harcourt.

Dr Clara N. Olele Department of Curriculum Studies and Educational Technology, University of Port­Harcout, Port- Harcourt.

Adamu, Ibrahim Kabuga Department of Geography, Federal College of Education, Kano Erhiano, 0. 0. Department of Chemistry, Delta State College of Physical Education, Mosogar

Ugbune, U Department of Chemistry, Delta State College of Physical Education, Mosogar.

Ukpai U. lgwe Department of Accountancy, Akanu lbiam Federal Polytechnic, Unwana

Odcsiri-Eruteyan, Eunice Asiboroko (Mrs) Head, Department of Biology, Delta State College of Physical Education, Mosogar

Okorafor, P. N. (Mrs) Dit~ector SWP/GSE, Abia State College of Education (Technical), Arochukwu

Elder, Sagbara D. G. Building Technology Department, Federal College of Education (Tech), Omoku .

Idada, Isaac 0 General Studies Department, College of Education, Ekiadolor.

lbhaze, 0. F (Mrs) Home Economics Department, College of Education, Ekiadolor.

Ugabi, John I Department of Social Studies, Federal College of Education, Obtidu

Abdulazccz, A. Department of Agric Education, Federal College of Education (Tech), Bichi

lwuagwu Stella I. C (Mrs) School of Language~. Pcdcr~.\ CoH~s~ ~r f-AH~~•jfl»~ O~jsl¢=An~f:l'~»tn :

Ugboaja, Uchenna C. A Department of Computer Science, Akanu lbiam Federal Polytechnic, Unwana.

Jbe- Ernvo, 0. Department of Maths/ Statistics, Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic, Unwana.

Abdulkareem Ahmad Tijjani Department of Islamic Studies, Federal College of Education, Kano.

Uwem E. Esiere Department of Agricultural Science, AKS College of Education, Afaha-Nsit.

Nwosu, Frederick Chukwuebuka Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Oko.

Nnabuenyi, Helen Okwuoma Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Oko.

Contents

Repositioning Education for Poverty Education: A Proposal for Rural Environmental Development in Nigeria- Elizabeth C. Okeke, Ph.D and Festus 0. Mbalisi

Repositioning Globalization in Nigeria - Dr. J. E Tabotndip

Refocusing Secondary Education for Self-Employment; The Need for Liberal Education- Obidike Ngozi Diwunma (Ph.D)

1-9

10 - 18

19 - 24

Repositioning of National Educational Assessment and Evaluation in Nigeria- Dr. M. 0. N. Obagah 25 - 41

-"--'~conomic Perspectives of Globalisation in Nigeria-lsiavwu, MercY ,} /1

E (Miss); Ogunmaike, Olaleke 0. (Mr) and Kolawole, ~ Hosannah (Miss) 42 - 53

Spatial Analysis of Residential Satisfaction: A Case Study of Ugbowo, Etete anc,l First East Circular Residential Neighbourhoods in Benin City

Dr; Ojeifo 0. Magnus and Ogoh, 0.0

Spc~i fying Behavioural Objectives in the Social Sciences to Attain National Education Goals - lknezam Ozuru (Ph.D) and Clara N. Olele (Ph.D)

Repositioning Environmental Education To Create Environmental Awareness Among Inhabitants of Kano Metropolis

- Adarnu, Ibrahim Kabuga

Improving Science Education in Tertiary Institutions Through Standard Styles- Erhiano, 0.0 and Ugbene, U

Repositioning Privatisation in Nigeria- Ukpai Uduma Igwe

Improving Environmental Education for Sustainable Development in Nigeria - Odesiri-Erutcyan, Eunice Asiboroko (Mrs)

54-68

69 - 75

76-- 79

80 - 85

86 - 91

92-99

Repositioning Science Education in Nigeria -Okorafor, P. N 100- I 08

Repositioning Technical Education in Nigerian: Which Way Out? - Elder, Sagbara, D.G and Ajekeh, I. F 109- 115

Cultism and Its Impact on Academic Productivity in Nigeria Tertiary Institutions - ldada, Isaac 0 and lbhaze, 0. F. (Mrs) 1 r6- 120

Repositioning Privatisation in the Nigeria Economy- M r Ugabi, John I 121 - 125

Effects of Cashew Seed Extracts on Aphid of Cowpea: A Repositioning of Agricultural Education in Nigeria- Abdulazeez, A. 126- 130

Repositioning Igbo Language in the National Policy on Education - lwuagwu Stella I. C. (Mrs) 131 - 136

Repositioning Computer Education in Nigeria: The Way Forward - Ugboaja, Uchenna C. A and lbe-Enwo, 0 137- 141

Repositioning The Religious And Political Objectives of Revivalist Movements In Islam: The Sokoto Caliphate Experience-Abdull<arccm Ahmad Ti.ijani 142- 148

Evaluation of Indigenous Knowledge of Application Post Control in Ukanafun Local Government Area of Akwa lbom State- Uwem E Esiere 149- 155

Inculcation Scientific Consciousness for Enhancement of Information Tec!lnology- Nwosu, Frederick Chukwuebuka and Nnabuenyi,

Helen Ol<wuoma 156- 160

ECONOI\11(' I'VHSPFCTI\ 'FS OF (;LOBALISATION IN NICERIA

lsim·we, Mercy /:". (Min). Ogunmnil<c. Olalclu! 0. (Mr) and /(o/aJI'Oil!, lfo.HtiiJtah (Miss)

Abstract Recentl y. Jo<;eph Stl).ditl. a Nobel i'JJ7C winner 111 l'conomics and former ch<Jlll11<1n or the ( 'oun r il or EconOJlli C AdviscJS. ISS IICd and launched an attack on the \Voild 1\;-~nk . the Woild I k;ilth Organis;J tion <1ncl cspcci<Jlly the lnternattotwl tvloncta1 y Fund fo1 thci1 Joles in cx acc1hating rather th<1n ICSoh·111J:!. ~JohaJ crnno1nic CIISCS ;\mong othcl things. Siiglil7. Clltic ised the lnl cJn <lll(lll<il t\ lt>lll'la l \' l·und r()J Jt > IHllliO gC JJJ SIIl g "onc-si;.c-flts -<111" apJllOal·h lh .ll Jail > In l<ikC inlo <HTP llllt n;ltillli<Jl dJ!TclCIICCS. ·1 he lnlctnatH>nal Monci<HY l·und in pattt clilat <1nd Woild llc ;dth Otganisatton in gcncl<li. iJ<I \'C \\OJ keel to the alh anla~c oi' \\'C;Jilhy n;1tions. cspcci<lily the IIJHicd Stale >. <Hid In the dci JJJill'nl ol ptH>JlT natJnns: the g<IJl bet wee n the tJ ch and the ptHll h<~ s aclu;Jil y Jn l' J<' <ISrd as a Jl'" tlll or glPhalis<llion . ( ilohaiJsaltnn is sa td In m,·ohT the tnullipllca lion and intcnsific;1tion of eclHHlllliC. polJIJ ra l. socia l ;-~nd l llltllt <d linkages <11110IIg people . nJgatH>aiH•Jl ' ;1nd l'P JIJIIJJ C<; ;11 a glnh:d -; r;dc I Iu s ;uiJ ck c'<ploJcs these CCOIHllllll' dtlliCn '-. IIJn > of gloh;JlJ S<I tlOII. JII L'SC JII S SO IIH' tclc\"<lllt Jlldiccs and suggests the need for ll'positioning glohalisation in Nige1 ia.

In f rmlu din n lncrta s 111gl y . glohalt sattoll 1s hno llllll)!. one or lhe wtdcly <lccc ptcd tntcrnational concepts. 1\.s a phenomenon. tl ha s hecolllC an un c ttc lltl VC iliahk and irrcvnsihlc socia l rcaltty, to the

extent that no rc g ton 111 th e pr c~. cnt w orld ca n e lailll to ltvc s uccc ss rully wilhoul it. With thl " dc\elop111enl. th e lllll'll Siric;lltoll or lllt C rn<~llOil;Ji rcl;ttiOIIS ha s crea ted an increasingly tntcrdcpcndcnt \\Otld tn all rcgton s ;tnd areas ccotlOll11Cally, s o c iall y, polittcally,

ideologicall y religiou s l y. cult ttl ;Illy. technologicall y and ecologtcally tn c luding the internal sccurtty or s tate s. It ha s C011ll' to he td c nltrled as a s ubtle , gtadu;!l hut progre ss ive process ,

the illlpact of wl11ch is felt dtrk rc ntl y b y the dtllcrcnt peo ples . soc to -eco nomic formations

and political systems or the world. ;\s a concept. it ha s hcc n employed v;lltctlly ror Jhc co nce ptuali sa tion and analysis of our

tnall'll <tl \\otld But" " pat! ~ or ti s !Caturcs , the con ce pt 1s teplctc wt th ambiguous ancl contradictory lllC<llllllgS lntllllSIC In the dt s tlll Cti\'C c iJ<II<I CtL'I or gloh;JI SOC J<Ji rc l;tlioll ami In the attempt at soc ial

science theori sing . .lthrtn (I 91) 1)) dc sc nhcs 1t ;1s the kcv wmd 111 cx plaintn g and analysing the contemporary

llllerll<lllOnaJ COIIJCCIUIC . lie tef'cr <; toll as C0111 Jlll ~;lllg the llll q:r; ti!Oll ;111d uni vcrsa li satiOil o!'certain praCtlC CS, idcntillCS ;111d S[lliClllrCS. CSpCC I<lll y the CXJliCSSIOII or the CliiTCill g lobal restruc turing of the modern capit;Jii s t relation s 1\.ccot d111g to htm . the cc tltral ts suc within the globalisation discourse is

thL· f110 )..'. IL'SS I\l' cnH'I~'. L'IIL'L' or. ;tnd the cc;JSCk S<; (' llliiL'<;\;lllOil or a New World order 111 whi c h IIICljlllll C:-. Ill the lllil'lll<ltl\lll<Ji dt '-. ltlhllllOll oJ JHI\\L'l ;t nd ll'<;(l llrCL'S ;Ill' gmWl ll )..'. r;tptdl y and Wtdcr .

On his own part. 1\.lubo (I 1) 1) 1)} sees glohalisatwn nol onl y as a buzz word in I he present world

economi c de \'Ciopmc nl. hut more a<; a co mprehensive ami tnl cgrati vc process which includes the prmludwn. cnnsumpt1on as ,,ell ;~s the organt sa ttoll ortnatettal and 11011 -lllat c riallifc according to the

ethos or capitalism in the tlllipolar wmld

,\lttltidi,dplinarr .Journal of Rt'.'('ttrclt /Jn •elopntt'llf, I 'olume 7 No. 4, July, ]()(){,

42

lsiat•Jve, Mercy E. (Mis.\), Ogumtwilie, 0/a/eke 0. (lift) and /(o/awole, 1/o.HIIIIItlft (Miss)

From whichever perspective it is considered, globalisation relates to the intensification of economic. political. social and cultural relations ilcros~ national borders. Its features and hallmark in clude the transcendental homogenisation or socio-economic and political theory and praxis across tilt· gl•1he. With these devclopntents. we live today in a fractured but yet inter dependent, global villagt·; a village in wlticll peace like war lias becollle indivisible. This process is rcllcctcd in many aspect <;- in tr<tclc. fin<tncc. invco:;tmcnt :utcl prnclttct iOil systems. It affects development thinking and <tctinn . ;md-rclcgntes ethical, equity and social concerns behind market cl)nsiderations and reduces the auto11onty and role of the state.

The p<1pcr. which is lmgcly dc~;criptiw. is divided into six sections. Section two discusses the l't)IIL'L'Jlt or gl t)bnlisation . The third sect it)!) discusse~ dif!Crcnt approachc~ to globalisation, section four nH.:a~urt.:s the e>..tcnt of globalisation by ranking S<JillC countries using some indices. Section five discusses the impact of globalisatio11 on the Nigerian economy while the section six concludes.

The Concept of Globalisation According to UNDP (200 I :2), globalisatio11 call be defined as a multidimensional process of

unprecedented rapid and revolutionary growth in the extensiveness and intensity of inter-connections on a purely global scale. This manifest itself in various forms such as in the globalisation of dcnHJcrac): global ideological shirt: global technolngical revolution particularly through information anJ contmunication technologies; glubalisation or culture and the environment, and above all, globalisation of the economy.

In spite of these diff'crcnt form s or gloL-...alisation, it is the economic dimension that is perceived to constitute the heart or hallmark of globalisation. In its simplest form, economic glohalisation r'efcrs to the process of change towards greater international economic integration through trade, financial nows, exchange of techlttdogy and information; and movement of people. Openness and markets constitute the platform of globalisation while trade, finance and investment, and entrepreneurs arc the hearts.

There are various explanations on what globalisation is, some positive, others negative. What stands clear from these explanations is that globalisation involves one or more of the following: (I) It is a process. 13ertelson (2000) identifies three dimensions of the process. The first one presents globalisation as an "intensified transference or exchange of things" (labour, skills, capital and goods) across existing units/nations. The second dimension sees globalisation as a "process of transformation that occurs at the systems level''. that is. the proccs~; of changes that occur in the economy, polity and soci:1l. Lastly. g.lobalisation is vie'vved <tstranscellclcnec. That is, globalisation transcends beyond the cornpartrncntalisation of society into sectors. It is a process that lakes place at all the levels of society-economic, political, and social. If this is what globalisation means, what are ~he different approaches to it?

Approaches to Globali~;ation There arc d i ffercnt approaches to globa I is at ion depending on the focus of the study. Economic

app! u; tt h is the duminant. IZajacc (2000: 2'l ) nulc s that the ccollomists approach globalisation ''in terms or in,crcascd economic interdependence and the integration of all national economies into one global economy within the framework of a capitali st rnarkct.'' Similarly 13airoch (2000: 197) refers to globali~;ation as a "situation wherein industrial and commercial companies as well as financial institutions increasingly operate trans-nationally, in other words, beyond national borders." What are the f.c.ttmes of the global economy? llclvacioglu (2.000) provides us with some of its characteristics. According to him. the globalisntion or the CCOII•)Il1)' can be charncterisccl by first, the growing

b·oii(II'IJC l'er.\jJecth·c'S r~f G/o()(l/i.\'(ffifm ;, \'i~;eria ------ ----------------------------

structural power and mobility of capit;tl in production and financial markets, articulated with nco­liberal j'Oiicie~ of privatisation. dcrcgul<ltion and structmal changes in national governments, welfare p1ogran1111c <md public services . Second. the libcralisation of trade and monetary policies, the growth or trans-national networks of investment. finance, a1lvcrtising and consumption markets and third, the changes in the foundations and structures of the world economy.

The most important aspect ofthc change argues Rajaee (2000) is the shift in commodities and mode of production from capital to knowledge, and from industry to information technology respectively. Production becomes deccntral iscd ancl scattered across the globe through the process of production sharing with little control from nation-slates. Despite the dominance of economics in the globalisation d.iscourse. there are quite a number of scholars (Bilton, 1997 & McMichcal, 1996) who wamed us about the danger of putting too much faith on the mnrkct ancl other economic forces.

/\nDther dimension to the globalisation debate is political. Those that adopt political approach tend to <:mphasise the ncar impotence of the slate in the era of globalisation. Stales, argues this perspective, are increasingly losing its capacity to govcm, and to regulate in an increasingly bordcrless word. Consequently, one of the most important issues in the globalisation process is the qucs1ion of boundary and identity as they relate to economic, social and political processes. for instance, the borderless or globalisation CClll create SerioUS problem for nCltional government thnt may find it difficult to control the Trans-National Companies (TNCs) on bclwlf or their national interest. Where controls are imposed, the TNCs can simply avoid them by moving part or all of their activities to another site within the global arenCl.

GlobCllisation of culture is Clnoth<;r area of discourse. It is argued that one of the consequences of globalisation is the end of cultural diversity, and the triumph of a homogcnised culture serving the needs of trans-national corporations. lienee the world drinks Coca-cola, WCllchcs American movies and cats tinned food, whilst traditionnl cultural values, traditions and prClctise decline in importance. The implication or this is not only in terms of its consequences on our economy, but equally important is that such global commodities imply the emergence of global culture. Perhaps, the most dominant Clnd in nuent ial debate is the informational global isalion. A II the above changes; economic, pol itica I Clnd cultural arc smoothly lllClintaincd through the ;lclivities or the information technology and mass media. botJ1 in terms of its structure and its audiences. The impact of information technology rcvolut ion goes beyond inlormat ion and pervades a II the d i ffcrcnt aspects of global isation. The power of wmputer communication technology has changed the nCllurc of finances and trade, putting an end to gcogrClphv, creating a border less '' orld. According to Pickering (200 I), developments in C('lntllllnication and lransrorlation tcchnolclgic:> have given rise to new forms of cultural production, const1111ption and exchange. Similarly. Clidclens ( 1999) has claimed the invisible overthrow of old pClttcrn of living through the e.,pClnsion or CilllllllUn icCltions systems around the world. From the foregoing it is apparent that the importance of these processes appear to vary according to different intcrprctal ion of globa I isation. The blurring of nat ion a I divides, the free-now of capita I, labour, goods and inrornwtion. the growth of multinatimwls ha\'c all given rise to a borderlcss global village in 1\hich 11c all must reside and play our roies. WhClt role is Nigeria playing?

Mcr.suring the Extent of Globalisation Using the indicators of globCllisation earlier discussed, Kearney (2003) went further by

nwking use of several other indicators spanning information technology (IT), finance, trade, personal communication, politics, and travel to determine a country's ranking in Globalisation Index. In addition to giving each nation nn overall score. the report provided a multifaceted view of a country's

44

lsiat'll'e, Merq E. (Min), OJ.:IIIITII!rike. 0/alel.e 0. (illr} anti /(ohlll'ole, 1/osanrwll (Miss)

level ol' global integration by combing these inclic[llllr ~: into four subcategories: economic integration, lccl!nulug). personal contact and political engagement.

.. Among the 62 countries selected in Kean1ey's study, Nigeria was included. Appendix I shows the summary of the findings. The index qU<111tifics economic integration by combining data on trade, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and portfoli •,l investment flows and income payments as well as receipts (which includes compensation of non-resident employees and income earned and paid on assets held abroad. It charts personal contact via levels of international travels and tourism. international telephone traffic. and cross-border transfers including remittances. The index also gauge~ technological connectedness by counting Internet users and the Internet hosts and secure servers through which they communicate and conduct business transactions. In assessing political cng;tgcmcnt. the index takes stock of the number r•f international organisations and United Nations Security Council missions in which each country participates, as well as the number of foreign embassies that each country hosts.

Small trading nations tend to take to places in the index, leading some observers to speculate that si;.c plays ,an undue role in determining levels (,f. globalisation. From appendix I, big economics rank !'rom 11 111 (United Stales) tn 51 '1 (Citina). while smaller economies rank from IS( (Ireland to 46111

(l ~g) pt) ami 60111 (Venezuela). Care must be taken about drawing conclusion in this regard because, the above observation merely suggests this pattern because sma II countries tend to have an advantage over larger ones at similar levels of per capita income. The Kearney Foreign Policy Magazine Globalisation Index includes ranking of 62 countries for 14 variables grouped in four baskets: ecoti'omic integration, personal contact, technol()gy, and political engagement revealed some interesting developments. In each of the variables, countries ranking between I to I 0 are said to be \\ell integrated in that variable.

Ireland ranks as the most globaliscd in the study. The strength of Ireland's portfolio capital flows and its continued investment in high-tech industries accounted lor the country's integration with the rest of the world. Through benefit of hindsight, Ireland ranked as the world's fourth-largest recipient (and third-largest contributor) of portfolio capital in year 200 I. By 200 I, Ireland had overhauled its financial services regulatory framcvvork, introducing a single regulatory authority responsible for issues across the full range of the industry. In addition, barriers to entry in financial sen ices fell. due toboth the effect uf the single currency and to new legislation allowing any in ~ titutiun licensccl by an E,uropcan llniun member ~;talc to set up shop in Ireland.

The i1~1pact of th ese initiatives un po1tloli o capital flows has been dn11natic, increasing from $80 billion in ·2000 to $91 billion by 200 I. Secondly. Ireland has a strong link to global economy based hrgely on its hc<tvy invest1nent in high -t..::ch and information technologies. The country increa-;t'd trade levels in 200 I despite the general !dow down of trade in entire Europe in that year. This was particularly due to robust exports of computer components. electronics, as well as medical and pl1armaccutical products.

Further. Ireland ranked third (Behind Singapore and Malaysia) in total trade as a share of GDP. !'he country's Internet infrastructure continued to grow, and countrywide the number of secure servers increased from 337 to 500. Ireland was also the world's most 'talkative nation', owing to the heavy traffic into its call centres as well as the strong growth in outgoing international calls.

Africa remained the continent of low level of integration into globalisation. Out of the six African countries included in the study, the level or transf'cr payments between people residing in Botswana and the outside world makes the country to rank first. Consequently, the nation, at 33"

1

position wa<> able to be the most globalised economy in the continent. A significant number of BotS\\ana ·s work abroad, largely in South African mines, and send their remittances back home to

45

Fcouomir· l'enpecfil'e.\· r~f (ilohali.mtiou iu 1' iNeria

their lamilie 'i. Nigeria cnjoynl the tl1ircl IXlSill('·ll in ;\frica (but 3 7 in the world) due to her colll lll ltn lent tu intcrnation<ll orgnnisations ns well <tS her role in peace keeping operations within the West Al'rican ~ub-region. Kenya >vas tile lcnst globa li sed i\frican Nation in 2001, as the country's reputation for corruption and ted tapislll in g.ovclnnlcnt administration constituted to be a major deterrent to foreign investors.

Globalisation and the Nigcr·ian Economy Debate on the participation of developing countries in the globalisation process has given rise

tn 1\\'o positions. The first one tends to be critical about the socia l and economic consequences of the globalisation process and dismisses it as another phase of imperialism, the end result of which the rich gets richer and the poor poorer. This discussion normally takes moral and rei igious tone. Mr. Wolfgang Thierse,(2002) affirms that:

"what we refer to today a~ globalisation is a Western- dominated form of economic power which is breaking and entering into all the world's cultures, and which cndcavoms to reduce people to their economic function s as consumers and producers. If people believe that their own cultures arc being marginalised, their religion disclainccl, their tics and bonds undermined, then their reactions arc predictable."

The second position calls for critical and pos itive engagement with the forces of globalisation to harness the opportunities they provide and minimise their consequences. This position rejects the description of globalisation as \Vesternisation. According to Giddens ( 1999), " there was a period for a couple of hundred years when the world was dominated by the West. In the last 20 or 30 years this has changed" While the West may still have the upper hand when it comes to influence, through telev,ision, international trade policies, currency exchange and the Internet for example, other regions arc fast catching up. He therefore, urges countric~ (Western and non-western) to pat1ieipate, albeit from different cultural positions as global system of culture is increasingly less dominated by the West, less Euro centric. He sees the emergence of global culture as a starting point for a more open and equa l participation between all cultures and an appreciation of each others culture. Similarly, Rajacc (2000) argues that globalisation is not a project manipulated by a specific group or state. No player can establish monopoly on information. No imposition of will, views, interests as indicated in

the revu lt of the masses. Economic glubalisation opnatc<; <l l the loc;d levels in three areas. First, is the area of trade,

that i:;, exLhange or goncls, sel'\'iccs and l;tbour Second, is in the area of investment in the manufaduring and other sectors ol' the econnmy and the third area is banking and finances. The ccutHl'll)' of NigeriH was probably first inkgratcd i11tt' I he globalisation process in 1986 with our trial of Structural ;\djustment Programme (Si\P). The ildoption of SAP signalled a shirt of government policy from import substitution to export promotion. 13elore then , trade policies in Nigeria were geared to,vards protecting local manufacturing industrial raw materials and importation of intc'nnediate capital import (!logan and Onwiodukpit, 1996). An inward looking trade policy which confers protection on the local industries was made possible as a result of the Nigerian oil boom of the 70s. The collapse of the oil market brings an end to such policy of protectionism and the adoption of cxp<;rt oriented economic policy. Consequently, ser ies of policy reforms and incentives were implemented to diversify the economy from its over dependence on oil for export and to encourage the production and export of IIOIHli] trnda\Jk goods.

46

lsiavwe, Mercy E. (Miss}, OguiiiiWilie, 0/a/e/ie 0. (/111) a1l(//(o/awole, 1/osawwlt (Mis!:>)

Despite these efforts of the government, Nigerian's share of the world trade has remained relatively low. accounting for either a I ittle below or a little above 1 cyo in the period 1970 to 1998 (Obaseki, 2001). On Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), s imilar measures were taken to encourage foreign investors . The data on foreign direct invest ment in Nigeria shows minimal performance. While Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flow to devel oping countries in the period of globalisation has increased accounting for 80%, African share of the 1'01 remains small (African Development Bank, 2000). It is obvious from appendix 2 that Nigeria can be termed a global economy, for it has a high degree of openness. Even as far back as the 1970s. the value of Nigeria's international trade was as high as 40 per-cent of its GOP. Rclntive to the dcvel•1ped industrial countries, even Nigeria's degree of openness in terms of international trade is really high. Interestingly, the degree of openness fell in the 1980s, ' in fact by 1986 it was only 20 per cent. The situation, however, seems understandable given that, in the early 1980s, in the face of excruciating external debt burden, Nigeria made tremendous efforts to reduce the level of its impo1 ts (J\degbite 1998) but unfortunately was not succ~ssful in increasi'ng the level of exports. This led to reduced participation in international trade . ll<iwevcr. with the onset o f deregulation and the a•:companying libcrnlizntion policies of the last tri1nestcr of the 1980s came n:ncwed and increased rarticipation in world trade, which increased the index of' openness to as high as 60 per cent and above in the I <)90s. in 203, the degree of openness was as high a'i 67% but the Nigerian domestic finaneic-d market is yet to be developed to the level of compcti1iveness at the glohal market because of' sl•JW adoption of information technology in the country.

Summary and Conclusion Cilobalisatio11 promi ses ilttpruvcd eco lwmi c pcr!ormanccs to the countries involved through

intcmational economic integration under the premise that when countries reduce their tariff' and non­tariff barriers to trade and eventually open up to intcmational capital nows, economic growth will increase and tbis will in turn redu ce poverty and improve the quality of life of' the people. But as Roclrik ( 1999) observes. openness by itse lf is IHlL n reliable mechani sm to generate sustained economic growth. J\s far as he is concerned, " the fundamental determinants of economic growth arc the ~tccumulation of physical and human capital and t~~chnologicnl development."

In spite ofnllthe setbacks arising from globalisntion, there seems to be light at the end ofthe tunnel. This new hope can be achieved if Nigeria can broaden the area of integration beyond her inte1·i1almacroeconomic policy co-ordination, trade li beralisation, and jointly have a common external tariff with other J\ frican countries to inc I ude non-tracl itiona I areas for co-operation. The new African partnership initiative and the African Union are sonte of the regional integration's and cooperation that Nigeria requires to foster its economic development in view of the emerging issues especially with European Union and World Trade Organisation's new guidelines on trade. These African initiatives should include areas of regional transportation and communication, common currency for the region , infrastructural projects, information and communication technol ogy, regional capital market development, agriculture and food security and natural resources development planning. These must be complemented, as a matter of necessi ty , by regional peace initiative, for without peace

nothing can be achieved. In addition, for Nigeria to benefit significantly in the globalisation process, the following

conditions must be satisfied. (i) Th'ere must be a stable mncrocconomic env ironment guaranteed by the existence of' fiscal

· and monetary discipline on the part of govemment authorities. (ii) The need for sustainable growth in real out put.

47

Ecounmic P~r.spectives r~f Globalisatiou i11 Ni!;etia

(iii) The need to remove all forms of trade restrictions /barriers. (iv) The need lor a stable political environment and (v) The need for devclormcnt of well articulated macroeconomic policies that will attract

foreign d i rcct investment.

Nigeria should continue to play a leading role in the African economic affairs and champion as it is presently doing. both regional and sub-regional economic integration's if the marginalisation it is experiencing in the face of globalisation must co111e to (Ill end.

Refer-ences Adeghite. E.O. ( 1998) An Aggregntc Analysis of M<mufactured Exports in Nigeria. Nigerian_.Journal

of /Junking and Fillallciallssues I (I), Apri I.

Ajayi, fbi. (2QO I). What Africa Needs to Do to Benefit from Globalisation. IMF Finance and De\ c lupmenL i)ec.

Alubo, S.O. ( 1999). Globalisation and the Changing role of University in Nigeria, In The Nigeria11 Social Scientist. Newsletter of the Social SciGncc Council ofNigcria, Vol.2, No.I p.ll.

BairCJch, P. (2000) . The Constitute Economic Principles of Globalisation in llistorical Perspective: Myths and Realities; in lntemotional Sociology . .Journal of the International Sociological Association, Sage, Vol. IS. No.2.

Bartelson, .1. (2000). Three Concepts of Globalisalion in International Sociology, Journal of the

Jntcmational Sociological Association, Sage . VPI. 15, No.2

Bello. W. ( 1994). Dark Victory: !'he United states, Structural Adjustment and Global Poverty, (Pcnnag. Third World Network) I'P· 2-3

niltnn. T .. 13onnett. K .. Jones. P .. Stan\\'orth. M .. Sheard. K. and Webster (191>7). introductory .\'ocio/ogy Mac111illan.

!

Giddcn. /\.,( 1999). Interview during 1999's OBC Ruth Lectures.

I Iclvacioglu, B. (2000). Globalisation in the Neighbourhood from the Nation-State to Bilkert Centreln International Sociology, Journal of the International Sociological Association, Sage, Vol. IS, No.2.

I logan, E. and Onwoduoki, E. ( 1996). Export Proces~:ing Zone Programmes: Lessons for Nigeria from Other Countries in CBN Economic and Financial Review, Vo1.34, No.3, pp.691-711.

llosbawn, E. ( 1995). Age of Extremes - The short Twentieth Century: 1914-1991. London: Abacos .

.librin , I ( 1999). Civil Society. Religion and Modernity in Contemporary Africa, (Centre for Rcsenrch& Documentntion CRD.Kann.) pp. (J

Discussion paper for CRD Research Training Workshop.

48

lsiat'll 't' , tlfel'(:r E. (Miss), Of:t11117lllili e, 0/a/e/ie 0. (tl/r) and /(o/awole, 1/o.\'flllllalt (Miss)

Obaseki, P. (2000). Globalisatinn and the Nigerian Economy in CBN Economic and Financial Review, Voi.JS, No.2. pp.I7-JJ .

Ojo,!\.T. ( 1999). Developing Countries Facing Globalisation and Regionalisation: Economic Prospects and Challenges. In: Karl - Bsel' Kuschel et al. (eds.) n Eun Ethos Fur Eine Wettz Glohnlisierung.als Ethischc Ncmauslerclcrung. Ca mptt s Verlag Frankfort/New York.

Pickering, J. (200 I) . Glob a I isat ion: l!.ttp:/ .6vw\v J .<o.tpe .orgf.i.£pe9 8_J.,,pcll'.

Threat to Austral ian Culture, Ill

ThicrsC', W. (2002). Deutschland Period ical. April, May. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (200 I) , Nigerian I lu111an I kvclopmcnt Report, 2000/200 I, Millennium Edition, I ,at!-o -; : N itteria.

~

l:'conomic f'ersp ectiPe.\ 1~( Glohali.llltion in Nigeria

-< ~

"'

Appendix 1 Table l:Giobalisation Index for Ycat· 201)1

r-------r--, - -...------r--y-- - I --,----..--..---.---..,.--.--,.--,--,----,

u ell

I 1 1 ~ ~5 _ u ~ 'J o 2 a

UJ a.. 1- a... i- l.l...

,, r; "' 1~ _§ c."-

" ;: c: " 5 E g ~·

- 0..

:::! ~ " c ~ =>

~~

" c: 0

-E. " ~

~ -~ ti ~ E e ;;'

f--0..

u E ~ ~ ~ ..':::>

~

0 :r:

~

" c " Vl

"" 0 :§

6. I ~ " " " ;;; ""' ~ " " ~ -e ftl ~) t:

0.. c UJ

_ -b--- 1 I 7 24 16 9 15 1 18 c 2 2 2 8 II 10 5 8 7 2.1

<)

10

8 I •I 9 22 .1 8 2 .1 I 14 -,---,--~ •II 2 1.1 10 29 II .17

6 1.1 fi 19 16 .1 15 5 II 16 I 0 I(> 6 I I 7 6 1.1 5 1 28

' _2_0 __ 21 4 49 8 7 4 .1 .1 9

7

"'"'''" --- --t-T---j.l--jli- 1·~,--l llllhl h.IIH!dotll

lill l:"llld

1>

I 0

10 II

I(> ,i

1.' I 2'> II

11 I H II

.Hl II 12

24 17 14 II ,, Jl)

I '! - t--r>----1 2X 10 I 5

,, 1.1 1.1 8 () .16 I I

~-1lhutcd~; t.,t c:; H-J-:,-1-t-T-h---tr.o-1,-5 1-211 -~ 11 l16 I '5 I · I - I - I- I- f--,-----1

21 1(, 0

I 2i- , J- -,.J;;---7--I '! - 1 I I

~ I Nc)(way I ~ ·I 19 21> 47

14 20 I ' l· taucc 12 26 2

-----·--19-l 20 Itt I .17 It I II lt 2 I 8 I 5 h:il II

,., J(,

P01 tu~al 12 19 ~

_ (_;cc!_l_~'!_>_l!_c ~ _ _!__!_= _1_5_

_14

'I

-16

29 I (,

X 11 II I 22

II

.n 2 ' Ne11 /c-ai. !IHI 2 1·1 X

8 17-t Gc11mny 2 22 14 I I) 1----.-u-hT-i I 2

11 10 16 '! 14 18 22 9 C) 27

I 7 I 1 I 2 I I .1 X I 28 I 20 I IIJ I I ) I 7 I 2 I I -~-l2(> X •10 19 5 2 20 10 40

14 22 12 .14 1:1 17 14 9

IS 2•1 ~1 -11 1 2 125-+' ~H1 II> I X I 20 I 27 I 22 I .16 I .16 119 I (, I .12 I 19 8 20 58 28 .12 _1(> 19 2-1 10 6 2.1 19 17 .11 14 28

I 20 I s;ain I ~ I 23 I 24 I 21 j---w-m---1 I 1 ' I 23 I 18 I I 7 I 2 1 I 26 I 24 I 21 I •J I 9 I I 2 I

! 21 '"'"t'a lia 1~1\x l .1 ! .19 l s t l2s lt<i I n l2'l--J 21 1-17 l12 14 !1 lt7 ' Ito l2o I

1~ --~;11 1(1 11 I IJ l-1 1(, 15 15 28 .11 17 1-1 10 .15 .15 2-1 28 12 ·11

21 Ht1ngary

2 1 IJal v

25 Slovcr1ia

26 'I 3 1 21 6

27 29

22

19 10 .10 6

-17 40 21 25 2.1

II

22 44 27 21 28 II 28

18 10 20 29 21 (J

J(J 29 18 22 16 29 II •14 J 21 JR 57 10 16 .ld .17

12(, I Greece I ~ 15 2R 10 •15 48 -16 -~I j- 1-5-hs-hs-j 29 I 2.1 !10 I 12 I 8 I IX-I 11 I Slmak1a I I 14 2~ -15 4 17 27 45 .\5 24 25 .10 25 27 22 12

2R South Ko1ca 42 15 1_1 2.1 50 2•1 50 l9 28 12 .1 1 3.1 19 15 0

2'J MOIOCCO 21 51 4'! .12 12 ' I 48 42 29 52 5.1 52 24 1.1 Jl)

)CJ ' I!='' j 17 --':--1 .17---W-:!---1 _1<) 141 1.17 1 21> 1 2R LJ.J___J~ 4 •11 IX 5 ' ') 21 I JX I 28 45 25 _1_1 .12 18 llill 29

I V I Polaud . I 4 I 29 I JO Il l> 50- 21, ·-;o- 5i

.c!f!___l l'ano mo I (, I _ 10 11 !llutc I f47"

\(,

26

11 25 27 29 .!5 •1.1 .12 10

11 IJni <.;\\:HI <l I'J IX (,1 t---G-1-,-1 -t--::-~--t-7 . I 2\ •125'1 I I 50 I ·15 I ~) I 14 I •I(> I q l ill\\ :111 }0 17 62 I I> I 1.1 ,,i~-2s-~h~> I 15 I 9 I 25 I .12 I 14 hsi

9 1~ htpnl1 ~7 I 2 ]!, (,2 12 ,''i 26 44 28 '8 6 12 18 15 II

~~-=] \.1__=1 I I (>!) I w ~ 11 I 11 -

(, -- ----r--1_~,.," '" 1 '-' - --- _•!___ .!.1 .. ,-~-~ \(j l_!l_j~z____ __ l {,() Jl)

50

1\irrl'll'r!, Mercr E. (:lfiss), Oglllllllllilu•, 0/alelie 0. (!lit) allrf /(o/rm•ole, 1/o.wmna!J (1'\lfis:-.) -----------

"? --r-- ---- -----r--"---T- -NIJ.!CIIil

--~6 5R --,-, --'j ~ rw-----~~-

--18'- -;s-;-·o-ut7h-'ll"'r"',i-co--t-7+--:-5-;:--0------'f--:-3"'3---'i----c,,70-+41 rc;--""'ii'

----------~·1--:--:-----t--;::--- --- ---- --- --'~ Tunl'ia 1 11 ~2 <1.1 1•1 -14 51

-

~ lti ___ ROIIl;llliO ---11\- -:m -

'

--·--1-c ------

IR

29

.15

---') .~

II --- St·llr~a~-- -t-~-~- 11 - f-;· •16

9 ~2 1Jkrai11c 1 43 ~9 27 II 55

- 1\-- Ken~:-~ 12 17 59 i1 5()

44 Sri Ltmka 28 53 55 22 5 I 41 •1.1

-~~-;----+~R~u-ss7ia----+~1-~54~1-4~3~-~~-+-,7.1(~1-t-,7.19~ 511 .16

- ~-

--:j)--- -,hail and 51 42 'I 41 27

~X /\rgc111ina 17 .12 1.1 I >I .12

f--;j;)- Mcx1co 44 - -;ji)-

10 P;~ki'\lrm 6 17 5(, 18 55 57 50 47 ()

~i Clun;t 62 II 4X 27 4 1 :'2

5(, .:;2 Plitltpptncs -

9 --------l--~---------~-e~---4-4~6--+-5~1--+-~17~~~~~~

58 "D' Ttnkcy - ~-41 .15 41 ll

-~ -59 51· 6 .19 5·1 llon~lmlcsh (>Q 5X 5-1 2

55 Columbia 4 45 44 5•1 5·1 ,12 li 38 8

51> India 6 ·19 5-1 14 58 55 •IJ 57

--q Ilia; II ld .15 .18 .:;!) 20 ·IX J')

•17 .1(, 25 (,() ~- lmltlttesia -

24 5.1 4(1

6 )f) Pc1u I 51 3 I 47 57 4.1 47 41

5 ------- --------f~O Ve nc;ucla 5; _17 II 11 18 12 cl(l

- -,14-I, I

-- -·---i'l

-- -- f-----cc--1-:--,11 (,{) II

·-- ----~--· __ ' _) I__ ___ --- -

Sourct': Kearney A.T.( 2001)

,

-,g· 31 2.1 6 1

16 28 52 14

27 26 17 40

:w-- 27 I X V)

54 29 12 54

14 30 20 51

51 .13 5 ~9

50 10 4 56

.1.1 .10 56 44

---:;;;-· .10 11, 55

~.1 .10 48 _](,

41 2'1 (,() 33

.12 2.1 4(, 42

59 31 I] 5')

5() 32 57 46

411 2X 53 47

40 28 61 41

57 .12 14 62

52 28 31 45

58 .12 35 57

51 .HI 59 .18

55 .12 50 48

47 30 •12 31

4X 28 5•1 .17

45 22 1>1 51

4'1 .11 51 t--s8

--hO 58 13 4 '17

14 ]I 20 12 1.1

58 51 18 II 11

.19 40 I 'I 'I 24

62 58 17 6 .15

42 45 22 5 10

51 58 21 5 27

50 49 25 12 41

.18 41 12 2 4

57 5.1 10 6 R

4.1 ~3 21 10 21

28 14 6 4 22

.12 39 II> 14 22

54 5(, 15 5 24

55 55 22 5 5

48 47 2.1 12 .11

40 18 13 9 25

61 59 II• 4 .19

41 44 18 14 .15

52 54 14 5 II

.10 :<5 16 II 15

49 50 20 8 24

47 42 18 12 11

44 .17 18 12 2()

•Ill 41· 211 14 IR

5fJ 58 27 14 1-1

51

~

l :'co/lolllic l'et.I]Jt!clil'l!.\ o( Glolwlisario11 i11 Ni~:cria

Appendix II _ EXTENT OF NIGERIA'S PARTICIP/\

--- --------I' ION IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE

(I <J70- W03)

(N1 I)

Yeat IM X 1M X GDP at Current Mkt Pnce IM+X GDP

1---l-.-19 70 I 751• '1 SRI 1 i 1.8 5 ,203 7 0 :12 I J•

- -- - 1 - 1.2'1-l ----1'111 Ill . 7 8'1 ~. 1 2 3 (,_r, 70 'I 0 ,,1(,

I '!7 2 ---,.:...)'1_0_1 t---~ -~JTr-r-2,, I 1 7208 1 0 14

- i971f I 2 2 u I 2 2 7 X<\ ---f-----1-s 1 ~ I 0'1'10 . 7 0 .)2

I '!7 4 I I 7 .17 .1 s / (J II X 71 ' I -··

I R2<JX 1 0 .<11

1'!7.1 I 112 1 5 ,p /15 " -·- --

7 (J 2 15588 ll .<\0 8(,

I ~ ) 7 l, I I I X I --- 1-

I· ·1 I I -· 'q ll 272'!7 5 (I 44 II:(

-i977r-- 7091.7 ---t- 7(,1() 7 I Il l ~ I . I :127-17 :1 0/4 5

- ~ 9781 ___ x-2-1 -~ -7--T--;;-;u,T 1 I I . ~ '6 I )6081 (, 0 40

1--- 10 8.16.8 ~--18 l 1979 /4 I!.. ) l<) 1 431 50 8 0.42

1" 80 9095 (l II IX~> ' I 2.1.' <2 1 108 48 6 0 4(1

~'181 I 2 H ~ 1) (J l--~-, -oi1-:l-- l 21:; fl2. 1) 50749 . 1 01 7

19 82 10770 5 8206 4 I I n 76 9 51709 .2 0:17

198 .1 XIJO.l 7 7102 5 I IC>'i ') (, 2 57 14 2 I 0. 29

1984 7178 .. 1 90880 I I C•2 ')().' 63(,08 I 0 26

I 'JR" .. (1(,~ (J I I 720 X r--lXJ -\3 .J 72.1514 0 26

198li 598:1.6 8920.6 I 14 '1 ;i-1 2 73061 'I 0 .20

1987 I 786 1 7 .lOJr,o.6 I 4 8.! ~ 2 .~ f--

I 08.885 I 0 .-14

1988 2 14 <15 7 .111928 I 52 1• 18.5 14 5211 .1 ()3(,

I'IR<J 10U.n 2 57'17 1 2 I xsx 1 1 .4 224 796 9 0 ·10

L 1990 45717 .9 10'1886 I I 1556 0 <1 () 2(,0(>.16 . 7 0 .60

1991 --,-.,..,.,,-.,----I--\Ti5:\-l_l__ ·-t---lo.<i

87020 2 55 (, :124 0 I o 0 0 .64 !

I -

52

fl"iii i'\V(! , Men:r E. (Jlli.\.\), 0N111111111ilw. Ofafe!.e 0. (!Ht) and /(o/awole, llosauualt (11/is.\)

1992 1459 II 4 ----774 54980 s 0 .64

19 91 2 I H 7 711 I --· 70 I 6970'! 11 I 0 55

---•IX II ') 1-1'140 (l 0 40

!•J•)' --'X 'I I 19777 •10 () 0 8(J

1--·--- ·- --- ---· C)\()(,(, I 1 I 7111

--170 .0 2H2.1'JOO 0 0 (•6

1997 R457 1f, (, 20R7 I 79 1 293%50.0 0 7 1

1998 817418 7 7 5 • I 288 1.110 0 () 55

199'1 R(,()525 .1 \1 X 3:112650 (I 0 (,J

21100 <•'12212 R .1:1 I 4980941 o r.o

2110 1 12·1 02 ·11 1 200M98 '! .13•\h 7.10 2 56.19R65 0 58

2002 1580527 I RR266R · 1~61 I 'JI 545ol415 8 () (,j

~il1 I 9 Sill II '!5 X 71RIII40 ().(,7 2RR'JX.\7 ---1--------------------

•184 5

-- ---SOl i I{ l I CllN S laiiS II cal llullolcn. 21101

53

,