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S2 signal
Occurs because of blood flow and closure of Aortic and Pulmonary valves.
Is composed of two sub signals A2 – created because of Aortic valve closure P2 - created because of Pulmonary valve closure
A2 is characterized with lower frequencies than P2 and is usually precedes it in time.
FT – Fourier Transform
Fourier Transform returns the frequency components of the signal globaly.
For example: S2 signal
filtered in[20,120]
Short Time FT for changing signals
Uncertainty Principle Each window N samples. N/2 coefficients signifying 0-fs/2 frequencies. Space between coefficients
/ 2
( / 2 1)s sf f
N N
Wavelet Transform - Intro
Basis functions are compact in time and frequency.
Basis function are created basic function called “Mother Wavelet”
Wavelet Transform - Intro
Basis function are created from mother wavelet through scaling and shifting
Wavelet Transform – PCG applications
Obaidat M.S., J. Med. Eng. Tech., 1993Used wavelet transform for HS analysis:
Wavelet Transform – PCG applications Reed T.R et al.
Proceeding Signal and Image Processing -2005Used Wavelet decomposition and reconstruction for PCA feature extraction and segmentation to Diastolic and systolic parts
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
Normal Heart Signal
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
Normal Heart Signal
Wavelet Transform – PCG applications Liang, H. Hartimo, I.
Signal Process. & Comput. Technol. Lab., Helsinki Univ. of Technol., Espoo Used Wavelet Decomposition and Reconstruction of PCG as input to an ANN for study of murmurs.
There are several other works doing the same for detection of different HS conditions
Wavelet Transform - Applications
Image Analysis: Feature Extraction
Wavelet and Fractal connection – Self similarity
S-Transform
CTW with mother wavelet:
Properties: Not Orthogonal Directly invertible into the Fourier Transform
Spectrum
S-Transform – PCG Application G Livanos*, N Ranganatha, J
Jiang, Computers in Cardiology 2000.Showed that S-Transform can perform best for the needs of a user who needs a simple and clear display of intensity, frequency and timing, in comparison to Morlet wavelet and STFT.
Mathematical definition:
Valuable: because of preserving FT essence:
Is always pure real
Wigner-Ville Distribution
Wigner-Ville Distribution – PCG Applications
Xu, Durand et al, IEEE transactions on biomedical engineering 2000, used WVD to extract A2 and P2 from S2 signals and used this to estimate A2-P2 interval
Wigner-Ville Distribution – PCG Applications Seedahamed S.M. et al, Biomedical Signal Processing and
control (Feb 2006).Use WVD to estimate IF (instantaneous frequency).
Chirplet Transform
Instead of wavelet basis function that can be scaled and shifted Chirplet Transform uses basis functions that derive for chirps where the phase changes too.
Chirplet Transform - Applications O’Neill J.C. et al gave and algorithm to create sparse
representation of signal using max likelihood estimation of chirplets
My work
Currently trying to use TFDs and wavelet transform to extract interval time of A2-P2.
Currently working on using S-Transform for basis for a feature extraction algorithm