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1©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
Smart Cities: Technical Issues and Challenges
Washington University in Saint [email protected]
Smart City/IoT Meet up University City, MO, August 10, 2017
These slides and a recording of this talk are available on-line at:http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
2©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
Overview
1. What’s smart about smart cities2. Multi-clouds for Smart Cities3. Cyber Security for Smart Cities4. Blockchains for Smart Cities and Cyber
Security
3©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
Trend: Smart Everything
Smart Health Smart Home
Smart TVSmart Watch
Smart CitiesSmart Industries
Smart Car
Smart Kegs
Smart Space
4©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
What’s Smart? Old: Smart = Can think Computation
= Can Recall Storage Now: Smart = Can find quickly, Can Delegate
Communicate = Networking Smart Grid, Smart Meters, Smart Cars, Smart homes, Smart
Cities, Smart Factories, Smart Smoke Detectors, …
Not-Smart Smart
5©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
A 7-Layer Model of Smart Cities
Infrastructure
Acquisition
Interconnection
Integration
Apps and SW
Services
Analytics
Roads, Trains, Buses, Buildings, Parks, …
Sensors, Cameras, GPS, Meters, Smart phones, …
DECT/ULE, WiFi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, NFC, …
Sensor data, Economic, Population, GIS, …
Machine learning, predictive analytics, Data mining, …
SDN, SOA, Collaboration, Apps, Clouds
Energy, Entertainment, Health, Education, Transportation, water, …
ICT Secu
rity
Man
agem
ent
6©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
Areas of Research for IoT/Smart Cities1. PHY: Smart devices, sensors giving real-time information2. Datalink: WiFi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, IEEE 802.15.4, …
Broadband: DSL, FTTH, Wi-Fi, 5G, …3. Routing: Mesh networking, …4. Analytics: Big-data, data mining, Machine learning,
Predictive analytics, …5. Apps & SW: SDN, SOA, Cloud computing, Web-based
collaboration, Social networking, …6. Applications: Remote health, On-line education, on-line
laboratories, …7. Security: Privacy, Trust, Identity, Anonymity, …
7©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
Trend: Micro-Cloud Computing Cloud computing was invented in
2006 Then: Cloud = Large Data Center
Multiple VMs managed by a cloud management system (OpenStack)
Today: Cloud = Computing using virtual resources Cloud = Cloud in a server with
multiple VMs. Each VM with Multiple
Containers Multiple Services8
©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
Trend: Mobile Edge Computing To service mobile users/IoT, the computation needs to
come to edge Mobile Edge Computing
Ref: Lav Gupta, Raj Jain, H. Anthony Chan, "Mobile Edge Computing - an important ingredient of 5G Networks," IEEE Softwarization Newsletter, March 2016, http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/papers/mec16.htm
Users
Network
Micro-Clouds
Local Clouds
Regional Couds
9©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
Past: Software Defined Networking Network can be managed w/o worrying about individual device
hardware
Users
Network
Network Manager
Network Controller
10©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
Software Defined Multi-Cloud Application Delivery
Users
Network
LocalClouds
RegionalClouds
Application Developer/Manager/User
Multi-Cloud Application Manager
11©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
Northbound Interface
Cloud Datacenter
OpenStack EC2OpenDaylight
EnterpriseDatacenter
Carrier Network
Virtual Hosts
Virtual Networ
k
Virtual WAN Services
Virtual Storage
Southbound Interface
Resource Providers
ApplicationService Providers
MCAD Application Service
(AAS) abstraction
MCAD Application Workflow (AAW)
abstractionMCAD Application Cloud
(AAC) abstraction
Multi-Cloud Application Delivery (MCAD) Platform
MCAD Resource Driver(OpenStack)
MCAD Resource Driver(OpenDaylight)
MCAD Resource Driver(EC2)
Virtual Hosts
Virtual Storage
Virtual Networ
k
Network POP Micro-Datacenters
Application Deployment Administrators
Application Architects
Application Service Developers
OpenADN Multi-Cloud Management
Ref: Lav Gupta, Raj Jain, Mohammed Samaka, "Analysis of Application Delivery Platform for Software Defined Infrastructures," International Journal of Communication Networks and Distributed Systems, 2016, Vol. 5, http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/papers/ijcnds16.htm
12©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
Mobile Healthcare Use Case
Home sensors for patient monitoring
Body Area Network for mobile patient
Mobile Doctor
HospitalCloud
Insurance CoCloud
Multi-Cloud Mobile Application Deployment and Optimization Platform
Medical Service Adminstrator
5G Carrier
SDNController…
13©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
VC investment
Gartner Hype Cycle for Smart City Tech 2017
AcquisitionsBy large corporations
Mass Production
Ref: Bettina Tratz-Ryan, "Hype Cycle for Smart City Technologies and Solutions, 2017," Gartner Report G00314338, 2 Aug 2017
14©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
Public Trust
Ref: http://macleodcartoons.blogspot.in/2011_11_01_archive.html
15©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
Smart City Insecurity Smart Court House: Placer county courthouse accidently
summoned 1200 people to jury duty on a morning in May 2012 causing traffic jams
Smart Metro: Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) was shut down by a technical problem affecting 500 to 1000 passengers on 19 trains (November 2013)
Smart Electricity: 55 Million people in Northeast USA lost electric power due to a software bug
Not marking a pipeline on the map lead to a gas pipe line explosion and fire in Johnson County, Texas by workers installing electrical lines
Nation states and cyber terrorists know how to make use of public data Smart Wars
Ref: C. Cerrudo, “Hacking smart cities,” RSA Conference 2015, http://www.rsaconference.com/writable/presentations/file_upload/hta-t10-hacking-smart-cities_final.pdf
16©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
Security: Attack Surface 1. Users2. Sensors3. Wireless access technology: DECT, WiFi, Z-wave, …4. Gateways: Smart Phone5. Home LAN: WiFi, Ethernet, Powerline, …6. IP and higher layer protocols: DNS, Routers, …7. Clouds8. Management Platform: Web interface9. Life Cycle Management: Booting, Pairing, Updating, …
Things Access Gateway WAN CloudUsers
17©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
IoT Security: Popular Approach
I have finished studying other companies’ IoT Security strategies. “Close your eyes and hope for the best!” seems to be the most popular.
Ref: http://cloudtweaks.com/2011/08/the-lighter-side-of-the-cloud-the-migration-strategy/
18©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
Internet of Harmful Things
Imagine, as researchers did recently at Black Hat, someone hacking your connected toilet, making it flush incessantly and closing the lid repeatedly and unexpectedly.
Ref: http://www.computerworld.com/article/2486502/security0/worm-may-create-an-internet-of-harmful-things--says-symantec--take-note--amazon-.html
19©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
DEFCON
20©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
DEFCON (Cont) Hacking the cloud Hacking voting machines Hack connected vehicles Hacking travel routers Breaking the Uber badge ciphers Clone RFID in real time Safe cracking robots GPS Spoofing Abusing Microsoft Office Hacking wind farm control network Counterfeit hardware security devices Fool antivirus software using AI How to track government spy planes Break bitcoin hardware walletsRef: https://www.ethicalhacker.net/features/opinions/first-timers-experience-black-hat-defcon
21©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
Blockchain Origin: Bitcoin Blockchain is the technology that made Bitcoin secure After Bitcoin became successful, people started
looking into the technology behind Bitcoin and found Blockchain is the key for its success
Two complete strangers can complete a transaction without a third party
A singly linked chain of blocks of verified signed transactions is replicated globally on millions of nodes
You will have to change millions of nodes to attack/change
22©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
Blockchains For Cities Land titles Vehicle registries Business license Criminal records Passports Birth certificates Death certificates Building permits Gun permitsRef: http://ledracapital.com/blog/2014/3/11/Bitcoin-series-24-the-mega-master-blockchain-list
23©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
Blockchains for Network Security Certificate Authorities issue certificates
Single Point of Failure CA Keys are often compromised
(Diginotar – Dutch certificate authority was compromised in 2011)
Web of Trust: Anyone can issue a certificate Blockchain solution: Store user ID and public key
Blockstack Certcoin
24©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
City IQ: Benchmark for Smartness ISO 37120:2014 Sustainable Development of Communities:
Indicators for City Services and Quality of Life Using 17 themes and 100 indicators for city services and
quality of life, World Council of City Data (WCCD) give a city one of five levels.
Ref: WCCD, “WCCD ISO 37120 Certification,” http://www.dataforcities.org/iso
30-45Aspirational
46-59Bronze
60-75Silver
76-90Gold
91-100Platinum
25©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
List of Smart Cities
City Country Year LevelAmsterdam Netherlands 2014 AspirationalHelsinki Finland 2014 AspirationalJohannesburg South Africa 2014 AspirationalShanghai China 2014 AspirationalBuenos Aires Argentina 2014 GoldMakkah Saudi Arabia 2014 GoldMelbourne Australia 2014 GoldBarcelona Spain 2014 PlatinumBoston United States of America 2014 PlatinumDubai United Arab Emirates 2014 PlatinumLondon United Kingdom 2014 PlatinumRotterdam Netherlands 2014 PlatinumToronto Canada 2014 PlatinumLos Angeles United States of America 2015 Platinum
Ref: http://www.dataforcities.org/registry
World Council on City Data (WCCD): Partial List
26©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
Areas Measured by ISO 37120:20141. Economy2. Education3. Energy4. Environment5. Finance6. Fire and emergency
response7. Governance8. Health9. Recreation
10. Safety11. Shelter12. Solid waste13. Telecommunications
and innovation14. Transportation15. Urban planning16. Wastewater17. Water and sanitation
27©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
Indicators Indicators: Quantitative, qualitative, or descriptive measures
47 of 100 are core. Core (Required), Supporting (Recommended), Profile (Informative)
indicators Example: Education
1. % of female school aged population enrolled in schools (core)2. % of students completing primary education: survival rate (core)3. % of students completing secondary education: survival rate
(core)4. Primary education student/teacher ratio (core)5. % of male school-aged population enrolled in schools
(supporting)6. % of school-aged population enrolled in schools (supporting)7. # of higher education degrees per 100,000 population
(supporting)Ref: ANSI, “ISO 37120-2014 Preview Final V2, http://publicaa.ansi.org/sites/apdl/ANSI%20Network%20on%20Smart%20and%20Sustainable%20Cities/ISO+37120-2014_preview_final_v2.pdf
28©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
Summary1. Smart High-Speed Computation, Smart Big Data Storage,
Smart = Networked2. Smart Cities research areas are easy via the 7-layer model
Research issues in every layer: Sensors, datalink, routing, applications, analytics.
3. Clouds are getting smaller, Carriers and enterprises moving to clouds, leading to clouds everywhere multi-cloud
4. Our MCAD abstracts/virtualizes the cloud interfaces and allows automated management of security and other policies of multi-cloud applications
5. Cyber security is important for smart cities and blockchains may offer a potential solution to some problems.
29©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
References Deval Bhamare, Mohammed Samaka, Aiman Erbad, Raj Jain, Lav Gupta,
H. Anthony Chan, "Optimal Virtual Network Function Placement and Resource Allocation in Multi-Cloud Service Function Chaining Architecture," Computer Communications, Vol. 102, April 2017, pp. 1-16,, http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/papers/comcom17.htm
Lav Gupta, Prof Raj Jain, Prof Mohammed Samaka, Prof Aiman Erbad, and Dr. Deval Bhamare, "Performance Evaluation of Multi-Cloud Management and Control Systems," Recent Advances in Communications and Network Technology, 2016, Vol. 5, Issue 1, pp. 9-18, http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/papers/racnt.htm
Subharthi Paul, Raj Jain, Mohammed Samaka, Jianli Pan, "Application Delivery in Multi-Cloud Environments using Software Defined Networking," Computer Networks Special Issue on cloud networking and communications, December 2013, http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/papers/comnet14.htm
30©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
References (Cont) Raj Jain and Subharthi Paul, "Network Virtualization and Software
Defined Networking for Cloud Computing - A Survey," IEEE Communications Magazine, Nov 2013, pp. 24-31, http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/papers/net_virt.htm
Lav Gupta, M. Samaka, Raj Jain, Aiman Erbad, Deval Bhamare, H. Anthony Chan, "Fault and Performance Management in Multi-Cloud Based NFV using Shallow and Deep Predictive Structures," 7th Workshop on Industrial Internet of Things Communication Networks at The 26th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN 2017), Vancouver, Canada, July 31-Aug 3, 2017, http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/papers/icccn17.htm
Tara Salman, Deval Bhamare, Aiman Erbad, Raj Jain, Mohammed Samaka, "Machine Learning for Anomaly Detection and Categorization in Multi-cloud Environments," The 4th IEEE International Conference on Cyber Security and Cloud Computing (IEEE CSCloud 2017), New York, June 26-28, 2017
Deval Bhamare, Aiman Erbad, Raj Jain, Mohammed Samaka, "Automated Service Delivery Platform for C-RANs," The IEEE Third International Workshop on Mobile Cloud Computing systems, Management, and Security (MCSMS) 2017, Valencia Spain, May 8-11, 2017, http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/papers/mcsms17.htm
31©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
References (Cont) Lav Gupta, Mohammed Samaka, Raj Jain, Aiman Erbad, Deval Bhamare,
Chris Metz, "COLAP: A Predictive Framework for Service Function Chain Placement in a Multi-cloud Environment," The 7th IEEE Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC), Las Vegas, Jan 9-11, 2017, http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/papers/clp_ccwc.htm
Deval Bhamare, Tara Salman, Mohammed Samaka, Aiman Erbad, Raj Jain, "Feasibility of Supervised Machine Learning for Cloud Security," 3rd International Conference on Information Science and Security (ICISS2016), December 19th - 22nd, 2016, Pattaya, Thailand, http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/papers/iciss16.htm
Subharthi Paul, Raj Jain, Mohammed Samaka, Aiman Erbaud, "Service Chaining for NFV and Delivery of other Applications in a Global Multi-Cloud Environment," 21st Annual International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communications (ADCOM) 2015, Chennai, India, September 19, 2015, http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/papers/adn_in15.htm
32©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
References (Cont) Raj Jain, Mohammed Samaka, "Application Deployment in Future
Global Multi-Cloud Environment," The 16th Annual Global Information Technology Management Association (GITMA) World Conference, Saint Louis, MO, June 23, 2015, http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/papers/apf_gitp.htm
Deval Bhamare, Raj Jain, Mohammed Samaka, Gabor Vaszkun, Aiman Erbad, "Multi-Cloud Distribution of Virtual Functions and Dynamic Service Deployment: OpenADN Perspective," 2015 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering (IC2E), Tempe, AZ, March 9-13, 2015, pp. 299-304, http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/papers/vm_dist.htm
Lav Gupta, Raj Jain, Mohammed Samaka, "Dynamic Analysis of Application Delivery Network for Leveraging Software Defined Infrastructures," 2015 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering (IC2E), Tempe, AZ, March 9-13, 2015, pp. 305-310, http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/papers/profile.htm
Mohammed Samaka, Subharthi Paul, Raj Jain, Deval Bhamare, Aiman Erbad, "OpenADN: Middleware Architecture for Cloud Based Services," Qatar Foundation Annual Research Conference 2014, November 18-19, 2014, Doha, Qatar, 2 pp., http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/papers/arc14.htm
33©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
References (Cont) P. Zhang, A. Durresi, R. Jain, "Cloud Aided Internet Mobility," IEEE
International Conference on Communications (ICC) 2013, Budapest, Hungary, June 9-13, 2013, http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/papers/caim.htm
Subharthi Paul, Raj Jain, "OpenADN: Mobile Apps on Global Clouds Using OpenFlow and Software Defined Networking," First International workshop on Management and Security technologies for Cloud Computing (ManSec-CC) 2012, December 7, 2012, in conjunction with IEEE Global Communications Conference (Globecom) 2012, Anaheim, CA, December 3-7, 2012, http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/papers/adn_gc12.htm
Amitabh Mishra, Raj Jain, Arjan Durresi, "Cloud Computing: Networking and Communication Challenges," Guest Editorial, IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 50, No. 9, September 2012, pp. 24-25, http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/papers/cloud_ed.htm
Subharthi Paul, Raj Jain, Jianli Pan, "Multi-Tier Diversified Architecture for the Next Generation Internet," Proceedings of International Conference on Cloud Computing and Virtualization (CCV 2010), Singapore, May 17-18, 2010, http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/papers/ccv10.htm
34©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
Acronyms ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode ECN Explicit congestion notification EFCI Explicit Forward Congestion Indication FECN Forward Explicit Congestion Notification GB Gigabyte IEEE Institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineering IETF Internet Engineering Task Force IoT Internet of Things IP Internet Protocol IRTF Internet Research Task Force ITU International Telecommunications Union LAN Local Area Network LTE Long Term Evolution MHz Mega Hertz OpenADN Open Application Delivery Networking SDN Software Defined Networking
35©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
Acronyms (Cont) TCP Transmission Control Protocol TV Television VM Virtual Machine WAN Wide Area Network WiFi Wireless Fidelity WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
36©2017 Raj JainWashington University in St. Louis http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/talks/smrtcity.htm
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