MuhammadFitriZakaria(Draft Report)

7/23/2019 MuhammadFitriZakaria(Draft Report)

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ABSTRACT

The aim of this research is to determine rate of adsorption of the naturalbased product which is Kapok compare to the synthetic product,Polypropylene. Polypropylene is the most commercially used to remove oilspill from water surface but has the major problem relating to theenvironment which is non- biodegradable. Not only this problem, the cost of Polypropylene is higher than natural based products. n order to achieve theobjective, several e!periment must be conducted such as water adsorbencyand oil adsorbency test. This test determined the amount water and oiluptake from kapok and polypropylene. The lower amount of water adsorbsand the higher amount of oil intake will show which one of these adsorbentsare more e"ective in cleaning the oil spill. Natural based products are moreeconomical and ine!pensive besides being locally available in this country.



CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

#n oil spills is the result of the human activity, human error or natural

disaster especially in marine areas that lead to release of li$uid hydrocarbon.

#s we know oil spills often occur in marine areas but spills may occur on

land. %esult of oil spill can give adverse e"ect to the environment and

animals. &il spills usually happen due to releases from tank, drilling rigs,

o"shore facilities, ships and re'ne petroleum products such as diesel.

&il spill accident is not recent issue that occurs in marine and land

areas. (or e!ample, incident which leads severe environmental damage is

)!!on *alde+. This incident spill about . million gallon of crude oil into

coastal water of Prince illiam /ound, #laska. 0uring 1ulf war in 22, the

destruction of oil storage tank in Kuwait, resulted 3-inch thick oil slick that

spread along 3,444 s$uare miles in Persian 1ulf 5oodrow . 6lark and

1rant 6ooke, 437. The incident contributes to the oil pollution which a"ects

many aspect including economy, environment, tourism and community. #t

8alaysia in 22, a collision of tanker Nagasaki /pirit at the /traits of

8alacca resulting in the discharge of ,444 tonnes of crude oil into waters

just o" the coast of /umatra and the northern resort island in 8alaysia. /ince

the development of oil and gas industry, oil spills accident play major

problems faced by the world as the environment is being polluted by

petroleum products 5%osnani brahim, 2297.

*arious sorbents have been used in order to control oil spills from

spreading along the coast. ide ranges of oil remediation have been

employed such as booms, skimmers, sorbents and dispersants. #ccording to



5Teik-Thye, 44:7, oil sorption by sorbents is one of the most economical and

e;cient method for combating oil spill. &ne of the specialty of oil sorbents is

it able to concentrate and transform li$uid oil to semi solid or solid phase

which can be removed from water and managed in convenient manner

without signi'cant oil draining out. <iodegradable absorbents have e!cellent

properties to control oil pollution. 8ost of the biodegradable absorbents have

better absorption capacities than synthetic absorbents in but sometimes

often sorbs water rather than oil. There are three classes of oil sorbent which

are organic natural products, organic synthetic product and inorganic mineral

product.

(or now, Polypropylene 5PP7 and polyurethane are the most

commercially product that be used as oil sorbents. These products are

categori+ed as organic synthetic products. <ut they are non-biodegradable

and di;cult to deal with. =sually, synthetic and inorganic mineral product,

have several weaknesses especially in terms of their oil sorbents

characteristics, weak oil sorption capacity, reusability, non-biodegradable

and poor oil recovery which lead to the breakdown of their microstructure

from sorption of water. Ceiba petandra (L.) Gaertn. 5Kapok7 is natural plant

'ber that has e!cellent hydrophobic-oleophilic characteristics because of the

presence penetrable hollow lumen structure and wa!y material on its surface

5/iti Kartina and Nor /uhaila, 47. Kapok 'ber consists of cellulose, lignin

and !ylan which is highly ligni'ed organic seed 'ber. Typically, this plant

found in /outheast #sia, ndonesia, 8alaysia, others part of )ast #sia and

#frica. The high amount of wa!y cutin in kapok compare to cotton

contributes to its high water repellency.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

(or now, synthetic product such as Polypropylene, Polyester and

polyurethane foams are the main sorbents for combating oil spills. 1enerally,

these materials have high capacity of oil adsorbing, but there are non-

renewable materials and the cost are high. The problem faced by synthetic



product lead to intensive interest in natural sorbents. 8any researches have

been done those natural products such as kapok has massive potential as

sorbents for oil spills clean up over commercially available synthetic

products. <esides being environmental friendly, natural products are the

most economical and e;cient method for combating oil spills. 0epending on

the nature of studies, natural products resulted about .9 to >.4 times

greater oil sorption than polypropylene.

1.3 OBJECTIVE

&bjectives of this research are?

i. To determine the rate adsorption of these adsorbents for speci'c oil.

ii. To identify the best choice of adsorbents for oil spill cleanup.

1.4 SCOPE OF WORK

The main scope of this work is to develop an eco-friendly natural based

adsorbent which are very economical and technically feasible. The types of

oil use are diesel, crude oil and lubricating oil. Preparation of the Kapok and

Polypropylene before running the test.

The scope of this study are as follows?

i. Perform water adsorbency test for the adsorbent which are Kapok and

Polypropylene.ii. Perform oil adsorbency test for the adsorbent which are Kapok and

Polypropylene.iii. 6hoose the best adsorbent regarding the test conducted.



CHAPTER TWO

LITERRITURE REVIEW

2.1 FATE OF OIL SPILL

#ccording to the 5The nternational Tankers &wners Pollution (ederation

@imited AT&P(B, 447, weathering process is the changes of chemical and

physical that spilled oil undergoes. &nce the spilled oil is release, it will go

through this process and start to convert the oil immediately. The weatheringprocess of spilled oil are depending upon factors such as the initial physical

oil, amount of spilled, chemical characteristics, sea conditions and weather

the oil remains at sea or washed onto land. #s the progress of weathering

process take place, the oil is continuously change in physical state where the

light fraction evaporates gradually, their density increases, some of the oil



naturally disperse into water column whereas the residual oil on the water

surface may become mi!ed together with sea water. The spilled oil also may

be o!idi+ed by ultraviolet ration and lastly the remaining oil will undergo

sedimentation process.

(igure 1? &verview of weathering process 5Per Cohan <randvik D (rode @eirvik, 44E7

2.1.1 Sp!"#$%& '( '$)

/pilled oil will started spread on the water surface once it spilled. The

speed of spreading oil is a"ected by the viscosity and the volume of oil spill.

*iscosity and density of remaining oil increased as the spreading decrease.

<ut the viscosity will reduce if the spreading is 'rm because of the oil gets

thinner and thinner. hen the temperature is below their pour point, oil may

become rapidly solidify and cause the spreading of oil to retarded. The rate

of spreading oil is a"ected by tidal streams and currents where the stronger

of these forces, the faster the process. &ne of the e!ample of oil spreading is

that it can spread to hundred kilometers in just few days hence limiting the

possibility of clean-up process. /o during clean-up operation and e$uipment



needed may hard because more area need to be covered. ind, water

turbulence and wave action have a tendency to cause the spilled oil to form

narrow bands that follow to the wind direction. The properties of the oil in

determining the slick movement is less important at this stage.

2.1.2 E*"p'"+$'%

)vaporation in this process is de'ne as movement molecules of the oil

from the surface water to the vapor phase. Particularly, components of oil

with low boiling points will easily evaporate from the water surface. Typically,

evaporation is the most part of weathering process since the 'rst day of

spilled oil. The e"ectiveness of the evaporation process may be in charge of

the loss of an oil spill for about one-thirds to two-thirds within a few hours or

a day 5%andolph ). Cordan D Cames %. Payne, 2E47. )ven though the amount

of spilled oil is decrease through evaporation, residual of oil have greater

speci'c gravity and viscosity which promote the thickening of the oil and the

formation of the tarballs. /ometimes the problem faced make it more di;cult

to disperse. The more volatile components are evaporating 'rst and followed

by slower loss of less volatile components. %ate of evaporation of an oil is

depending on several parameters.

i. Properties of the oil The properties include volatility, viscosity, density, boiling point and

a$ueous solubility.ii. ind speed

The stronger the wind speed, the rapid oil to evaporates.iii. Temperature

The higher the temperature, the higher the rate of evaporation

process.

iv. /urface area)vaporation is faster when have greater surface area.

2.1.3 D$p!$'%

Natural dispersion occurs when waves and turbulence at the marine

environment cause the oil slick to break into droplet and mi!ed into the



water column. The larger droplets that cannot go through to the water

column may Foat back to the surface either coalesce another droplets or

form as a very thin 'lm which is called as sheen. /peci'cally, light oil

disperses more rapidly than the heavy oil. /o when the state of the sea is

rough, it may be completely dispersing throughout the sea. t is useful when

surface oil is applied by the dispersant which helps the formation of smaller

droplets do not rise back to the surface, thus provide time to dilute in water

column instead of recombining to form new slick. 0ispersed oil that e!isting

in water column has much higher contact area with the water. ndirectly, the

rate of dissolution and rate of natural biodegradation are increase.

2.1.4 E-)$/0"+$'%

n rough seas, many heavy oils have a tendency to form water-in-oil

emulsion. The heavier hydrocarbon be likely to precipitate out of the oil

mi!ture called solid particles as the oil slick undergoes evaporation. These

particles help a water-in-oil emulsion to stabili+e because of the e!istence of

natural surfactant 5@ewis # and #urand 0, 22:7 and subse$uently leading to

thickening of the oil and increase in the total volume. The continues of the

emulsions create the droplets of the water to become smaller because of themovement of the oil in the waves, making it more viscous and stable.

0ensity of the emulsion will nearly same with sea water as the amount of

water absorbed increases. 1enerally stable emulsion may cover the water up

to E4G and they are often semi-solid and redHbrown or orange in color.

)mulsi'cation of water-in-oil is the main reason why rate of weathering

process is decrease and persistence on light and medium crude oil on the

sea surface.

2.1. D$')+$'%

0issolution is de'ned as transferring of the oil components into solution in

the water column from surface of the slick. n general, rate of dissolution

depends on its composition, water temperature, molecular structure and



degree of dispersion. @ighter components mainly aromatic hydrocarbon such

as ben+ene is more soluble that the heavier hydrocarbon. Iowever, lighter

compounds are more volatile and lost very rapidly by evaporation, normally

4 to 444 times faster than dissolution. Iydrophobic and hydrophilic

molecules is the part of mechanism of dissolution. Iydrophobic parts will

attach to oil molecule while hydrophilic part will attach to water molecules

5AP)6#B, 4447.

2.1. S!#$-!%+"+$'%

&ver time, some of oil with heavier solids which have the speci'c

gravity more than 444 usually sink in marine water. #dditionally, they may

settle on the sea Foor to form sediments. Process of sedimentation occurred

when after evaporation where the high boiling point of the hydrocarbon

causes rising in speci'c gravity and viscosity and simultaneously sink them

to the sea Foor. <esides, when dispersant is applied, it will have dispersed

the oil abroad and preventing the oil coming into sea Foor. Therefore, the oil

droplets remain Foat and do not sink.

2.1. B$'#!&"#"+$'%

0ecomposition of oil slick into more simple and light hydrocarbons by

microorganism and convert to more solubility products and subse$uently to

carbon dio!ide and water 5/ungpetch, 22E7. 8icroorganisms in seawater

including yeast, bacteria, unicellular algae and fungi which can consume oil

as a source of carbon and energy. )ven though these microorganisms have

the tendency to be found in polluted coastal areas, they also tend be

abundant throughout the worldJs ocean. Iowever, the rate of biodegradation

is a"ected by the characteristics of the oil, temperature and availability of

o!ygen and nutrients. hen the oil is present on the water surface in the

open sea, small amount microorganism can still develop rapidly. 0egradation

process will stop if the nutrient or o!ygen is decrease. # wide range

combination of the microorganisms is needed because they have the ability



to break down a speci'c group of the hydrocarbons. @arge and comple!

molecules are resistant to attack although most of the microorganisms are

capable of degrading compound in crude oil. &il droplets that have been

created by the natural or chemical dispersion increase the interfacial area for

biodegradation process.

2.2 METHOD OIL SPILL CLEAN UP

Nowadays there are many techni$ues for oil spills cleanup in order to

remove oil from surface water surface such as physical method, use of

chemical dispersants and bioremediation. Iowever, these techni$ues have

their advantages and limitations toward environment. &nce the oil spills, the

cleanup process must take place immediately because it will naturally spread

and disperse under the inFuence of waves, wind and current.

2.2.1P5$0") M!+'#

2.2.1.1 Booms

The most common methods of oil spill cleanup involve trying to

contain the spill is with Foating booms to prevent spill from getting out of

control. This is only possible if the spill can be reached in a few hoursoccurred, if not, the area is too large to contain the spill with even the largest

Foating stopper. t helps to concentrate oil and maintain an even thickness

so that skimmers or other cleanup techni$ues can be applied. &ne of the

advantage of booms and skimmers over using chemical dispersants and in-

situ combustion is the absence of severe environmental e"ects 5#. 6astro, 1.

glesias, %. 6arballo D C.#. (raguela, 447.



(igure ? <ooms moored around a sunken ship to prevent the spreading of oil

5AT&P(B, 437.

The basic components of booms are freeboard, skirt, ballast and

longitudinal support. (reeboard, an above part, prevent oil from being

washed over the booms and must Fe!ible enough with the waves so that

freeboard is not lost. /kirt, a below part, which has purpose of containing the

oil and help reduce the amount of oil from lost under the booms. <allast is

weight added to the bottom of the skirt, maintain the booms in position

perpendicular to the surface of water and sometimes provide the tension

member for the booms. @ongitudinal support, usually running along the

bottom of skirt, keep and strengthens the boom against wave and wind

action.

The application of booms depends on the condition of the sea.

5National &ceanic and #tmospheric #dministration AN&##B, 447 stated that

boom have four types. The four types of boom are as follow?

i Hard boom. The structure typically made of P*6 or similar durable

material. t has two main types which are hard boom and harbor boom.

The main di"erence between these booms are si+e of Foatation

chamber, strength of material and depth of the skirt.ii Fire boom. The design of this boom is similar to hard boom but the

material is made of components which can resist to the heat generated



by burning oil beyond ,444 (. (ire boom is usually functions to trap

spilled oil so that it can be burned on site operation.iii Sorbent boom. The structure basically looks like a long sausage and

invented of a long fabric sock enclosing material. The nature this boom

is attract oil rather than water on the open sea. #s soon as the boom is

saturated with the oil, it should be removed and properly disposed of.iv Snare boom. =sually placed along a shoreline, tied in long line and

anchored by stanchions. /mall $uantity of spilled oil and tarballs

brought by tides and waves will attached to it.

<oomJs performances and abilities to contain oil are a"ected by harsh

sea condition, human limitations, birds or pelicans and other structural

limitations. Therefore, the e"ectiveness of boom only in calm waterconditions and the cost to operate it will much higher if boom installed far

o"shore.

2.2.1.2 Skimmer

/kimmer is well-de'ned as any mechanical means, speci'cally

deliberate for the removal of oil from the surface water. Physically, skimmers

are function to separate oil from the water without the presence of chemical

agents. 0issimilar to dispersants, there is no chemical contact between

skimmers and oil. =sually, once the oil spill has been successfully contained,

skimmers can be e!ecuted. #ccording to 5*ictoria <roje and #rturo #. Keller,

44:7, recovery e;ciency of skimmers depends on several factors such as

thickness, oil slick temperature and oil slick viscosity where high slick

viscosity and temperature increase skimmer recovery e;ciency.

6ommonly, oil skimmer can be divided into three types. The 'rst type

is weir skimmer which use a damn or enclosure positioned at the oilHwater

interface. Principally this device using gravity to drain oil from water surface.

The oil which Foat on the top of the water will Fow over the damn and

trapped inside it, bringing as little water as possible. Normally, a weirs are

launched from vessel using a crane and will guided by the rope. The trapped



oil that has combined with water mi!ture can be pumped out through a hose

or pipe to a storage tank prior to disposal. 0ue to simple construction, this

weir is the most commonly used in combating oil spill. eir skimmers either

be remote controlled or selfLadjusting. These skimmers are prone to

becoming jammed and clogged by Foating debris. /econd type is oleophilic

skimmer. The recovering oil is based on speci'c material which have greater

a;nity for oil than water. &leophilic skimmers adsorb spilled oil from water

surface by using belt, disc or continuous mop chain. The oil is s$uee+ed from

water surface of materials and collected into recovery tank. &ne of the

advantages is their Fe!ibility, permitting them to be utili+ed successfully on

spills of any thickness and work well on the water that Foated with debris or

rough ice. The last type of skimmer is suction skimmer that work similarly to

the household vacuum cleaner. TherecoveredoilHwatermi!tureis is sucked up

through wide Foating heads and pumped into storage tanks. #lthough

suction skimmers are generally very e;cient, they are vulnerable to

becoming clogged by debris and re$uire constant skilled observation. The

best conditions to operate vacuum skimmer is when there are no waves

because it need smooth water to prevent from plugged with debris.

(igure >? 6onceptual model for oleophilic skimmer types by using belt 5Patel,

497

2.2.1.3 Sorbents



&il sorbents can be divided into three categories which are organic,

inorganic and synthetic products. Their con'guration and composition is

dependent on the materials used and their intended application towards the

response. /orbents are used e"ectively during recovering small pool of oils

that other techni$ues are di;cult to employed, according to the 5The

nternational Tankers &wners pollution (ederation @imited AT&P(B, 47.

The deployment of sorbents should be conducted with caution in order to

minimi+e inappropriate and e!cessive use which can lead to di;culties with

secondary contamination, storage, retrieval and disposal. f these problems

happened, it contributes signi'cantly to the overall cost of clean-up

operations. The present of viscous oils such as heavy fuel oil and oil that

have been emulsi'ed in open sea, sorbents are not suitable used and

generally less e"ective although some sorbents have been speci'cally

engineered for viscous oils.

• Natural organic sorbent

The absorption of natural organic sorbent is about three 5>7 to 'fteen

597 times their weight in oil, nonto!ic as they are biodegradable.

)!amples of this types consists of peat moss, hay, sawdust, corncobs

and other readily available carbon-based products. t is ine!pensive,

easy to apply and recover and generally available. #ccording to 5C..

0oer"er, 227, natural organic sorbent has potential to increase their

oil sorption, but they absorb water as well as oil resulting to sink

rapidly when saturated with water. This can lead to severe clean up

problem such as considerable of manpower and disposal of oil-

contaminated sorbents by burning or burial. /ome of the organic

sorbents are loose in particles and are hard to collect after they havebeen installed on the water. This problem can be solved by adding

Foatation devices such as empty drums attached to the sorbents and

wrapping loose particles in mesh.

• Natural inorganic sorbent



This sorbent also called sinking sorbent including of clay, vermiculite,

perlite, volcanic ash and wool. 1enerally inorganic sorbent has been

used to sink Foating oil and have the properties such as high density,

'ne grained material either natural or processed form. They can soak

up the oil from 3 to 4 times their weight in oil. They commonly most

competent with heavy and viscous oil and more e"ective with the oil

that has been weathered or become viscous of low water temperature

and air. The absorbed oil also tends to release back while sinking

because of low retention capacity of some of the solids. /ame like

organic sorbent, inorganic sorbents are ine!pensive and readily

available in large $uantity.

• Synthetic sorbent /ynthetic sorbent is a man-made material which are similar to plastics

such as polypropylene polyurethane and nylon 'bers. <asically they

have good hydrophobic-oleophilic properties and high adsorption

capacity. 8ost types of this absorbent can absorbs up to :4 times their

weight in oil and sometimes can go further. The substances that

cannot be cleaned after they are used can present di;culties and

arrangement must be made for their temporary storage prior to

disposal. &n the other hand, the cost for the disposal will be high. The

major disadvantages of the synthetic sorbent are relatively e!pensive

and non-biodegradable. They also are not always available in large

$uantities.

<elow are several parameters in choosing the best sorbents to use. The

parameters as follow?

• Rate o absorption. The absorption of oil is $uicker with lighter oil

items. &nce retained the oil canMt be re-discharged. 6ompelling with

light hydrocarbons such as gasoline, ben+ene and diesel fuel.



• Rate o adsorption. The viscosity of the oil also a"ects the adsorption

process. Therefore, the thicker oils will straightforwardly adhere to the

adsorbent more ade$uately.

• !il retention. #dsorption and absorption process will make the sorbents

full of recovered oils and e"ect it structure to deform. This will lead to

the discharge of oil that is caught in its pores. @ighter oil easily to lose

its recovered oil in the sorbents through the pores than heavier oil.

• "ase o application. Practically sorbents may be applied mechanically

or manually by using blower or fans. n the real situations, natural

inorganic sorbent that e!ist as loose materials will hardly to apply in

the windy conditions and ha+ardous if inhaled.

2.2.2 C!-$0") M!+'#

2.2.2.1 Dispersant

The specialists of dispersants are handling chemical oil spills that are

aimed to break down oil into small droplets that more readily mi!ed with

water. f the accident has occurred for about a long time, normally response

team will use dispersant rather than mechanical boom to avoid spilled oil

from getting nearer the beach and also helps to stimulate the biodegradation

of oil at the sea 6C"')5% F!#!$0$, J'%"+"% M$%+7, 28149. The

e"ectiveness of chemical dispersant can be high when used appropriately

towards the response of oil spill. Nowadays, dispersants sometimes added

with surfactants to control spreading of dispersed oil. The functions are to

decreases the viscosity of the surfactant itself which permits it to be sprayed

and helps the penetration into the oil slick. Their ability to remove the large

amount of certain oil types from water surface and moving it to water

segment. )nergy from waves will break down the oil slick and then will

followed by biodegradation process by micro-organisms in the marine

environment. They also able to delay the formation of water in oil emulsions.

6areful consideration must take into accounts when choosing the dispersants

such as oil characteristics, environmental sensitivities and the conditions of



the sea and weather. n certain circumstances, dispersants may provide the

only means of eliminating signi'cant amounts of surface oil rapidly, hence

minimi+ing or preventing damage to important resources.

nteraction of oil slick with dispersants happened at the boundarybetween oil slick and underlying water. /urfactant particles bring into line

along the oil-water interface and trapped the oil into small droplets away

from slick and diluting it in the underlying water. The con'guration of the

surfactant molecules is made up of two parts which are hydrophilic part and

hydrophilic part. The hydrophilic part means water loving while oleophilic

part means oil loving. =sually, an oil slick is sprayed with dispersants where

the surfactants are being carried and spread along the oil slick until it

reached the oilHwater boundary. The surfactants are rearranged where the

oleophilic part of molecule is situated in the oil while the hydrophilic part of

molecule is in water. This results will make the surface tension of the oil-

water interface to have signi'cant sharp reduction and with the aid of wave

energy, small oil droplets will break away from the slick. #fter that, the oil

droplets will degrade by the naturally occurring micro-organism which is

called biodegradation.

(igure 3? /chematic diagram for the mechanism of dispersants. 5National %esearch6ouncil, 4497

1enerally chemical dispersants have two categories?

i. Iydrocarbon based dispersants



The solvent is made up from hydrocarbon with a low or no aromatic

content. The average amount of surfactant in these dispersants is

about 9-9G and are intended for neat utili+ation to oil. The

dispersants are ine"ective if they were pre-diluted with seawater and

be more to!ic than concentrate dispersants and make them not

commonly used in many countries. The application rate of dispersants

to oil is high which is between ? to ?>.

ii. 6oncentrateH/elf-mi! dispersants

<oth o!ygenated of di"erent surfactants is blend together with

hydrocarbon solvents that is contained in the dispersants. Iigher

concentration of surfactants which is from 9-9G make them can be

applied either undiluted or pre-diluted with sea water. The application

of dispersants to oil ranges between ?9 to ?>4.

2.2.3 B$')'&$0") M!+'#

&ne of the most important process of removal petroleum product from

environment is biodegradation process involving weathering process. The

use of biological agents has the potential to contribute recovery in sensitive

areas such as wetlands, shorelines and marshes. <ioremediation can be

de'ned as adding of materials that can promote an acceleration to process

of natural biodegradation. 6H$'%'$ T":$, Y' T":""+", S$&!":$

H""5"-", 28839 stated that oil-degrading microorganism including

bacteria, yeast and fungi.

The main purpose of bioremediation is to build an optimal environment

for microbes to degrade the oil droplets. 8icrobes will break down di"erent

substances into water, carbon dio!ide and other components. 6ommonly,

bioremediation is used as secondary treatment once the other methods to

combating oil spill have been used. They also have been classi'ed as cost

e"ective alternative. Iowever, the process to completely removing

pollutants is very slow and sometimes can take weeks to months for results.



That is why the e"ectiveness of this process is di;cult to determined and the

main reason )!!on *alde+ incident are performed whenever possible. There

are two main approaches to oil spill by using bioremediation?

i. #iostimulation The process of biostimulation is the addition of limiting nutrient

into marine environment for oil spill clean-up where there is an e!isting

of oil degrading microbes. The large increase of carbon occurred when

oil is spilled where this element will e!cite the growth of oil degrading

microorganisms. The most important factor is o!ygen and temperature

where without o!ygen the microbes are unable to perform well for the

necessary degradation. 6C')"% F, M"0:!; BA, O<'% AM, M0

G!%!+5 TJ, T$--$ KN, 2889 stated that biostimulation has been

turned out to be an e"ective way to increase hydrocarbon degradation

by the native microbial population. Temperature also plays important

role because a very low temperature or high temperature, the

e"ectiveness and speed of degradation is reduced.<esides that, the other necessary elements for bio degradation

to occur is phosphorus and nitrogen. f concentration of these

supplemental elements is properly added, they are capable to achieve

their ma!imum growth rate hence the ma!imum rate of pollutant

uptake. The main important reason in achieving successful process is

obtaining the ideal concentrations of nutrients and keeping it as long

as possible. Physical inFuences such as density, tidal inFuences and

wave movements also e"ects the e"ectiveness of biostimulation. &nce

the applied nutrients are dissolve with water, they tended to movealong tides and carried away to the sea. This is e!tremely valuable

data in deciding the best possible timing to add supplements keeping

in mind the end goal to take into account the most e!treme home time

of the supplements in the polluted ranges. %esults of the e!periment

concluded that the nutrients should be used during low tide at high



tide line, which led to the nutrients ma!imum contact time with oil and

hydrocarbon degrading microorganisms.ii. #ioaugmentation

This is the process where the hydrocarbon degrading

microorganism which is microbes are added to the a"ectedenvironment. /ince the microbes usually present at most

environments, the adding is not necessary. They may need to be added

if present microbe in the contaminated area is unable to degrade the

pollutant. The e"ectiveness of bioaugmentation also not clearly stated

because the addition of non-indigenous organisms will cause rivalry to

the e!isting bene'cial organisms. The competition between e!iting

organisms and newly added microbes will create another

environmental problem, thus it shows that bioaugmentation is not an

e"ective option in cleaning the oil spill. t also been looked upon

negatively in the public view and has been critics whether it is safe to

create a new species to an environment that is not native to.

6oncentration of microbes is a"ected by proto+oans, the e"ect of

waves on the area and surface area of the spill.

2.3 ECONOMICAL AND PRESENT PRODUCT

Presently, organic synthetic product such as polypropylene and

polyurethane are the most commercially used. <ut they are not

biodegradable product and the application is di;cult to tolerate after have

been used because of the !enobiotic structure 6T!$:=T5! L$- "%#

>$"'(!%& H"%&, 2889. There are many mineral products that used in

order to remove oil from marine environment as oil sorbents such as perlite,

organoclay, +eolite, silica and diatomite. Iowever, most of the are di;cult toapply on site due to their granular or powder form. 8oreover, they have low

oil sorption capacity and their buoyancy is poor. &ne of their advantages is

they cannot reusable after used besides of their low oil recovery. <ecause of

the limitation face by the mineral and synthetic product, this lead to the

recent concern in developing alternative materials that are degradable such



as natural-based products. 0espites their availability can be found locally

and e!pensive, their residues have good oil absorbency. They have potential

to sorb more oil than polypropylene.

n this study, natural based product used is kapok A6eiba pentandra 5@71aertnB. =sually, kapok 'ber is used as $uilts, 'ber'll in pillow and

sometimes for soft toy. 5Keko Iori, 8a!ima ). (lavier, /higenori Kuga, Thi

<ach Tuyet @am D Kenji iyama, 4447 stated that the composition of kapok

'bers is cellulose 5>9G dry 'ber7, !ylan 5G7 and lignin 5.9G7 and usually

have high acetyl group 5>G7. 1enerally, kapok 'ber is cultured in /ri @anka,

)ast #sia, #frica and /outheast #sia. The growth of kapok is fast and become

productive within 3 to 9 years. &ptimal condition of kapok trees may produce

>>4 to 344 fruits per year, come out with >4 kg seed and 9 to E kg of 'ber

5K.8. #nigo, 8.0. 0auda, #.<. /allau D .).6hindo, 4>7. The features of

kapok 'bers are light in weight, Fu"y and too in elastic to be span.

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

n this chapter, speci'c e!planation of the methodology is conducted and

also about the materials and e$uipment that are used. Natural recyclable

adsorbents which is kapok have been used to remove oils released from

bodies of water rather than polypropylene. This material is eco-friendly

environment in order to remove oil from water. <esides it prevents harm to

marine life and natural resources, it also can be easily found in 8alaysia from

agricultural industry. /ome of the methods and approaches will be stated to

obtain information about natural adsorbent for oil spill clean-up and synthetic

adsorbent which is polypropylene. To accomplish this study, a few stage of



e!periment has to be conducted and the result will determine the best

adsorbents material to remove oil from surface.

3.1 E?UIPMENT, APPARATUS AND CHEMICAL

i. Kapokii. Polypropyleneiii. 6rude oil

iv. 0ieselv. @ubricating oilvi. <eakervii. 6ontainerviii. 8esh basketi!. /haker table

3.2 WATER ABSORBENCY TEST

/tart

%eading journal and

)stablishing e!periment

procedure

6arry out e!periment

%esult and discussion

from e!periment

riting report

)nd



#/T8 ( :-22 procedure is used which is designed to test adsorbent

for water take up and must be performed at room temperature. Type is

classi'ed as commercial adsorbent like roll, 'lm, pad, sheet and blanket wile

Type adsorbent is classi'ed as unconsolidated materials,

particulate material without speci'c form and strength to be handled e!cept

with scoops and related e$uipment. (or type adsorbent, the adsorbent is

considered as failed if 4G or more materials are sunk.

3.3 OIL ABSORBENCY TEST

Weight the dry adsorbent and defined as W1 in gram

Place it the container which is filled with water

Place the container’s cover on its opening and place it on shaker

table

Set amplitude of the shaker to 3cm and its frequency to 15 rpm

for 15 minutes !"ecord and observe the adsorbent#

$et it settle for % minutes

Strain the contents using mesh basket and drained for 3 seconds

Weigh drained sample and record it as W%

&alculate water absorbency test by using this formula'

Water absorbency=W 2−W 1W 1

"epeat the above steps for other types of adsorbents(



The main objective to run this test is to determine optimum adsorbent

capacity without the presence of the water. #ccording to the #/T8 ( :-22,

if the thickness of the adsorbent is under .9 cm, the test li$uid layer should

be minimum of minimum of .9 cm. f the thickness of the adsorbent is

thicker than .9 cm. so the test li$uid layer should be at least thicker as the

adsorbent sample. The procedure must run at room temperature

Weigh the dry absorbent and defined as )1 in gram

*illed the container with oil until thickness is %(5 cm

Place the adsorbent into the container

Place the container’s cover on its opening and place it on shaker

table

Set amplitude of the shaker to 3cm and its frequency to 15 rpm

for 15 minutes

$et it settle for % minutes

Strain the contents using mesh basket and drained for 3 seconds

Weigh drained sample and record it as )%

&alculate water absorbency test by using this formula'

Oil adsorbency=O 2−O1

O1

"epeat the above steps for other adsorbents and types of oil



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